JOHNSON ADMINISTRATION TO UNDERGO FIRST TEST ON CUBA IN VENEZUELA DEMAND FOR OAS MEETING TO CONSIDER SANCTIONS AGAINST CUBA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200240077-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 6
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 18, 2004
• Sequence Number: 77
• Publication Date: December 2, 1963
• Content Type: OPEN

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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
I invite my colleagues to take special
note of this symbol that tops the Capitol
dome as they leave the House today and
as they come here for sessions of this
body. I urge those who visit their Cap-
ital City to make a special. effort to pause
and view this important historic monu-
ment as a first on their list of musts to
see.
Whether against a clear blue cloud-
less sky on a crisp autumn day, or a white
and. pink puffed sky in summer; whether
it is seen in the haze of the early morn-
ing serving to catch the first ray of a ris-
ing sun in early spring, or reflects the
light of a setting sun in a fading summer
evening; whether the air be hot or
chilled, in rain and in sunshine, Freedom
Statue stands as a silent sentinel to help
all who view it from near or afar to re-
member that America is richly blessed
above all nations with that priceless pos-
session-freedom. For those who may
not be in possession of the official in-
formation regarding the statue, the fol-
lowing, I am sure, will be of great
interest:
STATUE OF FREEDOM
The statue surmounting the dome of the
U.S. Capitol, and facing to the east, is offi-
cially known as the Statue of Freedom. It is
19 feet 6 inches high, weighs 14,985 pounds
and cost, exclusive of erecting in place,
$23,796.82.
The figure is that of a woman clad in
flowing draperies with her right hand rest-
ing upon the hilt of a sheathed sword and
her left holding a wreath and grasping a
shield. At the waist, a broach bearing the
letters "U.S." holds the drapery in place.
The head is covered by a helmet encircled
with stars and surmounted by a crest com-
posed of an eagle's head and a bold arrange-
ment of feathers, suggested by the costume of
our Indian tribes.
As a protection from lightning, 10 bronze
points, tipped with platinum, are placed as
follows: one on the head; six on the feathers
in the headdress; one on each shoulder; and
one on the shield.
The statue was designed by Thomas Craw-
ford, father of F. Marion Crawford, the
novelist, and the plaster model for which he
received $3,000 was executed in the Craw-
ford studios in Rome. Mr. Crawford died
in 1857 before the model was shipped from
his studio. Shipment was subsequently made
on April 19, 1858, on the bark Emily Taylor.
The bark, having sprung a leak, put into
Gibraltar for repairs after which the voy-
age was resumed. Encountering, stormy
weather, leaks again developed and part of
the cargo, such as bales of rags and cases
of citron, was thrown overboard, but on the
27th of July, the leak having increased to
such an extent, it was determined for safety
to put into Bermuda. Upon surveys hold, the
vessel was condemned and sold. The cargo,
which had been landed and stored, was
finally forwarded to its destination as indi-
cated in the records, which show that in De-
cember 1858 Tappan and Starbuch of New
York, acting as general agents for the United
States in the receipt and forwarding of the
statuary, notified Captain Meigs, in charge
of the work at the Capitol, that the bark
G. W. Horton, from Bermuda, had arrived
with some of the statuary on board. It was
not possible to bring all of the statuary, and
as late as March 30, 1859, the last of the
statuary, or portions of the model,. were
shipped from New York to Washington by
the schooner Statesman.
The contract for casting the statue in
bronze was awarded to Clark Mills, whose
foundry was located near Bladensburg which
lies just northeast of the District of Colum-
bia. On May 17, 1861, on account of the ex-
isting conditions due to the Civil War, Cap-
tain Meigs, Superintendent of Construction
of the U.S. Capitol, issued orders to stop
work on the statue.
The annual report of Thomas U. Walter,
Architect of the Capitol Extension, dated No-
vember 1, 1862, states that "the Statue of
Freedom, which is intended as the crowning
feature of the dome, is completed, and re-
moved to the grounds east of the Capitol,
where it has been placed on a temporary
pedestal, in order that the public may have
an opportunity to examine it before it is
raised to its destined position."
The hour of 12 m. December 2, 1863, was
selected for the completion of the erection
of the statue in place on the dome. Four
of the sections had been previously raised
to their places and firmly secured to the
structure, leaving the fifth section, embrac-
ing the head and shoulders, to constitute
the crowning feature, the hoisting and ad-
justing of which was the occasion of a Spe-
cial Order No. 248 of the War Department
cost, because they placed their own con-
science and sense of duty above life it-
self. This symbol of freedom which they
placed atop the Capitol dome is evidence,
too, that in the midst of struggle and
pain and suffering they looked forward
with hope and faith, confident that God,
having a stake in the destiny of this
free Nation, would preserve it and keep
it.
Our Nation lives because God lives in
the hearts and lives of its citizens.
While life itself requires sacrifice, I am
confident that the people of the United
States will not be found wanting in the
future as they have not been found
wanting in the past when the right de-
manded their all.
PLEDGE OF SUPPORT FOR
PRESIDENT JOHNSON
which provided that at the moment at which (Mr. FOREMAN (at the request of
a flag was displayed from the statue, a na- Mr. MORSE) was given permission to ex-
tional salute of 35 guns should be fired from tend his remarks at this point in the
a field battery on Capitol Hill, the last gun
from this salute to be answered by a similar RECORD.)
salute from the 12 forts which at that Mr. FOREMAN. Mr. Speaker, I rise
time constituted a line of fortifications sur- today to express the heartsickness and
rounding the city of Washington. sorrow of west Texans and Americans
Precisely at 12 m. on the aforesaid 2d day- everywhere over the incredible and
of December 1863, the crowning feature of
the statue was started from the ground in
front of the Capitol by means of the steam
hoisting apparatus which had been success-
fully used for the construction of the en-
tire dome and in 20 minutes it reached the
height of 300 feet, when it was moved to its
place and firmly attached to the remaining
portion of the figure; as soon as it was ad-
justed, the American flag was unfurled over
its head and the national salute was fired.
The original plaster model from which
the bronze statue was cast is now on exhi-
bition in the old building of the National
Museum in Washington, D.C.
The freedom statue should remind us
and the world of the multitudes who,
with their lives-in peace and in war-
have made freedom meaningful. These
include not only Presidents and other
high Government officials but men and
women serving in office at every level of
government; the schoolboy who writes
his thesis on "What America Means to
Me"; the young lady who marches with
her Girl Scout troop, proudly carrying
the flag of her country; the mother who
rears her child with a love for freedom
with responsibility; the dad who works
to support his family, who looks ever
beyond each day that he might grasp
the opportunity to do greater things;
the preacher, priest, and rabbi who serve
their countrymen in the name of the
Almighty, reminding them it is God who
has endowed them with the right to life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;
the soldier standing guard on a lonely
outpost; the sailor braving the perils of
the sea-words cannot begin to name the
multitude of citizens who swell the
mighty chorus of those who have made
freedom ours and who today, unsung
yet willing, keep us free.
Let not this day pass without noting
that those who had occupied this his-
toric place of responsibility and author-
ity not only were strongly aware of where
they had been and from whence they
came-but they faced without flinching
the responsibilities that confronted them
in their day and met them at whatever
shocking tragedy that occurred on Fri-
day, November 22. We all mourn this
terrible tragedy that brought death to
our President and painful injury to our
Governor. Our warmest and most sin-
cere sympathies are felt for Mrs. Ken-
nedy, her children, and the family. Our
prayers are with the Kennedy family
and also, with our Texas Governor, John
Connally and his family.
Mr. Speaker, our hopes, prayers, and
support are with our new and able Pres-
ident, Lyndon Johnson, in the trying
days ahead. We pledge our strength
and support in joining with him in pick-
ing up the reins of Government and
carrying on in the manner in which we
know, he and we, are capable. May
God's love, grace, and mercy be with
President Johnson, the Members of Con-
gress, and all Americans as we face the
DERGO FIRST TEST ON CUBA IN
VENEZUELA DEMAND FOR OAS
MEETING TO CONSIDER SANC-
TIONS AGAINST CUBA
(Mr. CRAMER (at the request of Mr.
MORSE) was given permission to extend
his remarks at this point in the RECORD
and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, the first
real test of the determination and de-
cisiveness of the administration of Presi-
dent Johnson on the Cuba question
comes tomorrow when Venezuela, with
proof positive of Cuba's armed interven-
tion in the recent elections there, asks
for a meeting of the foreign ministers of
the Western Hemisphere nations in the
OAS to consider sanctions against Cuba
under the Rio Treaty of 1947.
It is my earnest hope that the United
States will take a leadership role in call-
ing for the imposition of sanctions
against Cuba's Communists who have
been caught "Red handed," so to speak,
with their Weapons on the beach of Para-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE December 2
guana, some 3 tolls of it, inciting riots
and violence in an effort to create an at-
mosphere of chaos that could have re-
sulted in the invalidation of the election
through the imposition of martial law,
had it succeeded.
The arms were traced to a Belgian na-
tional arms factory that provided the list
of the numbers of weapons provided for
the Cuban Army which matched the
serial numbers on the weapons found on
the beach in Venezuela.
The Rio Treaty provides for sanctions
against Cuba in such a case, including
the breaking off of diplomatic relations,
complete cutoff of all trade-including
flow of subversives-all communications
and even the use of armed force. Today
five Latin countries continue to recognize
Cuba: Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Bolivia, and
Uruguay.
I have been calling for the demand, by
the United States, that these nations
withdraw recognition but no effort to ac-
complish this has been made by our State
Department. Little has been done in
preventing the flow of subversives to and
from Cuba. Too little has been accom-
plished in cutting off trade-even be-
tween our allies and Cuba. Even these
steps short of the use of armed force have
not been taken.
It is my hope that the Johnson admin-
istration will back up this demand for a
meeting of the foreign ministers as pro-
posed by Venezuela and that we will at
last give the OAS the needed leadership
in imposing sanctions to cut off the
threat of communism from Cuba.
This is the first major test of the abil-
ity of the new administration to meet the
challenge of Communist growth in this
hemisphere and in dealing with the
Cuban challenge. The entire world will
be watching to measure the determina-
tion of the United States under its new
leadership. Now is the time to let the
world know of our will to win against
the Communist menace in this hemi-
sphere.
Following are two articles on this sub-
ject which appeared in the December 2,
1963. issue of the Washington Daily
News :
A NEW TEST FOR SOLVING CUBA POSER
(By Virginia Prewett)
Venezuela's request for Organization of
American States action under the Rio Treaty
against Castro's Cuba for aggression and sub-
versive attack is no more a parochial heml-
sphere crisis than was Castro's power seiz-
ure in Cuba.
This Is the beginning of a test of Russian
and United States positions. The test will
determine whether Russia means to exact as
the price of the tenuous existing detente a
free hand on the Central and South Ameri-
can land mass. It will determine whether
the United States believes Latin America is
expendable.
Venezuela now gives the United States an
opportunity to solve the Cuban problem at
the insistence of a Latin American complain-
ant invoking a treaty that binds all New
World governments. This Is an open and
honorable path, in many ways far less dan-
gerous than the inside plotting against
Castro that has gone on in U.S. official cir-
cles for months past.
CLEANUP CHANCE
It gives the United States a chance to clean
up the Caribbean In support of a Latin Amer-
ican nation that is an example of democratic
reform. If there is to be any peace, then our
Government must surely stand for the rule
of law and of recognized International
treaties established to maintain peace. This
was the prime purpose of the Rio instrument.
If our helmsmen are timid and boggle this
chance. the effects will be tremendously for
reaching. For our treaty obligations under
the Rio Instrument are every bit as solemn
and legal and binding as our NATO obliga-
tions. They are as binding as the Moscow
test ban treaty.
President Romulo Betanoourt of Venezuela
has voiced a grim truth: So long as Castro's
Cuba exists. Latin America will be under un-
bearable Communist subversive attack. He
asks for the threat to be eradicated the only
way It can be-with the elimination of Com-
munist Cuba.
THE FINE PRINT
The U.S. State Department appears to sup-
port the Venezuelan position. But the fine
print shows that our officials, while admit-
ting that Venezuela has caught Cuban sub-
version red handed, speak of "increasing
vigilance" around Cuba. This is quite dif-
ferent from eradicating the evil at its source.
Washington assures Latin America that we
keep strict surveillance over Cuba. This
rings hollow In face of the Castro-armed
terror In Venezuela and in Colombia and
elsewhere.
Many U.S. leaders. more familiar with Eu-
rope or Asia, regard Latin America as a side-
show. If Washington pushes this fetal weak-
ness too far, we shall find ourselves isolated
In a sea of broken alliances, broken treaties,
and hostile neighbors controlled from Mos-
cow.
ARMS ISSCE RAISED: OAS PLANS MEETING ON
CASTRO
(By Richard H. Boyce)
For the fifth time since Fidel Castro came
to power In Cuba, the rest of the hemisphere
is considering a high-level conference on
what to do about him.
None or the previous meetings has had
much effect, Now Venezuela wants the
council of the Organization of American
States to call a meeting of foreign ministers
of the hemisphere nations.
Venezuela, long a prime target of Com-
munist Cuba's terrorism and subversion,
wants the meeting because she discovered
a cache of 3 tons of arms and ammunition
on Paraguana Beach, some 350 miles north-
west of Caracas.
The cache Included Belgian-made rifles.
PROOF
Venezuela says Cuba put the arms there.
and calls this an act of aggression. The
United States said modern electronic tech-
niques were used on the arms here to bring
out markings, and proved Venezuela's claim.
The Belgian national arms factory clinched
it by providing a list of serial numbers of
weapons the factory made for the Cuban
Army.
Fading the arms Is the first real proof the
Castro regime is shipping munitions to Cas-
troltes in other Latin American countries,
though this has long been regarded as true.
Tomorrow the OAS meets to consider Vene-
zuela's charge and decide whether to order
a Foreign Ministers' Conference.
STEP BY STEP
It would take only a majority of the 20
OAS members to call such a conference.
But the Ministers' Conference would need a
two-thirds vote to take action against Castro.
What action could it take?
Venezuela wants the Conference to be held
tinder the 1947 Rio Treaty.
This spells out steps the hemisphere can
adopt-recall of ambassadors from Havana,
breakoff of diplomatic and consular relations,
complete cutoff of all trade and communica-
tions and the use of armed force.
The Foreign Ministers' Conference held in
Punta del Este, Uruguay, in January 1962,
kicked Castro's regime out of the inter-
American family of nations, and suspended
trade in arms.
But that action did not make any breakoff
mandatory. Five Latin countries still have
diplomatic ties with Cuba-Mexico, Chile,
Brazil, Bolivia, and Uruguay.
Under the Rio Treaty, breaking ties would
be mandatory.
Diplomatic observers here speculate finding
of the arms cache is such serious proof of
Castro's work that even these five countries
might vote for some Rio Treaty sanctions.
But no one expects a ministers' conference
to vote the use of armed force. Armed force
Is not obligatory on member nations under
the Rio Treaty.
THE CENTAUR PROGRAM
The SPEAKER. Under previous or-
der of the House, the gentleman from
California [Mr. MILLER] is recognized
for 30 minutes.
(Mr. MILLER of California asked and
was given permission to revise and ex-
tend his remarks.)
Mr. MILLER of California. Mr.
Speaker, on Wednesday afternoon, No-
vember 27, 1963, America's space pro-
gram achieved another first. A new
kind of launch vehicle, called Centaur,
was successfully fired from Cape Ca-
naveral; now known as Cape Kennedy.
That launching was significant for a
number of reasons.
To begin with, Centaur is the first
booster in America's stable of launch
vehicles that uses liquid hydrogen fuel.
Hydrogen has long been recognized as a
fuel with great promise for it offers
significant performance advantages over
conventional propellants for rocket use.
Liquid hydrogen, however, is hard to
handle, and harnessing it for space mis-
sions involves development of a whole
new technology.
Virtually all upper stages of large
space vehicles under development during
the next decade, both chemical and nu-
clear, will be designed to take advantage
of the unique properties of liquid hydro-
gen. Centaur, therefore, provides the
Space Agency with an indispensable re-
search and development tool, with which
our scientists are learning liquid hydro-
gen technology.
In addition, NASA plans to use the
Centaur launch vehicle for a variety of
space missions, the most urgent of which
is the unmanned exploration of the
moon with a spacecraft called Surveyor;
this is a necessary preliminary to the
Apollo manned lunar landing program.
Major elements of NASA's planetary
science program also depend upon the
Centaur launch vehicle, with its inherent
ability to project larger payloads to the
planets.
We members of the Committee on Sci-
ence and Astronautics are particularly
pleased at Centaur's first successful
flight, following a long history of tech-
nical difficulties, delays, and reassign-
ments of responsibility.
In order to throw a little light on some
of the problems encountered in the pro-
gram, I want to give a brief review of
Centaur's unusual history.
The Centaur program dates back to
the summer of 1958, when a proposal by
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Appendix
The Modern Miracle and the Ancient
Curse,
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BOB WILSON
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, December 2, 1963
Mr, BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, un-
der leave to extend my remarks in the
RECORD, I include the following article
from the New York Times of November
26, 1963:
THE MODERN MIRACLE AND THE ANCIENT CURSE
(By Arthur Krock)
WASHINGTON, November 25.-For the first
time since leaders of the nations assembled
at the bier of another, to pay final tribute to
him and to his people, all have been able to
make the pilgrimage within two settings of
the sun. Only 3 days had elapsed from the
death of President Kennedy in Texas to the
hour when his requiem was intoned in Wash-
ington. Yet so complete has been man's con-
quest of time and distance that the requiem
mass and the following interment were at-
tended by the heads or plenary representa-
tives of more than 100 states in the 6 con-
tinents of the world.
Probably it is true, as archivists are say-
ing, that not since the funeral of King Ed-
ward VII has there been a comparable gath-
ering of the incarnations of power. On May
20, 1910, the British sovereign was buried at
Windsor after a long procession through the
streets of London led by his son and suc-
cessor, George V, seven European kings, the
heirs-apparent or prince consorts of many
others and a group of special ambassadors
that included former President Theodore
Roosevelt. But Edward's life had ended 2
weeks before his state funeral could be held
because air transport was only in its crude,
elemental stage. And, the electronic age
being far in the future, no radio and tele-
vision existed to make the whole world a
spectator.
HAMLET'S MEDITATION
If grief had not been uppermost among
those who watched the magnificent funeral
ceremonies, these manifestations of ever-ex-
panding human genius might have been ac-
cented,-as in Hamlet's meditation: "What a
piece of work is a man! How noble in reason!
How infinite in faculty, in form and mov-
ing! How express and admirable in actionj
dened avenger who took law and justice into
his awn hands.
This is the shame which all the elegiasts-
at the Capitol, in the press, and throughout
the world-lamented. And the theme com-
mon to all the elegies may eventually be
sustained by. factual evidence. This theme
is that the violence of political differences
that is current in the United States stimu-
lated the fanaticism that expressed itself in
the murder of the President. But the Amer-
ican people have always been violent and
often venomous In political debate; fanat-
icism bred in personal or doctrinal griev-
ances has taken the lives of three earlier
Presidents and unsuccessfully attempted the
assassination of four who were, were to be, or
had been Presidents. Hence, there is no mer-
it in the implication of some of the orators
that Mr. Kennedy's murder should be re-
lated to the area where it occurred because
of the intensity there of, the controversy
over his policies.
NOT A RIGHTWINGER
This implication especially lacks merit by
,reason of the only facts known about the
only suspect, Oswald. He was a Marxist; at
least a sympathizer with the religion of
communism; emigrated to and married in
the Soviet Union; and was trying to return.
This is certainly not the dossier of the "right-
wing extremists," a stigmatic label of Dallas
which some members of the administration
are too prone to affix.
That inclination was revealed by the
Voice of America broadcast at 1:59 p.m. last
Friday of the ghastly tragedy in the city.
"Dallas," the Voice of America explained to
the world, "is the center of the extreme
rightwing." This gratuitous, and as it
proved false, suggestion that such was the
affiliation of the assassin was deleted from
the broadcast at 2:10 p.m. but it was grist
to Moscow's mill, which has been grinding
it ever since,
to Hemispheric Solidarity
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. CHARLOTTE T. REID
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, December 2, 1963
by Mr. Copley that evening in which he
gives his suggestions for improving rela-
tionships in the Western Hemisphere:
THE AMERICAS-EACH NATION AN ANCHOR TO
HEMISPHERIC SOLIDARITY
It has been some three decades since this
country took historic steps toward a greater
understanding and neighborliness with those
nations which share with us the land mass
of the Americas,
It seems to me in looking back upon those
times that this country under the good-
neighbor policy gave something more impor-
tant than dollars-it gave our neighbors a
feeling of individual dignity and importance,
and greater self-respect in the community of
nations.
Today, as chairman of the Copley News
Service, which covers with special interest
the affairs of South and Central America, I
wonder how all of us can become better
neighbors again-the United States, and the
other American countries to the south.
For it is clear that some of our neighbor-
liness, in recent years, has been lost in sus-
picion or spite. There are those who delib-
erately try to grow hate instead of friend-
ship.
As a newspaperman, i am quite sure that
we cannot repair such friendships with dol-
lars alone, but only with better understand-
ing and communication. This begins, I
think, with a willingness to accept each other
as we are, not as we might like to require
each other to be.
This Is the only way any neighbors can
get along.
This lack of willingness to accept each
other, fully and realistically, may be the
secret of why some of our neighbors might
not be too unhappy if the house of this
particular neighbor-this United States
house-developed a leaky roof, or got rocks
through the windows, or even burned down.
Because in some places-and we must face
this-there is anger toward the United
States, and it is cunningly nurtured by those
who cry "freedom" but who sell slavery, and
who cry "imperialism" but seek everywhere
for broken bits and pieces of the world to
add to their own godless, and ultimately
hopeless, empire.
In looking toward the reasons why the
good-neighbor policy has Suffered growing
strains, it is easy to mention such things as
lower commodity prices, and their effect on
many Latin nations, and to assume that all
ills steer from such econmic problems. But
to do so, I think, ignores four other develop-
ments that have come quite simultaneously.
If we are to be candid in understanding each
other, there four things must be understood
How like an angel in apprehension! How like Mrs. REID of Illinois. Mr. Speaker,
a god! The beauty of the world! The paragon an October 12 it was my great privilege
of animals!" But submerging the incidence to join with others at the dinner of the
of the scientific miracle was the thought of Americas Foundation in New York City
the ancient and abiding curse of violence
which these potentates and princes from and pay tribute to James S. Copley,
afar had come to mourn, chairman of the corporation publishing
The young President lay dead in his coffin the Copley newspapers and chairman of
under his country's flag because not even the the Copley News Service which special-
enlightened system of freedom and self- izes in Latin American news. That eve-
government of which he was the shining ning Mr. Copley became the 20th winner
symbol has exercised this curse from the of the foundation's Americas Award for
human heart. "At his best," said Aristotle, his efforts in "advancing the solidarity
"man is the noblest of all animals; sepa- and mutual trust and respect between
rated from law and justice he is the worst."
At Dallas both law and justice had been the 21 American republics,"
trampled upon by the President's assassin, Under leave to extend my remarks in
by their civic guardians, and by the mad- the RECORD, I include the address made
too.
1. Latin Americans are our special neigh-
bors: no longer are they almost our only
ones. The "neighborhood" has grown. In
our own country's world isolationism be-
fore World War II, our real neighborhood
was our hemisphere. Now it has become the
world-whole new continents have been
added. As a result, when we seek to help
neighbors, there are many more to be helped.
Unfortuately, some must be helped not
only from friendship but from fear of .their
becoming enemies. I think it is human and
natural that some of our old friends in Latin
America, who may be in need, unconsciously
resent the widening circle of our assistance.
2. Postwar economic progress in the world
has most blessed those nations which al-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX December 2
ready had existing Industrial foundations the economic pinch on the common people Stable and honest government becomes a
upon which to build. Many Latin Ameri- grows more painful daily, despite slave-state matter ter of U.S. concern, country, it
can nations, agricultural for the most part, edicts that they produce or starve. money misspent, any
thus have not shared in the technological What, indeed, has happened to the Cuban cannot achieve those objectives which other-
boom which has enriched many other coun- worker, who Is supposed to have been the wise might be possible. Those objectives,
tries. Yet Latin America has to purchase beneficiary of revolution? Now that Cuba's simply stated, continue to be to help other
many of its needs In a world economy in sugar mills, the stores, the power companies nations to help themselves. -help that
peo e
which prices of manufactured goods have and the off all the people, the worker has It this in thelUnited States and
spiraled upward. property
a. The transportation revolution wrought learned that it Is not only unpptriotic, but in the other countries of the hemisphere,
by the Jetplane has changed the world's dangerously counter-revolutionary, to con- can find their greatest opportunity to build
geography, bringing many countries closer cern himself about the right to strike to Im- mutual good will.
together, but in the process making others prove his conditions. I think we can build good will by refrain-
seem farther away, at least in terms of time Not only is he expected to do his normal ing, as conscientiously as possible, not only
and convenience. work, but then, when he is weary, he also is from seeming to dictate any actions by our
4. In these same years, the contest of sys- expected to volunteer to cut sugarcane. He neighbors, but also by guarding against the
tems and ideologies between free nations is, in fact, enslaved. Cuban officials rant appearance of dictation in making our aid
and atheistic communism has led to the long and loud against workers who lie down available.
first full-scale infiltration of Latin America on the job. Perhaps they lie there from ex- We cannot insult proud friends by any
by secret agents of a foreign power. haustion-or from lack of hope of any better know-it-all attitude. It is possible we have
In the light of all these disturbing factors, tomorrow. been guilty of such an attitude in going
It is both surprising and reassuring that In finding that sugar is still the base of along with those who talk too glibly of the
those who have sought to break the historic the Cuban economy, and has to be cut and need for "land reform" In Latin nations.
chains of American hemispheric solidarity sold, the Reds have again proved that they Anyone who has taken the trouble to look
have accomplished so little in the way of do not have any easy, pat answers to the up the statistics on land utilization in Latin
real damage, except In Cuba. economic problems that face us all. America will be struck with the jumbled in-
Cuba, of course, is damaging enough. What can we, and other American nations, formation on this. It appears that no mat-
Cuba was not only our neighbor, but a learn from Cubs, and -so guard against a ter whose estimates or figures are accepted,
next-door neighbor. Now this neighbor's repetition of such catastrophe visiting itself the amount of land under cultivation in
house is filled with guns and thugs. upon other freemen, in still-free nations? most countries is far, far less than the
How can anyone tolerate such a neighbor, First of all, I think we must recognize amount of virgin land available for coloni-
and for how long? It is a problem in which that revolution did not come to Cuba only zation or farming.
we have not acted alone, but have instead because of want or hunger. Cuba, from many if It is true that in some countries a high
consulted other American neighbors. standpoints, was making economic advances percentage of cultivated land 1s in the hands
All we have done, so far, is to Insist that at the time Castro came to power. The of relatively few persons, one way to lower
into total
corrupt goveernmentt not farm production by h hasty breaking
this neighbor longer ecan still, any been fettered by a have
in its household. But he up of
day, shoot up all our houses, and by exam- It is this-the ultimate cost of corrup- large and efficient producers-Is to bring
ple and deed try to corrupt all those around Lion-that we can learn from Cuba. Revo- more new lands to use.
him. This latter he already does, with lutionary leaders-good and bad ones both- Whether It makes more economic sense to
success or failure not easy to measure. grow in lands where bribery and dishonesty put new lands into production, by helping
All that can be surely known is that put their blight on efforts by people to im- pioneers to clear them, rather than to break
Castro, in the 1962 missiles crisis, demon- prove their lot. It was Cuba's special mis- up present successfully run units, is a matter
strated that for the sake of communism, and fortune that a financially corrupt Cuba the consideration of which has been greatly
that of personal power, he was willing to regime had to be overturned by one that was hampered by cries, many of them from the
doom not only his own people but those of also corrupt-this one rotted through with United States, for agrarian reform.
his American Hemisphere to the flash of the concept that the individual is worthless It is strange that the United States, the
atomic death. and has no rights, and that the state can he great agricultural wealth of which was built
It Is the same mad conceit shown by any his all-knowing master. by pioneers, should so ignore the role that
lunatic who carries a torch of flame in one It is the moral tragedy of our times that so such pioneers could possibly play in Latin
hand, supposedly illuminating the world, many young people, in many lands like America.
and carries to the other a trembling vial of Cuba, reach forth with eagerness for the A second way to build good will would be
nitroglycerine. manacles that all other generations of men by keeping our promises to Latin America as
From time to time, we hear that Castro is have fought to shed. Castro was one of these faithfully as possible.
really changing. For instance, he is now eager youth; now he is himself as much In the present Congress, efforts to reduce
said to tolerate religion, after his 1981 seiz- enchained by Communist disciplines as any total foreign aid now imperil the promises we
ures of schools and deportation of Spanish- of those followers of his who have not yet made in helping to set up the Alliance for
origin priests. died before his Red firing squads. Progress. To fail to keep our own promises,
The fact Is, however, that Bias Roca. an Other young people. in many of our na- under a program mutually developed, would
important Cuban Communist, has let It be tions, continue to find a fatal and Insane eseem to me ven dishonest e a highly dangerous and
known that it will be the job of the Commu- fascination in such slavery, and so more attack this problem In future
nist Party, as distinguished from the gov- Castros may be growing up, as obscurely as One rh way a to to treat hemisphere aid to a
ernment, to combat religious "lies and preJu- any Hitler or Khrushchev or Castro, waiting years might
item from all other ere aid aid.
dices"-to blackjack religion when the time their day to help forge more chains for any separate
comes. and all of us. Where their governments are Then, if other aid programs are badly admin-
It may be Critic's view that for the govern- carrup, their way is made easier, for they lsteredLatin, and American suffer program public will not be resentment, the
punished
ment itself to impose communistic godless- can seek converts among those made e Pes- not its own.
ness on God-fearing people would be the final simistic of progress in any other way. for A sins third means which are a ntrengthening U.S.-Latin
chipping away of brick that would bring his The most helpful of any single move for friendships wuld be to rely increasingly
prison walls tumbling down. greater hemispheric progress, I think, is to on fact-finding missions to Latin America,
It 1s significant to note that while the fight corruption at any and all levels of gov- the personnel and methods of which would
of -
Berlin wall escapes are often more dramatic, ernment. Better education already is In- merit the so fullest confidence of those would
refugees to the United States from Cuba are stilling a revulsion against mordida as a way meta they visit.
far more numerous, and are estimated to of life, because mordida, and grafts of all o often, our own Copley News Service
reporters en our evidence In Latin News Service
total more than a quarter of a million per- kinds, benefit only the individual while Too
matt
sons-a severe loss of talented and coura- harming all others, andweakening the state. are made a WAmerica
geous people from a land that has some six Lest I be misunderstood, we In the United decisions the facts have not Washington gto clearly de study.
careful been field study.
a half million population. States know that we sometimes have our de- e termfined where beforehand have
Dictator Castro, who has slain or jailed 'grading briberies and corruptions, too, ex-
strengthening our most Im-
thousands of other good citizens, may be tending Into State and National legislatures. But the lour h and
n our ood-
unable to afford any further affront to other So I am not pointing in scorn to something ant, means a
for spirit which mo is to t motivated us in emphasize
thousands who have tried to keep some faith not known In our own country. neighbor
the again
in a restored free Cuba, and so have stayed But just as we in our country fight
at home. honest government, and hunt down those This to to view each of our neighboring
The ultimate fate of Cuba is hard to guess, who betray our trust, so we feel that other countries as a proud individual, who does
partly because it is so closely connected with nations also could strengthen themselves not went anyone trying to run his life for
communism's own concealed schemes. We by Insisting on clean and decent servants him. It is to view those countries as
do know that Castro has had to reconcile In their governments. comrades in arms for a better world, in
himself to the fact that Cuba must continue The Latin American press can be of great which each country, large and small, has its
to grow sugar, while giving up dreams of service here, just as the press In the United own hold role to play, and its own traditions
grandiose steel mills, and we do know that States has been In our country. P
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 "lq vi'Li:aalvIV l1L iclv%.,VK1J - APPENDIX A7333
If the world gets into a shooting conflict, series on the general subject of "Castro's AN ODE TO JOHN FITZGERALD KENNEDY, 35TH
the
show ldAmereric
toash ui nll in lder i hehbattletope- Network
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
OccasionallyBMr. Rosentanswered a gVes -
serve the freedoms so dear to all the Amer- tion. He did admit to having been a car- (By Breckenridge Porter, Jr.)
ice. - penter, but declined to identify his union, In his heart a passion lived
If we view our neighbors in such a way, though the Senators told him there was That the world might be more amative.
perhaps they also will be able to see us in a nothing at all suspect about his union. He Love of man his main concern;
different light-as someone who is willing to did identify himself as being Jacob Rosen, of Peace he spake, hate he spurned.
bear his responsibility in helping his neigh- 636 West 174th Street, New York. He de- Throughout the world he made his plea,
bors get along. clined to answer questions about a news story For peace on earth, and unity.
They will see that when it comes to crisis, in the New York Times about the disillu- And from those countries he traveled home,
we too bring courage to the ranks. And sionment of many members of a touring U.S. Only to fall among his own.
they will see that when it comes to freedom, youth group in Moscow. The story had Now our peoples are coterie,
this hemisphere still offers the great and last- noted that, while many of the traveling And Heaven is the resting place, for
big hope. youngsters seemed disillusioned with the John Fitzgerald Kennedy.
It is a time for all neighbors' hands in this Soviets, "Jacob Rosen, of 638 West 174th
American hemisphere to be outstretched Street, Manhattan, a junior at City College,
again in friendship and trust-not out- went without sleep [in Moscow] to keep
stretched, instead, for another hemisph things moving."
manacles and chains. ere's Throughout most of the 323 Please, God, Help Us Keep the Clock of
ages he re-
spectfully declined to answer
questions. Democracy Wound
Not Navin 323
Investigating Committees Defended
g pages at our disposal we can
only list here a small sampling of the ques-
tions he didn't answer. He declined to say EXTENSION OF REMARKS
anything about a photo of a bearded Jacob of
EXTENSION OF REMARKS J c
Rosen In Cuba, or ob Rosen directing howeAmerican youth HON. BURT L. TALCOTT
of should be organized along Communist lines; OF CALIFORNIA
or an article: "I Was in Youth Brigade Build- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
HON. ROBERT R. BARRY ing School-City in Cuba" by a Jake Rosen;
OF NEW YORK or an identification card issued to V.S. Car- Monday, December 2, 1963
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES penter Jacob Rosen by a "Volunteer Inter- Mr. TALCOTT. Mr. Speaker, the fol-
national Workers' Brigade" operating in the lowing address was given by Mr. Joseph
Monday, December 2, 1963 Sierra Maestra in Cuba.
Mr. BARRY. Mr. Speaker, in the a One of the things that more people would L. Gabriel, of Hollister, Calif., at the
December Issue of the American Legion full
ppreciate If h could texts of th se hearings is the doc men- ing the Rotary International Convention
magazine there is an editorial concern- tation which congressional committees put in Los Angeles, June 5, 1962. Mr. La-
ing the investigating committees of in the record as the basis of their question- briel is one of my constituents who has
Congress. It is a well-reasoned argu- ing. Very few Americans, we believe, Would done considerable thinking about some
ment supporting the work of our invests- cente ommittees are f fishing expeditions, or are ut to "smear where of he speaks. His remarks seem
The recent activities of Fair Play for secure the full, Innocent fascinating transcripts eIna P :ly valid today. I quote him as
Cuba Committee, I have in mind demon- stead of getting their information too briefly follows:
ostrations on Capitol Hill, makes this edi- at second hanIf the committees are ever Itis a distinct honor to have been invited
torial compelling reading for those who mistaken in the enormous research on which to be on your program, and to talk to you on
are interested in fighting subversion. I they base their questioning the hearings a subject close to my heart, a subject which
commend the following American Legion give any innocent parties an opportunity to should be close to the heart of every loyal
magazine's editorial to my colleagues: point out the mistakes. Mr. Rosen, and American.
THE INVESTIGATING COMMITTEES many others, prefer to remain silent. It Democracy is like a clock. It will run
There are few things that we regret more if
would be a good you, and everyone thing cpublic information down unless our kees it
ould read all this Our gathering togethertiin fellowsh wound.
than that the average American never reads, documentation and all this silence. An "in- good people from the Southern States of or
and never has a chance to read, the pub- formed public opinion" is supposed to be the great Nation, the States so well known for
lished transcripts of hearings conducted by basis of true democracy, and we respectfully hospitality and friendship, and we of dis-
the House Committee on Un-American call this to the attention of Representative trict 613 from the northern part of Cali-
Activities and by the Internal Security Sub- ROOSEVELT and his friends before they make fornia, is democracy in action.
committee of the Senate Committee on the their next move to choke off informed public I come before you as a plain, common
Judiciary. opinion when Congress reopens in January. American citizen, deeply concerned about
We assume that most Members of Con- If they actually believe in government the welfare of our beloved America. I am
gress actually do read them, instead of read- by an Informed public, we have a sugges- not representing any political party or st-
ing about them in the writings of others who tion. This year, instead of trying to abolish tacking any of its leaders. I am not running
may, or may not, have an ax to grind, but the House committee, let them take the lead for office. I do not want you to vote for me.
who do (and perhaps must) write all too in placing several million transcripts of com- I have no merchandise to sell. I speak to
briefly, anyway. mittee hearings in the hands of high school you as I think and feel. I want you to help
It hardly segms possible that a Congress- students, teachers, civic organizations, me sell America to the American people.
man who reads the hearings in full could church groups, public libraries, college I have been requested to tell you a per-
vote to abolish or limit either of the com- classes, PTA's, local veterans posts, State and sonal story, which I hope will make you
mittees. Yet Representative JAMES RoosE. local legislatures, etc., along with a sample appreciate what I have to say to you a little
VELT, of California, regularly attempts to mailing of them to a goodly cross section of more. I am an American citizen by choice.
wreck the House Un-American _Activities American homes-and in the future be I came to this country at the age of 13. I
Committee, and while he got a paltry 6 guided by the reaction of an informed pub- couldn't speak a word of English. i hadn't
votes to support him last year, this year he lic.
got a paltry but him last year, this
It is a penny in my pocket. I was barefoot and
got personal fbut l that several million dots hungry. My parents passed away before
lars appropriated to publish and circulate they could learn the language. i never had
many, many more copies of these hearings, An Ode to John Fitzgerald Kennedy a penny left to me. I did all kinds of work.
rather than depending on the sketchy re- I
the num of hors I struggled. I saved. I did not question
ports that the newspapers publish, would EXTENSION OF REMARKS the kind of workuor thec ricei pa t. work,
be for the good of the Nation. We have o hand one of the Senate re- OF wanted was an opportunity p Paid. All I
ports. It is h pages long, e and involves Ppord sold in
many kin.
only the It st323 p of Jacob Rosen, some- HON. ALBERT THOMAS I have bought and sold meny kinds and
time student on New York's osey a soeg - of TEXAS an employe.er. I I have have been
been chiseled, employee and
have and I
who was pretty convincingly identified as an IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES have done a little chiseling. i was born in
energetic
energetic organizer of American youth along Lebanon, a small
the nation very the Mediter-
Communist Party lines, and as one of the Monday; December 2, 1963 manyn, where the rich are very rich, and as
42 youngsters who junketed in Cuba in Mr. THOMAS. Mr. Speaker, under many poor are very
defiance of the State Department's travel leave to extend my remarks in the REC- struge in rh a dvlThe vpooahhad went
ban. The Rosen hearings are but one of a ORD, I include the following: hunngrry. gy. I for have e been te livelihood. Many went
hungry. one e of of those.
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A7334
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX December'-2
Such conditions exist now in many parts
of the world, many cases worse than I ex-
perienced. They are due to lack of freedom,
overtaxation, domination, poor management
on the part of the leaders, and lack of re-
sponsibility on the part of the individual.
I say to you ladies and gentlemen of this
great country, let us be aware of our re-
sponsibility to our beloved America. We are
now, and have been, overtaxed. We have
lost much of our freedom. There is disunity
between management and labor. Our dollar
is In trouble. Do you realize the American
dollar Is worth halt of its value? Things are
out of balance. Too many strikes are affect-
ing our democracy more than you think.
Too many people look to the government for
personal benefits. There are too many de-
partments of government. One out of eight
individuals Is on the State or Fecijeral payroll.
There is too much competition between gov-
ernment and private enterprise. A sound
economy is the basis of our strength, and It
is in danger. We are spending more than we
take In.
In 1929 the national debt was $15 billion.
It is now $30Q billion. The interest on the
national debt is $9 billion annually. We
have $9 billion worth of surplus commodities
on which we are paying storage and interest.
Some say we never had it so good. They
fail to realize that we are operating on bor-
rowed money. They fail to realize we have
mortgaged the children, grandchildren, and
great grandchildren of this generation, and
they are not going to like us for it. They
fail to realize that every man, woman, and
child in America has an obligation of e1"700
to the national debt, not including the indi-
vidual's personal obligation. Nothing can
kill the Initiative of the people more quickly
than for half of them to get the Idea that
they need not work because the other half
will feed them. People suffer in the end
when they demand more and give less.
No nation, however rich or powerful, can
continue to take the beating our beloved
America has taken. No Individual business
large or small, or Institution can continue
to spend more than it takes In and not be
eventually bankrupt. Some say It cannot
happen here. Read history. History tells us
that many nations have been wrecked be-
cause the people failed to accept the full
responsibility of citizenship, and lost all.
The soul of democracy is the voice of the
people. The people fall to rise and do their
part. They fail to accept democracy as a
sacred responsibility. They fail to take part
in politics fearing to lose business. I say to
you If you don't take part In politics you
will have no business. We have lost interest
in the goose that lays the golden egg. We
take things for granted. We let George do it.
It Is not too late. I have faith In this
great country. We have the resources, the
potential in power and strength. What we
need is the spirit of our people once again
asserting Itself. It is not too late to turn
over a new leaf and take inventory, evaluate
our citizenship, and realizing its worth, ac-
cept our responsibilities to the greatest
country on the face of the earth.
I realize I am talking to a Rotary inter-
national convention. I realize that there
are individuals in the audience from other
parts of the world. I'd like to remind you
all that Rotary says to us, "It is the duty
of every Rotarian to be a loyal and devoted
citizen of his own country." That I shall
be as long as God gives me breath. I ask
you to do likewise, What Is good for Amer-
ica is good for the rest of the world.
Democracy has bitter competition and
enemies in the world today among nations
whose philosophy differs from ours. They
seek to Impose their philosophy on us. They
seek control of our lives, our homes, our
freedom. We fall to meet the challenge.
We are too soft, too kind, too generous.
Democracy needs the individual's atten-
tion. daily care, time and effort. It needs in
every community the leadership of people
of the caliber we have here assembled. The
United States of America is the largest
single business in the world. It deserves the
very best in leadership by people of charac-
ter, ability, and balanced judgment. It needs
people of courage and devotion, who are will-
ing to put the country before their party and
themselves. It needs the support of all of
us, We must elect such people to public
office or we shall lose our freedom.
If this freedom is to be saved, Government
expenditures must be curtailed. The dollar
must be saved, Inflation must be checked.
Russia must be halted. She has bluffed us
long enough. Labor and management must
be policed, and made to realize their Inter-
ests are mutual. Labor and management
must recognize their responsibilities. If we
kill one we kill both. Kill both and we kill
free enterprise, Free enterprise means free
labor as well as free management. We'can-
not expect cooperation unless we give it.
Give and you will receive. Love and you
will be loved. It is much later than you
think.
At the time the Constitution was signed
in 1887, a woman. If you please, asked Ben-
klin ""Wbat do we have now?"
n
i F
m n
to stand before an audience like this and
say with no interference.
I love this country more than I can ever
tell you because it gave me opportunity, be-
cause I no longer have to carry wood on my
back, wood I've hunted and scratched for
because it was so scarce, water on my shoul-
der in jugs I've filled from a spring after
waiting in line because it was scarce. I love
this country because I no longer have to eat
stale bread I was glad to get, go barefooted,
sleep on the floor. All these things I did
before I came to America.
God bless America. God give us the
energy, the courage and the determination
to do our part to keep it free, strong, and
peaceful. If any native born or naturalized
citizen does not like this country let him
buy a one-way ticket to the country of his
choice. The sooner he leaves the better.
Ladles and gentlemen, I appeal to you
with all my heart, In all sincerity, and ask
you as Individuals to do your part to-safe-
guard our Institutions of liberty. Please
God help us to keep the clock of democracy
wound.
,
r
a
ja
He replied, "We have a republic It we can No Cause for Cotton Panic
keep it." Another woman sometime later
put a similar question to James Lowell.
American Minister to Great Britain, "How
long will the American Republic endure?"
He replied, "As long as the ideas of the men
who made ft continue to be dominant."
Ladles and gentlemen, the survival of our
Nation depends on what you do as Individ-
uals. "What can I do?" you ask. You need
to accept the full responsibility of your
citizenship. You need to render more
service than ever before to the commu-
nity and to the Nation. You need to
awaken the people around you. You need
to have more faith In democracy. You need
to encourage respect and harmony between
you and your employees which will make for
greater efficiency. You need to take part in
politics, and time out to vote the right peo-
ple Into office. You need to encourage your
family, your neighbors, and the people
around you to do likewise. You need to
stand up and be counted as loyal and faith-
ful citizens. You need to return to your
homes and discharge George. You need to
guide and teach the youth around you the
value of our system of free enterprise and
what it means to them. I say to you with
all my heart that the future of America and
its institutions depends on what you do to
guide the citizens of tomorrow.
You are the guiding force of the com-
munity, State, Nation and free world. You
are the heart of the community in which
you live. Your Influence Is much greater
than you think. The safety of our freedom
Is in your hands. If we value anything more
than our freedom we'll lose it.
Ladies and gentlemen, freedom of oppor-
tunity made America what it Is. We have
the highest standard of living for all classes
any nation has ever had. We have more
opportunity for Initiative than any nation
on earth. Here the weak may become strong.
Men can rise from the depths to the heights
provided they have the determination, the
energy, and of course the capacity. That's
the glory of America.
I like this country for many reasons. Let
me. In conclusion, list a few. I like this
country because the children of the rich
and the children of the poor attend the
same school, are taught by the same teachers.
Such Is not the case in many parts of the
world. I like this country because the paint-
er. the carpenter, the laborer, and the clerk
has the opportunity to join socially the busi-
ness and professional men. I like this coun-
try because the individual has the oppor-
tunity to work, to build, and to create, and
to provide opportunities for others with less
Interference, Not too long ago I was able
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. PAUL C. JONES
OF MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, December 2, 1963
Mr. JONES of Missouri. Mr. Speaker,
on tomorrow we begin the consideration
of the Cooley Cotton bill (H.R. 6196). I
am hopeful that all Members will read
the following article from the November
issue of the Missouri Delta Farmer which
explains some of the things which could
and should be done to improve this bill:
No CAusB FOB CO'rroN PANIC
While everyone knows that cotton is in
trouble, and almost everyone agrees that
additional legislative authority is needed to
do the many things that need to be done for
cotton and the various segments of the In-
dustry, there Is no reason, absolutely no
reason at all, to become panicky about the
current cotton situation.
Unfortunately for everyone the drive for
legislation has lost its sense of direction,
and becomes involved in a maze of exag-
gerated and misleading claims that threaten
to scuttle all possibilities for remedial legis-
lation in the foreseeable future. For exam-
ple, a certain organization recently circu-
lated a statement saying, "Cotton has suf-
fered a direct competitive loss to competing
fibers of about I1/, million bales" since Au-
gust 1, 1981. However, a look at official rec-
ords of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
shows that the average offtake of U.S. cotton
(domestic plus exports) for the most recent
10-year period (including the 1963-64 sea-
son) is 13.6 million bales per year. The
estimated offtake for the current marketing
year is 13.8 million bales or some 200,000
bales above the 10-year average. Another
sentence in this same statement says that
"exports have dropped from 6.8 million bales
to 3.3 million bales" In the 2 years ending
July 31, 1963. In the case of exports, official
figures show an average of 4.9 million bales
were exported during the most recent 10-
year period (including the 1963-64 season)..
Instead of a drop in exports, the estimate of
6 million bales for the current marketing
year actually means a small increase in the
movement of U.S. cotton into world markets.
Official figures on domestic consumption
and exports of U.B. cotton very definitely
contradict and belie claims that cotton has
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