HEED WARNINGS ABOUT REDS IN THE CARIBBEAN

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200250002-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 9, 2004
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: April 11, 1963
• Content Type: OPEN

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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 6017
Some have posed the question, in re-
sponse to my reasoning and statements,
"What kind of a nut is he?" The answer
is best given by my hometown daily, the
Odessa American, as follows:
WHAT KIND OF A "NUT" Is HE?
He wants to run his own business.
He wants to select his own doctor.
He wants to make his own bargains.
He wants to buy his own insurance.
He wants to select his own reading matter.
He wants to provide for his own old age.
He wants to make his own contracts.
He wants to select his own charities.
He wants to educate his children as he
wishes.
He wants to make his own investments.
He wants to select his own friends.
He wants to provide his own recreation.
He wants to compete freely in the maret-
place.
He wants to grow by his own efforts.
He wants to profit from his own errors.
He wants to take part in the competition
of ideas.
He wants to be a man of good will.
What kind of a nut is he? He's an Amer-
ican who understands and believes in the
Declaration of Independence, that's what
kind.
Aren't you glad you are too? And don't
you wonder why so many of our fellow-
Americans are trying so hard to destroy the
kind of life that has made us the aim and
the envy of every other people on earth?
The questions is: What kind of nuts are
they?
NUCLEAR SUBMARINE-THE
"THRESHER"
(Mr. BECKER asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. BECKER. Mr. Speaker, as we ap-
proach' this Easter 'season, this being
Holy Thursday, tomorrow Good Friday,,
and on Sunday our Lord rises from the
dead and is resurrected, I am impelled
to say a word about the 129 young Amer-
icans whose bodies probably are en-
tombed at the bottom of the North At-
lantic in our great attack submarine, the
Thresher.
I am sure every Member of this House
feels just as I do that. it is a great tragedy
and that if one of our sons were there,.
it would be a terrible personal tragedy.
So I say, Mr. Speaker, as one of the
Members of this House with a tremen-
dous responsibility in passing the Selec-
tive Service Act and drafting or other-
wise inducing our young men into the
service of the United States for the pro-
tection and freedom of our citizens, my
prayers, and I am sure those of my col-
leagues, today and over this weekend go
out for sympathy to the parents and the
members of the families of these young
men.
Our first prayers express hope that
they may be rescued and returned; yet,
at this time I have the feeling and it
has been voiced in official circles that
there is little hope left for them.
So my prayers, our prayers, go out to
the families of these young men. Surely,
it is some consolation to them that these
men died in the service of their country.
It is our duty to see that their deaths
shall not have been in vain and that
this House of Representatives now and
in the future will see to it that we try to
preserve that peace for which they gave
their lives.
REPORT OF RAILROAD RETIRE-
MENT BOARD FOR FISCAL YEAR
ENDING JUNE 30, 1962-MESSAGE
FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES (H. DOC. NO. 27)
The SPEAKER laid before the House
the following message from the President
of the United States.which was read, and,
together with accompanying papers, re-
ferred to the Committee on Interstate
and Foreign Commerce and ordered to
be printed with illustrations:
To the Congress of the United States:
In compliance with the provisions of
section 10(b)4 of the Railroad Retire-
ment Act, approved June 24, 1937, and of
section 12(1) of the Railroad Unemploy-
ment Insurance Act, approved June 25,
1938, I transmit herewith for the infor-
mation of the Congress, the report of the
Railroad Retirement Board for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1962.
JOHN F. KENNEDY.
THE WHITE HOUSE, April 11, 1963.
COMMITTEE ON THE DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA
Mr, ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that the Committee
on the District of Columbia have until
midnight Saturday, April 13, to file cer-
tain reports.
The SPEAKER. Without objection, it
is so ordered.
There was ,no objectio
'HEED WARNINGS ABOUT REDS IN
THE CARIBBEAN
(Mr. CRAMER asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD in three instances.)
Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, in the
April 6, 1963, Issue of the Miami Herald,
and in the April 9, 1963, issue of the
Chicago Sun-Times, editorials appeared
concerning my efforts to warn the Con-
gress and the American people of the
Communist conspiracy pushing toward
impending disaster in certain areas in
the Western Hemisphere. Although the
editorials, for which I am dearly grate-
ful, speak for themselves, I would like to
remind this great body that the Herald is
the largest daily newspaper in the State
of Florida and the largest American daily
sitting closest to Cuba and to the Carib-
bean while the Chicago Sun-Times ex-
presses a similar view many miles to the
north. I hold a great deal of respect for
their evaluation of the present situation
in the Caribbean and am, therefore, in-
serting their editorials in the RECORD at
this point. I believe the Herald's and
Sun-Times' evaluation of my statements
to be a further, substantiation of the
facts and for my concern. I have asked
the British Government to advise me of.
the number of Russians, Red Chinese,
and satellite nations' passports they have
issued in the last 2 years. The British
have an open door to the Caribbean for
the Communists-still do business with
those countries-including Castro's
Cuba. The United States has made no
public request to Great Britain to end
this aid to the Communist. Is not it
about time such a demand was made?
[From the Miami (Fla.) Herald, Apr. 6, 1963]
RED DOMINOES FROM CUBA?
The possibility of a "domino effect" in the
West Indies has existed since Cuba fell to
the Reds 4 years ago. Representative WIL-
LIAM C. CRAMER, Republican, of Florida, cites
disturbing signs of stepped-up Soviet activ-
ity to topple the chain of islands which form
the eastern shore of the Caribbean, the Medi-
terranean of the New World.
Mr. CRAMER predicts flatly that Haiti will
fall within 3 or 4 months unless the United
States takes emergency action. This won't
be news to Herald readers who have followed
on-the-scene reports of impending disaster
In Haiti, which shares the island of Hispan-
iola with the Dominican Republic.
All that separates Haiti from Communist
Cuba is the deep and narrow Windward Pas-
sage, a major world sealane. The two
countries are literally within sight of each
other, and many Haitians work in Cuban
sugarfields.
Mr. CRAMER attributes his information to
"sources which I consider completely re-
liable." They tell him there are Russians-
"as many as 1 Russian to every 10 natives"-
in major cities of such key islands as Trini-
dad, Barbados, and Curacao.
The reliability of Mr. CRAMER's sources may
be appraised by his recent reports of travel
to Cuba from Mexico. He got his facts
from the manifests of Cubana Airlines
planes. They showed 3,447 trips to Cuba
by this route in a 6-month period last year.
Nearly half the travelers were from 17 Latin
American countries. There were 265 from
Russia and its satellites. Ninety-nine citi-
zens of the United States made the journey
in defiance of a U.S. ban.
No one has challenged the accuracy of
Mr. CRAMER'S figures on the comings and go-
ings between Mexico City and Cuba. No
one in official position has done anything
about it, either.
If his reports on Russian Infiltration of the
West Indies are correct, the danger to the
Americas is obvious. The islands command
all the eastern approaches to the Panama
Canal. They are the "soft underbelly" of
the Western Hemisphere, like Europe's rela-
tion to islands in the Mediterranean and the
north coast of Africa.
The Congressman from St. Petersburg is
serving as a present-day Paul Revere. What
counts will be the response to his warnings.
We need help.
[From the Chicago (Ill.) Sun-Times, Apr. 9,
1963]
ANOTHER CARIBBEAN THREAT
The Windward and Leeward Islands stretch
like a curved necklace of green jewels from
south of Puerto Rico almost to the coast
of Venezuela. The islands, rich in history,
separate the Atlantic Ocean from the Carib-
bean Sea. First discovered by Columbus the
islands for long years were a first port of
call for European ships, riding the trade
winds down the long reaches of the Atlantic.
Representative WILLIAM C. CRAMER, Repub-
lican, of Florida, has charged that many of
the Windward and Leeward Islands are heav-
ily infiltrated with Russians. He says that
in many of the towns in the island chain
the ratio of Russians to natives is 1 to 10.
If this is true, and Representative CRAMER
says his information is completely reliable,
then Great Britain now has reason to be
an active partner in the U.S. efforts to rid
the Caribbean of the Russian influence.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 11
The islands are under the protection of Great
Britain.
It is easy to see why Russia would make
a great effort to influence this Island chain.
The Windward and Leeward Islands stand
squarely athwart the ocean highway lead-
ing to the Panama Canal. In a strategic
sense they dominate the entire northern
and eastern coast of South America and
they afford many deepwater harbors suitable
for naval bases.
Representative CRAMER also says that Rus-
sia is training Haitian sugar field workers in
Cuba In the arts of sabotage and subversion.
He declares that Russian arms caches in
Haiti and the Dominican Republic are ex-
tensive and - ominous.
Haiti is an even more sensitive area than
the Windward and Leeward Island chain.
so far as the safety and defense of the
United States is concerned. If Haiti, a miser-
ably poor and backward country ruled by an
ironfisted dictator steeped In voodoo mysti-
clsm should fall Into the Red orbit then the
most Important sea passage in the Caribbean,
the Windward Passage, would be flanked on
the one side by Cuba and on the other by
Haiti. The free world cannot afford the loss
of this strategic seaway; the United States
cannot tolerate such a loss.
Haiti has long been ripe for a political
change of an abrupt and bloody nature.
The country seethes with rumors of con-
spiracies by one or more of a score of clan-
destine organizations that range from the
pro-Castro and anti-Castro Communists to
Roman Catholic action groups.
The United States has emphasized its dis-
approval of Haiti's president, Francoise "Papa
Doe" Duvalier, by cutting off almost all of
the U.S. economic assistance program to
Haiti. This action has enraged even the pro-
U.S. factions in Haiti.
The eventual fate of Haiti Is not yet clear
but the threat posed by Russian Infiltration
of the Windward and Leeward Islands, as
outlined by Representative CRAMER. is very
clear. Great Britain has seen fit to coop-
erate with the United States In deterring
Cuban patriots from making punitive attacks
on Russian shipping; now Great Britain
should clear the Russians out of Britain's
island protectorates. The United States
and the Organization of American States
should offer all possible assistance.
VACILLATING CUBAN POLICY CON-
CERNS MANY MEMBERS OF THE
PRESS
Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, I am in-
serting in the RECORD, an editorial which
appeared in the Fort Lauderdale News.
Fort Lauderdale, Fla. I am also inserting
two articles, one written by Columnist
Henry J. Taylor and the other through
the services of the North American
Newspaper Alliance.
Although written by different men
from throughout the world, all have
one thing in common-concern over this
country's vacillating, timorous, and
highly questionable policy with regards
to Cuba. I think their messages are of
primary concern to all Americans and
I recommend them to the attention of
my colleagues for their careful study and
consideration.
For many years now, I have been ad-
vocating a firmer U.S. policy toward Cas-
tro and the Communist threat in this
hemisphere. A careful analysis of these
articles most assuredly justifies my grow-
ing concern and raises many interesting
questions which I feel the administration
has a duty to answer:
(From the Fort Lauderdale (Fla.) News,
Mar. 29, 1063 1
PRICE ON CUBAN POLICY MAY RUN Evase
HIGHER THAN WE BARGAINED FOR
Despite the Kennedy administration's ob-
vious success in getting some of the top
Republican leaders to soft-pedal the Cuban
Issue, this entire situation continues to be
a highly Irritating bone In the throats of the
American people as a whole.
Why this is so Isn't difficult to see. The
Communist-controlled Government and the
Soviet troops in Cuba are an accomplished
fact and no amount of administration
doubletalk can hide this situation.
This. In turn, leads to only one conclusion.
Again, despite doubletalk from the White
House and the State Department, this Na-
tion's long-standing Monroe Doctrine has
definitely been sidetracked as our official pol-
icy now amounts to nothing more than a
"containment" of the Communist regime In
Cuba rather than a positive program of re-
moval or ejection.
Now, there may be reasons why this ad-
ministration is fearful of removing the
Communist plague In Cuba. We have been
told that one of the basic reasons happens
to be that we don't want to force Russia
into a position where the Soviets will have to
resort to war to save face. We have also
been told that Cuba cannot be separated
from other trouble spots throughout the
world and that any action on our part to
oust the Soviets from Cuba to quite apt to
trigger repercussions In Berlin and elsewhere
that could easily bring on a devastating war.
So, to avoid these things we have adopted
the policy of trying to solve the Cuban
problem with words rather than with deeds.
Our Government tells us no concessions have
been given to the Russians In return for the
removal of Soviet missiles and Soviet long-
range bombers from Cuba. Yet everything
that has happened since the missiles were
supposedly removed Indicates that conces-
sions or pledgee were made on our part.
One of these concessions may or may not
have been a pledge by us to discourage or
prevent attacks by rebel forces on Cuba.
Russia. In bitterly protesting an armed at-
tack against a Soviet ship a couple of weeks
ago, charges that this represents a violation
of the Kennedy-Khrushebev agreement and
that If the attacks are continued the result
may well be to heat up the crisis again.
Hardly had this protest been received in
Washington than another and reportedly
more serious attack on a Soviet vessel took
place. This brought Immediate orders from
Washington for a full-scale investigation by
the Coast Guard. FBI, and other agencies to
determine If these attacks were being
bunched from U.S. soil.
Already Washington has decried these reb-
el attacks as being "irresponsible' 'and dan-
gerous. Dangerous they might well be. But
If It to "irresponsible" for courageous Cubans
to use every method they can devise to strike
back at Invaders who have taken over their
homeland, then a lot of people in this coun-
try and In Cuba have to learn a new deilni-
tion of this word.
From all these events It is clearly evident
to any sensible person that rather than win-
ning a victory In forcing the Russians to take
their missiles from Cuba we have suffered
a rather Inglorious defeat. It may be true we
avoided a serious threat of war by calling off
our blockade and pulling back our forces
when we unquestionably had the upper hand.
But, if the price is now to be acceptance
of a full-blown Russian military base in
our own backyard. then we, and a great
many other Americans, gravely question the
thinking behind this policy.
It will be recalled that for a while Prime
Minister Neville Chamberlain, of Great
Britain, was acclaimed as a great hero for
preserving "pence In our time" by virtue of
the concessions be gave Adolf Hitler. Yet,
history has shown that these concessions
added up In the long run to one of the
sorriest mistakes ever made by any world
leader. They didn't avert war, they only
made it more Inevitable, and the same may
well be true of the appeasement policy we
are now following In regard to Cuba.
No nation can avoid a war by displaying
weakness or fear. Yet, weakness and fear
are the hallmarks of our Cuban policy today.
This our people realize, and this is why they
simply cannot understand nor accept the
indecisive and spineless attitude our Gov-
ernment is taking today.
President Kennedy and his advisers don't
have to look very hard or very far to under-
stand why his popularity, as evidenced by
the Gallup Poll, is dropping off at an in-
creasing pace. The hard truth happens to
be that more and more of our people each
day are becoming sick and disgusted with
our timorous and vacillating policy on Cuba.
It is an issue that canont be tucked quietly
under the rug by Inducing congressional op-
ponents to stay quiet on the subject. It is
the big, burning issue of the day, and until
there Is less talk and more action out of
Washington to meet it forthrightly and
courageously, it Is not going to be shoved
aside or forgotten.
OUR CUBAN POLICY'S A LEARY BEANBAG
(By Henry J. Taylor)
British General Ritchie, later relieved by
Montgomery, was defeated by Marshal Rom-
mel in the desert battle at Knightsbridge,
leading to the fateful fall of Tobruk.
Ritchie's headquarters were camouflaged in
great disarray behind a mesa in the Libyan
sands. I traveled there to see him with
doughty U.B. General Scott. Ritchie, crouch-
Ing over the maps, showed Scott his field
position. "What should I do?" he asked.
"Well, General," Scott replied, "I don't
know what you should do. But I know this.
You're going to have to do something differ-
ent from what you're doing now, because
you're getting the hell beat out of you."
So It is with our policy toward Castro, built
along the lines of a leaky beanbag.
Who would have dreamed that mighty
America could have come full circle? In
one's wildest imagination could anyone con-
ceive a foreign policy that could arrive at
such a dismal, defunct, and dangerous end?
Here we said, as the minimum demand of
the American people, that "a Communist
state will not be tolerated in the Western
Hemisphere," that "communism is not nego-
tiable In the Western Hemisphere," that the
Castro cancer would defeat our security
throughout Latin America and even pledging
to the ransomed freedom fighters that their
bloodied pennant will be returned to them In
a freed Cuba, and what happens? We end
up protecting, guaranteeing, and solidifying
Red Castro and the Soviet lodgment there
with all the power of our great Air Force
and the U.S. Navy.
If we have a foreign policy, or, rather, if
what we have can be called a policy, you
might as well call Humpty Dumpty the Rock
of Gibraltar.
This is not a policy; It Is a debacle in
thinking. The results are cumulative, like
cancer is cumulative, finally spreading be-
yond correction. And who can deny the
frightful cost of historic errors which quickly
become impossible of correction?
That's the really lethal damage in our
wrongheaded thinkers' manipulation of the
news. By employing an acute sense of tim-
ing, and such distractions as the President's
appearance before the ransomed freedom
fighters In Miami, the grim failures can be-
and are-compounded one after the other
along a retreat road never made clear to the
American people.
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.CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 6019
With each one, as in the case of the Bay
of Pigs and then our October 22 Munich, the
choice of corrections narrows. It becomes
limited to a choice of bad choices among
worse choices.
Thus, mile by sandy mile, President Ken-
nedy has negotiated our,position downhill.
Step by step, as the resulting situation has
closed in (which is the purpose of the
enemy), our Government is forced into the
inevitable alibi: that to do something differ-
ent from what it next proposes would be
worse than what it now must do. Then that
bad choice is called wisdom. Accordingly, we
end up what we're doing now. Knights-
bridge to Tobruk to where?
A Humpty-Dumpty policy is not good
enough for the world's leading power nor
will it allow us to remain that. There are
always barbarians outside the walls. No
leading nation, no matter how productive
or apparently powerful, can live through our
incredible behavior in a decisive area like
Cuba without correction. Either we cor-
rect our fantastic blunders, as Montgomery
corrected Ritchie's, someway, somehow, or
Rommel in the form of the U.S.S.R. will cor-
rect them for us.
Politicians skin our ears with baroque
oratory, cliche piled on cliche, announcing
that the United States must meet its world
responsibilities. Yet the first responsibility
of a government is to supply security to its
own citizens by correcting its own failures.
We talk of healing the world when we are
not securely governing ourselves. We're
giants when pronouncing of the universe
and pigmies in our own performance.
In tragic truth, Castro's Russian masters
have outthought us, outmaneuvered us, and
cast us out of control of the situation be-
sides. How else-how else-could we now
find ourselves forced to order a wrong-way
blockade against fighters for freedom instead
of against Castro?
UNITED STATES, RUSSIA MADE DEAL, FRENCH
SAY
PARIS.-The idea Russia and the United
States have made a secret bargain involving
the withdrawal of American missiles from
Europe in exchange for the Soviets pulling
their missiles out of Cuba is now official
French doctrine.
This was revealed by an article in the
"Revue Militaire d'Information" regarded
as the most authoritative publication put
out under the imprint of the French De-
fense Ministry.
The two great powers bypassed their al-
lies, the magazine asserted, and came to
an arrangement between themselves. This
was the meaning of the disclosure so soon
after the Cuban crisis that Jupiter missile
installations in Turkey and Italy would be
dismantled, It added.
The magazine went on: "There was thus
indeed an agreement between the great
powers on the 'demissilization' of Western
Europe, an operation evidently demanded by
the Soviets in return for their own nuclear
disengagement in Cuba. This is a strange
alliance in which the most exposed allies
are deprived of a part of the means of assur-
ing their security through an accord reached
over their heads and with the principal oppo-
nent."
The article's anonymous author declared
the whole idea of a NATO multinational
nuclear force-which France has spurned-
was cooked up afterwards as a maneuver
to disguise the truth.
"Western public opinion was tricked," he
declared. There was "clearly nothing" to
America's insistence that a multinational
force based on seagoing Polaris missiles was
a decisive step forward in modernizing West-
ern, Europe's defenses.
Allied diplomatic sources here were star-
tled by the vehemence and bitterness of the
article, appearing as it did in an official pub-
lication. They agreed it could not have been
published without President de Gaulle's ap-
proval and confirms that he regards present
American nuclear policy as, firstly, a step
toward total subjugation of Western Europe
to American strategy, and, secondarily, a So-
viet-American settlement prejudicial to the
interests of America's allies whose views, in
the final analysis, Washington will simply
ignore.
The article dismissed the Nassau agree-
ment between President Kennedy and Prime
Minister Macmillan as nothing more than a
move to insure Britain also would be depend-
ent on American strategy and her nuclear
independence limited.
The article makes clear that De Gaulle
regards the multinational nuclear force pro-
posal as more of a political move designed to
give Washington absolute control of Allied
destinies than fulfilling a genuine strategic
need.
The French military writer declared that
whatever the vulnerability of the Jupiter
missiles on the ground, they compelled a
potential aggressor to use nuclear weapons
first in order to, destroy them before mount-
ing his main attack.
But, he added, removal of missiles from
the soil of Western Europe meant the deci-
sion on whether nuclear weapons were to be
used to check an attack on the Continent
had switched from the aggressor to Washing-
ton.
He declared "under the pretext of modern-
izing the armaments of Turkey and Italy,
the United States has cleverly disengaged
Itself by absolutely reserving for itself the
privilege of an eventual intervention."
SHAME !
Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, the pre-
cipitous action of this administration in
confining anti-Castro Cubans to the
Miami area and halting their symbolic
raids on Cuba, their supplying men and
arms and food to the underground, will,
I think, be regarded by future historians
as the true turning point in America's
long and distinguished fight for individ-
ual freedom and human dignity.
For never before, in the history of our
great country, have we purposefully and
deliberately hampered the efforts of men
who are willing to fight for what all men
have traditionally wanted-and died
for-their homeland's freed.
The administration's effort to stop
these brave Cubans from exercising their
will violates the sacredness of all that we,
as Americans, hold so dear: liberty and
freedom.
I believe it will be discovered, as Amer-
icans awake to what has actually trans-
pired, that this administration has mis-
judged completely the temperament of
the people.
At this point, I would like to insert
in the RECORD an editorial which ap-
peared in the April 3, 1963, issue of
the Richmond News-Leader, entitled
"Shame!"
SHAME[
The most melancholy manifestation of the
administration's "no win" policy is to be
seen in the maddening restrictions newly
clamped upon the anti-Castro raiders. In
heaven's name, who are we fighting-our
friends, or our enemies? What new heights
of hypocrisy and timidity is Mr. Kennedy
reaching for now?
In cracking down on these heroic men, our
Government has announced that the United
States does not propose "to see our own
laws violated with impunity, or to tolerate
activities which might provoke armed re-
prisals."
It makes you a little sick at the stomach.
At the time of the Bay of Pigs fiasco, our
own Government violated every neutrality
act on the statute books, and a dozen other
laws besides. As recently as last October
when the President's spine was stiffer, our
own Government engaged in activities that
might well have provoked full-scale armed
reprisal. To this day, we are engaged in
Vietnam in a military action filled with risk
of a broadened war.
What is to be gained by hobbling the raid-
ers? It is said that their continued hit-and-
run attacks will provide a justification to
the Russians for keeping troops in Cuba.
This is the only line of reasoning that makes
any sense, and it doesn't make much sense.
If the Russians want to keep their troops
in Cuba, they can trump up a justification
on their own. And when did the Russians
justify their course of conduct anyhow? .
A second argument is that these sporadic
raids will provoke attacks on American ship-
ping in the Caribbean. All right. Suppose
they do. The U.S. Navy is not helpless to
protect ships flying the American flag. There
is a French proverb to the effect that you
can't make an omelet without breaking
some eggs. We ought not to imagine that
effective pressure can be kept on Castro
without. risking some loss of life and prop-
erty.
Against these pusillanimous and legalistic
arguments, every consideration of patriot-
ism and every factor of morale have been
discounted. It 1s said that the raiders ac-
complish nothing significant: They sink a
freighter, they blow up a dock, they drop
leaflets, they land a few rifles. These achieve-
ments are counted as nothing at all.
We count such activities for a very great
deal. "Exiles feed on hope," says Creon in
"Antigone." These brave conspiracies, these
heady raids along the Cuban coast, are visi-
ble symbols of the fire of counterrevolution.
They are feats of derring-do from which
legends are made. To thousands of Cubans
longing for freedom from Castro's Commu-
nist rule, the raiders bring a message that
sustains: Have courage. You are not for-
gotten.
Mr. Kennedy would snuff out this spark of
resistance; he would jam the message. He
will not countenance a Cuban Government
in exile; he will not tolerate attacks on
Castro's Cuba. The British are brought into
this disgraceful affair, in order to round up
a band of 17 raiders in the Bahamas; the
presumption is strong that our own Central
Intelligence Agency exposed their hideout.
Henceforth the Cuban commandoes must
fight two foes-the Communist enemy in
front, the American "friend" behind.
Bravery. Personal heroism. A certain
impudence. A sense of glory: These are
qualities once highly esteemed in the Amer-
ican tradition. Why must they now be suf-
focated in a fog of diplomacy and a blanket
of neutrality law? Shame, Mr. Kennedy.
We cry shame.
LAO SITUATION EXAMPLE OF
DESTINY MANAGEMENT
(Mr. LAIRD asked and was given per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the body of the RECORD and to
include extraneous matter.)
Mr. LAIRD. Mr. Speaker, last July
when the Declaration and Protocol on
Neutrality in Laos was signed, I sent a
letter to Secretary of State Dean Rusk in
which I raised very serious questions
about the wisdom of entering into an
agreement under the terms contained in
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that document. The doubts I expressed
in that letter and in the subsequent ex-
change of letters seem to have been well
founded in the light of the recent out-
break of fighting between the neutralists
and the Communist Pathet Lao in the
Plaine des Jarres. At the conclusion of
my remarks, I will insert into the RECORD
the letter I sent to Secretary of State
Dean Rusk last July. I will also include
the reply sent to me by then Assistant
Secretary of State for Far Eastern Af-
fairs, Averell Harriman. at the direction
of Secretary Rusk, as well as my reply to
him.
Mr. Speaker, I do not rise today to
claim credit for accurately predicting
what would transpire In Laos; I do not
claim any prescience or foreknowledge
denied to my colleagues or to the execu-
tive branch. But I do claim that in the
case of Laos, the administration was
given ample warning by many of the
Representatives of the people on both
sides of the aisle concerning what would
happen it we entered into that troika
arrangement.
Time after time, in the situation in
Laos, in South Vietnam, in Cuba, in
Berlin, in the Middle East, in Africa, in
almost every crisis spot we have faced,
the Executive was warned by Democrats
and by Republicans in the Congress of
the consequences we would face if our
policy were not altered.
And time after time, the executive
branch has seen fit to ignore completely
the advice and counsel that was offered
on a truly bipartisan basis by the rep-
resentatives of the people.
From this deliberate decision to ignore
the counsels of Congress, we have a sorry
record of rollback defeats, sorry frustra-
tions, decline of prestige, and diminish-
ment of freedom. This failure of bi-
partisanship is evident on two levels.
When the Executive chooses to ignore
the counsel of Congress as a whole, he
thwarts what we might loosely call a
bipartisanship between those two major
branches of the Government. Having
destroyed bipartisanship on that level, it
is small wonder that bipartisanship also
breaks down within the legislative
branch itself.
Mr. Speaker, far worse than any news
management we have witnessed thus far
is this commitment on the part of the
executive branch to engage In destiny
management. By arrogating to itself the
sole prerogative of determining what our
actions should be, the executive branch
is usurping what should be the respon-
sibility of all Americans whether they
live on Pennsylvania Avenue or Main
Street. This destiny management by-
passes the traditional role of the Con-
gress and the people who in the past
participated meaningfully in the
formulation of consensus that goes far
beyond the formalities of foreign policy
declarations.
In every single Instance one could cite
In which the United States faced a cold-
war crisis, there have been legislative
voices raised urging a correct policy.
These voices were heard but not heeded
by the Executive. Instead, the Execu-
tive has chosen to ignore those voices
in order to pursue a policy that at best
has been questionable.
Need I recall, for example, the legisla-
tive voices that demanded dismantle-
ment of the Berlin wall as It was being
raised? We know now that the Russians
were expecting this and no nuclear holo-
caust would have been unleashed.
Need I recall the voice of Senator
KEATING, who demanded action in Cuba
long before the Executive would even
admit that missiles were being placed on
that Island? Hindsight demonstrates
that KEATING was correct, the Executive
wrong.
Need I list the long roster of legisla-
tors, Democrat and Republican, who
urged the establishment of a blockade
or quarantine on Cuba long before Rus-
sian missiles zeroed In on the majority
of our cities?
Is it necessary to recall the constant
questioning of our Incomprehensible pol-
icy in the Congo both by Democrats and
Republicans?
Is it possible that we have not as yet
learned the lesson of our own past mis-
takes? With such a long list of accu-
rate predictions by the representatives of
the people, is it not time to reestablish
real bipartisanship? With such a long
list of frustrations and failures whenever
the executive unilaterally decided to ig-
nore the right solution by pursuing the
questionable one such as in Laos, Is It
not time for the executive to heed the
counsel and advice of the representatives
of the people?
is it conceivable that only a calamity
of the proportion visualized by a loss of
all southeast Asia will be the only way
to reestablish true bipartisanship?
Mr. Speaker, I call for the executive
branch of this Government to put real
meaning back Into bipartisanship by lis-
tening to those men on both sides of the
legislative aisle who have accurately
forecast the failure of this present uni-
lateral policy in which a built-in capac-
ity for error is apparent. With my col-
leagues. I stand ready to join In a truly
bipartisan effort to formulate and exe-
cute effective cold war policies.
The letters referred to above follow:
JULY 24, 1962.
Hon. DEAN Rosx,
Secretary of State,
Washington, D.C.
MY DEAR MR. SECRETARY : It Is, of course,
no secret that grave doubts and deep con-
cern are being expressed In many quarters
over the present Lao situation. I, too, as
a member of the Defense Appropriations
Subcommittee, am deeply troubled. I have
been for many, many months.
On the basis of Information recently made
public concerning the Declaration and Pro-
tocol on Neutrality in Laos, the only pos-
sible conclusion one could draw Is that Laos
is being surrendered to the Communists, as
Poland was at Yalta 17 years ago.
The oft-expressed fear, now apparently a
fact that Communist forces are being re-
placed In Laos to carry on the fight In
South Vietnam In which 8.000 American
troops are now deeply Involved should be
sufficient to shake administration com-
placency. Obviously It is not.
I strongly believe that the net effect of this
agreement on Laos will be the intensification
of war in southeast Asia and a weakening
of the confidence of free Asians In the value
of close cooperation with the United States.
The provisions of article 14 of the declara-
tion and protocol appear to confer a veto
power on Communist Poland over the pol-
icies of the United States and all other sig-
natory powers in relation to Laos. This, I
regard as a nullification of the promises of
the agreement.
I gravely disapprove of the procedure,
presently being followed, which falls to sub-
mit the declaration and protocol to the U.S.
Senate for ratification as a treaty.
The Congress and the country deserves a
full and frank report from you on future
American policy toward Laos. You will re-
call that President Kennedy, on March 23,
1961, told the American people, "if the Com-
munists were to move in and dominate this
country, it would endanger the security of
all, and the peace of all southeast Asia, that
quite obviously affects the security of the
United States."
I would be interested in receiving from
you a plausible explanation of what makes
today any different from March 23, 1961.
Other specific questions to which I would
respectfully request detailed replies would
include the following:
1. On what tangible facts do you base the
expectation, expressed in the declaration
and protocol, that this agrement will "as-
sist peaceful democratic development of the
Kingdom of Laos" and "the strengthening of
peace and security In southeast Asia"?
2. What provisions, contained in the dec-
laration, prevent complete domination of
Laos by the Communists?
3. Does the treaty specifically prohibit
Communist troops presently In Laos from
moving Into South Vietnam?
4. How would the United States regard a
veto by Poland? Would it be looked upon
as a barrier to action by the non-Communist
signatories of the declaration? Would it be
a barrier to action In the event of a Com-
munist takeover in Laos? Would it prevent
action If the practice of dispatching Com-
munist troops through Laos to Vietnam were
continued?
5. What action would the Government of
the United States take In the event of a vio-
lation of the treaty and In the face of a
Polish veto on action?
It is my profound hope that you will draft
an early reply to this letter, a reply that I
and the American people can only hope will
allay our fears about the present direction
of administration policy in southeast Asia.
Sincerely yours,
Hon. MELvrN R. LAIRD,
House of Representatives.
DEAR CONGRESSMAN LAIRD: The Secretary
has asked me to reply to your letter of July
24 which raises a number of important ques-
tions about the recently concluded Geneva
agreements. I am glad to have this addi-
tional opportunity to clarify our policy to-
ward Laos and to answer your specific ques-
tions on the Geneva agreements.
We have considered, In close consultation
with the congressional leadership of both
parties, the various possible approaches to a
settlement of the Laos question. Certainly
the course of action that has been adopted
Is not without risk, but we believe that our
present policy Is the one most likely to fur-
ther the national interest of the United
States. That policy is to assure the mainte-
nance of a peaceful, independent, and neu-
tral Laos within the framework of the 1962
Geneva agreements.
I am enclosing a copy of the full texts of
the agreements which were signed at Geneva.
I think you will see upon a careful reading
of them that, far from surrendering Laos to
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TABLE 2.-Total U.N. aid to or programed for
Red bloc, 1963-64 (includes Special Fund,
ETAP, other funds)
Nation
Cuba---------------------------
$2,336,680
Poland -------------------------
2, 007, 200
Yugoslavia________--------------
4, 665, G43
Albania --- --------------------
70,000
Interregional with Red Nations
involved----------------------
Mr. Speaker, I hope that in the coming
days of debate and lawmaking in the
foreign,aid field, we in this Congress will
be successful in closing all loopholes and
in providing specifically that no Ameri-
can contribution to any U.N. fund ever
shall exceed that 331/3 percent now in
our laws.
I have proposed a step in the right
direction; the direction of fiscal sanity;
the direction of realism. It is a realistic
step that has widespread support and
that can be accomplished quickly. It
follows the recommendations of General
Clay's committee for decreased, selective
aid to international organizations. It
could save us $50 million.
The step I propose provides for a limit
on U.S. contributions -to any and all U.N.
funds and budgets and will encourage
other nations to assume their moral ob-
ligation to pay their fairer share of U.N.
financing. Many of these nations have
been rehabilitated by our unilateral aid
and by U.N. aid financed chiefly by
Americans.
My colleagues, let us legislate a positive
331/3 percent ceiling on U.S. aid to the
U.N.
Let us enact a "fair share" ceiling.
A "fair share" ceiling will help make
the United Nations stronger and more
financially sound while at the same time
making the United States of America
stronger and more financially sound.
That is a good bargain.
Let us take advantage of it.
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. HALL. I am glad to yield to my
colleague from Iowa.
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I want to
commend my friend from Missouri for
the wealth of information he has brought
to the attention of the House in connec-
tion with the United Nations and its sub-
sidigry organizations. I would ask the
gentleman this question, Will your bill
put a stop to the vicious practice of
so-called voluntary contributions that
have run into many, many millions of
dollars?
Mr. HALL. No; I would have to say
to the gentleman from Iowa who is a
on Foreign Affairs and of this House,
that it would not within itself put a stop
to the setting up by the United Nations
or by their vote in the General Assembly
of the voluntary fund, but it would keep
us from participating more than the legal
limit as established by the law of this
Congress, which is 33'/3 percent.
- Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, if the
gentleman will yield further, I was speak-
ing of the voluntary contributions made
by the United States, not by the United
.CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 11
Nations; the voluntary contributions gress for resolution. It is an issue be-
made by the United States to the United cause of efforts being made to regain a
Nations and certain of its subsidiary favored nation status for Yugoslovia
organizations, through an amendment to the foreign
Mr. HALL. It is my opinion that it aid bill. The last Congress wisely re-
would stop those voluntary contributions moved Yugoslovia from the list of
over and above the regular assessments favored nations and the wisdom of that
and as to those we could participate only
up to 331/3 percent. I am sorry I missed
the gentleman's point in the beginning,
but he is exactly right; that is the intent
of this amendment to the bill which will
take us back to the original concept of
this House.
Mr. GROSS. It has been through this
voluntary contribution gimmick that the
executive branch of our Government has
been evading what Congress said was a
fair share contribution, 331/3 percent.
Mr. HALL. It is 331/3 percent at the
present time, but we are assessed by the
U.N. only 32.02 percent as a result of the
action of the Finance Administration
Committee in that organization's assess-
ment upon us.
Mr. GROSS. If the gentleman will
yield further, I thoroughly agree with
him; I am sick and tired of a little group
of people, mostly foreigners, going to New
Delhi, India, or some other faraway
place, holding a meeting and fixing the
share of the contribution of the United
States to the United Nations or one of its
many agencies. These people are
actually imposing taxes upon Americans
by so doing.
Mr. HALL. That is correct. I will
say as I did In the body of my speech
that we have exercised considerable au-
thority and participation in the Finan-
cial Administrative Committee, as I be-
lieve it is called, We have progressively
rdeuced our legal limit of support, with
U.N. approval, and I say that not faceti-
ously but in quotes, "approval," from 50
percent at the beginning to 32.02 percent
at the present time. I would hope it
would go much lower in the future, and
that any future assessments by the U.N.
would be progressively lessened to our
true, fair share.
I want to make it obvious that I am
not. in this bill trying to hogtie the United
Nations. I am trying to make It legal,
and for us to have even stiffer legal lim-
itations. I think this will strengthen the
United Nations. It will make more na-
tions meet their obligations. It Is sup-
ported not only by me but by others, in-
cluding the State Department and the
President's Committee on Foreign Ex-
penditures. Many people feel that
showdown time is here. This bill is one
solution. I think it is reasonable sup-
HORSE
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
ALBERT). Under previous order of the
House, the gentleman from Ohio [Mr.
FEIGHANI is recognized for 30 minutes.
Mr. FEIGHAN. Mr. Speaker, Tito,
the Communist dictator of Yugoslovia,
has been very much In the news In re-
cent days and none of that news augers
well for freedom's cause.
Titoism In Yugoslovia is one of the
major issues to come before this Con-
action has been amply confirmed by
events in recent months.
There persists, however, -remnants of
the myth about Tito and the Communist
regime in Yugoslovia-that Tito com-
munism Is somehow different from im-
perial Russian communism and that
Titoism is a neutralist movement if not
a movement friendly to the United States
and the cause of the free world. That
myth persists because of skillful manip-
ulation of the news and. a general
failure to examine and understand the
hard facts about Tito, Titoism, and the
role of the Trojan horse in the global
plans of imperial Russia.
Here are some of the hard facts which
bear upon the issue before Congress on
whether Tito's Yugoslovia should or
should not be accorded favored nation
status.
Tito is expected to pay a visit to Rus-
sian-occupied Cuba sometime in the im-
mediate future. This visit may occur as
early as June, but certainly within the
next 6 months. There is some evidence,
beyond the ruwor stage, that Tito hopes
to visit other countries in Latin Amer-
ica while he is in the Western Hemi-
sphere. Within the past 10 days, Presi-
dent Adolfo Lopez Mateos, of Mexico,
paid a so-called state visit on Tito during
which he invited Tito to visit Mexico.
Tito naturally accepted with enthusiasm.
Such a visit to Mexico would make it
that much easier for Tito to visit his
comrade Castro in Russian-occupied
Cuba, considering the problems of travel
to Cuba these days and that the only
regular airline service to Cuba is from
Mexico City. Of course Tito could use
a Russian jet for the trip, but that would
uncover much of his Trojan Horse role
'in the schemes of imperial Russia.
Moreover, the invitation from Mexican
President Mateos provides additional
"diplomatic cover" for Tito in his efforts
to penetrate further the Russian cause
into other Latin American Republics.
The action taken by President Mateos
makes him the first among the Organi-
zation of American States heads of state
to break the ice for Tito in this hemi-
sphere. The burden of resistance on
other Organization of American States
heads of state is thus considerably
weakened .and others may go the way of
President Mateos.
It is generally agreed that Castro has
been well exposed as a Russian Trojan
Horse In the Western Hemisphere.
President Kennedy played a vital role in
bringing about that exposure. The
Western Hemispheric crisis of last fall,
when the Russians were caught red-
handed in their military buildup in
Cuba, provided our President with a
unique opportunity to turn the flood-
lights of reality on the Castro regime.
The impact of President Kennedy's ex-
posure operation had a profound effect
throughout all of Latin America. As a
consequence, Castro is no longer useful
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technical assistance program to 100 per-
cent for two of the three special projects
of the World Health Organization.
The 18 U.N. funds and budgets to
which the United States is now con-
tributing less than 331/3 percent include:
General U.N. budget, International Mari-
time Consultive Organization, Food and
Agriculture Organization, International
Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO joint
support program, International Labor
Organization, International Telecommu-
nications Union, United Nations Educa-
tional, Scientific and Cultural Organiza-
tion, Universal Postal Union, World
Health Organization general budget,
World Meteorological Organization, and
the U.N. High Commissioner for Ref-
ugees.
The proposed cutting back of our sup-
port to the U.N. Is an effort to keep our
own financial house In order, and to
encourage added backing of the U.N. by
other nations. This cutback is not sup-
ported only by myself and the Clay
Committee. It has, indeed, received
vocal support and active implementation
by the Department of State.
The State Department announced
March 13 that the United States no
longer will support U.N. operations in
the Middle East and in the Congo at
rates in excess of our 32.02-percent gen-
eral-budget assessment. In explaining
that stand, our delegation to the United
Nations under Delegate Francis Plimp-
ton pointed directly to the 331/3-percent
limitation in U.S. law.
My bill, presented here today, is to
clarify that law so that the State De-
partment and the U.S. delegation to the
United Nations will understand that
Congress wants that 331/3 percent ceiling
aplied all the time and across the
board-not just when the State Depart-
ment decides it is convenient to apply
the law.
I note also that the State Department
itself has evidenced a similar opinion.
On March 12, 1963. just 1 month ago, Mr.
Richard N. Gardner, Deputy Assistant
Secretary of State for International Or-
ganization Affairs, said in a speech before
the American Association of the United
Nations:
it is true that the regular budget scale
involves a ceiling for U.B. contribution.
This ceiling derives from a funda-
mental principle long accepted by the Gen-
eral Assembly-that, in an organization of
sovereign states where each nation has one
vote, it is not in the interest of the organiza-
tion to depend too much financially on any
one state ? ? ?. The financial load simply
must bemore broadly based, and the care-
fully worked out coat-sharing formula to
accomplish this is the regular budget scale.
Mr. Speaker, my bill is based on just
the cost-sharing formula Mr. Gardner
described. It would establish the U.S.
limit at a point just above the 32.02 per-
cent now determined for us in the United
Nations budget formula, allowing a mar-
gin for minor fluctuations In our fair-
share rate. Such action by us would en-
courage other nations to pay their fair
share-whether out of dedication or dis-
gust-unless they are willing to accept
a cutback of United Nations activity
especially In the foreign aid field.
Let us remember that the difficulties
of the U.N. do not arise from its ordinary
operations. It is the extra operations
that have turned the U.N. Into a bottom-
less financial drain for American tax-
payers.
Over the last few years almost 90 per-
cent of the U.N. membership has been
granted relief from making payments at
their regular assessment level to the spe-
cial U.N. operations of emergency forces
and of foreign aid. As a consequence,
the United States has been called upon
to support those programs via large
"voluntary" contributions.
To do that we had to wink at our limi-
tation law.
Mr. Speaker, this situation has two
unacceptable aspects:
First. It has placed a disproportionate
share-nearly half-of the cost of these
operations on the United States.
Second. Under this arrangement a
large number of U.N. members are not
meeting their obligations.
The Communist bloc pays nothing or
makes only token contributions. In the
case of some specific funds, France,
South Africa and the Arab countries re-
fuse to pay their fair-share. Other un-
derdeveloped nations do not pay their
share, arguing that they are too poor.
Beside that, the Communist bloc lim-
its the convertability of currency it gives
to the U.N. so that such currency often
can be spent only for Communist goods
and experts and only in Communist na-
tions.
There have been several attempts to
straighten out the finances of the U.N.
The most notable attempt involved that
$100 million bond Issue in which the
United States hesitatingly agreed to par-
ticipate last year.
In addition the International Court
of Justice handed down. last July an
opinion that costs incurred by the U.N.
in the Congo and Middle East operations
are "expenses of the Organization" and
that assessments levied to pay for them
constitute binding legal obligations.
Please note that my bill does not pro-
pose that the United States refuse to
meet such legal obligations. The 331/3
percentage is, in fact, a little higher than
our current legal U.N. assessment figure
of 32.02 percent.
It is difficult to escape the conclusion
that the United Nations is not being
supported in many of its funds and
budgets. These arrearages will continue
to grow so long as both major and minor
powers refuse to fulfill their legal obliga-
tions. And, so long as the American
taxpayers pay the bill, there is no reason
to expect that other nations will be
bothered with paying them.
The United States contributes to at
least 28 United Nations funds and budg-
ets. That makes for a lot of different
U.S. relationships with a lot of different
international organizations each in a
varied and complex field.
6033
Thus, we find ourselves approaching
something of a showdown this year. We
have had some 18 years of experience
now in building international organiza-
tions under the United Nations. It has
been an enterprise in which the U.S.
executive branch and the Congress
have been partners in a great many deci-
sions to establish or help finance inter-
national organizations.
We have arrived now at the point
where it Is a major responsibility of the
United States to manage this complex
web of relationships. But at the present
point the management problems in-
volved are almost staggeringly complex.
The U.S. Congress and our delegation
to the U.N. are having to function to a
significant degree as the legislature of
an international organization that lacks
an effective internal legislature. We
have a very big voice in the U.N. budget
process. We have the problem of exam-
ining U.N. programs, trying to make sure
they are sensible, and meantime keeping
our percentage of financial commitment
down to a fair-share level.
Mr. Speaker, the financing of the
United Nations has just gotten out of
hand. The U.N. cannot manage it.
Now it becomes apparent that the
United States-saddled with its own
debt-cannot finance the U.N., too.
I do not reach this conclusion lightly.
I have studied U.N. finances closely and
have detailed a number of questionable
U.N. projects in 15 previous speeches in
this House.
What is happening now, Mr. Speaker,
is that the American taxpayer-who has
a massive foreign aid program of his
own-is being drawn unknowingly into
a second foreign aid program which he
finances but over which he has no ef-
fective control.
Our United States is facing the first
$12 billion planned budget deficit in all
its history. We simply cannot afford to
support two foreign aid programs.
We already have substantial agree-
ment in principle to the cutting of our
unilateral aid program. It is equally ob-
vious that we must apply the cutting
principle also to our donations to the
United Nations. My bill proposes a real-
istic method of doing that. It does not
end our membership in the U.N. It
does make our membership a fair-share
affair.
Now, Mr. Speaker, since the question is
always near at hand in these cold war
days, I want to deal briefly with the
amount of U.N. foreign aid that has gone
to or is programed for Communist bloc
nations in 1963-64.
Many of these projects I have dis-
cussed here in detail in previous days.
The aid includes that from the Special
Fund and the expanded technical as-
sistance program and from other U.N.
funds and budgets-none of them limited
to a 331/3-percent U.S. contribution.
My research Indicates that there are
now in operation-or planned-103 U.N.
aid projects in the Communist bloc.
These will cost the U.N. $9,791,373 as de-
tailed in the accompanying table.
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1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
to imperial Russia as a symbol of their
wave of the future in this hemisphere.
Castro is no longer the ,revolutionary
symbol for the downtrodden and ne-
glected masses to the south of our bor-
ders. He is now nothing more than an
exposed Russian agent, a tool of an alien
and despotic system.
The Russians are fully aware of what
has happened to the Castro regime in
terms of its appeal throughout Latin
America. They have lost a long-term
and expensive investment in that par-
ticular Trojan horse. But the Russians
have many Trojan horses and Tito has
been their most dependable one. He has
weathered many storms-not the least
of which was his sponsorship of a con-
feKence of so-called neutral nations ar-
ranged to coincide with the opening of
the last series of Russian nuclear
weapon tests. Tito and the neutralist
conference provided propaganda cover
to justify the Russians breaking the oral
test ban understanding entered into
during the Eisenhower administration.
In the general political confusion which
followed, Tito escaped detection of the
crucial role he played in that maneuver.
After we poured over $2 billion worth
of American aid into Yugoslavia, Tito
rewarded us with the public promise
that he would stand shoulder to shoulder
with the Russians in any showdown
with the free world. But Tito is, as I
have said, a rather special Trojan horse
of the Russians and our Government has
simply refused to take him at his word.
Now Tito has been assigned the mis-
sion to take up the slack in the Russian
plans for this hemisphere caused by
the exposure of Castro..
Let us not forget that Tito is the sym-
bol of that nebulous system called na-
tional communism. He has been built
up as the leader of a different kind of
communism, a peaceful -kind, a non-
violent kind, yes, even a kind of "demo-
cratic communism." All of this is, of
course, a Russian-manufactured myth
which some intellectuals and many
theorists in the United States swallowed
hook, line, and sinker. But the record
shows that national communism is a
propaganda technique to open the way
for Russian takeover of legitimate revo-
lutionary movements in countries where
revolutionary change is the order of the
day. This technique applies in coun-
tries seeking their national independ-
ence by escape from colonial rule and
as well in countries where existing social
and economic conditions invite revolu-
tionary action to secure justice for the
masses.
Much of Latin America is today in
revolutionary ferment. There the revo-
lution has both social and economic ob-
jectives. Revolutionary change, whether
peaceful or violent, opens the door for
Russian agents to enter the fray with
their various techniques and methods
calculated to capture leadership of the
revolution. Once they have captured
leadership of the revolution they im-
mediately begin to apply their counter-
revolutionary methods which we have
come to call communism. Castro stands
as a classic of that technique.
It is against this background that the
mission of Tito to Cuba and Mexico takes
on realistic meaning. Tito hopes, as -I
have said, to be invited to other Repub-
lics in the hemisphere, after his visit
with Castro.
These questions are pertinent to the
upcoming Tito mission to Castro.
Will Tito advise Castro on the tech-
niques of national communism and
school him on the art of pilfering the
pockets of the American taxpayers by
promising to be a "good Communist?"
-> Tito is proficient in both these games.
What methods will Tito use in his ef-
forts to assume tse role of Trojan horse
for Moscow in the Western Hemisphere?
Will he praise Castro as a reform leader
who is misunderstood or will he urge the
Yugoslav experiment in fraud as the
answer to Castro's problems?
What is the role of Mexican President
Mateos in the plans for the Tito mission?
The free press reports that Lopez Mateos
was in Berlin a few days ago and refused
to leave his car to inspect the Berlin
wall, for fear it would involve him in the
East-West conflict. Does this mean that
we will soon see a wave of neutralism
infecting the Western Hemisphere?
Neutralism follows a period of uncer-
tainty about U.S. intentions and will in
the conduct of the East-West conflict.
Moreover, neutralism paves the way for
the special mission of Trojan horse Tito.
Tito can prove that it is highly profitable
to pose as a neutral and at the same
time be a shoulder-to-shoulder ally of
the Russians. Fifteen years' experience
at that game has made him a qualified
and recognized expert.
Will the Tito visit to Cuba and Mexico
create a situation in which it would be
embarrassing for the United States not
to invite him to make a stopover in
Washington? In this age of confusion
it is not at all difficult to engineer sit-
uations which on the surface can be
built up as embarrassing. Not so long
ago astute political leaders called this
the art of fait accompli.
How many other Republics in this
hemisphere have heard the Tito knock
on their doors and what will be their re-
sponse if the United States in any way
becomes a party to this Moscow scheme?
These questions deserve honest an-
swers. Time will provide the answers
and they will be unpleasant ones if Tito
and his friends are given a clear field of
operations. Answers should be forth-
coming now from the Department of
State whose duty it is to be on top of
these insidious developments. If the
answers are not now known in the De-
partment of State, a search for them
would serve to raise the alert signals
throughout the hemisphere.
Only yesterday the delegates of the
Communist Party in Yugoslavia adopted
a new constitution. It is as unique a
fraud as Tito. That constitution, pre-
pared by the Communist Party, does not
reflect the will of the people in the Yugo-
slav empire. It certainly does not reflect
6035
tion is a change in name for the state
apparatus. The new name is "Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia." It will
be recalled that the former name was
"Federal Peoples Republic of Yugo-
slavia." This change brings the regime
in Yugoslavia into closer alignment with
the Moscow pattern. All the captive
non-Russian nations in the Soviet
Union are known as "Socialist Repub-
lics." That name was pinned on such
formerly independent nations as
Ukraine, Byelorussia, Georgia, Armenia,
and Azerbaijan, before they were forci-
bly incorporated into the Soviet Union.
The change in name from "Peoples" to
"Socialist" Republic just paves the way
for the incorporation of Yugoslavia into
the Soviet Union. This very likely will
be accomplished by Russian legal meth-
ods--the same ones they used to bring
about the illegal annexations of Estonia,
Latvia, and Lithuania in 1939 or 1940.
It should be noted that only Czecho-
slovakia among the nations occupied by
imperial Russia following World War II
has changed from a "Peoples" to a "So-
cialist" Republic. As is known, that
forced federation of once-independent
nations is for all practical purposes a
Soviet Republic. The Czechoslovak
Communists have been rigidly loyal to
mother Russia, supplying arms to Com-
munist guerillas in the free world, always
voting the Russian line in the United Na-
tions and more lately acting for the
Communist regime in Cuba in dealings
with the United States. The only dif-
ference between the Czechoslovak Com-
munists and the Tito Communists is that
the Czechoslovaks operate openly for
mother Russia and the Titoites operate
covertly for mother Russia.
Tito is now 71 years of age. His time
in the service of Moscow is obviously
limited by the norms of life expectancy.
Some informed observers hold that the
new Communist constitution just adopt-
ed is insurance against a change of
Communist control after Tito goes the
way of all mortal men. He is made
President of Yugoslavia for life under
the new constitution, but the way is now
cleared to incorporate Yugoslavia into
the Soviet Union when Tito passes out
of Russian service, should any serious
problems arise in transferring Russian
control to Tito's successor from among
the Communist elite.
In any case, if there has been any
doubt in official circles about where Tito
stands on the East-West conflict, that
doubt should be removed by the adoption
of a Moscow dictated constitution by
the delegates of the Communist move-
ment in Yugoslavia. It is time the old
Trojan horse of Moscow was unmasked.
Otherwise Tito will carry on the propa-
ganda work of Moscow in the Western
Hemisphere -which was exposed last fall.
the feelings of the people in the Croatian THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY'S STAKE
nation, the Slovenian nation, or the Ser- IN THE WHEAT REFERENDUM
bian nation, which are. held by force The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
within that empire. It does, however, previous order of the House, the gentle-
reflect the wishes of the Communist man from Texas [Mr. Downy] is recog-
Party and the big bosses in Moscow. nized for 10 minutes.
The most significant revelation about Mr. DOWDY. Mr. Speaker, on May
the new Yugoslav Communist constitu- 21, the wheat farmers of America will be
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 'Apn7 11
called upon to vote on the l$roposition of
whether to accept the programs for
wheat, as recommended by the Secre-
tary of Agriculture predicated upon a
bill passed by the 87th Congress, or to
reje@t it.
This referendum will provide no choice
as between one program and others-no
choice as to the degree of benefits-no
choice as to the lesser of two or more
evils-just a simple yes or no. A "yes"
vote by the wheat farmers will say we ac-
cept the program-its mixed-up price
system and marketing controls, its lack
of minimum acreage, its complete au-
thority in the hands of the Secretary,
the strictest control and regimentation
of private enterprise ever seriously pro-
posed in the United States, which would
virtually convert farms into State enter-
prises. A "no" vote will say-we think
the Congress will do better-that we still
value our freedom, that we believe in the
system that made us the greatest coun-
try in the world, the free market system.
But that is not all there is to this com-
ing referendum. Wheat farmers are not
the only producers involved; but their
vote on this proposal of the Secretary
will affect the livestock producers of the
Nation; the dairymen, poultry, and egg
producers, and the entire farming indus-
try. In the first place, it should be re-
called that most of the commodities pro-
duced by our farmers and ranchers, both
numerically and dollarwise, are not
under any Government program, and,
generally speaking, they are not in seri-
ous trouble. True, the markets of these
commodities have fluctuated. They will
continue to do so if they remain free-
but the farmer is a businessman-he
watches the markets and adjusts ac-
cordingly.
On the other hand, there are those who
feel that since a few commodities are
under Government programs, they
should all be there. Apparently, they
would even go further than that. They
would go to any length to bring all com-
modities under the control of a central
government. Having failed several
times to bring various producers to
"heel"-to have enacted programs to
"help" these commodities-they would
now adopt the indirect approach. They
mean to win, one way or another.
So let us look at some of the questions
posed above.
What is all the fuss about? Simply
stated, this wheat referendum involves
the most severe controls ever proposed
for any segment of American agricul-
ture. It is an authoritarian approach
to a perplexing problem. Farmers are
bewildered by the attitude of the Secre-
tary-Why should he take a personal in-
terest in promoting any program? Tra-
ditionally, this office has played referee,
umpire, and arbiter. Today, it is the
leading participant. Historically, the
Department has dispensed fair, depend-
able, and reliable information. Today
the facts and figures are tinged with
slants and slopes toward the Secretary's
program. So farmers are confused, be-
fuddled, and bewildered-and so are a
lot of other folks.
Is this all there is to the coming ref-
erendum? Well, hardly. This may be
the first step but surely not the last. If
this program is approved, the discretion
will be in the hands of the Secretary-
so some of the ideas of controls and con-
trollers will be accomplished fact. The
rest will be easy.
Are wheat farmers the only producers
involved in this referendum? Again,
hardly. The feed values of wheat are
directly related to the feed value of corn
and other grains-and these feed values
are all directly related to livestock and
livestock products. So all farmers are
involved-but especially those who feed
the dairy cows, the range and feeder
cattle, the pigs, the chickens, the
turkeys, and those who produce and
nurture those products to fill the markets
and the tables of the public. So even
the consumer is concerned.
It is a melancholy fact that the na-
tions of the world whose people are
nearest to starvation and most unable
to feed themselves, are the ones whose
agriculture is run by a central govern-
ment-an agricultural commissioner-or
a dictator.
Finally, what is the stake of the live-
stock producers in the wheat vote? At
least twofold. For many years, pro-
ducers of livestock have registered the
various efforts of well-meaning people to
help the livestock industry. The resist-
ance has stood them in good stead. They
have done well. It is true that prices
move up and down-but overall the in-
dustry is healthy. The turkey producers
recently voted down a similar program,
but it was not so severe as this. At-
temps have been made to control hogs,
cattle, and so forth.
But failing the direct approach, the
Secretary, seemingly, has chosen the in-
direct route-control the wheat, the
feed grains, the market. Break the
livestock prices, bring the producers to
their knees, 'and they too will become
easy prey for any program, for com-
plete control in return for a handout
from Uncle Sam.
The livestock people have a very real
stake in this referendum. They need to
help, even though they cannot vote, to
defeat this vicious octopus-this insati-
able desire for power, this sharp-fanged
wolf in sheep's clothing before they get
taken in.
Consumers also need to have a second
look-before this referendum leaves
them and their food supply in the hands
of a patronizing government-before it
follows the pattern of many other na-
tions and leaves their stomachs empty
and their children crying for milk and
succor.
No nation is today better fed-at less
cost, than we.
Why trade off a system which has been
and is working, the system of free com-
petitive enterprise, for one which has
failed in every attempt, the system of
centralized control of the right to pro-
duce, of supply management?
If you think about it a moment, you
would not trade. So this referendum
should be soundly defeated.
STATUS OF THE APPROPRIATION
BILLS IN RELATION TO THE
BUDGET RECOMMENDATIONS
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from Missouri [Mr. CANNON] is rec-
ognized for 1 hour.
Mr. CANNON. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent to include in the
body of the RECORD a summary of the
appropriation bills of the 88th Congress
up to this time and data updating the
President's January budget recommend-
ations as to new authority to obligate the
Government.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there
objection to the request of the gentleman
from Missouri?
There was no objection.
Mr. CANNON. Mr. Speaker, for the
information of Members and others who
may be interested, I include a summary
of the action in the appropriation bills
down to date in the current session and
an approximation of the portions of the
President's obligational authority budget
yet to come before the House fQr con-
sideration in future bills:
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 11
poration insured accounts up to a max-
ymum of $2,500 for each depositor. In
July of 1933 this figure was increased to
$5,000.
The Banking Act of 1935 provided a
permanent plan of insurance, replacing
a plan in the Banking Act of 1933 that
never came into force. The act of 1935
continued the $5,000 coverage for each
depositor, provided for an annual assess-
ment of one-twelfth of 1 percent of
deposits, and specified in more detail the
supervisory responsibilities of the Cor-
poration. These provisions were, un-
changed for the next 15 years, a period
during which the chief legislative action
affecting the Corporation was provision
for retirement of the Corporation's orig-
inal capital that had been provided by
the Treasury and the Federal Reserve
banks.
The Federal Deposit Insurance Act of
1950 made a number of revisions in de-
posit insurance: The insurance limit was
raised to the present maximum of $10,000
for each depositor, provision was made
for an annual assessment credit to in-
sured banks after allowance for Corpora-
tion losses and expenses, and additional
measures for dealing with failing banks
were authorized. A 1960 statute pro-
vided new methods for determining as
sessments, and increased the assessment
credit to insured banks from 60 percent-
under the 1950 act to 662/3 percent of the
assessment income remaining after de-
duction of Corporation losses and ex-
penses.
A total of 13,021 banks, or 86 percent
of all banks in the United States, became
insured when the insurance took effect on
January 1, 1934. The proportion of
banks participating in Federal deposit
insurance has increased each year; the
13,445 so insured on December 31, 1961,
comprised 97 percent of the number, and
held 98 percent of the deposits of all in-
corporated banks of deposit.
At the end of 1961 there were 514
banks, of varied types, outside Federal
deposit insurance. Of this number, 195
were mutual savings banks, 141 were in-
corporated commercial banks operating
under the general banking codes of vari-
ous States, 81 were unincorporated
banks, 52 were trust companies not regu-
larly engaged in deposit banking, 34 were
industrial banks, 13 were banks of de-
posit operating under various special
charters, and 8 were branches of banks
chartered in foreign countries which are
included in the statistics of banks be-
cause they are engaged in deposit bank-
ing in the United States. The unincor-
porated banks, the trust companies not
regularly engaged in banking and the
branches in the United States of banks
chartered in foreign countries are not
eligible for Federal deposit insurance.
During the period 1934-61 the FDIC
made disbursements to protect depositors
in .445 failing banks. These banks had
about 1,460,000 depositors and total de-
posits of $611 million.
Mr. Speaker, I believe that the
existing record of the Federal Deposit In-
surance Corporation is one of which we
can be proud. I believe also that this
would be an appropriate time to look into
the advisability of increasing the amount
of insurance coverage under the FDIC.
As we have seen the figure has changed
a number of times since the original act
of 1933.
In light of modern depositor trends, an
increase in the present maximum would
be very helpful. The legislation I am in-
troducing would amend the Federal De-
posit Insurance Act and title IV of the
National Housing Act-relating to the
insurance of savings and loan accounts-
with respect to the amount of insurance
which may be provided increasing from
$10,000 to $25,000 the maximum amount
HELP!
tIBONATI) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the REC-
ORD and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, on
March 13, 1963, I rose before the House
to draw attention to the conditions of
substantial and persistent unemploy-
ment existing in the district which I
represent. My statements were reported
on page 3895 of the CONGRESSIONAL REC-
ORD of that date. I now wish to reiterate
that such deplorable conditions exist not
only because of the usual reasons for
unemployment but are aggravated by the
unusual economic distress and unem-
ployment caused by the impact of ap-
proximately 150,000 refugees residing in
this area who have fled the tyranny and
oppression of Castro's Communist Cuba.
Mr. Speaker, I am of the opinion, as I
have been since the passage of this act,
that the area which I represent should be
eligible under the terms, the spirit, and
the intent of the Area Redevelopment
Act, which was specifically adopted by
the Congress to alleviate conditions of
substantial and persistent unemploy-
ment in certain economically distressed
areas.
In an effort to alleviate a situation so
corrosive and deleterious to the eco-
nomic future of Dade County, on March
13, 1963, I introduced H.R. 4848 which
goes one step further.than the admin-
istrative action which I have been call-
ing for, for so long. Congress has here-
tofore, at my request, recognized the
problem of the Cuban refugees as one
for national concern. This House, and
I am grateful to each one of my col-
leagues, and this Congress have approved
the authorizations and the appropria-
tions for Health, Education, and Wel-
fare and other costs for the care of the
Cuban refugees. Without this program,
the whole cost would fall on local re-
sources which are already strained to the
limit. I am now, today, again calling,
urging, and requesting the sympathetic
and favorable consideration of my col-
leagues in this legislative body to con-
tinue their recognition of the impact and
economic distress caused by the residence
of approximately 150,000 refugees in the
district which I represent, and the ad-
joining one, as still of national concern.
I call the problem again to the attention
of this House because the problem has
not yet been completely resolved. ' Se-
vere unemployment still exists-almost
13 percent. There is considerable eco-
nomic distress.
Therefore, Mr. Speaker, my bill would
provide an additional criteria for eligi-
bility under Public Law 87-27, the Area
? Redevelopment Act. This additional
criteria would provide benefits to those
areas wherein 50,000 or more Cuban
refugees have resided for 1 of the 2 pre-
ceding calendar years. Such a fact
would be certified by the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare, who ad-
ministers the Cuban refugee program, to
the Secretary of Commerce, who admin-
isters the area redevelopment program.
Under the bill we would also retain the
criteria that the Secretary of Labor must
determine and certify to the Secretary
of Commerce that a condition of sub-
stantial unemployment has existed for
the last 9 of the preceding 12 calendar
months, which is a requirement now car-
ried in the present public works accelera-
tion law.
The exact language of the bill is as
follows :
A bill to amend section 5 of the Area
Redevelopment Act to provide that certain
areas within the United States having a
large number of Cuban refugees shall be
designated as redevelopment area
Be it enacted by the Senate and Rouse
of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That sub-
section (a) of section 5 of the Area Re-
development Act (42 U.S.C. 2504) is amended
by adding at the end thereof the following
new sentence: "The Secretary shall also
designate as 'redevelopment areas' those
areas within the United States where the
Secretary of Labor determines that a condi-
tion of substantial unemployment has
existed for at least nine of the preceding
twelve calendar months, and the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare certifies to
the Secretary that the number of Cuban
refugees residing in such areas has equalled
60,000 or more for one of the two preceding
calendar years."
Florida's distinguished Senators, the
Honorable SPESSARD L. HOLLAND and the
Honorable GEORGE A. SMATHERS, jointly
introduced S. 1257 embodying the same
provisions. My respected colleague, the
Honorable CLAUDE PEPPER, representing
Florida's Third Congressional District,
introduced a similar bill, H.R. 5232, pro-
viding the same criteria together with
needed additional authorization, which
I fully support.
Mr. Speaker, since the Castro Com-
munist Government of Cuba has en-
slaved the people of that unhappy coun-
try, it is authoritatively estimated that
200,000 persons have escaped the tyran-
ny and oppression existing there and
sought refuge in the United States.
The bulk of these people are in the
Miami area. Despite. the generous as-
sistance of the Catholic church and
others, our local citizens, individually,
local governments and many voluntary
agencies-it soon became obvious that
the needs of these refugees could not
be met solely out of local resources, no
matter how willing the local citizens nor
how desirable such a solution might be.
I thereupon immediately urged recogni-
tion of the existence of the Cuban refu-
gees and the problems caused thereby as
being the primary responsibility of the
Federal Government.
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annual agricultural output of the Soviet Un-
ion by over 60 percent.
At a time when the American farmer is
being asked to take on quota allocations of
feed grains, we should be pointing out that.
though the United States and Russia have
approximately the same amount of land
planted to feed grains, U.S. production of
these grains exceeds that of the Soviet Union
by over 154 percent.
Obviously, with the whip of the dictator
on his back, the Soviet farmer, with his com-
munized agriculture, is simply not In the
same league as the 2 million free commercial
farmers In the United States.
Communism's failure as a way of life is
most apparent in its agricultural collapse. I
am In no position to deny that weather con-
ditions undoubtedly did affect production
In the Soviet Union this year-but, Mr. Sec-
retary, I am unable to understand how our
Government can take an official position
which does not recognize the basic reasons
for their lack of production-namely, the
Communist society itself.
When Khrushchev was here In 1959 and
visited some of our farms, he had to admit
openly that our farm machinery, manage-
ment, methods and research far surpassed
those in the Soviet. How, then, can our
Government take the position that the food
shortage in Communist Europe was caused
entirely by poor weather conditions.
I sincerely hope that you will see to It that
the members of your Department will under-
stand and appreciate the serious damage
done by, a release of this nature, which ex-
amines only the statistics of one element of
a large subject and, therefore, is neither ac-
curate nor helpful to the position of the
free world In the cold war.
Ever sincerely,
OLIVER P. BOLTON.
U.S. DEPARTMENT Or AGRICULTURE,
Washington, April 3, 1963.
Bad weather in 1962 cut agricultural pro-
duction in U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe:
The Soviet Union and her East European
satellites, plagued by bad weather, experi-
enced another disappointing agricultural
year in 1962, according to a recent report by
the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Winter crops for 1982 harvest were dam-
aged by drought in the fall of 1961, and
spring field work was delayed by cool, wet
weather in East Germany, Poland, and the
central and northwestern regions of Euro-
pean U.S.SR. Crops in the Danubian coun-
tries, southern regions of European U.S.S.R.
and the Soviet Union's new lands, were hit by
drought last summer.
The report, by USDA's Economic Research
Service, shows the poor agricultural year
aggravated food shortages throughout East-
ern Europe. Shortages were especially acute
in east Germany where meat and milk pro-
duction were reduced.
According to official Soviet statistics, ex-
tremely poor growing conditions caused a
20 percent drop in potato production from
1961. Russia also suffered a drop In cotton
production because the second dry winter In
a row reduced the supply of irrigation water.
Poland's overall agricultural output was
about 5 percent less than in the previous
year and fruits, vegetables, butter, milk, and
eggs are In shorter supply this year, the re-
port shows.
In Czechoslovakia, the shortage of live-
stock feed forced farmers to slaughter
cattle and other livestock.
The corn crop In Yugoslavia was about 5
percent above 1961 but output of both barley
and oats was about the same. Wheat pro-
duction was about average, 5 percent less
than In 1961.
According to the report, total grain pro-
duction in Hungary fell for the third con-
secutive year. Cabbage, carrots, and parsley
were hit by drought, and production did not
meet quotas.
Except in large urban centers, bread
rationing is prevalent In most of Rumania
because of a disappointing corn yield in 1962,
the smallest since 1958.
Bulgaria's important export crops of toma-
toes, grapes, and tobacco showed marked
increases over the low 1901 levels. Low pro-
duction forced rationing of onion, rice,
beans, and potatoes.
Single copies of the report, "The 1963
Eastern Europe Agricultural Situation, Sup-
plement No. 3 to the 1963 World Agricul-
tural Situation." may be obtained from the
Division of Information. Office of Manage-
ment Services, U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington. D.C.
AMERICA MUST NEVER FORGET
THE NAZI HORRORS
(Mr. WYMAN (at the request of Mrs.
ST. GEORGE) was given permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point In the
RECORD, and to include an article.)
Mr. WYMAN. Mr. Speaker, we must
never forget the horrors that Fascist
nazism perpetrated on a whole race of
human beings In the torture and death
camps of Adolph Hitler. This awful rec-
ord of man's inhumanity to man should
be writ in marble so we who now live
and those younger folk whose world is to
come will so order our Government, so
conduct our personal affairs, and so
fashion our individual and collective
political philosophy that such terrible
totalitarianism will never rise again.
Time fades memory. Of these horrors
we must never forget. The obsession of
racial superiority that was Hitler's is a
curse and invention of the devil incar-
nate. This is proved by the documents
now being found portraying the absolute
hell of gas chambers and crematoriums
gassing and burning 8,000 to 12,000 hu-
man souls each day.
Today in 1963 the West should note
well that the history of communism's
blood baths has not yet been fully told.
As the Kennedy administration gives us
a policy of weakness, of compromise, of
appeasement, of coexistence with com-
munism even in this hemisphere-which
is every bit as much evil as was nazism
under Hitler-let us ponder well the
story of Mr. Ascherson of the London Ob-
server as it appears in today's American
press:
FINDING OF JAR AT AuscHwrrz llNcovxRS AN
ACT or HERoISM
(By Neal Ascherson)
LoNDoie.-The discovery of a small glass
jar. burled under a handful of burned bone
behind the crematorium sites at Auschwitz
concentration camp, has revealed an act of
heroism.
The jar-originally 1 of 36--contained day-
to-day statistics of the numbers gassed In
Auschwitz extermination centers In occu-
pied Poland during October 1944.
The men who took these notes and buried
them were one of the "Sonderkommando"
teams, themselves Jews, who searched the
luggage of each trainload of victims, strip-
ping their bodies of hair and valuables, burn-
ing their corpses and burying the ashes.
After 3 months, each "Sondkerkom-
mando" was itself gassed.
In late 1044, however, the Inflow of vic-
tims became so vast that the Auschwitz
commanders allowed one experienced team
to survive for many months.
PRECISE STATISTICS
This group burled precise statistics in tine
and jars concealed in a site where human
ash brought from the crematories was
dumped.
Members of this group wrote out a pre-
cise plan of where they had buried the sta-
tistics.
Later, the whole team rose against the
Nazis, but after killing some SS men and
blowing up one crematorium, they were over-
powered. tortured, and executed.
The only surviving witness to the tins'
burial was a Pole named Henryk Porebski,
a prisoner employed as an electrician on the
crematorium power circuits. But the docu-
ment describing where the containers had
been buried had vanished, and nobody be-
lieved his story.
After the war Porebski returned to the
camp, where he now works In the Auschwitz
museum. He found that the whole area
where the tins had been buried had been
disturbed by the gruesome "gold rush" that
followed the camp's liberation.
People from as far away as Cracow had
come to sieve the ash fields and debris for
money, jewelry. and gold tooth fillings and it
seemed Impossible that the tins would still
be where they were buried.
Finally, Porebski convinced a woman who
had also been a prisoner that he was telling
the truth, and she persuaded the authorities
to make a search.
Two years ago, a digging team began to
trench the site with the methods of scientific
archeology, impeded by the countless small
possessions of the dead-from spoons to lip-
sticks-that were Imbedded in the earth.
They kept a watch for patches of calcined
human bones, which Porebski said had been
scattered by the "Sonderkommando" as
markers when they buried each tin.
JAR DISCOVERED
Last summer, after periodic lapses In the
search, the glass jar was discovered. The
contents have only been deciphered, but they
give accurate data of the scale of executions
when the death installation was working at
maximum power.
Nazi records and the crematoria and gas
chambers themselves were destroyed by the
B.S. before the camp was evacuated.
So far, Polish authorities studying the
papers found In the Jar have not announced
the figures of deaths that they record. They
will have to be checked against previous
estimates: those based on the number of
prison trains arriving In late 1944 calculate
that between 8.000 and 10,000 people were
being gassed and cremated every 24 hours.
No other containers were found, although
the diggers went to search the whole area.
But Porebskl's story has been justified, and
the courage of the Jews of the "Sonderkom-
mando"-whose notes In the jar also de-
scribed what happened within the gassing
block where they worked-can be properly
honored.
INCREASE FROM $10,000 TO $25,000
COVERAGE FOR DEPOSITORS BY
THE FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSUR-
ANCE CORPORATION
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from New York [Mr. HALPERN] is
recognized for 10 minutes.
Mr. HALPERN. Mr. Speaker, I intro-
duce today for appropriate reference a
bill to increase the amount of insurance
coverage under the Federal Deposit In-
surance Corporation from the present
$10,000 to $25,000.
Beginning with the Banking Act of
1933, the Federal Deposit Insurance Cor-
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196 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
6043
RY OF COMMERCE,
Two administrations and the Congress taming whatever Federal assistance can THE HE SEC SECRRETTA Y OF March RC, 1963.
of the United States have generously be made available. Hon. DANTE B. FASCELL,
responded to MY requests to assist the Today's problem, therefore, Mr. House of Representatives,
people of the district which I represent Speaker, is to obtain additional unem- Washington, D.C.
in dealing with the problems, economic ployment and economic benefits for the DEAR MR. FASCELL: This will acknowledge 1963 and otherwise, created by the Cuban District, which I represent, Florida's Fourth your
are with- eligibility roffDadecc unty for aregar reear ea ve -
refugees. op ment assistance.
Todaday I must again ask my colleagues out jobs and who are otherwise econom- t is my understanding that the Depart-
and advise the Nation that the people-of ically distressed. My bill, Mr. Speaker, ment of Labor is now engaged in making
Florida's Fourth District are in need of would seek to provide employment op- the necessary survey to determine whether
additional assistance as a result of ap- portunities by making the area which unemployment in the area, including the
proximately 150,000 Cuban refugees still I represent eligible for benefits under the special situation created by the influx of
residing in our midst. This has caused Area Redevelopment Act. Cuban exiles, qualifies the area for assistance
tremendous economic pressure since the Mr. Speaker, I, of course, do not imply under the standards of the enabling act.
refugees, very naturally, have tried to that no assistance has been rendered to Top officials from ARA and the Department
obtain and have been successful in ob- the citizens of the district which I rep- of Labor have been meeting in Miami this
taining employment. Much of this em- resent. I strongly supported this ad- week with local officials in order to expedite
this determination, and we should have the
ployment has been at reduced wages, ministration's program, now known as results very soon.
tending to depress the labor market. Public Law 87-658, the Public Works I appreciate your calling this to my atten-
Every refugee so employed has displaced Acceleration Act. tion and understand your interest. You will
an American normally employed so that Just yesterday, I arose in support of be promptly advised of any further develop-
in addition to many thousands of refu the amendment which would restore to ments.
rds, I am,
gees who are unemployed, there are e the. supplemental appropriations bill for With ;3 co corrdiadial ly regegaxd
many thousands of Americans also un- 1963 the full amount of the budget re- LUTHER H. HODGES, yours,
employed. quest to finance additional projects un- Secretary of Commerce.
The U.S. Departmenthat t of Labor had der the provisions of the Public Works long sufficient, -
ago determined e were a Acceleration Act. My remarks on this THE SECRETARY OF HEALTH,
sufficient number of unemployed Ameri- subject appeared in yesterday's CON- EDUCATION, AND WELFARE,
can citizens so as to qualify Dade County GRESSIONAL RECORD. Washington, March 22, 1963. as a class D labor surplus market area. Because of the unemployment situa- Hon. . of DANTE E B B. . FASC FASCELatL,
However, we have not been certified for tion, the district which I represent has Washington, D.C.
27, tlly been certified' as eligible to receive as- DEAR MR. FASCELL: This is in reply to your
Area Redevelopment under Public Law 87-specifically
adopted by this body Act a condi- sistance under the Public Works Accel- request that I "certify" to the Secretary of
adopted u this body and lleviate tun- eration Act. Under this act we have Labor and the Secretary of commerce the
emus of ebstnn anpersistent thus far obtained several million dollars number of Cuban refugees residing in Dade
employment in economically economically distressed in approved programs. Under this act, County.
areas. which requires local participation, the 'There are two figures on Cuban refugees
Mr. Speaker, sirrce the fall of 1962 I district which I represent will secure ap- about which we can be certain: the number
have repeatedly requested the Depart- of refugees registered at the Miami Center
ment of Labor to certify that the unem- proximately 5,600 additional man- and the number relocated with our assist-
ployment condition in the district which months ployment. or As 980,700 long as man-thehours of em- unemploy- ante.
On March 8, 1963, these figures were, re-
I eaprunde is sufficient to menfy the meat and economic distress exist in the spectively: 161,151 and 56,452. This leaves
area undeo the Redevt Act. district which I represent, we shall con- 104,699 refugees registered but not resettled
This has not yet been accomplished for tinue to request assistance and urge fav- through the assistance program.
a variety of reasons. Whatever the rya- While we are quite sure that the Depart-
eorable cts under this very consideration for approved proj- . ment of Labor has these figures since the
son, the- prtntified so o a as s to to be have not eligible yet for cts under this verworthy program. U.S. Employment Service is associated with
been s so o certified Mr. Speaker, the economic us, both in Washington and Miami, in as-
employment the which would be available economic under tdistress and unemployment in the Mia;ni silting Cuban refugees, we are immediately
Areas edeve by nt Acte to us under the h area arises not only from the usual communicating them to Secretary Wirtz and
Area Redevelopment
situation mic s Ac.sources, but also because of the tremen- to Secretary Hodges.
The e Dade dous number of refugees who are resid- Our information is necessarily limited to
County is Americaan. Total un Cuban, is fan- ing therein. Whether the refugee is em- figures on refugees who have registered with ment,
ram. who have ehe been
throu tast ca y high. Citizens Cad refugees ployed or unemployed, his presence con- us and
reSettled not have h our We, are in open competition for a limited tributes directly to the economic distress figu es on the number of Cuban refugees
and high unemployment of American who have resettled from Miami without Our
number a jobs. Wages have tended
runn to citizens. It is this factor which my bill
become depressed. Feelings are running assistance or on the number of refugees who
deals with. It is because of the persis- may be living in Miami that have not regis-
high. The laboring classes, and part tence of these unusual factors that I tried with us.
of thisly the Negro, have felt the brunt have sought relief under Public Law 87- If we can be of further assistaJ1e we shall
of this distress. 27, the Area Redevelopment Act. be pleased to do so.
Mr. Speaks i the foreign policy g the
and I have also long sought relief under Sincerely,
United Sadten one of long standing any this law by administrative determination ANTHONY J. CELEBREZZE,
great t wion-down through history under existing criteria. Since the middle Secretary.
we arek kn nown as a sure haven from per- - of last year, I have requested and urged
secution and the upholders of individual repeatedly that in the criteria determi- THE SECRETARY of COMMERCE,
rights and freedom. But it is this very Washington, D.C., April 9, 1969.
foreign policy, in action, which has per- nation for Area Redevelopment Act eli- Hon. DANTE B. FASCELL,
gibility, all unemployed shall be con- House of Representatives,
mitted these refugees-mothers, fathers, sidered regardless of whether they are Washington, D.C.
wives, and children-to escape tyranny, Americans or refugees. While the De- DEAR CONGRESSMAN FASCELL: I have been
fear, and death and to seek refuge and partment has had this matter before it informed that Area Redevelopment Adminis-
security in the United States. all these many months, it has not yet trator William L. Batt, Jr., met with you this
I have no quarrel with this policy nor been resolved. past week and that you had a full discussion
does the overwhelming majority of the On March 13, 1963; I directed letters to of the situation in Dade County. I am
thankful for this exchange and I know that
people in the district which I represent. the Secretaries of Health, Education, and th nkfu afo my coxcrn g the veknowfic at
But, Mr. Speaker, I submit that the Welfare; Labor, and Commerce urging situation arising from the presence of the
American citizens who are directly af- that immediate action be taken on this large number of Cuban refugees in the Miami
fected as a result of this policy, and who problem. I now report to you that I have area.
are the citizens of the district I repre- received the following responses to my Let as me the assure tyou o that we will act jusSecret
sent, are entitled to consideration in ob- letters: soon
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 tart' of Labor becomes available. I under- --r? - _+
stand that the promised survey Whereas it has become obvious that the retary of Commerce of the United States;
underway that we can expect results within weeks. of needs of these their own, have refugees
become a burden r onf cer- States; to the S ecre Labor of the United-
Weh
Health ave have the personal assurances of omc(elr tain local areas of this State and that the tion, and Welfare of he United States; and
of the Department of Labor that they are local resources and facilities of these areas to each member of the Florida congres-
actively pressing the Investigation. have been taxed beyond their capacities; and atonal delegation.
Mr. Batt also informed me of recent Whereas the education of Cuban refugee
special legislation that you have introduced children is now pressing hard on the educa-
on this matter. Supporting statements and/or formal
I am certain that through tional funds and facilities provided by the resolutions supporting the request for the
our common efforts we can find a reasonable State of Florida, and
solution to the unusual situation in Miami. Whereas the present existence a ountSiori of ARA ed by the to Dade
Sincerely yours, of this large County were submitted by the Honorable
number of Cuban refugees has already placed Farris Bryant, Governor of the State of
LUTHER if. Hone, tremendous and herculean economic burdens Miami Secretary of Commerce. upon the local residents and the local gov- South Dade Council oofMiami-Dade
Mr. Speaker, I am extremely pleased ernments of these areas in that the local
to report today that hearings were con- labor market has been drastically affected to Chamber of Commerce; the county com-
ducted bef report
to
o the Banking and Currency the detriment of the permanent working missioners of Dade County, Fla.; City
Committee on April 9 in support of theWhereas many of these local residents are Dade cCounty ttLeague oofhMunicipalities;
proposed legislation to amend the Area being displaced from their regular employ- North Miami Beach Chamber of Com-
Redevelopment Act. ment and thus becoming an additional eco- merce; and the City Council of Miami
At that time corroborating testimony nomic burden to the local welfare bureau and Springs.
to existent conditions In Dade County in many instances causing the permanent
was given by the Honorable Robert King residents In these areas to become a bur- In conclusion, Mr. Speaker, I wish to
was mayor by the the city l Miami, Fden on their friends and relatives; and reiterate my previous remarks that for
the , m
Honorable of Joseph A. Bard, Fla.; a. Jr., ; Whereas the charitable organizations in many years now the people of the district
chairman
chairman of the Board of County Com- an~u^dareas have ul heavy also had pburden arising rageously, and generously have willingly, cou-
missioners of Dade County, Fla.; Mr. W. as a result of the tremendous Influx of Cu- generously borne by
J. Owens, president of the Dade County ban refugees which has strained their re_ brunt of the problems brought about by
F
d
e
eration of Labor; the Honorable Ar- sources to the breaking point; and
thur Patten, Jr., county commissioner of Whereas It has become obvious that the
Dade County; and the following Repro- needs of these refugees cannot be met from
sentatives to the Florida State Legisla- local resources and facilities which have
ture from Dade County: the Honorable been substantially depleted; and
Leo Furlong, the Honorable Richard to Whereas this regardless
the
Pettigrew, the Honorable Maxine Baker, continued Increase in the numbers of reru-
the Honorable Lee Weissenborn, and Mr. gees to be found in the Dade County area,
John Frederick Thomas, director of the which Is the major port of entry for these
Cuban refugee program welfare, De- helpless and unfortunate refugees, duo to
partment of Health, Education, and and existing policy of the U.S. Government,
Welfare.
refugees living and working with us. We
have been and are proud of the part
which we have been called upon to play
in the longstanding humane concepts of
a free society, indicating to the refugees
and to the world, proof of its concern
for the dignity and the worth of an
individual. This principle, among oth-
ers, separates us clearly from the Corn-
munists or any other system which seeks
Whereas there is the ever-present danger worth and dignity as secondary orieven
Also in attendance to lend his support that the problems created by this tremen- unnecessary. But, Mr. Speaker, in doing
was the Honorable Irving G. McNayr, dous influx of Cuban refugees may spread to all this, we must also take every step to
county manager of Metropolitan Dade other areas of Florida and aggravate their
County. problems, and see to it that our own citizens receive
Testifying in absentia by the submis- Whereas this tremendous problem must be assistance from our Government, par-
Immediately of statements were the Honorable immediately alleviated In order to prevent ticularly and especially when such as-
Charles R. Hadley , chairman of one able irreparable harm, both to the economic and sistance is within the spirit and intent
Charles R. of Daae County, had Mr. social well-being of the citizens of this of laws already enacted by this body.
zens John B. Turner, president of the Miami- Whereas these helpless and Unfortunate I tua to remind my colleagues that
Dade County Chamber of Commerce. Cuban refugees and local residents who have the situation now existing in Dade Coun-
Dade to be present but represented been displaced from their places of employ- ty is not the result of the actions or
by a telegram of support was Florida's moat because of these problems in these lo- foreign policy of the Floridians, but
State representative, the Honorable Mary cal areas, now have more than doubled In rather a direct result of American tra-
Ann MacKenzie, from Dade County. number the unemployment In these local dition and policy, many times reaffirmed
Showing the r from Dade a runty. for areas and have brought the unemployment by every administration of the U.S. Gov-
situation in these areas to a critical stage; ernment. The burden of responsibility
immediate legislative action, House
Memorial 229 was received from the
and Whereas there Is and solution ion Dade must not County, with the
Florida State Legislature, to wit: Congress of the UitedS pending ates withn a defl~ citizens of Fla. It must
Memorial to the Congress of the United nomic and social problems caused in these
States toiore fully recognize that the im- tyrannical areas and oppre vt refugees fleeing the
pact of approximately 150,000 Cuban ref- tyrannical and government pressure of the
ugees has created a substantial and per- therefore, be govrmm~t of Cuba: Now,
sistent unemployment and social problem. therefore, be it Legislatu
which has and does exist in the heavily of Resolved by That the the Congre the Congress of the nit-
populated Dade County area and that fur- e d the Upectfully
ly
ther and Immediate action must be taken d States be and It Is hereby respectfully
prompt remedies be found to alleviate urged and requested to give full recog-
the harmful conditions that do now exist nition to the fact that the Cuban refugee
and will continue to exist and become problem in this State is primarily the re-
acute with the continuous heavy Influx of of national sponational of the Federal Government and
these refugees among the residents of this concern and ask that Dade
tional
State assistance and relief be provided to Dade
Whereas the Con County and any other counties similarly af-
has heretofore gress of the United States fected and that other Cuban refugee cen-
given recognition to the ex- tars be established in the United Statesand
Istence of the large numbers of Cuban re- other ports of entry be established for the
fugees In this State and to the problems entrance of these unfortunate and helpless
caused thereby; and refugees from Communist tyranny; be it
Whereas this large number of refugees who further
continue to flee from the tyrannical and op- Resolved, That copies of this memorial be
pressive conditions of the communistic gov- dispatched to the President of the United
ernment of Cuba to seek a haven in a demo- States; to the President of the U.S. Sen-
cratic country where human rights and dig- ate; to the Speaker of the House of Repre-
nity are recognized supreme; and sentatlves of the United States; to the Sec-
HOSPITAL INSURANCE ACT OF 1963
(Mr. ST GERMAIN (at the request
of Mr. LIBONA1?I) was given permission
to extend his remarks at this point in
the RECORD and to Include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. ST GERMAIN. Mr. Speaker, it
Is my privilege today to present this
companion measure to the Hospital In-
surance Act of 1963 which is designed
to provide effective medical care for our
senior citizens.
The provisions of this bill are too well
known to necessitate a further explana-
tion at this time. However, it is im-
possible to overstress the great need
which exists for the prompt enactment
of this legislation.
There are now approximately 17.5
million people in this country who are
age 65 or over. With few exceptions,
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