STATUS REPORT ON THE NATIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFORT AS OF JUNE 3O, 1953, AND PROGRESS REPORT OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL STRATEGY BOARD

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01065A000400100003-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 86
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 17, 2001
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: July 24, 1953
• Content Type: MF

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SECU SIT INFORMATION COP'S NO. 4 5
TO SECR 'T
July 24, 1953
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRATEGY BOARD
WASHINGTON, D. C.
MEMORANDUM FOR T PSYCHOLOGICAL STRATEGY BOARD :
SUBJECT: Status Report on the Na.t3,ona.1 Psychological Effort
As of June 30, 1953, and Progress Report of the,
Psychological Strategy Board
The attached draft of the Status Report on the National
Psychological Effort as of Juno 30, 1953, and Progress Report of the
Psychological Strategy Board has been cleared by Agency Representatives
and will be considered at the meeting of the Board to be held
'Wednesday., July 29, 1953.
Acting Director
Enclo sure :
PSB D-47, Status Report on the National Psychological
Effort As of June 30, 1953, and Progress Report of
the Psychological Strategy Board, with Annex A. B, C
and E,
State, USAID, NSC, OSD, DIA declassification & release instructions on file
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SECURITY INFORMATION PSB D1.47
TOP SECRET July 24, 1953
STATUS REPORT ON THE NATIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL EF70RT
AS OF JUNC, 30, 1953, and PROGRESS REPC.R,T OF THE
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRATEGY BOARD
Submitted to the President and the National Security Council by the
Psychological Strategy Board
pursuant to the memorandum dated May 27, 1953 addressed to the Acting
Director of the Psychological Strategy Board by M Jame S. Lay, Jr.,
Executive Secretary of the National Security Council,
CONTENTS
P,
I, Status of the Program on June 30, 1953............... 2
II9 The Work of PSB.......... Annex C
*Report of the Central Intelligence Agency..........,, Annex D
Psychological Program - Expenditures ................. Annex E
The Report of the Central Intelligence Agency I s specially classified,
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SECURITY INFORI?ATION PSB D-47
TOP SECEET July 24, 1953
I. STATUS OF TI-I PROGRAM ON JUNE 30, 1953
1. The Board presents below a brief evaluative siFmary of the
status of our national psychological programs as of June 30, 1953, based
on the appended Progress Reports by the departments and agencies responsi-
ble for operations.
GENERIC
2. While the President's Comrlittee on International Information
Activities studied the whole problem of the world struggle with a view
to basic improvements in the U.S. position, the struggle, on the psycho-
logical as on other fronts, was conducted with increased vigor. The most
far-reaching opportunity cane with Stalin's death. The President's speech
of April 16 was signally successful in capitalizing on the situation by
appealing to the new leaders for an era of worldwide peace and friendship.
The world at large received the speech with great enthusiasm, and the
follow-,up support through psychological exploitation added to the initial
success.
3. Further exploitation of events behind the Iron Curtain has been
guided by the requirement that psychological operations must be keyed in
with political action. After Stalin's death, the next major occasion for
such action followed the outbreaks in Czechoslovakia and East Germany.
Plans and operations were stepped up accordingly, with prospect of
conducting a major campaign in the long-range contest to take full advan-
tage of the consequences of Stalin's death,,
4. Outside of the Soviet orbit the developments on the psychological
front have been characterized by a disappointing deterioriation in the
attitudes towards the U.S. Non-Comriunist press and public opinion in
Western Europe has reflected mounting criticism of U. S. foreign policy
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(the possible trend back to isolationism), and alleged anti-Communist
"hysteria". These unfavorable attitudes in combination with a generally
More receptive reaction among Western European peoples to the Soviet
"peace offensive" now constitute an intensification of anti-.&iierican
feeling among significant elements of European opinion.
5. World opinion has also been markedly unfavorable towards the
development of U. S. foreign trade policies. At the same time that we
are sharply reducing our programs for economic assistance, it has felt
that we are providing little indication that our markets are to be opened
up to foreign goods. Congressional criticism of our allies for their
practices in the field of East-West trade, in combination with the; new
Soviet line on expansion of trade with the free world, has begun to have
an adverse psychological impact around the world,
6. Urgent planning for stronger psychological measures based on
Thailand was set in motion as the result of the invasion of Laos and the
aca;iying threat of Communist aggression in Southeast Asia,,
A 7. While our overt psychological capabilities have been reduced by
personnel difficulties, pressures in the Congress and appropriations cuts,
covert capabilities continued to make sound progress, and faster and more
energetic teamwork was secured through closer relations with the Mand
the operating agencies.
AREAS
8. Within the USSR itself, radio still constitutes the only important
means used currently to roach the Russian people., Jamming by the Russian
radio of our broadcasts continues to present a major problem. There was
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O SEC July 24, 1953
13. Among the principal problems that have confronted U. S. psy-
chological efforts in v?estern Europe during the past six months are
increased criticism of the U. S. and, especially since Stalin's death,
the Soviet "Peace Offensive". It is evident that many, if not all,
Western European governments have been influenced to some extent by the
Kremlin's tension-reducing tactics. The effect has been to retard
progress toward a number of our objectives, including the build-up of
,iestern defenses, the ratification of EDC, axd attainment of European
integration,
14, The U. S. counter-offensive has included fullest exploitation
by the Department of State's Information Program of the President's
Inaugural address and of his April 16 speech challenging the new leaders
of the USSR to prove their peaceful professions by deeds, not words,,
Copies of the latter were presented to Foreign Offices all over the
world in advance of delivery and kinescopes of the entire speech were
sent to seventy-three posts within a day of its delivery. One of these
was shown over BBC television on Ap4l 20 to an estimated audience of
6,000,000. Five million pamphlets, handbills, and leaflets on the
speech were prepared and distributed, and a documentary film of it in
thirty-five languages had been produced and shipped by May 2.
16, In France, the municipal elections in may showed that the
Communists had suffered a slight set-back in rural areas, but had main-
tained their position in the industrial areas in larger cities. Govern-
mental instability was a troublesome factor during the period and a
relaxation of earlier French official measures to reduce the power of the
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C~;xnmunist Party in France resulted, The repercussions of some Congres.
sional investigations, as well as of the Rosenberg executions, in con-
junction with the Kremlints peace campaign, appear to have contributed
to an increase in neutralism.
17. In the United Kingdom also, there appears to have been a
marked increase in neutralism in its special British form of Bevanism,
Although the belief is still widely held that Western unity must be
preserved, three major elements contribute to the growth of anti-
American feeling,
(1)
The belief that the U.S, is deeply divided on
basic international policies,
(2) The development of the Soviet "peace offensive", and
(3) The desire to exercise a more positive and inde-
pendent initiative in international affairs.
18. In West Germany and Berlin, the recent riots touched off
greatly increased pressures for unification, complicating the problems
of German ratification of the EDC. With this exception, however, U, S,
psychological programs in Berlin and West Germany, as well as tha.r pro-
jection into East Germany, appear to have been fairly effective in pro-
moting progress toward our major goal of a Democratic Germany integrated
into ;iestern defense efforts. Since late parch German press opinion has
reflected a decline in confidence in U. S. leadership. This was tempo-
rarily halted by the President's April 16 speech, but has since been re-
sumed. The two major factors contributing to this area (1) the
Soviet "peace offensive" and (2) lack of agreement within the U. S. on
policy towards Germany.
19. In the Near and I1iddl e East and South Asia, neutralism, and
the tendency to associate the U. S. with "colonialism", continued to
present a major obstacle to the attainment of U. S. psychological ob-
jectives. In the Arab States, the alleged pro-Israel bias on the part
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of the U. S. remained a major handicap, although the visits to Middle
Eastern capitals by Secretary Dulles and Ni Stassen may have allevi-
ated this problem, at least temporarily. IIA has continuously exploited
the beneficial aspects of these visits in its output to the area.
Turkey, Pakistan, and Greece appear to be the brightest spots in this
area, psychologically speaking.
20. In the Far East, the resumption of Korean truce talks raised
major psychological problems. The exchange of sick and wounded prisoners
necessitated special measures to deal with "brain washing", Steps were
taken to achieve more effectively coordinated guidance on information
matters concerning Korea through the channels of the Psychological
Operations Coordinating Committee, The offer of a reward to i"iIG pilot
defectors was followed by an immediate and significant shift in Communist
air tactics over the Korean battle area.
21. In Japan, severe economic problems and growing neutralist
resistance to the U. S. objective of Japanese rearmaments have been
trouble spots in a picture otherwise fairly satisfactory,
22. In Latin America, our capabilities for effective psychological
action increased in a number of countries, for the most part in the
field of unattributable activity, There has been growing dissatisfaction
in many Latin American countries directed mainly against American economic
policies. To help offset this, a major psychological move was Dr. ii3lton
Eisenhower's goodwill tour of South America initiated late in June,
SPECIAL ITEhS
23. Emergency assistance provided by U. S. Armed Forces in cases
of national catastrophe has made material contributions to U. S. psycho-
logical efforts in The Netherlands, England, Turkey, Greece, Iran,
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24. A grant of 1,000,000 tons of wheat to Pakistan has had a
similarly favorable effect.
25. Carefully planned exploitation of U. S. leadership in the
atomic field, pith a coordinated public information program on the
Nevada weapons tests and other special weapons, as well as certain
the US. psychological effort.
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II. THE WORK OF PSB
SECURITY INFORMATION PSB D-47
TOP; T July 24, 1953
During the first half of 1953, the work of PSB was marked by a
vigorous shift in emphasis from long range planning to include more
immediate implementation and operational activities. This change re-
flected the advent of a new Administration, and especially the assumption
of the Presidency by General Eisenhower, The F'resident's stature made
his inauguration on January 20 a major factor in the world psychological
struggle, doubly so because of the strong views which he was known to
hold on the importance of seizing the initiative in the cold war.
This found direct expression in the designation of Mr, C. D. Jackson
as Special Assistant to the President, and his appointment, along with
Harold E. Stassen, now Director of the Mutual Security Agency, to member-
ship on the Psychological Strategy Board. Mr. Jackson was elected Chair-
man of the Board.
MOM ACTIVITIES
The impact of these organizational changes on the work of PSB was
further heightened by important psychological developments in the inter-
national field during this period, including the death of Stalin, t ho
intensified "peace offensive" of the successor regime in the Kremlin,
the renewal of armistice negotiations in Korea, and the outbreak of large-
scale anti-Communist and anti-Soviet rioting in East Germany.
A number of special projects were undertaken by IDB as a result of
those events and changes, some at the request of the National Security
Council, others on the initiative of the new Chairman of the Board.
These special projects included the following major activities of the
staff undertaken in cooperation with representatives of the Departments
of State and Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency and the Mutual
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Security Agency :
Program of UcYLolq osr1_ P ar'.tio for Stal n s P .s in ,,_frar~i Power
PSB D-24
Plan for Psz holozica1-,l cloi station of Staln's eath` SB D
During the early months of the reporting period, prepcxatory plan-
ning in 'tnticip
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Plan D_18a/la
provides for military use of escapees to derive psychological advantages.
Incisive action in this regard resulted from appointment of a special
committee by the NSC at the direction of the President. This task group,
carrying forward the work of the Ihaso IS" panel.. made a comprehensive
study and developed plans for the creation of a Volunteer Freedom Corps
25X1C (NEC 143).
(o) Plan for Conducting Psychological Operations
During General Hostilities (PSB D-8/b, NSC 127/1)
National Overt Propaganda Policy Guidance for
General War (PSB D-11//b)
The substance of these plans has been integrated into the current
war plans of both JCS and CIA. The Department of State chairs an inter-
departmental subcommittee of the Psychological Operations Coordinating
Committee consisting of representatives of State, Defense, the Central
Intelligence Agency and the I-'Iutual Security Agency for the purpose of
drafting an "X-Day" Han in implementation of NSC 127/3..
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(f) A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological
Program with Particular Reference to Cold War
Operations under IBC 10/5 (PSB D-31)
Work on this project was in effect taken over by the Presidentts
Committee on International Information Activities.
(h) Nationrr,l Psychological Strategy with Respect
to Berlin (D..21/2) (Supplement to MB D-21
dated October 9, 1952)
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(j) Psychological Strategy Program for
the Middle East (PSB D-22)
Implementation of this .an is proceeding under the active supervision
of the Middle East Coordinating Panel in Washington. After the visit of
the Secretary of State, accompanied by the Director of MSA, to the Middle
E~-:st, the Panel held a special meeting toward the end of the reporting
period to take into account the resultant new policy attitudes toward
Middle Eastern problems. A roc+uost for comments on D-22 from the field
resulted in replies from five of the ten Diplomatic Missions in the area.
The comments received were uniformly favorable and several of them wore
enthusiastic. The Washington Panel is considering the problem of
establishing in the field the necessary coordinating mechanism to implement
this regional program..
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PLANNING ACTIVITIES
Plans Authorized and in Process
Development;
Plans in various stages of preparation on June 30 included the
followings
(a) Psychological Strategy Plan for Western Europe
(PSB D-38)
A regional psychological strategy plan to increase the willingness
of Europeans to support mutually agreed security goals in Western Europe
by reducing anti-U.S. attitudes was completed and sent to the Board
members on June 30 for approval by vote slip action.
25X1 C
(c) Plan for Exploitation of Dissidence in the Soviet
Bloc; USSR Armed Forces (PSB D-143)
This plan to exploit the bases for schism between the regime and the
military establishment of the Soviet union and to increase dissidence within
the Soviet Armed. Forces where significant vulnerabilities arc indicated,
awaits final clearance prior to early submission to the Board.
(d) Iranian Contingency Plan
A PSB chaired interdepartmental panel will coordinate psychological
planning in relation to the possible partial or complete loss of Iran, a
contingency which had not been assumed in the approved psychological
strategy plan for the Middle East.
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(e) Indo-China
A special program for the use of U. S. Influence in Support of U, Si
Objectives in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos was drafted and in the process
of interdepartmental clearance at the end of June.
(f) Psychological Strategies in North Africa
This paper, including a study of the Psychological Data, a report on
the Status of Power Relations, and an illustrative plan for U. S.. psycho-
logical action in the area,, was in the process of clearance and completion
on June 30.
Review and Revision of Approved Plans
A procedure was developed during the period, under which all completed
plans are regularly reviewed by the staff with a view to determining
whether revision is required, Early revision of the French and Italian
plans is now contemplated..
EVALUATION AND INTELLIGENCE
Evaluation l'1Sethods
Work was continued with Government research offices engaged in de-
veloping techniques for evaluating psychological operations. Progress
in this field has been made through:
a. examining current evaluation research projects in the
Government to determine their relevance to PSB needs,
bo alerting Government research units to the continuing
need for research, particularly on evaluation criteria
for psychological operations, and assisting them in
fixing priorities for major research projects.
c, holding conferences on evaluation techniques and criteria.
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July 2L , 1953
do suggesting specific evaluation projects for Government
research units, such as a Handbook on Statistics for Psywar.
Evaluations and Pre-plan ningSituation Estimates
During the reporting period, the following projects in this category
were carried out:
a, An Evaluation of the Psychological Effect of the U0
Effort in Italy, (PSB D-29)s This paper, which was drafted
during the final quarter of 1952, was noted by the Board on
January 15, revised, and distributed for informations It
concluded that U. S, policies and programs have contributed
substantially to the attainment of our national objectives in
Italy, but that the situation was still grave and that withdrawal
of our support might well lead to the collapse of the Government
then in power (February 1953). Accordingly, it concluded that
there should be no slackening of our effort in the crucial period
ahead,
b, An Evaluation of the Psychological Impa. ;t of U. S. Foreign
Economic Policies in the U. Kb (PSB D--36): This paper identi-
fied some adverse psychological results of certain aspects of
our economic policies towards the U. K.,
especially in the
military aid and tariff areas, It was approved by the Board on
January 15, armed, after further coordination, it was transmitted
to the NSC, and, through the State Department, to other
interested agencies.
c. Evaluation of the Psychological Impact of U. S, Foreign
Economic Policies in France (PSB D-r37); The completed paper
was accepted as a reference document by the Board on January 15,
It outlines the psychological causes of France's inability to
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pursue free world objectives, notes the psychological obstacles
raised by our policy towards France, and proposes actions to
25X1 C obtain French cooperation.
f. Soviet Sensitivities; An evaluative report on this subject,
prepared in an interdepartmental committee, was completed and
submitted to the Acting Director for approval and interdepartmental
circulation for information as a staff study.
A review of the psychological situation and related factors
in Yugoslavia involved the assembly of basic intelligence and
strategic considerations, for possible use in planning,,
i. Latin America; A pre-planning estimate of the psychological
situation in this region was nearing completion at the end of
the reporting period.
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Intelligence Support
Staff members continued to work in liaison with the intelligence-
producing agencies of the Government to provide intelligence support and
guidance to the Board and the Staff, This function includes selecting
from, and, in some cases, synthesizing the output of the agencies, arranging
for new research where necessary, and setting up staff briefings by experts
from outside the staff.
In this period, similar services were also developed to meet the
needs of the Chairman of the Board for Government intelligence on such
psychological subjects as foreign opinion trends, and international re-
actions to particular programs, actions, and statements of the United
States Government or its officials. This mission for the Chairman has
required a greater emphasis upon the rapid procurement and processing of
current intelligence from the agencies on a daily basis.
Psychological Support for USUN
As a result of discussions between Ambassador Lodge and Ar. C. D.
Jackson, and subsequent PSB action at the informal meeting of June 3, a
FSB-chaired committee of the member agencies was established to organize
an anti-communist psychological campaign focussed upon the General Assembly
scheduled to convene on.the 15th of Septembers At the close of the reporting
period, the committee was in action and early documentation had been
supplied to Ambassador Lodge.
ATTACITh NTS
Annex II. Report of tho Department of State
Annex R Report of the Department of Defense
Annex C Report of the Mutual Security Agency
# Annex D Report of the Central Intelligence Agency
Annex E Psychological Progrem - Expenditures
*The report of the Central Intelligence Agency is specially classified
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SECURITY INFORMATION ANNEX A
SEC T PSB D-47
July 24, 1953
THE EORFIGN INFORMATIONPRQR/N
(Prepared by the Department of State)
1. During the period between December 31, 192 and June 30, 1953, the
Department of State undertook to carry out, through the foreign informa-
tion and educational exchange programs conducted by the International
Information Administration and in conjunction with programs carried out
by other governmental agencies, the following major substantive tasks
derived from relevant public laws, approved papers of the National
Security Council, approved papers of the Psychological Strategy Board
and programs agreed to by the Psychological Operations Coordinating
Committee:
(1) Sustaining and increasing the confidence of other
peoples and other governments in the high purpose and the
trustworthy character of the United States as a leader of the
free world.
(2) Exploiting to the advantage of the free world the
series of events in the Soviet Union and its satellites,
including Communist China, ensuing upon the death of Stalin,
(3) Promoting the achievement of an honorable armistice
in Korea and greater stability in Asia generally,,
(4) Promoting measures designed to bring about a greater
degree of integration among the nations of Europe, with particular
reference to the treaty establishing the European Defense Community.
(5) Countering, particularly in Latin America, the Near
and Middle East and South and Southeast Asia, attitudes hostile
to the United States and disposed toward neutralism.
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July 24, 1953
(6) Demonstrating to the people of Italy in advance of the
general election the advantages accuring to them because of their
association with the free world.
2. The execution of the first task listed in 1 above involved primarily
(1) exploiting the global prestige of the 'resident by
(a) the wide dissemination in radio broadcasts, press
releases., pamphlets and magazine articles of the Inaugural
Address;
(b) the preparation and distribution of a documentary
film on the inauguration;
(a) the preparation and the distribution of press and
photographic materials concerning the career and the philo-
sophy of the President;
full coverage of the Message on the State of the
the preparation and the distribution of press and
photographic materials concerning the most important officers
of the Administration;
(2) exploiting the initiative taken by the President on behalf
of peace and security in his address before the American Society of
Newspaper Editors on April 16, 1953, particularly by
(a) assuring that copies of the speech were presented
to foreign offices all over the world in advance of delivery;
(b) delivery of kinescopes of entire speech to seventy-
three posts within a day of its delivery., one of which was
shown over BBC-TV on April 20 to an estimcted audience of
six million;
(c) the production and shipment on May 2 of a documentary
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July 24~ 1953
film on the speech in thirty-five languages;
(d) preparation and dissemination of five million
pamphlets, handbills and leaflets on the speech;
(e) distribution to all missions of a seventy-two
page sum ry of world-wide editorial opinion;
(f) preparation of photographic illustration of the
speech in ten editions of the magazine "Free World" distri-
buted throughout the Far East;
(g) the preparation and distribution of pamphlets based
on the speech, "What Disarmament Means" and "A Time to Turn
the Tide of History;"
(3) exploiting the visits of the Secretary of State and the
Director of Mutual Security to Europe and the Near and Middle East
and South Asia and the visit of Dr. Milton Eisenhower to Ictin
America,
(4) increased emphasis upon programs designed to reveal
the moral, values and the spiritual attributes that animate the
people of the United States in their personal attitudes and their
public actions
(5) citing the scheduled tripartite meeting at Bermuda as
evidence of unity of free world and its ceaseless search for
amicable adjustments of differences
(6) supporting the committee in Japan in planning and
carrying out the year-long celebration (1953-1954) of the hundredth
anniversary of the visit to Japan of Admiral Perry
3. The execution of the second task listed in 1 above involved primarily
(1) challenging the new leaders of the USSR to demonstrate
their professions of peaceful intent by deeds, not words, particularly
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SECS PSB D..47
July 24, 1953
in connection with the conclusion of a truce in Korea, the conclusion
of a treaty of peace with Austria and the release of prisoners of
war still held by the USSR
(2) suggesting to the governments of Germany.. Italy and
Japan that they demand the release of their nationals still held
as prisoners of war in the USSR
(3) exploiting the renewed effort of the United States, the
United Id,.ngdom and F?a.nce to conclude a treaty concerning Austria
and the refusal of the USSR to participate
(4) exposing the withdrawal after the death of Stalin of
the charges against the doctors as evidence of the dominance of
expediency over principle in the conduct of affairs within the
(5) demonstrating that conciliatory gestures of the new
regime, while constituting recognition of need to placate opinion
within and without the orbit, do not as yet demonstrate reduction
of capabilities or change of intention on the part of USSR
(6) emphasizing to the satellites of Europe the insecurity
of the regimes under which they now live, and particularly as the
result of demonstrations in East Germany and Czechoslovakia the
potential for freedom that exists in the area and the betrayal by
the US of the working populations
(7) exploitation of the report of United Nations International
Labor Organization Committee on forced labor as evidence of unchanged
conditions within USSR
(8) full but sober coverage of the Weis Escapee Center in
Austria, Including address by Ambassador Thompson emphasizing purpose
of escapee program
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SEr CRET PSB D-47
July 24, 1953
The execution of the third task listed in 1 above involved primarily
(1) demonstrating the unremitting patience and determination
of the United Nations Command to achieve an armistice on reasonable
term'
(2) developing for global dissemination through personnel
detailed to the Far East Command pictorial, written and transcribed
material designed to demonstrate the humane treatment of prisoners
of war by the United Nations Command and the justice of its position
with regard to repatriation
() countering; by reasoned argument and sober discussion the
opposition of the Republic of Korea to an armistice
(4) exploitation of the wide support, particularly by the
government of India, to the proposals of the United Nations Command
for a solution of the problem of repatriation
(5) continued exposure of the charges that the United Nations
Command employed biological warfare in Korea, including preparation
of a fourth supplement to the kit on biological warfare, arrangement
with the Foreign Office of the United Kingdom for a pamphlet to be
written by a British journalist, exploitation of a denunciation of
the charges by Pandit Nehru, and plans for dealing with the matter
in the United Nations should it reappear there
(6) encouraging, in conjunction with the governments of
Vietnam, France and the United Kingdom.* greater psychological
activity against the Viet-Minh;
(7) promoting a special program in India designed to counter
the appeal of Soviet Communism among students
(3) increasing activity, in cooperation with the Government
of Thailand, in the north and the northeast areas of the country
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SECRET P, '-,B D-.47
July 24, 1953
to counter increased Communist propaganda in connection with the
invasion of Laos.
The execution of the fourth task listed in 1 above primarily involved
(1) continued promotion, increasingly by the provision of
materials and data for the use of indigenous groups, of understanding
of the objectives of the United States in Europe and so to promote
the ratification of the treaty establishing the European Defense
Community and of the contractual agreements with Germany
(2) continued promotion, again largely through indigenous
groups, of data and materials revealing the advantages to be
gained by Europeans through closer integration militarily, economically
and politically
(3) providing grants to 1459 nationals of other NATO countries,
including 34 journalists, to visit the United States and 1083 grants
to nationals of the United States to visit other NATO countries
(4) increased emphasis on the cultural attainments of the
United States
(5) the inauguration to Spain of a series of broadcasts designed
to acquaint the people of the country with the objectives of the United
States in Europe, to diminish their sense of isolation and so to
provide a basis for the bettor understanding of the current negotiations.
(6) the continued functioning of binational committees for
promoting good relations between local communities and the United
States forces stationed within them
(7) the timely allocation of $50 million in counterpart funds
for use in West Berlin at the time of the riots in F'storn Germany
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July 24, 1953
(8) the exchange of notes constituting a cultural agreement
between the United States and the Federal Republic
(9) publicity for the visits to this country of Chancellor
Adenauer and Mayor Reuter, including appropriate public dissemination
of the communique issued following the visit of Chancellor Adenauer.
The execution of the fifth task listed in 1 above primarily involved
(1) executing with the cooperation of the government of Austria
plans to assure minimum publicity for the Congress in Defense of the
Rights of Youth held in Vienna?
(2) exploitation of the interest shown by the Secretary of
State and the Director of Mutual Security in their visit to the
Neer and Middle East and by Dr. Milton Eisenhower in his visit to
Ir.tin America of national culture and popular efforts to better the
condition of the countries concerned
(3) cooperation with the governments of Egypt, Turkey and Iraq
in information programs directed at the armed forces of the countries
concerned with the purpose of developing internal stability and
individual responsibility and exposing Soviet Communism
(4) provision to the Ministry of Education in Iraq of material
exposing Soviet Comrluni stn for distribution among students
(5) cooperation in Morocco and Libya with United States forces
and local groups to facilitate acceptance of the presence of United
States forces in the area
(6) the provision to Radio Ankara of scripts exposing Soviet
Communism for short-wave broadcasts to the satellites of Europe
(7) cooperation between the USIS Near Fast Regional Service
Center in Beirut and the Technical Cooperation Am-1.ni tratien for the
production of photographs and pamphlets
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July 24, 1953
(8) arranging for broadcasts to Argentina from Radio Carve
in Montevideo
(9) initiating an extensive program of personal contacts in
Brazil to counteract doctrines hostile to the United States
(10) initiating a program in Chile designed to hamper
agitation for nationalization of the copper industry
(11) increasing emphasis on cultural attainments of the
United. States in conjunction with demonstrating United States
interest in Latin American culture.
(12) discrediting of Communist-dominated Continental Cultural
Congress held at Santiago, Chile
(13) continuing efforts to prevent dissemination to nearby
countries of Communist-inspired doctrine emanating from Guatemala.
7. The execution of, the sixth task listed in 1 above involved primarily
a carefully planned and executed program, largely in support of indigenous
groups, including political parties and trade unions, to provide films,
pamphlets, posters and exhibits emphasizing Italy's economic progress,
agrarian reform and renewed international prestige and the threat of
Communism to the retention of these gains.
8. Major obstacles or difficulties encountered in carrying out the tasks
include
(1) Differences between the United States and the peoples
and the governments of other countries in a stim4 .ting the capabilities
and the intentions of the USSR, particularly in view of the con-
ciliatory gestures made by the leadership of the USSR following
the death of Stalin.
(2) The increasing preoccupation of the nations of Western
Europe with internal, and particularly economic, problems, the
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July 24, 1953
instability of the governments of several of these countries and
their concern with past rivalries rather than present dangers and
future opportunities.
(3) The growth of strongly nationalist sentiment in many
newly independent states and the tendency to identify the United
States as a defender of practices associated with colonialism.
(4) The preoccupation of the Arab States with Israel and their
tendency to identify the United States as its champion.
(5) Widespread ignorance and misunderstanding abroad of the
evidence presented, the facts proven and the procedures 1.nvo]s*'d in
trial, the sentencing and the execution of judgment in the case of
the Rosenbergs.
(6) The inability of the United Nations Command to ensure
the cooperation of the Republic of Korea with regard to measures
deemed necessary to achieve an acceptable armistice in Korea,,
(7) The adverse reaction abroad to widespread publicity of
charges made and measures taken during the course of congressional
investigations into various aspects of the foreign information
and educational exchange program.
9. Major changes that have occurred in the foreign information and
educational exchange programs include
(1) a reduction in force from 14,064 persons to 11,552.
Those now employed include 1505 nationals of the United States
employed in missions overseas and 2741 in the United States and
7633 local employees in missions overseas:
(2) a net increase of six, from 195 to 201, ,r.nnmb. it of
overseas outposts. However, current plans call for the closing
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July 24, 1953
of 13 posts early in fiscal year 1954.
(3) the closing of twelve libraries overseas, eleven of which
were in Germany
(4) a reduction in short..wavo broadcasts from 43 hours and
45 minutes to 33 hours, particularly in programs in Spanish and
Portuguese to Latin America, in Portuguese to Portugal, Hotrow
Malay, English, Korea, French and Italian
(5) the elimination of twelve domestic tran.Hitter s and the
suspension of contracts for the construction of major domestic
transmitting facilities
(6) the testing of two megawatt transmitters, one in Okinawa
and one in the Phillipines, for early broadcasting on medium bands
to the Far East
(7) the relay by the improved facilities in,Col4mbo of daily
programs in Hindi and Urdu, followed by broadcasting of transcriptions
in Tamil and Bengali
(8) the simultaneous relay by Munich of the program in Hindi
to audiences in East and South Africa
(9) the increase by 100% of religious broadcasts, planned in
cooperation with many religious groups, to peoples behind the
Iron Curtain
(10) the transformation of the Wireless Bulletin to the
Wireless File, designed for adaptation for publication in accordance
with local needs
(11) the initiation of the experimental use of folk-lore in
motion pictures as a means of reaching sensitive areas with politically
significant messages
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July 24, 1953
(12) the distribution within India of 4500 sets of 101 paper-
back books as expandible libraries
(13) the appointment of Dr. Robert L. Johnson, former President
of Temple University, to be Administrator of the International
Information Administration
(14) the establishment of a Plans Board in the office of
the Administrator.
(15) the appointment of rir. Cheever Cowdin, former chairman
of the board of Universal Pictures, to be Assistant Administrator
of the Informational Motion Picture Service and the appointment of
Mr. Cecil B. deMille as principal consultant
(16) the appointment of N. '. Leonard Erickson, formerly of
McCann-Erickson, to be Deputy Administrator for the International
Broadcasting, Service.
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10, Actual or estimated expenditures and estimated carry-over are as
IlA
Fuibright
NSA
Sub-
Total
Radio Grand
Construction Total
Actual 1951
67.0
I'd 4.8
NA
.,a 71.8
40"
23.01
95.2
Actual 1952
8900
7.0
10.6
106.6
19.2
126.0
tstirrated 1953
821.6
7,9
11.5
101 .0
- .9
103.1
The estimated carry-over of IIA funds available after June 30, 1953
is >17.5 million for radio acquisition and construction. This availability
may be reduced by the Congress in order to provide obligation authority
liquidation cost of the Department of State under the appropriation
"Salaries and menses - Department of State."
For 1954, IIA has requested of the Congress :;1;87.9 -pillion in the IIA
appropriation, permission to obligate :x12.2 million of the radio acquisi-
tion and construction carry-over funds, and ,,8.9 million in Fuibright
local currencies of the Exchange of Persons program, or a total of ,109.0
million requested for 1954.
IIA cannot furnish any estimates of periods of time beyond FY 1954
at this time. No estimates beyond those presently pending before the
Congress will be made until appropriations have been made, the report of
the President's Comxrlittee on International Information has been analyzed,
the new Information Agency has been established, and the program .for 1954
has taken place. Thereinno basis for any valid projections beyond 19521
before these steps have been completed,
rlhe above figures do not include the Public Affairs program in
Germany or Austria or the NSA Information Program other than the certain
11SA themes which the Bureau of the Budget intended to be transferred to
IIA on July 1, 1953.
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SEMIANNUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTIVITY STATUS REPORT
of the
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
for the period from 1 January through 30 June 1953
Presented below is a summary of the status of the Department of
Defense activities having psychological effects for the period from
1 January through 30 June 1953,
2. General Comments
The Department of Defense released information designed to make
clear the United States position with respect to truce negotiations and
the prisoner of-war situation. Background press conferences were ar-
ranged through which the Secretary of Defense and his key assistants
briefed news media representatives on the American stand in Korea,
3, In conjunction with other agencies, the Department of Defense
carried on a continuous program to inform the public of developments in
biological and chemical warfare research. Documentary evidence was pro-
vided to both the United States representative to the United Nations and
to news media, to combat the Communist propaganda accusations'charCitg the
United States waged germ warfare in Korea:
. Vy ilitary Posture
a, The most significant contribution of the Department of
Defense with respect to the national psychological effort was
the continued maintenance of U, S. military power in a strength
to provide evidence of its readiness to resist aggression,; The
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TOP SECRET D-47
July 24, 1953
deployment of portions of U. S. military power in Europe contin-
ued to be a significant unifying force against soviet aggression,
although the psychological impact of such deployment among Euro-
peans was probably lessened by the isolation of large-scale mili-
tary power in Korea for the past two years,
b. In connection with the Viet i.iinh invasion of Laos,
French authorities requested and received military equipment and
supplies on a priority basis, demonstrating U. .s. ability to sup-
port friendly nations in meeting military emergencies'.
5. Also of note was the timely psychological exploitation of tech-
nological leadership in military weapons through a coordinated public
information program on the atomic bomb tests this Spring at the Nevada
Proving Ground and similar programs on other weapons.
6. Goodwill Efforts
Goodwill efforts of the military Service in overseas areas were
promptly executed and effectively exploited. Emergency supplies and
assistance have been provided in England, Holland, Turkey, Greece, Iran,
and Ecuador, demonstrating U. S. preparedness and interest in the welfare
of other nations. Military leaders have demonstrated an increased aware-
ness and desire to gain from the psychological implications of mercy mis-
sions, improved community relations and counter-propaganda. Many in-
stances of the observance and participations of U. S. Military personnel
in indigenous ceremonies and the consummation of well considered good will
tours are in evidence. These are believed to be of great significance for
the support they provide to fundamental and long-lasting attitudes of
friendship, imbedded in the "grass roots" of foreign peoples.
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July 2L , 1953
7. Military Assistance Programs
The Military Assistance Program has continued to be one of our
greatest psychological assets. A new joint Service regulation aimed at
maximizing psychological advantage in the release of information covering
training, equipping and reimbursable aid to foreign nationals has been
issued during the period, Offshore procurement has maintained U. S. in-
fluence in the Far East and Europe and has made a major contribution in
Italy.
8. Repatriated U. S. Prisoners of War
By virtue of massive unfavorable press reaction, special at-
tention in this report has been devoted to the so-called "special cases"
of repatriated U. S. prisotrers, Considerable attention was accorded this
matter as far back as April 1952 and in Hare concentrated fashion since
January 1953 when it became necessary to cope with the actual situation.
In view of the status of truce negotiations optimum handling of the situ-
ation was not possible since routine medical and personnel policies as
well as public demands had to be met. The Department of Defense will
continue to devise correct policies for handling the situation in spite
of press sensationalism, As evidence of its success, within a period of
two months such sensationalism has run its course and a general acceptance
of a realistic standard operating procedure has evolved.
9. Defection
The public announcement of an approved plan and the establish-
ment of facilities to receive and. reward i'viIG pilot defectors who would
deliver their jet aircraft to the United Nations Command was followed by
an immediate and significant shift in Communist air operations and tactics
over the Korean battle area,
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SECTION II
Significant progress of the Department of Defense in the development
of plans, capabilities, and organizational means for contributing further
to the national psychological effort.
1. Intra-departmental activities, including plans., forces, training
programs, and indoctrination courses.
Office of the Secretary of Defense
(1) Psychological Advantage of MDAP: Consistent with
previous policy guidance, a joint Service regulation, published
on 2t March 1953, sets policy and procedures relative to the re-
lease of information concerning: (a) training of foreign nation-
als, (b) off-shore procurement, (c) equipping of foreign military
powers, (d) reimbursable aid, and (e) announcements of the assign-
ments of personnel to ADAP duties, Its purpose is dual: (a) to
ensure the proper control and coordinated release of such data,
with due consideration for security; and (b) to effect the timely
and psychologically advantageous release of such information within
both the U. S. and the country of primary concern,
(2 ) Psychological Advantage of U. S. Weapons Develop-
ment: Continued progress was made under previously reported pro-
grams by Department of Defense agencies in: (a) providing polity
guidance on release of maximum data on atomic energy, guided
missiles, and other new weapons consistent with military security;
(b) establishing procedures for clearing release; and (c) prohibit-
ing the release of uncleared information1 (See Section III)
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July 2L , 1953
(3) Foreign Infoscult$eft Poliayz Direct and timely
coordination between Department of Defense agencies continues
the effective processing of "Foreign Infoa'iation Policy Guidance."
(4) Organizations On 10 January 1953, the Secretary
of Defense approved a directive activating the Department of
Defense Committee on Psychological .Operations. This body was
established to develop a policy governing and to provide for
the utilization of resources of the Armed Forces in cold war,
(5) Research and Development; The Advisory Group on
psychological and unconventional warfare in the research and
Development Board completed on 6 /+pril its six-month survey of
repearch and development in this field, making a number of recan-
iFtendations on each of the following: (1) the basis of a balanced
and integrated program and (2) the organizational machinery and
fiscal support necessary to implement such a program. The report
was accepted and its implementation recommended by the RDB on
29 April? It was then forwarded to the Secretary of Defense for
consideration, Present budgetary limitations have necessitated
drastic readjustments of standing priorities in all Defense fields.
Therefore, no approved estimate can be made until full considera-
tion has been given to the new policy,
br Gji g9f Staff
(1) The receipt of a SHAPE paper setting forth the
views of SACEUR with respect to his wartime unconventional war-
fare responsibilities has generated further Joint Staff consider,
ation of this in conjuhction with the previously submitted SACEUR
paper outlining his wartime psychological warfare responsibilities.
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July 24Y 1953
(2) Specific actions were taken by the Joint Chiefs
of Staff to facilitate and strengthen world-wide unconventional
warfare planning, including allied planning, by:
(a) Strengthening CINCFE's unconventional war-
fare staff.
(b) Approval of steps to strengthen U, S. un-
conventional warfare planning representation at the Stand-
ing Group level.
(c) Delineation of certain responsibilities
among the Services and providing policy concerning points
of contact for Allied planning in the field of Evasion and
Escape;
(3) The Joint Chiefs of Staff have approved and CINCFE
has implemented a psychological warfare defection program aimed
against Corrimunist air crews in Korea. Early reports indicate a
resultant shift in Red air tactics and impeded operational ef-
fectiveness due to more stringent anti-defection measures.
(4) The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Serviees provided
comments and recommendations in response to a request for informa-
tion by the President's Committee on International Information
Activities.
(5) Overseas Commandss CINCFE authorized U. S.
participation in the United Nations Command (UNC), Joint Foycio,
logical Committee (JPC) (activated 1 January 1953) which provides
a central and top-level directorate for the review and defining of
combat theater psychological warfare policy, A significant gap
has thus been filled in the over-all coordination of a cohesive
UNC effort.
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July 2L , 1953
e. Significant Service Activities
(1) Plan,:
(2) Troop Information and Education: This program
continues on a world-wide basis to orient Service personnel with
respect to national and international affairs. As one significant
facet of this activity, members of the U. S. Armed Forces are in-
formed as to the language, habits, and customs of the various coun-
tries in which they serve, Allied with this, committees composed
of Service representatives and native civilians continue efforts to
generate closer harmony between U. S. military and foreign popula-
tions. The impact of this programming upon non-U. S. personnel
cannot be denied, In the field of Armed Forces Radio Service alone,
the estimated foreign audience in Europe is reported at the 80 mil-
lion figure.
(3) U14C Orientation Program for Communist POWs: The
Civil Information and Education Division (CI&E), integrated into
Psylar Section, FECOH during December of 1952, continues effectively
to pursue its mission by providing a program of education and recre-
ation for North Korean and Chinese PO?;s. In the performance of its
functions, CI&E provides the opportunity for these POT,1s to gain
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July 24, 1953
general and vocational knowledge, as well as to acquire technical
skills, which can develop attitudes favorable to the furtherance
of U. S. and U. N. objectives.
(4) Communist Indoctrination of U.S. Captured Person-
nelI
(a) Background; Evidence confirmed early De-
partment of Defense estimates that the Communists were sub-
jecting u. N,, personnel held as prisoners of war to inten-
sive ideological indoctrination. This problem was recognized
as early as April, 19520 The solution appeared to depend on
striking a balance between two completely conflicting factors;
(a) The necessity of informing the public in event POs had
been successfully indoctrinated, if and when returned, and
(b) Taking care not to create undue alarm which might
jeopardize national policy with respect to the question of
non-forcible repatriation, The Secretary of Defense requested
the PSB to investigate the advisability of propaganda exploita.r
tion by charging the Communists with a new type of war crime.
(b) Repatriated U.S, Personnel: When it appeared
that some prisoners might be released by the Communists in
the exchange of sick and wounded, a press release was made
and background material issued. Care was required in prepar-
ation of this material, however, in order not to prejudice
the negotiations then current. Many conflicting interests
made handling of the repatriation exceedingly difficult,
These included the natural "get the boys home" urge similar to
the ones experienced in 1945 and 1946) requirements for a
routine medical and perm nnel processing, a covert requirement
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to enable the Federal Bureau of Investigation to e>p loit
activities of some returnees, necessity for protecting the
identities and reputations of innocent men, and the natural
desire of the press for exclusive and sensational stories.
Initially, a bad press was received on the operation,
This has now run its course; some of the more responsible
publications have implied that the Department of Defense
position was correct.
(c) hepatriated U. S. Personnel: On the basis of
interim research results, highlighted by data secured on
personnel returned to U. S. control during the period 20
through 26 April 1953, Service concern with respect to
Communist treatment of American prisoners of war and the
serious ramifications stemming therefrom has been justified.
Reports indicate that some American prisoners of war have
been subject to extreme inducements and coercion. hore-
over, some appear to have succumbed, under duress, to re-
lentless Communist pressures, Five (5) members of the
group of twenty-three (23) Army personnel studied at the
Valley Forge Army Hospital were held to have been so highly
indoctrinated as to render reclamation virtually impossible
and to constitute grave U. S. security risks, A recent
surveillance report indicates that one (1) of the returned
group not processed through Valley Force joined a Communist
organization ("American Committee for Protection of Foreign
Born") in the San Francisco Bay area on 13 May.
(d) Current Procedures: Data secured within
FECOM and at ValIy Forge Army Hospital from repatriated
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U. S. returnees are being collated and evaluated in conjunc-
tion with other source reports on Communist indoctrination
techniques. Continuing Department of Defense and Federal
Bureau of Investigation surveillance and interrogation of
all U, S. returnees is in process with the view of completely
exploiting informational resources currently at hand, Plans
have been developed to fulfill both security and rehabilita-
tion requirements inherent to the projected mass return of
U. S+ personnel upon completion of Armistice arrangements.
There is continuous research to establish a basis for deter-
mining a possible program to take psychological advantage of
Communist indoctrination as a form of war crimes or atrocity.
(e) Countermeasures: TI&E Activities, a Chaplain
"Character Guidance" lecture series, and training materials
on Communist interrogation-indoctrination methods are re-
quired, and currently are under development and study.
(5) Although no overt effort was made to promote defec-
tions of Polish jet pilots, two Polish Lieutenants successfully
escaped from the Iron Curtain and landed their IG 15 planes at
Bornholm, Denmark. Pilots immediately requested political asylum
and voluntarily surrendered their aircraft to Danish authorities,
Through negotiations with Danish and British officials, the U. S.
received custody of the two flyers,.
(6) Interrogations of the defecting Polish pilots reveal
the presence in Poland of additional aircrew members who favor
defection, As a result, Department of Defense has generated staff
action whereby appropriate agencies may encourage defection of
Polish aircrew personnel and contribute to deterioration of the
Polish Air Force command structure.
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Inter-departmental activities, including plans, forces, training
programs, and indoctrination courses.
a. Psychological Strategy Board: Emphasis was placed on
PSB papers for Southeast Asia, Germany and Berlin, Japan, and
the fiddle East,
b. Psychological Ope rations Coordinating Committee (?CC).-
(1) Participation continues on the inter-departmental
committee charged with preparation and transmission to FECOh of
the "apecial Korean Information Guidance" (SKIG). Within FECO?l,
the formal establishment of two reviewing committees has contributed
significantly to the coordination of an over-all and cohesive psych-
ological efforts The Korean Information Guidance Committee (KIGC)
reviews, analyzes, and makes recommendations to CINCUNC based on
data reported via the daily, inter-departmental POC cable. This
body, further, is charged with the development of concepts within
the psychological warfare field for submission to a central and
top-level directorate within UNC in the Far East, the Joint Psych-
ological Committee (JPC). (See ;.ection II, subparagraph 1 b. (5).)
(2) X-Day Plan, "Relationship of U. S. Official Foreign
Information Organization (Personnel, Facilities, Equipment) to U.S.
Military Commanders," 30 September 1952, remains under consideration,
awaiting outcome of the President's reorganization plan 1o, 7 and 8,
c. Department of State:
(1) 'Pending the determination of world-wide base require-
ments, the Department of State has deferred action to secure and
finalize an agreement providing for the wartime use of hadio
Luxembourg,
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July 24, 1953
(2) In coordination with the Department of State, the
Department of Defense assisted in securing voluntary-statement
documentation from ;orth Korean and Chinese POWs which invali-
dates contentions alleging brutality and abuse in UNC POW camp
treatment and screening. This project continues.
(3) Through an inter-departmental committee to combat
Communist propaganda;, the Der.)arti ent of Defense assisted in the
conduct of a constant analysis of the various gambits of the
Soviet propaganda ranging from the intense "Hate America Campaign"
to the new "peace" line dating from March 1953. This group has
sought immediate and long-range means of forestalling or counter-
ing such propaganda and has reached agreement on certain conclu-
sions and recommendations regarding measures the United States
should adopt toward these various Soviet efforts.
(Li) Germ T`arfare: A continuous counter-measures cam-
paign was carried on by the Department of Defense in coordination
with the Department of State, and other agencies, to combat Com-
munist propaganda charges that the United States had waged biolog-
ical and chemical warfare in Korea.
(a) Through an inter-departmental committee,
progress was made in developing plans and means for set-
ting forth the U. S. position regarding such false charges,
(b) Through the Department of State, assistance
was provided to the U. S. Representative to the United
Nations. As a positive program, every effort has been made
to release as much information as possible consistent with
military security. Some indications as to the success of
these countermeasures may be reflected in the obvious de-
crease of Communist germ warfare charges in the U. N.
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SECURITY INFORMATION PSB D-47
TOP SECRET July 21y, 1953
SECTION III
Military activities having psychological implications conducted
by the Department of Defense during the reporting period,'
1. Display of Strength
aa. Significant news releases were made covering facets of
U. S. military strength and technical ability. Effort was directed
toward securing the maximum favorable psychological effects regarding
release of such data. Major releases within this informational
area included:
(1) Continuing emphasis upon development and potential
use of nuclear weapons in a tactical role. Supporting evidence
was readily available from coverage of the series of closely-
spaced atomic tests at Yucca Flats which included the deployment
of ground troops and the successful firing of the 280.-mm
artillery piece.
(2) Steady development of the Array of the Republic. of Karen, (TlOKA)
troop strength and ccnbat efficiency. ((See Soc,' IV, Subpara. 4 a (l)',
b Certain news leaks tended, to some extent, to reinforce
expository comment concerning U.S. strength status and technological
capacity; significant among these for the period were:
(1) Speculation that the U.S. had successfully test-detonated
a thermo nuclear device at Eniwetok Atoll with results vastly
more devastating than heretofore known to mankind.
(2) Comment from Paris concerning the projected deployment
of U,S. artillery battalions equipped with the new 280-rim gun
to Europe for integration into the NATO Cormiand,
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(3) Quotations of a member of the Congressional Committee
on Atomic Energy to the effect that the U.S. now holds sufficient
atomic weapons in stockpiles to permit forceful and imrmediate
retaliation against aggressive attack and to backstop the
conduct of a major war.
c. A favorable report has been made by State Department on
psychological value of the B-29 flights conducted over Malaya on
15 December 1952,
2. Combined Maneuvers and !~cercisest A total of six such operations
were conducted within NATO. All wore com-and post shako-downs of portions
of the NATO Staff aligrnent, except RENDEZVOUS, a naval maneuver in the
Mediterranean, which was participated in by fleet elements of the U.S.,
France, Great Britain, Italy, Greece, and Turkey. Salient portions of
this exercise involved the simulated atomic bombing of Toulon, and the
landing of Turkish and Greek forces in Greece and Turkey res;pectively,r
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July 24, 1953
SECTION IV
Implications of Department of Defense activities producing psycho-
logical effects in foreign areas, including good-will efforts and related
activities of the Services in such areas.
1. Psychological Results of I'r'esence ,_gf U. S. Personnel. Abroad:
at Through the Committee on Acceptance of Americans Abroad,
which is designed to improve relations between Americans and
foreign nationals, the Department of Defense has continued to
monitor and assist, as appropriate, the activities of coordinating
subcommittees in each country in Europe in which American troops
are located, and in Japans
b although committee reports indicate that their work has
been fairly effective, nevertheless some of the problems inherent
in the stationing of U.S. military and civilian personnel abrordd
remain. From time to time reports are received of friction between
foreign nationals and U.S. nationals in various areas. Subsequent
analysis, however, has shown that most of these frictions were in-
consequential and to be expected. In addition to cementing closer
troop-civilian relationships, effort to improve the area orient-
ation training of all U.S. personnel selected for assignment
overseas has continued,
2. MDAP Program: Of the total MDAP deliveries of $50 billion
to date, the volume of military equipment shipped to our partners in the
Mutual Security Program in the first four months of calendar year 1953
has totaled pl,,436 million; U. S. information offices have emphasized
that positive accomplishments in the international re-armament effort
are not the responsibility of the U.S. alone: That while the U.S# is doing
its share, it is necessary that our partners shoulder their shares of the
burden.
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3. Offoh re P,rocurepent (OSP) :
a., Contracts placed by Department of Defense }~racurement agencies
abroad from FY 1952 and FY 1953 MAP funds totaled X1,757,1277,310 as
of 30 May 1953. Of this, $1,722,717,860 has been placed in Europe
and $34,409,450 has been placed in the For East. Contracts were
lot in all European Nt.TO countries as Well as in West Germany and
Switzerland, while contracts in the Far East were let in Japan and
Formosa.
I Although OSP basically fulfills military requirements,
supplementary economic and political aspects are involved. For
example, the coordinated policy of the U. S. Government, agreed
upon between Defense, State, and the Director for Mutual Security,
provided that procurement agencies of the Department of Defense
in Europe would try to place about $p150 million in OSP contracts
in Italy prior to the holding of the Italian elections in an effort
to support the DoGasperi government. This target was exceeded and
although the DeGasperi government did not achieve the electoral vote
hoped for, this project undoubtedly contributed to keeping D?Gaspori
in office.
c. As a result of OSP contracts, jobs have been created or
employment sustained in a variety of European defense industries
including weapons, ammunition, electronics, automotive vehicles
and spare parts, construction equipment, small water craft, and
aircraft equipment and spare parts. The aggregate impact of these
contracts on the economies of the nations participating have had
beneficial results. Increased employment has been achieved in
Belgium, Denmark, Norway, (Lb'ooce, and The Netherlands, and continued
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July 24, 1953
industrial activity assured in varying degrees in all of the parti-
cipating countries. Efforts continue to place contraots.so as to
benefit non Communist segments of the countries involved.
4. $up oort to .ieadlvNations:
ax Republic of Koreas
(1) The ROKA was expanded from twelve to sixteen divisions
This action was publicized widely to show the steady development
of a modern ROK fighting machine. The ROK Defense Ministry there-
upon claimed, that it could man 85 per cent of the 155-mile line
of contact. The 13 May authorization for activation of an additional
four divisions will bring ROKA combat power up to twenty divisions.
(2) On 25 February the U.S. agreed to pay $85 million to the
ROK in settlement of Korean "Won" issued to U.S. troops in Korea.
This served to bolster the South Korean public's confidence in
the new "Whan" currency and raised to a reported $159,,990,440 the
amount of ROK currency bought by the U, S, during the wer#
(3) Continued civil relief and rehabilitation was made avail-
able to the South Korean people through Civilian Relief in Korea
(CRIK), United Nations Korean Relief Agency (UNRRA), and voluntary
private programs.
b The Ryukyu Islands: The civil information and education proerem
in the Ryukyus was continued to include the "Exchange of Persons
Program", whereby Ryukyuan national lenders and students were
brought to the U.S. for periods of study.
ct_ Indochina: C-119 aircraft were lent to French forces in Indo-
china for the purpose of transporting heavy equipment to repulse
the aggressive Communist attack on Laos. Some twenty-onc additional
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SECURITY INFORMATION PSB D-47
TOP SECRET July 24, 1953
C-47 aircraft on loap from FEAF to the French in Indochina remain
in that area past the 1 April duo date for their return upon recom-
mendation of GINCUNC,
do Thailand: Upon request of the Thai government at the time of
the invasion of Laos, a shipment of aircraft and a quantity of ar riuni-
tion was provided. The Secretary of State commended prompt action
in this matter.
5. NATO Ed tors! Tours:
a. Four U.S. tours have been conducted: Three being for editors
and correspondents and one for information officers from various
NATO countries. All the European NATO countries have had representa-
tives on one or more of these trips. A total of forty-four foreign
nationals have participated.
Reports from Public Affairs Officers in NATO countries indicate
that the U.S. tours constitute one of the most effective single
activities in the U,S. information program.
6. Resident Foreign Corres.Dondents: Numerous special interviews,
feature story material releases and occasional special trips to U.S.
military installations are arranged by DOD for foreign correspondents re-
siding in the U.S. In addition tQ general stories, attempts were made to
effect special guidance in line with the particular political and psycho-
logical problems of a particular country or area of the world.
7. Good-Xi l Efforts
Headquarters, USAF and Headquarter s, USAFE have approved a
goodwill tour of NATO countries by Major Fred Blesse, USAF. jet
air ace of Korean fighting, to be conducted in summer of 1953.
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SECURITY INFORMATION PSB D-47
TOP SECRET July 24, 1953
Ua. Top officers of Headquarter s, U,7-,FE participated in anni-
versary ceremonies of the RICHTOFEN WING, composed of veteran
German fliers and named in honor of the farmed German World Wer I
ace, 15 April 19530
c? U, S. Ambassador to Ecuador reports that airlift conducted
by 5 USAF C-47's during spring floods along the Quito-Guayaquil
railway in April 1953 caused admiration in all cirelso.
d,L In response to appeals of Turkish government officials for
relief in earthquake-torn creas during March 1953, USAF "'Flying
Boxcars" loaded with medicine, blankets and food were dispatched
from Germany to Istanbul and the Dardanelles province of Canakkele.
U.S, military units of Europe gave prompt and generous assis-
tance to the Dutch and English during the February flood disaster along
the North Sea coastline. At the initiative of responsible U.S.
representr_.tives, Anorican helicopters, transport planes, naval errphiT
bus and rescue craft and communication facilities were mobilized and
committed to the saving of life arid property. Participating aircraft
wore named "rescuing angels" by grateful Hollanders and an American
airman was presented Britain t8 second highest award for rescuing
stranded villagers during the height of the storm. Money and clothing
were contributed to the Dutch victims of the flood by ships companies
of the destroyers BR13TOL and JOHNSON and by the personnel of the
aircraft carrier WRIGHT in memory of the welcome accorded that ship
by the people of Rotterdam in September 1952. The American Ambassador
to The Netherlands concluded "tbo Arlendly attitude of The Netherlands
people toward the U.S. may well have reached a postwar high".
f , An earthquake at Taroud, Iron, on 14. February caused serious
damage and threatened starv,-.tion to the population, Highlighting
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July 24, 1953
numerous and effective relief services performed by American
military and Red Cross personnel in this disaster was the airdropping
of 3000 Kgs of broad to the people of Taroud.
R. On the occasion of extending a personal welcome to his home-
coning Korean brigade, Emperor Haile Selassie was entertained
February 7 by Corraander Middle East Forces on board the U.S.S.
DUXBURY BAY cruising from Massawa to Djiboute. The trip was reported
by American Embassy despatch as having been a gesture greatly appre-
ciated by the Eiperor as well as the Ethiopian officials and public
and as a most helpful contribution to U.S0-Ethiopian relations.
h Arrangements are being made by the Navy for dedication of
the nearly completed St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, Memorial Hospital
erected as a gift of the American people in gratitude for the heroic
efforts of the townspeople of St. Lawrence and Lawn in the rescue of
survivors of the U.S.S. POLLUX and U.S.S. TRUXTUN when wrecked in a
gale near St. Lawrence in February 19420
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July 2I., 1953
Lessons learned through evaluation of Department of Defense psych-
ological activities during this period.
1. Requirements which, if met, would assist in the development of
a more effective contribution of the Department of Defense to the
national psychological effort.
a. A positive national psychological strategy, to include
a determination of intermediate objectives and priorities for
direct support tasks, without resort to "cold" or "hot" war
qualifications.
b. A review of Public Law 402 and NTSC 59/l with the object
of including provision for the fuller utilization of existing
military potentials in support of the current national psycholog-
c. The enunciation of national policies for the conduct of
unconventional warfare w,d thin multi-national structures. Pational
clandestine Service agreements, with international implications
likely to affect the conduct of U. 5. military operations in time
of war,, are of concern to the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
20 Psychological opportunities brought to light by analysis of past
activities and their relationship to future courses of action.
In view of the lessons learned in fostering cordial troop-
civilian relations in Europe a program providing for the accept-
ance of American personnel to be stationed in Spain has been
inaugurated. For the first time, USAF installations and American
personnel will be maintained on Spanish soil starting Fall of 1953,
In order to build good will from the start, a USAF committee has
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July 24, 1959
been established to conduct a study of likely community relations
problems and recommend actions for proper orientation of American
civilians and military personnel concerned with stationing troops
in Spain.
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SECTION VI
New evidence of reactions to activities conducted during previous
reporting periods.
1. The report situation, by country,, of the implementation of
POO D-38/1 follows
lished at Reykjavik University points up a desire on the part of
our personnel to develop cultural understandingp
b, United Kingdom: There were indications that accounts of
British ill-feeling toward American Servicemen had been greatly
exaggerated by that segment of the British press which was de-
voted to communistic, chauvinistic., or sensationalized editorial
policies. It is maintained that the public relations situation
is basically healthy and is primarily the result of the conduct
of U. S. troops themselves. The British Government has estab-
lished a high-level committee, under the Air Minister, to hold
civil-military relations under control. Some twenty-seven groups
and associations are represented on this committee; its effort
is aimed toward maintaining proper direction of local cormaittees
in which commanding officers, Chaplains, and unit PIO=s take part,
as Iceland: No major developments; the waiting list of
S. personnel for matriculation in the Icelandic course estab-
c. France; France appears to be leading the way in an effort
to resolve difficulties in French-American relations, By continu-
ing joint effort, at both central and local levels, significant
steps have been taken in the direction of improved relations. The
"Franco-American Committee" mechanism is developing to the point
where the resolution of frictions rapidly can become reality.
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d. Italy; Despite a Committee report from home dated
26 January which asserted that the presence of U. S. troops in
Italy (in Leghorn, Florence, and Naples) does not constitute a
serious public opinion problem at present, there were reported
indications that the public reaction in Italy was characterized
by increasing sensitivity to "U. S. intervention" in Italian
affairs. Utilization of this "interventionist" line of attack
by Communists and neo-Fascists to influence the numerous splinter
parties arrayed against the DeGasperi government may intensify
troop-civil relations problems. iioreover, it has been noted
that - as yet - no representatives of the Italian government have
joined the established committee in Rome,
ep West Germate; Comparison surveys indicate that there
has been a gradual improvement in the status of troop-civil rela-
tions.
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SECTION VII
The actual and estimated psychological and unconventional warfare
expenditures of the Department of Defense for the fiscal year 1951
through 1958.
1. B&-,cliaound Re arding EbCpenditureg: The psychological and un-
conventional warfare role of the units responsible to the Joint Chiefs of
Staff requires that capabilities be developed in peacetime so that specialized
equipment and trained personnel may be immediately available to the military
commander in support of his psychological warfare and unconventional
warfare missions. The major portion of expenditures presented provide for
the specialized equipment, training, material and research necessary, to
meet projected wartime requirements.
2, The expenditures listed below do not include such activities as
goodwill visits, disaster aid, demonstrations, MDAP, and many other normal
military activities having psychological implications, expenditures for
which cannot be separately identified.
3, Special Assumptions; In the proprration of estimates for fiscal
years 1954 through 1958, the following assumptions have boon made:
That hostilities in Korea will terminate at the close of
FY 1953.
That domestic and foreign price levels and cost indices
will remain relatively stable.
cj. That no now areas of operational activity will be opened.
4. Militrry Force Expenditures: The figures reported in the
following table cover Service expenditures for unconventional and psycho-
logical warfare with the exception of research and development, which
is presented separately. These expenditures are shown in millions of
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dollars, to the nearest tenth. There are no unobligated or carry-over
funds to report as of 30 June 1953,
FISCAL
PERIOD
AIR
TOTAL,
1951
5.0
21.0
26,0
1952
15.1
.6
21.0
36.7
1953
15,9
.7
21,6
41.2
1954
305
12.5
1955
8.6
.1
###
5.7
1956
8.6
?1
8,.7
1957
8.6
wl
5.7
195$
TOTALS
82.0**
1.8
67.4
151.2
*DA Figures from FY 54 on are based, additionally, on assumption
that Army PsyWar troop strengths will remain constant with the
exception that FECOM stiffs will be reduced to current EUCOM
levels.
**DA funding reports on psychological warfare operation; it
does not include Special Forces activities or unconventional
warfare operations,
***N.t ed
****USAF estimates beyond FY 54 are not available due to adjustments
in. process necessitated by revised FY 54 budget.
5, Service Research and Develonrient .F >endit The figures
reported in the table next following lists actual and estimated expenditures
for fiscal years 1951 through 1958 and estimated carry-over funds on 30
June 1953. The expenditures are for non-mE torial or social science
research conducted under technical objectives assigned by the Research
and Development Board,
lion becoming reimbursable
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ANNEX B
PSB D-47
July 24, 1953
6. It will be noted that estirw,tes for FY 1954 are considerably
below expenditures for the past two years due to existing budget policy.
The present budget figures are consequently presented as interim estimates
until such time as the future status of psychological and unconventional
warfare research is clarified.
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ADVISORY GROUP ON PSYCHOLOGICAL AND UNCOi1V ~iTIONAL WARFARE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMLNT BOARD
Washington 25, D. C,
ACTUAL AMD ESTIhhhAT TZ EXPENDITURES OF DE.PARTh NT
OF DL:FE::H,9, N PSYCIIOLUGICAL AND UNCpi?VI;,ITIONA
WARFARE NON -k.ATERIEL I SEARCH FT 1951 HI OUA
FY 19 58., AS OF 2 JUNE 53
FY 154
plus
Lstimated FY 1544 FY '53
Carry-over (Less Carry
Ex enditures June 30, '53 Car- over Estimated Expenditures**
FY151 2 FY 3 1953 r,. -over Funds FY1 FY' 5 F17
FY!
Army .2 .9 1.2 0 .8 .8 101 1.2 1.3 1.4
Navy .2 .1 .05 0 o5 o5 .05 o5 :05 .05
USAF .7 .9 .7 .7
TOTAL 1.1 1.9 2.0 .7
.9
1.7
1.15 1.25 1.35 1.45
Interim estimates pending consideration by OSD of fiscal recommendations of
Final Report of the Advisory Group on Psychological and Unconventional War-
fare to the RDB (RDB-PC 202/34)j dated 6 April 1953.
Project estimates based on current policies for reduced fiscal support.
-, Air Force reports that estimated expenditures for FY 1955 and beyond are not
available since projection of USAF program plans is uncertain at this time.
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SECURITY INFORMATION ANNEX C
PSB D-I7
July 24, 1953
Report of the Mutual Security Agency
to the Psychological Strategy Board
on the National Psychological Effort
January 1 - June 3 0., 1953
(Part I: Europe)
1. Status of Programs
A. Tasks Assigned
The specific tasks of FFSA are set forth by Congress in the
Mutual Security Act of 1951, Sec. 2 (a): ".....to strengthen the
mutual security and individual and collective defenses of the free
world,..." and in Sec, 2 (b) of the Mutual Security Act of 1952:
".....the Congress believes it essential that this Act should be so
administered as to support concrete measures for political federation,
military integration, and economic unification in Europe."
The Information Division of MA has had the job of helping
to bring about the results set forth above by the media techniques com-
mon to information activity.. Funds for this purpose have been avail-
able by authority of Sec. 115 (j) of the retained provisions of the
Economic Cooperation Act, which orders the giving of "full and contin-
uous publicity through the press, radio, and all other available media,
so as to inform the peoples of the participating countries regarding
the assistance, including its purpose, source, and character, furnished
by the American taxpayer."
It is necessary to say at the outset that Information activity
as such is simply an instrument that assists in attaining the objectives
of policy. The very fact that there is a Mutual Security Program is the
greatest affirmative factor in MSA+s psychological program. It is a
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JuJW 24. 1953
mistake, in the opinion of MSA Information directors, for the United
States in its public utterances to over-emphasize the military aspects
of its overseas economic program; instead, it should show how the
military aspects of the program complement the total economy,
The MSA task in Europe during the first half of 1953 has been
to create and to nurture in the minds of Europeans the faith that the
United States would continue under the new Administration to support
mutual security activities on an effective scale, Its job also has
been to keEp its friends in power and to fight. Communism.
Methods and Techniques Employed to Accomplish Tasks
Substantively, the ivSA method of accomplishing its aims is to
provide funds to help Americans European friends produce needed material
and to provide the leadership capable of leading and persuading them to
act in the mutual interest. The off-shore procurement program is one
example of the method employed. Placing of important I'hardwareu' con-
tracts at a strategic time during an election campaign is a refinement
of such a technique.
The VISA Information Division has sought to get maximum useful
effect from such substantive acts by publicizing them through all media,
explaining the beneficial effect.
Thus, in conjunction with USIS, the Eisenhower April 16 speech
was given maximum publicity - such as wide distribution of the full text -
as evidence of U. S. devotion to peace and world economic progress.
Thus also a6A built and financed large exhibits (which bore the names of
local sponsors) for use in Italy during the election campaign, as an aid
to the Embassy's public affairs program. Currently IiSA's regional office
in Paris is concentrating on a program to arouse new interest in the
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shift of the productivity program to OEEC as evidence of European ac-
ceptance of the idea of productivity, European direction of the program,
and continued U. Si support of European economic improvement. The re-
cent East German riots against the Communist government are being
pointed out - through indigenous outlets - as evidew a that life under
the Reds is unbearable for the worker. This is important in combating
neutralist sentiment as in France and in helping to win workers away
from the Communist.rdominated labor unions.
C, The media most in use are the conventional ones - the press,
the radio) the cinema, exhibits at fairs and other gatherings, distribu-
tion of pamphlets, mobile units capable of reaching remote places and
fitted out to make use of the cinema, the loud speaker, the poster -
all audio visual devices. This is done everywhere in cooperation with
the International Information Administration, and the proportion of
expenditure and effort by media is governed by the experience of the
country missions Thus,, in Greece; the ASA has provided numerous com-
munity radio sets for remote areas, adding an estimated 2,000,000 listen-
ers to U.-S:-inspired programs over the Greek radio. A radio news
service has been made available to broadcasters in several countries -
the PBA messages being interspersed in the news. An example of fast,
effective action was the making of a documentary film, "The Oldest
Enemy," based on the Dutch floods of February and which showed how
nations working together (actually, the NATO countries) could minimize
the effects of catastrophe and by collective effort avoid catastrophe
save in exceptional circumstance. This film, made within three weeks
of the disaster; was shown in movie houses in many countries, The moral
of the film was brought out by the deeds it pictured, The application
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July 240 1953
of the lesson to the more abstract danger of the Russian menace was easy
for the simplest of spectators.
D. What success was achieved in carrying out assigned tasks (in
terms of B and
The principal contribution that PISA has made to this type of
activity is the development of a regional center capable of servicing and
advising multi-national projects quickly.
Although subject to policy guidance and some budgetary direc-
tion from Washington, the regional Information center connected with the
office of the Special Representative in Europe was and is in many ways
self-contained, It has learned that effective use can be made of talent-
ed non-Arnericans.$peaking the languages of the target groups, using
skills and techniques familiar to those groups, such non-Americans have
made much NSA/SRE-produced material more effective than had it been
produced in America. European groups working toward the same goals of.
economic, political, and military unity that we seek have turned to the
SRE for technical help as well as for funds. The work "productivit&"
and what it means have become well known in Europe, where five years ago
neither the idea nor the name was known to many. Now the idea repre-
sented by productivity has become a target of the Reds, a seeming indica-
tion that the idea is hurting them.
E. Tasks not carried out or not completed.
The goals the U..5. has set as requested by MSA constitute a
continuing campaign of persuasion, assistance, leadership. However,
specific immediate gains contributing to the whole have been made.
These include the re-election of the De Gasperi Government in Italy,
the actual beginning of operations of the Coal and Steel pool, and the
decision by OLEC to administer the productivity, campaign,
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In seeking to counteract Red propaganda., i'sSA has in France
been able to learn ahead of time, occasionally, what turn the next Red
propaganda line would take.
G. Major obstacles or difficulties encountered.
1. Increased feeling in Europe that present U. S, adminis-
tration is controlled by "reactionary"" or anti European elements in
Congress.
2, The "stretch-out" of U. S. contribution to NATO was al
lowed to become public under such circumstances that it was made to
seem to Europeans that the U. s, was losing interest in NATO while ask-
ing its allies to add to their loads.
3. Responsiveness to the Soviet Irpeace offensive" by all but
the most responsible European leaders.
1. Political jockeying in France., and to some extent in Italy
and Germany., which subordinated foreign policy to party interests,
5, Ability of anti-American groups and some neutralists like
Le Monde, to make propaganda capital of newsworthy events, like the
Rosenberg case and the Rhee recalcitrance.
6. Unfavorable reaction of many Europeans to the withdrawal
of some books from American libraries abroad, The public conduct of the
matter gave anti-Americans a good propaganda subject and gave pause to
some of our friends.
7. Continued economic distress of lower income groups in
Italy, France and Greece.
8. Growing conviction among many public opinion molders that
EDC will not become a reality and that Russia does not contemplate armed
aggression in the Pest in the discernible future.
SECURITY INFORMATION
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PSB D-47
July 2tt, 1953
F. What ancilla results if an were obtained as a by-product
.Zs
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9. The French government's inability to keep a Cabinet in
office long enough for it to have a policy for which it can be respon-
sible.
10. Occasional utterances by U. S. leaders which are made to
seem to show that this government is not sure of its policy. The recent
speech by Senator Taft which was interpreted as threatening a "go it
alone" policy is of this category.
11. Occasional failures of coordination sometimes have ad-
verse effects, A case in point was public testimony before a Congres-
sional committee by an evaluation team leader who was critical of con-
tinued aid to Italy. This testimony would have been just as valuable
for Congressional purposes after the June 7 Italian election as it was
when given before the election - and it quite possibly figured in the
way some votes went in a close election.
2. Summary of major developments in Psychological Programs
(1) Principally, the letting of contracts under criteria that
took into account economic and political conditions of that country and
Europe as a whole, rather than the single criterion of cost.
(2) Continuation of American forces in Lurope and the appoint-
ment of a third American as commander of SHAPE.
(3) Speedy assistance given the Dutch during the floods.
(Li.) The granting of ;,,50,000,000 for stockpiling and other
purposes in West Berlin, and its announcement during the East German
riots, is another example of substantive action being taken at a propi-
tious time and favorably exploited.
(5) The upcoming NSA pact with Spain already presents an
Information problem which will become more acute as the treaty is signed,
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SECRET PSB P-47
July 2h, 1953
Nany European friends of the United States want to know how we justify
helping Franco Spain. The Information Officer in Norway has cited the
need for a statement on this subject. A Belgian exchange student stated
the problem thus: "I have listened to VOA and have been impressed by
American idealism. How can you help Spain and keep on talking the way
you do on VOA?"
(6) The signing of the Foreign Aid bill by the President will
offer a new opportunity for a strong statement similar to the April 16
speech. The Mutual Security Act's statement of purpose emphasizes
America's interest. A statement by the President re-emphasizing the
broader philosophy of mutual aims of the common man would be of great
psychological value.
B. Public announcement of the letting of contracts was timed for
the best effect psychologically. Thus, signing of huge aircraft con-
tracts with England, Holland, Belgium, and Italy was timed to occur dur-
ing the April NATO meeting. Wide coverage was given the Dutch flood co-
ordinated relief via all media, including a quickly-made documentary
film.
C. Principal developments during the reporting period were
(1) further integration of NSA and State Department informa-
tion programs,
(2) the reccz mendation of the President to form one United
States Information Agency using the resources of the present IIA and
NSA, and
(3) the melding of the NSA and Point IV programs, which should
make the same substantive resources go farther and which, by indicating
prolongation of technical and economic aid, reassure our friends.
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D, ~iost significant is the close cooperation by SEE and the De-
fense Department in carrying out a program to smooth U. S. troop rela-
tions with local communities, The Armed Services have researched the
problems involved, and ShE has with its resources in funds and techni-
cians sought to provide the answers. Pamphlets, exhibits, and films
are being produced for this pulp ose, and it appears as of this report
that relations already are leas strained than they were six months ago.
Explanation beforehand of why U. S. troops are there - that they are
really NATO troops - is the key to the problem,
E. NSA in Europe continues to work closely with other governments
and with international groups, particularly NATO. A caravan explaining
NATO, designed,, operated and financed by SRE/16A and sponsored by NATO,
traveled in Greece and Turkey during much of the time covered by this
report. It is now touring France again. The Train of Europe, under
OEEC sponsorship, has been touring the continent. Coverage of NATO
maneuvers for and in conjunction with otier agencies has been the rule.
MSA has assisted groups like the European Movement and the Union of
European Federalists to carry on their unifying work,, as well as the
ICFTU in aiding the free trade union movements.
Significant changes which have occurred since the previous report.
(a) Change of U. S, administration with consequent European "wait
and see" psychology;
(b) Death of Stalin and accession of either new dictator or an
oligarchy, with the same "wait and see" psychology natural to Western
Europe;
(c) Soviet "peace offensive" for chatever it may mean;
(d) Korean situation (hoped for armistice and Rhee complication);
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dui 24, 1953
(e) East Berlin riots and Czechoslovak riots, indicating possible
other explosions for which plans should be made;
(f) dragging of the EDO ratification schedule;
(g) Change in SRE organization and in Paris regional U. S. Repre-
sentative;
(h) Yugoslav, Turkish, Greek pact.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
1. MSA in cooperation with State and Defense has worked out a plan
for continued analysis and evaluation of Information programs in Europe
and elsewhere. Implementation of the idea has been stymied. by a direc-
tive from Washington suspending all public opinion surveys abroad. Such
surveys are valuable and can be conducted via private agencies without
necessarily embarrassing the U. S.
2. Notwithstanding evidence of a rise in neutralism, the outstand-
ing psychological characteristic of Europe today appears to be the will-
ingness of the majority of the people of every nationality to trust the
good intentions, good faith, and ability to act effectively of the U. S.
Many 1utcpeans, however, are skeptical of the abilities and ultimate in-
tentions of other European countries,
3. The recognition of the U. S. desire to improve Europe's overall
economic health (as exemplified by ECA) is consistent with the European's
belief in U. S. good intentions and relative unselfishness. Emphasis on
strictly military aspects is not good psychologically, because it gives
the Reds an "I told you so" line, and because military emphasis is mis-
leading. However, an armaments industry, like any other, creates the
wages and the demand for other consumer goods, which aids the general
economy.
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A July 4, 1953
Ji.. It is noteworthy that while the "peace offensive" has cut down
Russian "hate America" material, local Communist parties have not les-
sened their harping on this theme,
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SECRET
(Part II; Far East)
PSB D-117
Jul 214, 1953
1. Summary of Program
A. Tasks Assigned Mutual Security Agent
No tasks per se have been assigned ~ISA for the Far Fast area
in the overall psychological program. In the four Far East countries
participating in the i?iutual Security Program - Formosa, The Associated
States of Indochina, Philippines and Thailand - the NSA Missions provide
extensive technical assistance designed to strengthen both governments
and communities through the improvement of public health, food produc-
tion, education and public administration and through the more effective
utilization of their national resources.
In Formosa, NSA is also providing economic aid to counter
inflationary pressures, to bolster the government budget and to support
the military build-up through the importation of supplies, such as petro-
leum, food and cotton, required by the armed forces, and through the con-
struction of joint-use facilities, such as roads, bridges, ports, ware-
houses and barracks. In Indochina, NSA also provides direct military
support by constructing joint-use facilities, assisting in the care and
rehabilitation of war refugees and by financing relocation projects de-
signed to aid in the pacification of North Viet Nam, In the Philippines,
NSA has the corollary task of Inducing the Philippine Government to under-
take the extensive administrative and legislative changes which the Bell
hission deemed essential to the creation of political and economic sta-
bility. The psychological effects grow out of such technical assistance
and economic aid programs.. The data given in the following pages are
presented against this background,
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B. Methods and Techniques Employed Accomplishing These Tasks
NJSA Missions have carried on three types of informational work,
First, they have conducted general information activities designed to
increase understanding and to secure public acceptance of the NSA pro--
gram, Second, they have disseminated specific information in order to
secure the requisite wide-scale participating in programs to improve
health practices and agricultural techniques. Third, they have strength-
ened the information services of the participating governments.
This work has been carried on through the usual channels of
press and photo stories, newsreels, motion pictures and radio programs;
wall newspapers, posters, picture leaflets, calendars, regular magazines
and the like. In some instances this work has led to the establishment
of photo laboratories, motion picture production units,-radio transmis-
sion stations and printing plants.
C. Concepts of Qperations in the Far East
The high level of illiteracy has required emphasis upon the
use of pictorial forms of communication; motion pictures, posters,
picture leaflets, cartoon strips and exhibits. MSA believes that the
tangible accomplishments of the aid programs constitute the most con-
vincing proof of U. S. friendship and support.
D. lidiat Success was Achieved in Carrying out the Assigned Tasks
All the Far East Missions have publicized the contribution
made by NSA toward improving health, food production and the general
economic well-being of the people.
In Formosa, NSA, the Joint Commission on hural Reconstruction
(JCRR) and USIS jointly sponsor the magazine "Harvest,t which supplies
the farming people with agricultural information as well as with
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July 24, 1953
international and local news items, This magazine has reached a circula-
tion of L2,000 and has been so successful that it may be possible to
place it upon an entirely self-supporting basis within the coming year.
?tore than 300 farmers' associations, organized with the help of the JCRR,
are well-provided with MSA and JCRR material such as posters and pamphlets
explaining the projects undertaken by the JCRR. These projects and hSA
activities in general are well publicized by the local press and radio
and enjoy wide popular support,
In Viet Nam, "Countryside," the farmers' journal published by
the Vietnamese Government with 4SA financing and technical assistance,
has reached a circulation of 50,OOO, MSA and USIS also sponsored a highly
successful exhibit at the big "Kermesse," a fair attended by more than
1,200,000 people. This exhibit, based on the theme, "Toward Peace in
Viet Jam," depicted the natural resources of Viet Nam, the nations friendly
to Viet Nam, and the military, economic and productive power that supports
the Free Jorld in its efforts to establish peace and security, The
kIission has supported the government's information service by providing
training in the use of informational media to specialists selected by the
French and by Viet Nam, The radio programs prepared with VISA assistance
and designed to explain the policies of the Associated States Governments
to village audiences are increasing in popularity,
In Thailand, the use of joint USIS and MSA exhibits has expanded
with the Thai Government duplicating many of the exhibits and giving them
further circulation. A substantial portion of both the town and rural
population see these exhibits at numerous fairs where the response has
been gratifying.
In the Philippines, VISA has assisted the Government in develop-
ing its information services, thereby enabling it to increase its support
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among the people. Economic assistance, designed to improve the statue
of the farmer-on-the-land and of the urban worker, provided in conjunc-
tion with U. S. military aid under the ri.D.A.P., has substantially con-
tributed to the Philippine Governmentts efforts to establish peace and
order.
E. Tasks not carried out or not completed
gone to be reported.
F. Ancillary Results
G. Major obstacles
In Formosa, a major objective of i?ISA assistance is to achieve
economic stability which is essential to the maintenance of confidence
in the competence and permanence of the National Government of the Re-
public of China. A major obstacle to the achievement of this objective
is the necessity for supporting a 550,000-man military establishment
which makes no contribution to the economy of the island.
In Indochina, the technical assistance program has been handi-
capped to some extent by the terms of the basic agreements between
France and the Associated States which provide that non-French technical
experts shall be employed only when French experts are not available.
This provision has been a serious obstacle only in the field of public
administration.
In the Philippines and Thailand the major obstacles to the
achievement of ASA objectives are those inherent in all under-developed
economies - widespread illiteracy, a shortage of skilled and professional
workers, inadequate investment capital and relatively inefficient govern-
mental administration,.
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In the Philippines, in addition, there has been some friction
between the U. S. representation and the quirino Government res lting
from the disclosures of the Hardie report on land tenure conditions and
from O" O's !'s that the A'morleans have been attempting to influence the
coming elections;
2, Summary of major developments in the psychological -programs during
the reporting period
Since the operations of the Far East STENis are not a part of an
over-all psychological program) there is nothing to report under this
section.
3. Significant changes which have occurred since the period covered by
the preceding report. (Far East-Philippines, Formosa, Associated
States of Indo China, and Thailand)
Gradually during the reporting period) the emphasis of the work of
the MSA/STENs has moved from general information to more emphasis on
program support and the build-up of the local government's information
services. This change will continue in the coming period., as NSA withT
draws entirely f7'om the area of general information.
The suspension of U. S. technical assistance to Burma, at the re-
quest of the Burmese Government) has shown other under-developed coun-
tries that American assistance programs are truly cooperative in nature
and will not be imposed on countries which prefer not to participate in
them,
Throughout the Far ;,ast countries receiving i3A assistance there
has bean a general increase in the use of technical assistance publica-
tions, with an accompanying increase in understanding of and respect
for American technical achievements.
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B. Substantive Subjects or Activities Which Cut Across Area Lines
(1) Role of Japanese
Conditions remain substantially unchanged since the last
report, although in its own self-interest, the Philippine Government is
moderating its hostility toward Japan. This moderation of attitude has
been shown by the Government's grant of amnesty to Japanese war criminals
held in the Phil::.ppines, by its recently-expressed will.'.ngness to consider
the question of Japanese membership in ICAO separately from its repara-
tions claim, by its extension of the barter agreement with Japan and by
the increasing val.ume of trade between the two countries, a trade which
on balance is favorable to the Philippines. Some moderation of the popu.
lar attitude is also reported as evidenced by a slackening in overt
demonstrations of hostility toward individual Japanese on the streets of
Manila.
5. Steps taken to Implement Approved PSB Plans
This phase of the work has been handled by USIS, In most instances
the Country Plan has been developed with close cooperation and assistance
of ,SSA offic-.alsr
SECURITY INFOW A.TION 16
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SECURITY INFORMATION ANNEX C
SFCR,E
MUTUAL SECURITY INFORMATION PROGRAM
PSB D-.47
July 24, 1953
Project Obligations and Estimated Personnel and Administrative
Support Obligations
(In i4illions of Dollars and Dollar Equivalents
of Foreign Currencies)
Carry-.over Funds
Available for
Obligation after
FY 1951 Fy 1952 FY 1953 June 30, 1953 FY 1954 FY 1955 FY 1956 FY 1957 FY 158
18.8 20,3 20.5 None 7,6 Program transferred to U.S.
Information Agency by Re-
organization Plan, No, 8
1. The FY 1954 figure of . 7.6 million is scheduled for transfer to the new USIA
under reorganization Plan No. 8, This figure excludes Sp7rO million of
Mutual Security Information themes already transferred to International
Information Administration by the Bureau of the Budget and merged with the
IIA Program and FY 1954 appropriation request currently before Congress.
Figures for FY 1951, 1952, and 1953 include small amounts for MSA audio-
visual training and other informationsupport of Technical Assistance
activities in the Far mast, but exclude amounts for similar support by
Technical Cooperation Administration of its Point . activities,
SECURITY INFORMATION 17
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