LAW OF THE SEA COUNTRY STUDY GREECE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01054A000100030001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 39
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 27, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: April 1, 1974
• Content Type: STUDY

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Secret
No Foreign Dissent.
Law of the Sea Country Study
Greece
Secret
BGI LOS 74-3
April 1974
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NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION
Unauthorized Disclosure Subject to Criminal Sanctions
Classified by 019641
Exempt from general declassification schedule
of E.O. 11652, exemption category:
?SB(1), (2), and (3)
Automatically eclassi led on:
Date Impossible to Determine
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FOREWORD
The Law of the Sea Country Studies are prepared to support
the NSC Interagency Task Force on the Law of the Sea. The
countries to be included in the series are selected on the
basis of priorities suggested by the chairman of the Task
Force.
Each study has two parts. Part I is an analysis of the
primary geographic, economic, and political factors that
might influence the country's law of the sea olic , the
25X16
public and private expressions of that policy,
1
Part II prove es
basic data and in orma ion ea the sea matters.
This study was prepared b the Office of Basic and
Geographic Intelligence. was provided by 25X18
the Central Reference Service. The stu y was coordinated
within the Directorate of Intelligence and with the Depart-
ment of State. Comments and questions may be directed to the
LOS Country Studies Working Group, Code 143, Extension 2257.
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CONTENTS
Part I - Law of the Sea Analysis
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Factors Influencing Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? 2
Law of the Sea Policy . . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . ? ? ? . . 4
Key Policy Makers and LOS Negotiators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Part II - Background Information
Basic Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Present Ocean Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Action on Significant UN Resolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Membership in Organizations related to LOS Interests. . . . . . 21
Draft articles submitted by Greece to the Seabed Committee
Maps: Regional map
Theoretical Division of the World Seabed
i i i
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NO FOREIGN DISSEM
Part I - Law of the Sea Analysis
The Government of Greece regards the provisions
of the Conventions of the 1958 Conference on the
Law of the Sea and actions of such competent bodies
as IMCO as established international law and opposes
changing them. At the same time Greece recognizes
the necessity for filling gaps in these existing
laws but, where possible, it prefers that the LOS
Conventions define general issues rather than details.
The Regime of Islands is the country's fundamental issue. Its
sovereignty over islands adjacent to Turkey may be at stake. The
Greek position on territorial seas of non-uniform width but not
exceeding 12 n. m. is also closely tied to the 1958 definition
of the Regime of Islands. Freedom of navigation is the second
most important issue. Greece does not want interruptions that
could impact on shipping, the country's most important contributor
to current national income, and which is of fundamental significance
for long-term national development.
The Greeks espoused the archipelago concept primarily as a
tactical matter. They felt on stronger ground on the straits issue
and considered their offer of bilateral arrangements as a suitable
accommodation to the U.S. straits position. Greek resistance to U.S.
proposals was based on distrust of Soviet activities while transiting
the Aegean Sea and Turkish challenges to Greek sovereignty of Aegean
islands, rather than lack of commitment to the United States, It is
unclear what quid-pro-quo may be expected for accepting the U.S.
straits position.
Greece favors international standards for prevention and control
of vessel-source pollution.
The. first commercial hydrocarbon discovery in the northern Aegean
has been only recently reported, Greece has other prospective sites
to be tested. As a developing country, Greece also anticipates
sharing in the profits from exploitation of the deep seabed. Despite
its importance in international shipping, Greece has not been
important in distant water fisheries or scientific research, Athens
considers technological achievements as properly belonging to all
mankind, and has supported the joint consideration of scientific
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research and the transfer of technology. It may be seeking more
benefits for the developing countries.
B. FACTORS INFLUENCING LOS POLICY
Special Geographic Features
Greece lies adjacent to vital sea lanes in the eastern Medi-
terranean Sea, in the Ionian Sea, and in the Aegean Sea--the
gateway to the Turkish straits (Dardanelles and Bosporus) and
the Black Sea. Gulfs and bays penetrate far inland, and very
little of Greece is more than 50 miles from the sea.
The submarine topography of the Ionian Sea, west of Greece,
is deeper and more regular than that of the Aegean Sea to the
east. The 200-fathom curve lies within 6 n. m. of the entire
length of the coast, and the depths in open water off the
northern portion of the coast range from 400 to 700 fathoms
increasing gradually to over 2,000 fathoms off the extreme
southwest coast.
The Aegean Sea has an extremely irregular seabed, with a
continental shelf (100 fathoms) ranging from a fraction of a
mile to as much as 30 n. m. offshore. There are three important
deep sea basins, the waters north of Crete, where there are
depths of over 1,000 fathoms, and the areas between Thermaikos
Kolpos and Saros Korfezi and between Tinos and Samos, where
depths exceed 600 fathoms only in a few places.
Mineral Resources -- Since 1968 more than a dozen companies
and groups have been granted concessions covering much of the
Aegean Sea. The discovery of a significant hydrocarbon strike
offshore Thasos Island has been confirmed. Early estimates rate
the potential at about 2.5 million tons of oil per year and gas
reserves of about 50 million cubic feet, roughly 25 percent of
Greece's hydrocarbon needs. Submarine oil seeps of possible
interest also have been reported on Ayios Evstratios Island
(south of Limnos Island) and other islands 1 1/4 to 1 1/2 miles
east of Samothraki.
There is no onshore oil or gas production. Greek industrial
energy requirements are now met largely by local supplies of
lignite and by fuel oil from domestic refineries that utilize
imported crude. Small quantities of petroleum products, mainly
diesel and fuel oils, are also imported, largely from Italy,
the USSR, and Egypt.
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Living Resources -- Fishing is not a major industry in Greece;
about one-fourth of the demand is met by imports. It is important,
however, in locations where alternative sources of employment and
food are limited.
In the last decade the bulk of the fish catch has come from the
Aegean and Ionian Seas and from inland and coastal waters. These
stocks have been over-exploited; and, as production declines,
distant-water fisheries of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic,
mainly the central and south Atlantic off the African coast, are
assuming greater importance. In 1972 Greece expressed an interest
in becoming a member of the International Convention for the
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries.
Deep Seabed Capabilities and Interests -- Greece is not known
to possess any capability to exploit the deep seabed for minerals;
but it does have a strong interest in seeing that archeological
treasures from the seabed are protected.
Marine Transportation -- Merchant shipping is crucial to the
growth of the economy of Greece. Greek-flag ships carry about 40
percent of the country's international trade and serve almost all
its coastal islands. Most cargo ships operate worldwide in non-
scheduled (tramp) service; those in scheduled service (lines) are
employed primarily in Mediterranean and Greek coastal trade.
Tanker tonnage is operated primarily under foreign charter
arrangements.
As of February 1973 the Greek merchant fleet ranked fifth in
deadweight tonnage and fourth in number of ships over 1,000
gross registered tons (g.r.t.) among the fleets of the world.
Over 50% of the total Greek owned g.r.t. is registered under
foreign flag. If combined with Greek-flag tonnage, the country's
merchant fleet would constitute the third largest merchant fleet
in the world after the US and UK.
Naval Considerations -- The Greek navy is the smallest of the
NATO navies in the Mediterranean. It is oriented toward the defense
of the mainland and the seas around Greece. The recent addition of
several ex-U.S. World War II destoryers has given the Hellenic Navy
a limited capability to perform the following missions: protect sea
communications, defend coastal waters and essential bases, and
provide logistic support including transport of troops between the
mainland and the islands. Significant allied assistance would be
needed for extended, simultaneous operations. The Hellenic Navy
cooperates effectively with the Italian navy but there is little
effective cooperation with the Turkish navy, which is still regarded
as a potential enemy force.
The sovereignty of the Greek islands and straits in the Aegean is
of central importance to the Soviet navy. Its Black Sea Fleet that
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provides the majority of the surface combatant and logistic ships
to the Soviet Mediterranean Squadron operates through these waters.
Other Uses of the Sea -- Tourism is one of the most dynamic
sectors of the Greek economy. The United States, United Kingdom,
West Germany, France, and Italy together account for more than half
the tourists in Greece. Revenue from the industry has been an
important element in the Greek balance of payments.
Political and Other Factors
A desire for a more independent Greek foreign policy has led to
the reappraisal of overall NATO-Greece relationships and the
bilateral accord on homeport facilities for a Sixth Fleet carrier.
Similar influence probably will come to bear on LOS policy delib-
erations and the Greeks will probably view the LOS issues as a
NATO ally that has special problems. It is concerned by Soviet
ships and planes that utilize Greek territorial waters and air
space, by what it considers a serious threat at the disestablish-
ment of the Greece-Turkey border through the Aegean Sea, and by
how the various claims would affect the national territory and
treasury.
Economically Greece is a developing country. As such, it will
expect to share the benefits from international exploitation of
the ocean floor. These expectations will differ for the inter-
national seabed from those for the seabed surrounding the mainland
and islands, where rights are viewed as exclusively Greek.
Tourism and shipping have been selected for short term expansion
as the major contributors to national income and the balance of pay-
ments in the current fifteen year development plan. In the longer
term, the need is recognized for the development of a modern, export-
oriented manufacturing sector based on local mineral and agricultural
raw materials. To insure the success of its long term development
program, Greece must be satisfied that the LOS policies will provide
the utmost protection against the pollution of its beaches and any
capricious interference with its freedom of trade at sea.
C. LAW OF THE SEA POLICY
Breadth of the Territorial Sea
Despite reports of Greek intent to extend their territorial
sea from the 6 n. m. limit to 12 n. m. there has been no official
action to indicate such a move. Greece has often expressed
preference for retaining the status quo, not wishing to encourage
any change which could lead to renegotiation of related issues.
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These issues deal with the sovereignty of the islands near the
coast of Turkey, the adjoining territorial waters, and the extent
of the continental shelf in these areas.
The Government of Greece is particularly concerned with recent
developments on the Greece-Turkey border. The boundary was
delimited by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and was undisputed
until the area's potential for oil was recognized. The possibility
of a Greek extension of the territorial sea developed as a reaction
to Turkey's recent granting of oil exploration and drilling rights
in the eastern Aegean including areas adjacent to the Greek islands
of Lesvos, Khios, Limnos, Samothrace, Psaras, Andipsaras, and Ayios
Evstratios. Greece has also granted concessions in its waters
surrounding Limnos. Officials of the Greek Ministry of Foreign
Affairs believe that Turkey accepts the concept of territorial
water surrounding all Greek islands but rejects the concept of the
extension of individual continental shelves to islands. (Turkey has
not acceded to the Convention on the Continental Shelf.) The parties
have agreed that the differences should be resolved by discussion.
Should the case be brought to the International Court of Justice and
should the same principles applied in the dispute between Germany and
its neighbors be applied, there is the possibility of Turkish gains
at Greek expense. Turkey has been actively seeking to have these
principles asserted.
Mr. Georgios Zotiadis, Legal Counsel to the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, expressed the view in April 1973 that there should be no
attempt to establish a uniform breadth of the territorial sea;
instead, agreement should be reached on a maximum limit of the
territorial sea which would permit a coastal state to fix its
territorial sea limit at any distance up to 12 n. m. Extension
beyond 12 miles would severely disrupt navigation by lengthening
many sea routes.
Greece's position on the breadth of the territorial sea of
enclosed and semi-enclosed seas is that it should be determined by
agreement between bordering states, with due respect for customary
and conventional international law. The median line principle
should be applied in the event of failure to reach agreement. For
purposes of emphasing seabed jurisdiction, Greece's accession to
the convention on the Continental Shelf included the reservation
that in the absence of international agreement Greece will apply
"the normal baseline system for the purpose of measuring the
breadth of the territorial sea."
Greece also takes the position presented in Article 10 of the
Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone that
each island has its own territorial sea; it adds, however, that
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sovereignty is exercised by the State of which the island is a part.
Greece has objected strongly to Turkey's attempts to modify the
Convention by introducing proposals that substitute subjective
terms for precise terms, as in the April 1973 Turkish draft on
delimitation of the territorial sea, or subjugate precise terms
to ambiguity.
Greece has maintained the position that the right of innocent
passage in the territorial sea of a coastal state is a limited
right in contrast to the absolute and unqualified right of navi-
gation on the high seas. This position was based on concerns of
the Greek military with possible Soviet submerged transits and
overflights, deviation from the traditional channels, clandestine
activities and movement of contraband, as well as with problems
arising from Turkish associations with Cyprus. Greece has co-
sponsored draft articles on navigation through the territorial
sea including straits used for international navigation. The
articles define innocent passage, establish the bases for regu-
lating passage, and promulgate regulations which vary with the
type of ship. Foreign Minister Spyridon Tetenes has recently
confirmed that Greece will now support the U.S. position on free,
as contrasted with innocent, passage in straits. This change
probably reflects Greece's confidence that any new straits regime
would not alter the existing innocent passage regime in its
straits that are less than 6 miles wide.
Regime of Islands
Determination of the sea jurisdiction for islands is of para-
mount interest to Greece. Changes in the definition of procedures
for determining maritime boundaries or of the rights of insular
parts of states to the surrounding territorial sea and continental
shelf could have significant impact on territorial claims.
Islets and shoals in the Aegean Sea border the shores of many
islands and are scattered throughout the deep and generally navi-
gable channels separating the islands. These islands and islets
are of the same geological structure and configuration as the
adjacent mainlands. They are former mountain tops which now project
above the sea while the submerged lowlands constitute the seabed.
According to Greece's draft on the Regime of Islands, an island
forms an integral part of the territory of a state and has rights
equal to those of any other part of the state to which it belongs;
the sovereignty exercised over territory, whether continental or
insular, extends to the air space over the territory, the terri-
torial sea, the bed and subsoil of the territorial sea and,
for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, its natural resources
to the continental shelf. Opening the question of how sovereignty
is determined for an island could endanger the political status of
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numerous islands, the sovereignty of which Greece feels has long
been established.
Greece regards the 1958 Convention on the Territorial Seas and
Contiguous Zone as fully safeguarding the sea claims around their
many islands, and view with alarm Turkish proposals for determining
territorial sovereign rights of islands based on criteria such as
size, population, geographical situation, and geological configu-
ration. Greece's actions appear to be planned so as to circumvent
Turkey's position should the case be taken to the International
Court of Justice for adjudication. They continually reiterate that
the Turkish proposals would undermine the very basis of inter-
national order by denying the principles of the equality of states,
the equality of the rights of citizens of insular parts of states,
and would discriminate against states whose territory consists
wholly or partly of islands.
Greece has not stated its position on artificial islands or
offshore installations.
Archipelagos
Greece subscribes to the archipelagic principles drafted by
Fiji and other states as they incorporate two principles Greece
would like to see applied in its own territorial sea: 1) the
waters within the baselines and their seabed, subsoil, and airspace
are included under the sovereignty of the archipelagic state, and
2) although innocent passage would be permitted through the terri-
torial sea, it would be restricted to designated sealanes and
limited by existing international law -- submarines would travel
on the surface. Greece's co-sponsorship of the archipelagic concept
was partly a counter to Turkey's advocacy of a "special circum-
stances" rule, that would have potential impact on a number of
Greek islands near the Turkish coast. Although Greece regarded the
archipelagic concept as an ideal solution to its problem in July
1973, they expressed doubt that it would be accepted by the
Conference.
Greece acceded to the Convention on the Continental Shelf on
6 November 1972 with a reservation on delimiting boundaries of
states whose coasts are adjacent or opposite each other.
Greece has an extensive shelf within the 200 meter isobath as
well as large areas between 200 and 2,500 meters. Claim to sover-
eignty over the continental shelf in the Aegean rests on the
adjacency and exploitability principles of the Convention on the
Continental Shelf. Sovereignty is limited in the direction of
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Turkey by the median lines upon which the boundary was established
in 1923. The Turkish grant of oil concessions in the Aegean Sea in
November 1973 rejects the extension of individual continental
shelves to individual islands. The concession areas recognize a
12-mile territorial sea around the Greek islands (although Greece
claims only 6 n. m.) but divide the shelf of the Aegean between
Greece and Turkey, apparently on the basis of a median line from
basepoints on the mainlands. Turkey contends that giving the same
value to the basepoints on Greek islands that are in close proximity
to the Turkish mainland as to the basepoints on the mainland consti-
tutes an inequity. A Greek extension of the territorial sea claim to
12 miles would have little affect on the Turkish continental shelf
claim and would not be an effective way to avoid negotiating a shelf
boundary agreement. The Foreign Minister of Greece has indicated the
possibility that through bilateral negotiations joint exploration of
the area beyond the 12-mile territorial sea might be worked out.
In the Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea Greece will probably base
its shelf claims on the exploitability principle and a median line
with Italy, Libya, Egypt, Cyprus, and Turkey. Greece and its Medi-
terranean neighbors have not in the past sought to settle the seabed
jurisdictional problems of the deeper parts of the Mediterranean Sea.
Greece, however, considers as unacceptable the Libyan claim that the
Gulf of Sirte is internal waters. Such a claim would change the base-
line for the Libyan territorial sea and continental shelf and move
the median line closer to Italy and Greece. The Libyan claim could
encourage littoral states to develop positions on median lines in the
Mediterranean before the Conference in Caracas.
Coastal State Jurisdiction Beyond the Territorial Sea
The issue of a broad coastal state resource zone has potential for
serious impact on Greece because of its large shipping industry. Its
distant-water fishery fleet has also experienced seizures for alleged
violations of territorial waters, such as those of Uruguay and Guinea.
Nevertheless, the issue has not played a major role in the Greek LOS
position.
Greece has not addressed the coastal economic resource zone issue,
either specifically as it applies to it or generally as it applies to
other areas. Although a wide coastal state resource zone would appear
favorable to the country, Greece has commented favorably only on a
wide international zone. Greece has in the past kept such issues
fuzzy to avoid raising boundary issues with Turkey. Greece feels that
economic interests could be accommodated within the framework of a
preferential and non-exclusive zone; while at the same time, Greece
acknowledges that a recognized contiguous zone is important to safe-
guard coastal state interests, such as customs, public health regu-
lations, conservation of living resources.
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Greece has not extended its claim for fishing rights to 12 miles.
Turkey did so in 1964 and thus posed many unresolved problems. Turkey,
however, is not yet enforcing its claim to a 12-mile exclusive fish-
ing limit. In May 1972, Mr. Evangelos Frangoulis, First Secretary of
Embassy, reported that the Government of Greece generally supported
the U.S. fisheries proposal.
Deep Seabed
Greece has not expressed itself on the extent of the area subject
to international jurisdiction but regards the "common heritage"
principle as a unique and desirable feature of international law,
although not binding on non-parties to the treaty. It indicates that
the application of the concept should embrace authority over ex-
ploration and exploitation of seabed resources but not broad enough
to permit interference with freedom of navigation.
Greece, a potential beneficiary of the International Regime,
believes the Authority should be an independent, self-supporting
organization composed of an Assembly, a Council, and a Tribunal.
The Council, the executive body, would execute decisions of the
Assembly. The members of the Council should be elected by the
Assembly. Greece believes that substantive decisions should be
made by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The possibility
of a veto in the Council would hamper its work; therefore, no
privileged position should be encouraged either in the form of a
veto system or in a weighted vote.
The following are other Greek views on the Authority: A precise
definition of the scope and powers of the Authority is required to
avoid duplication of work or overlapping jurisdictions with existing
international institutions and to ensure equitable sharing of the
benefits. The Authority should confine its activities to those
prescribed in the relevant General Assembly resolution and should
not become involved in economic matters conducted in superjacent
waters. The functions of the Authority should include the maintenance
of peace and order, the issuance of licenses and concessions, the
collection of royalties and taxes, provision for revenue sharing,
protection from unfair competition of the mineral industries and
exports of developing countries, the enforcement of safety and anti-
pollution regulations, the conduct of scientific research and the
protection of archeological and historical discoveries.
An indication of Greece's attitude toward discretionary powers
of an International Seabed Resource Authority was contained in these
remarks made by Mr. Zotiadis in March 1972, "In so far as the status,
scope, functions, and powers of the international machinery were
concerned, the Declaration could not be implemented unless precise
legal rules were established on the basis of principles contained
in it."
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The government has not expressed its view in detail on how the
"common heritage" and other LOS principles apply to land-locked,
shelf-locked, broad-shelf, or geographically disadvantaged states.
However, an indication of the general Greek attitude is evidenced
by Mr. Zotiadis' comment on the Japanese proposals on the seabed
regime and machinery, that in the exploitation of the seabed "due
regard shall be paid to the need to protect the interests of land-
locked and shelf-locked countries."
Transfer of Technology
Lt. Cmdr. Triantafyllas Papageorgiou of the Ministry of Merchant
Marine has noted that without the transfer of technology including
inventions, the supply of materials, and the systematic training of
personnel of the developing countries, the concept -- that the sea
beyond the limits of national jurisdiction belonged to the world
community -- would have no meaning. The technological achievements
themselves should be considered as belonging to mankind as a whole.
He supported the idea that scientific research and the transfer of
technology should be considered together.
Marine Pollution
Greece wanted Subcommittee III of the UN Seabed Committee pre-
paratory sessions to consider pollution on the high seas and in
areas under national jurisdiction because marine pollution is not
restricted to a particular area. Greece has spoken only in
generalities about pollution, mostly about vessel-source pollution.
In order to prevent and control pollution, Greece considers it
essential to develop international standards and measures and a
management system administered on a worldwide scale. It encourages
support of this management system by a majority or all participants
to preclude arbitrary unilateral national action and abuse possibly
resulting in chaotic situations and disorder.
Greece would like to see any convention dealing with marine
pollution confined to general issues rather than details, it should
neither ignore nor conflict with accepted principles of inter-
national law or actions of competent bodies such as IMCO, FAO, or
UNESCO. Not all aspects of marine pollution have been dealt with by
these organizations, however, Greece considers the Subcommittee the
body best suited to fill in the gaps and coordinate the activities
so as to avoid overlap and provide useful guidelines for national
legislation. It hopes that efforts to save the environment will not
be so stringent as to discourage economic activity.
The Greek representatives have supported U.S. positions in the
Marine Pollution Working Group.
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i..~ Scientific Research
Greece has very limited capability for scientific research. The
Greek Institute for Oceanographic and Fishing Research currently
limits its activities to measurements of water pollution and
meteorological conditions in the Athens area. The country has
been hospitable toward foreign scientific research in Greek waters
including Soviet oceanographic activity.
Little is known about the specifics of the country's position
on scientific research on the high seas. There is indication,
however, that it views one of the functions of the Inter-
national Regime to be the conduct of scientific research. It
further believes that it is not possible to distinguish between
scientific research on the seabed and scientific research in the
superjacent waters; therefore, scientific research on the high
seas should not be further defined.
Greece abstained on the UN Resolution on the Indian Ocean as a
Zone of Peace, but expressed concern with a possible Libyan proposal
for demilitarization of the Mediterranean. Greek representatives
stated that to a considerable extent their security depended upon
the continued presence of the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean.
Recent indications of difficulties concerning port facilities for
this fleet may represent a change in attitude.
During the discussion on General Assembly Resolution 2749 (XXV)
Mr. Zotiades stated that the seabed should be used exclusively for
peaceful purposes and that this should be incorporated in the
treaty.
Archeological and Historical Treasures
Greece sponsored measures for the protection of archeological
and historical treasures that might be found in the area beyond
national jurisdiction.
D. KEY POLICY MAKERS AND LOS EXPERTS
The military government of Greece is relatively new. Spyridon
Tetenes, the new Foreign Minister, participated in the Seabed
Committee sessions during the summer 1973. It is not clear whether
the change in government will affect the status of Greek LOS
representatives. Prof. Georgios Zotiadis, Legal Counselor to
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has the longest continuous experience
in LOS of all the Greek representatives. He is an able spokesman
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and, according to Ambassador Alcibiadis Papadopoulos, a former
Director of International Organization Affairs, MFA, has had
authority to make adjustments in Greece's position on matters
as central as the straits issue.
Other Greek leaders who attended one or more of the preparatory
sessions for the Third UN Conference on LOS or the organizational
session of the Conference are as follows:
Name and Position (as they appear
in the latest UN listing)
Mr. Dimitri S. BITSIOS
Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary
Permanent Representative to the UN
Seabed Committee Session
Org.
Conf
.
Dec
73
Mr. Alcibiades CAROKIS
Second Secretary of Embassy
Permanent Mission to the UN
*Prof. Elias CRISPIS
Legal Adviser of the Delegation
*Col. Nicholas DONTAS
Judicial Affairs of the Hellenic
Navy Command
M. Constantin ECONOMIDIS
Directeur de premiere classe
aupres du Service Juridique
Special du Ministere Royal des
Affaires Etrangeres
Mr. Evangelos FRANGOULIS
First Secretary of Embassy
Mr. A. HADJIKAKIDES
Director General
Institute of Oceanography
M. G. HELMIS
Secretai-re d'Ambassade
Mission permanente aupres de
l'Office des Nations Unies
Mar
71
Jul
Aug
71
Feb
Mar
72
Jul
Aug
72
Mar
Apr
73
Jul
Aug
73
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X
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Name and Position
M. Emmanuel KALPADAKIS
Premier Secretaire d'Ambassade
Seabed Committee Session
Org.
Conf .
Dec
73
Rear Admiral Heracles KOLOKYTHAS
Director of the Hydrographic
Section of the Hellenic Navy
Command
M. G. KOLYMVAS
Chambre Maritime Grece
H.E. Mr. Constantine P. PANAYOTACOS
Ambassador Extraordinary and
Pl eni potentiary
Permanent Representative to
the UN
*Lt. Comdr. Triantafyllos
PAPAGEORGIOU
Hellenic Coast Guard
M. J. PERAKIS
Chambre Maritime de Grece
Mr. Athanasios PETROPOULOS
Director of International
Organization and Conferences
M. Georges PILAVACHI
Legal Counsel to the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs
Mr. H. SARAFIS
Director of Fisheries
S.E. M. Alexis STEPHANOU
Ministre Plenipotentiaire
Representant permanent ad interim
aupres de 1'Office des Nations
Unies
Mar
71
Jul
Aug
71
Feb
Mar
72
Jul
Aug
72
Mar
Apr
73
Jul
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73
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M. E. STRATIGIS
Chambre Maritime de Grece
Seabed Committee Session
Org.
Conf.
Dec
73
H.E. Mr. Sp. TETENES
Ambassador-at-large
(now Foreign Minister)
S.E. M. Constantin TRANOS
Ambassadeur
Representant permanent aupres
des Nations Unies
M. Diamandis VACALOPOULOS
Premier Secretaire d'Ambassade
aupres de la Mission permanente
Lt. Comdr. J. ZAFEIROPOULOS
Navy Staff
*Prof. George ZOTIADES
Legal Counsel to the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
Mar
71
Jul
Aug
71
Feb
Mar
72
Jul
Aug
72
Mar
Apr
73
Jul
Aug
73
X
X
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Part II - Background Information
GEOGRAPHY:
World region: Western Europe and Canada
Category: coastal
Bordering states: Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Turkey
Bordering bodies of water: Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, Sea
of Crete, Ionian Sea
Bordering semi-enclosed sea: Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea,
Sea of Crete, Ionian Sea
Bordering straits: Kithira Strait (10.7 n. m.), Karpathos Strait
(23 n. m.), Strait of Otranto (39.3 n. m.)
Area of continental shelf: 7,200 sq. n. m.
Area to 200 n. in. limit: 147,300 sq. n. m.
Area to edge of continental margin: 82,100 sq. n. in.
Coastline: 8,500 m.
Land: 51,200 sq. m.
Population: 8,969,000
INDUSTRY AND TRADE:
GNP: $12.6 billion, $1,425 per capita (1972)
Major industries: food processing, tobacco, chemicals, textiles,
refining of imported petroleum, aluminum processing
Exports: $870 million (f.o.b., 1972); tobacco, cotton, fruits,
metals
Imports: $2,345 million (c.i.f., 1972); machinery and automotive
equipment, manufactured consumer goods, petroleum and petroleum
products, chemicals
Major trade partners: 50% EC, 13% sterling area, 14% U.S., 9% CEMA
(1972)
Merchant marine: 1,764 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,818,200
GRT; 69 passenger, 954 cargo, 306 tanker, 391 bulk, 44 specialized
carrier; ethnic Greeks also own an estimated 20,255,800 GRT
under flags of Liberia, Panama, Cyprus, Lebanon, Somalia
MARINE FISHERIES:
Catch: 122,000 metric tons valued at $79 million (1970)
Economic importance: national importance as a source of food
(63 1/2% of fish consumed in 1970 caught by Greek fishermen);
local importance as a means of employment and primary source
of food on the numerous remote islands
Other fishing areas: 25% of Greek catch in 1970 mainly from
central and south Atlantic off African coast
Species: mainly sea bream from both Mediterranean Sea and
central Atlantic
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MARINE FISHERIES (cont'd):
Marine fisheries techniques: coastal - only about half of the
fleet of 15,000 boats motorized; long lines, beach seines, and
trammel nets used; trips last under 3 days. mid-water - employ
trawlers, purse seines, and a number of multipurpose vessels;
trips last 3-4 days. distant-water - catch transshipped to
Greece on other vessels
PETROLEUM RESOURCES:
Petroleum and natural gas recently discovered in northern Aegean
Sea; potential resources estimated at 2.5 million tons of oil
per year and gas reserves of about 50 million cubic feet
NAVY:
Ships: 9 destroyers, 7 submarines, 4 destroyer escorts, 19 patrol,
22 mine warfare, 12 amphibious; 55 amphibious warfare craft;
17 auxiliaries; 35 service craft
GOVERNMENT LEADERS:
President Faidon Gizikis; Prime Minister Adamandios Androutsopoulos;
Military Police Chief Brig. General Dimitrios Ioannidis is
strong man of the regime; Minister of Foreign Affairs Spyridon
Tetenes
PRESENT OCEAN CLAIMS:
Type Date Terms Source, Notes
Territorial 1936 6 n. m. Emergency Law No. 230 of 1936,
Sea Sept. 17, 1936
Greek Official Gazette
Vol. 1, No. 450, Oct. 13, 1936
Continental 1959 Adopted shelf Petroleum Law (Law 3948) of
Shelf concept in Apr. 10, 1959
general pro- Party to convention on Conti-
clamation but nental Shelf (Nov. 6, 1972)*
no precise
definition
Exclusive 6 n. m.
Fishing
Customs 1918 3 km. Art. 85 of Cod Law 1165, 1918
*Reservation: Art. 12; Greece, in the absence of international agreement,
will apply the normal baseline for measurement of territorial sea to
delimit shelf boundaries.
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PRESENT OCEAN CLAIMS (cont'd):
Type Date Terms
Neutrality 1914 6 n. m.
Security 1913 10 n. m.
Zone
Source, Notes
MULTILATERAL CONVENTIONS:
International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution of the Sea by Oil
28.3.1967
International Convention for the Safety of
Life at Sea
13,2.1963
1966 Amendment
31.7.1968
Regulations
16.4.1963
Loadlines Convention
12.6.1968
Agreement for the Establishment of a General
Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean
7.4,1952
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the
Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water
18.12.1963
Convention on the Inter-Governmental Maritime
Consultative Organization
31.12.1958
Convention on the International Hydrographic
Organization
15.2.1971
BILATERAL CONVENTIONS:
Pollution from Nuclear Waste:
USA-Greece. Exchange of Notes (with annex) Constituting an
Agreement Relating to the Use of Greek Ports and Territorial
Waters by the N.S. Savannah. Signed at Athens, April 23 and
24, 1962. In force, April 24, 1962.
USA-Greece. Agreement Relating to the United States Liability
During Operations of the N.S. Savannah by a Private Company.
Signed at Athens, November 22, 1966 and January 12, 1967.
In force, January 12, 1967.
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Moratorium Resolution
(A/RES/2574 D, XXIV, 12/15/69)
Pending establishment of international regime, States
and persons are bound to refrain from exploiting
resources of or laying claim to any part of the
seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of
national jurisdiction.
LOS Conference
(A/RES/2750 C, XXV, 12/17/70)
Convene in 1973 a Conference on Law of the Sea to
deal with establishment of international regime for
the seabed and ocean floor, and enlarge Seabed
Committee by 44 members and instruct it to prepare
for the conference draft treaty articles embodying
international regime.
LOS Conference, Timing and Site Adopted w/o vote
(A/RES/3029 A, XXVII, 12/18/72)
Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace
(A/RES/2992, XXVII, 12/15/72)
Called upon littoral and hinterland states of
Indian Ocean area, permanent members of the
Security Council and other major maritime users
of Indian Ocean to support concept that Indian
Ocean should be zone of peace.
Landlocked/Shelf-Locked Study Resolution
(A/RES/3029 B, XXVII, 12/18/72)
Called for study of extent and economic signifi-
cance, in terms of resources, of international
area resulting from each proposal of limits of
national jurisdiction presented to Seabed Committee.
Peruvian Coastal State Study Resolution
(A/RES/3029 C, XXVII, 12/18/72)
Called for study of potential economic signifi-
cance for riparian states, in terms of resources,
of each of the proposals on limits of national
jurisdiction presented to Seabed Committee.
Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources In favor
(A/RES/3016 XXVII, 12/18/72)
Reaffirmed right of states to permanent sover-
eignty over all their natural resources, wherever
found.
SECRET
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i/ MEMBERSHIP IN ORGANIZATIONS RELATED TO LOS INTERESTS:
EEC (associate member) . . . . European Economic Community
FAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food and Agriculture Organization
IAEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Atomic Energy Agency
IBRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (World Bank)
ICAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Civil Aviation
Organization
IDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Development Association
(IBRD affiliate)
IFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Finance Corporation
(IBRD affiliate)
IHB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Hydrographic Bureau
IMCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative
Organization
IMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Monetary Fund (FUND)
ITU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Telecommunication Union
NATO . . . . . . . . . . . . . North Atlantic Treaty Organization
OECD . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development
UN . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Nations
UNESCO . . . . . . . . . . . . United Nations Educational, Scientific,
and Cultural Organization
WHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . World Health Organization
WMO. . . . . . . . . . . . World Meteorological Organization
Seabed Committee . . . . . . . United Nations Committee on the
Peaceful Uses of the Seabed and
Ocean Floor Beyond the Limits of
National Jurisdiction
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UNITED NATIONS
GENERAL
ASSEMBLY
COMMITTEE ON THE PEACEFUL USES OF THE
SEA,-BED AND THE OCEAN FLOOR BEYOND
THE LIMITS OF NATIONAL JURISDICTION
SUB-COMMITTEE I
Distr.
LIMITED
A/AC.138/SC . I/ L. 25; /
14 August 1973
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
DRAFT ARTICLE ON ITIIM. 23 OF THE LIST OF SUBJECTS AND ISSUES,
PROTECTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL TREASURES,
PRESENTED BY THE DELEGATION OF GREECE
1. The State Parties to this Convention recognize that all objects of archeological
or historical value in the area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction are part of
the common heritage of mankind.
2. The Authority shall, in co-operation with the appropriate Specialized Agencies
of the United Nations, take measures for the identification, protection and conserva-
tion of the objects of archeological or historical value found in the area.
3. The State of cultural origin of such objects shall have the preferential right
to undertake the salvaging of such objects and to acquire any such object under
procedures to be established by the Assembly, including compensation of the Authority.
4. If the State of cultural origin does not avail itself of its preferential right
under paragraph 3 above the Authority will see to it that such object is disposed of
in accordance with the principle in paragraph 1 above.
/ This document supersedes document A/AC.138/SC.I/L.25 dated 2 August and Corr.l
dated 6 August 1973.
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UNITED NATIONS
GENERAL
ASSEMBLY
COMUTTEE ON THE PEACEFUL USES OF THE
SEA-BED AND THE OCEAN FLOOR BEYOND THE
LIMITS OF NATIONAL JURISDICTION
SUB-COMMITTEE II
Distr.
LIMITED
A/AC.138)/SC.II/L.l'T
27 March 1973
Greece: amendment to the draft article contained in
document A/AC.l3 SC.II L?.l
The following new paragraph should be added after paragraph 2:
3. Failing such agreement, no State is entitled to extend its territorial
sea beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the
nearest points'on the baselines, continental or insular, from which the
breadth of the territorial seas of each of the two States is measured.
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UNITED NATIONS
GENERA.
A SE M BLY
'`fi~ ? ORIGINAL. ENGLISH
Distr.
LIMITED
rF!latiX', A/AC.138/SC.II/L.18
27 March 1973
COMMITTEE ON THE PEACEFUL USES OF THE
SEA-BED AND THE OCEAN FLOOR BEYOND THE
LIMITS OF NATIONAL JURISDICTION
SUB-COMMITTEE II
Cyprus, Greece, Indcnesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Philippines, Spain and
Yeman: draft articles on navigation through the territorial sea
including straits used for international navigation
The question of navigation through the territorial sea including straits used
for international navigation is one of the problems facing the Committee in its task
to comply with the terms of General Assembly resolutions 2750 C (XXV) and
3029 A (XXVII).
The delegations co-sponsoring the present document wish to contribute to the
progress of the Cor?,mittee's work at this new and important stage of its proceedings
and they consider that an appropriate means to achieve this aim is to submit draft
articles on items.2.4 and 4.1 of the list of subjects and issues concerning
navigation through the territorial sea and through straits used for international
navigation, independently of the solutions that item 2.5 may receive in due course.
Although presented as separate articles, this draft is not intended to
prejudge its eventual location within the convention or conventions which may be
adopted by the future conference.
In drafting this document the following basic considerations have been taken
into account:
(1) Navigation through the territorial sea and through straits used for
international navigation should be dealt with as an entity since the straits in
question are or form part of territorial seas.
(2) Regulation of navigation should establish a satisfactory balance between
the particular interests of.coastal States and the general interests of international
maritime navigation. This is best achieved through the.principle of innocent
passage which is the basis of the traditional regime for navigation through the
territorial sea.
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(3) The regulation should contribute both to the security of coastal States
and to the safety of international maritime navigation. This can be achieved by
the reasonable and adequate exercise by the coastal. State of its right to regulate
navigation through its territorial sea. Since the purpose of the regulation is
not to prevent or hamper passage but to facilitate it without causing; any adverse
effects to the coastal State.
(14) The regulation should take clue account of the economic realities and
scientific and technological developments which have occurred in recent years;
this requires the adoption of appropriate rules to regulate navigation of certain
ships with "special characteristics
(5) The regulation should, finally, meet the deficiencies of the 1958 Geneva
Convention, especially those concerning the passage of warships through the
territorial sea, including straits.
Section I. Rules applicable to all ships
Sub~eection A. Right of innocent passage
Subject to the provisions of these articles, ships of all States, whether
coastal or not, shall enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial
sea.
Article 2
1. Passage means navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose
either of traversing that sea without entering internal waters, or of proceeding
to internal waters, or of making for the high seas from internal waters.
2. Passage includes stopping and anchoring, but only in so far as the same
are incidental to ordinary navigation or are rendered necessary by "force majeure"
or by distress.
Article 3
1. Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good
order or security of the coastal State. Such passage shall take place in
conformity with these articles and with other rules of international law.
2. Passage shall be continuous and expeditious. Passing ships shall refrain
from manoeuvring unnecessarily; hovering, or engaging in any activity other than
mere passage.
3. Foreign ships exercising the right of innocent passage shall comply with
the laws and regulations enacted by the coastal State in conformity with these
articles and other rules of international law.
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11. Pa.ssa.rre of foreign fishing vessels shall not be considered innocent if
they do not observe such laws and regulations as the coastal State may make and
publish in order to prevent these vessels from fi:!ling in the territorial sea.
5. Submarines and other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on
the surface and to show their flag.
Article 1+
The coastal State must not hamper innocent passage through the territorial
sea. In particular, it shall not impede the innocent passage of a foreign ship
flying the flag of a particular State or carrying goods owned by a particular
State, proceeding from the territory of or consigned to such a State.
Article 5
1. The coastal State may take the necessary steps in its territorial sea
to prevent passage which is not innocent.
2. In the case of ships proceeding to internal waters, the coastal State
shall also have the right to take the necessary steps to prevent any breach of
the conditions to which admission of those ships to those waters is subject.
3. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 1+, the coastal State may, without
discrimination amongst foreign ships, suspend temporarily and in specified areas
of its territorial sea the innocent passage of foreign ships if such suspension
is essential for the protection of its security. Such suspension shall take
effect only after having been duly published.
4. Subject to the provisions of articles 8, 22, paragraph 3 and 23, there
shall be no suspension of the innocent passage of foreign ships through straits
used for international navigation which form part of the territorial sea.
Subsection B. Regulation of passage
Article 6
The coastal State may enact regulations relating to navigation in its
territorial sea. Such regulations may relate, inter alia, to the following:
(a) Maritime safety and traffic and, in particular, the establishment of
sea lanes and traffic separation schemes;
(b) Installation and utilization of facilities and systems of aids to
navigation and the protection thereof;
(c) Installation and utilization of facilities to explore and exploit
marine resources and the protection thereof;
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(d) Maritime transport;
(e) Passage of ships with special characteristics;
(f) Preservation of marine and coastal. environment and prevention of all
form:; of pollution
(t;) Research of the marine environment.
Article 7
In exercising the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea,
foreign shies will not be allowed to perform activities such as
(a) Engaging in any act of espionage or collecting of information affecting
the security of the coastal State;
(b) Enga.;;in!7, in any act of propaganda against the coastal State or of
interference with its systems of communications;
(c) Embarking or disembarking troops, crew members, frogmen or any other
person or device without the authorization of the coastal State;
(d) Engaging in illicit trade;
11
(e) Destroying or damaging submarine or aerial cables, tubes, pipe-lines
or all forms of installations and constructions;
(f) Exploring or exploiting marine and subsoil resources without the
authorization of the coastal State.
Article 8
The coastal State may designate in its territorial sea sea lanes and traffic
separation schemes, taking into account those recommended by competent
international organizations, and prescribe the use of such sea lanes and traffic
separation schemes as compulsory for pas ing ships.
Article 9
1. The coastal State is required to give appropriate publicity to any
dangers of navigation, of which it has knowledge, within its territorial sea.
2. The coastal State is required to give appropriate publicity to the
existence in its territorial sea of any facilities or systems of aid to navigation
and of any facilities to explore and exploit marine resources which could be an
obstacle to navigation, and to install in a permanent way the. necessary marks to
warn navigation of the existence of such facilities and systems.
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Article 10
The coastal SLate may require any foreign ship that does not comply with the
provisions concerning regulation of passage to leave its territorial sea.
Section IT. Rules applicable to certain types of ships
Subsection A. ,erehant ships
Article 11
1. No charge may be levied upon foreign ships by reason only of their
passage through the territorial sea.
2. Charges may be levied upon a foreign ship passing through the territorial
sea as payment ,nly for specific services. These charges shall be levied without
discrimination.
3. The coastal State shall have the right to be compensated for works
undertaken to facilitate passage.
Article 12
1. The criminal jurisdiction of the coastal State should not be exercised
on board a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea to arrest any person
or to conduct any investigation in connexion with any crime committed on board
the ship during its passage, save only in the following cases:
(a) If the consequences of the crime extend to the coastal State; or
(b) If the crime is of a kind to disturb the peace of the country of the
good order of the territorial sea; or
(c) If the assistance of the local authorities has been requested by the
captain of the ship or by the consul of the country whose flag the ship flies; or
(d) If it is necessary for the suppression of illicit traffic in narcotic
drugs.
2. The above provisions do not affect the right of the coastal State to
take any steps authorized by its laws for the purpose of an arrest or investigation
on board. a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea after leaving internal
waters.
3. In the cases provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article, the
coastal State shall, if the captain so requests, advise the consular authority of
the country whose flag the ship flies, before taking any steps, and shall
facilitate contact between such authority and the ship's crew. In cases of
emergency this notification may be communicated while the measures are being taken.
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4. In considering whether or how an arrest should be made, the local
authorities shall pay due regard to the interests of navigation.
5. The coastal State may not take steps on board a foreign ship passing
through the territorial sea to arrest any person or to conduct any investimation
in connexion with any crime committed before the ship entered the territorial sea,
if the ship, proceeding from a foreign port, is only passing through the
territorial sea without entering internal waters.
Article 13
1. The coastal State should not stop or divert a foreign ship passing
through the territorial sea for the purpose of exercising civil jurisdiction in
relation to a person on board the ship.
2. The coastal State may not le-,,,,, execution against or arrest the ship for
the purpose of any civil proceedings, save only in respect of obligations or
liabilities assumed or incurred by the ship itself in the course or for the
purpose of its voyage throui.;, the waters of the coastal State.
3. The provisions of the previous paragraph are without prejudice to the
right of the coastal State, in accordance with its laws, to levy execution against
or to arrest, for the purpose of any civil proceeding, a foreign ship,lying in
the territorial sea, or passing through the territorial sea after leaving internal
waters.
Subsection B. Ships with special characteristics
Article 14
The coastal State may regulate the passage through its territorial sea of
the following:
'(a) Nuclear-powered ships or ships carrying nuclear weapons;
(b) Ships carrying nuclear substances or any other material which may
endanger the coastal State or pollute seriously the marine environment;
(c) Ships engaged in research of the marine environment.
Article 15
1. The coastal State may require prior notification to or authorization by
its competent authorities for the passage through its territorial sea of foreign
nuclear-powered ships or ships carrying nuclear weapons, in conformity with
regulations in force :.n such a State.
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2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not prejudice any agreement to which
the coastal State may be a party.
Article 16
The coastal State may require that the passage through its territorial sea of
foreign ships carrying nuclear substances or any other material. which may endanger
the coastal State or pollute seriously the marine environment be conditional upon
any or all of the following:
(a) Prior notification to its competent authorities;
(b) Coverage by an international insurance or guarantee certificate for
damages that might be caused by such carriage;
(c) Use of designated sea lanes.
Article 17
1. The coastal State may require prior notification to its competent
authorities for the passage through its territorial sea of foreign ships engaged
in research of the marine environment, in conformity with regulations in force
in such a State.
2. During their passage through the territorial sea, foreign ships engaged
in research of the marine environment will not be entitled to carry out any
scientific research or hydrographic survey without the explicit authorization of
the coastal State.
Article 18
In order to e.- edite passage the coastal State shall ensure that the
procedure of notification referred to in different articles of this section shall
not cause undue delay.
Subsection C. Government ship! other than warships
Article 19
The rules contained in subsections A and B of this section shall also apply
to government ships operated for commercial purposes.
Article 20
1. The rules contained in articles 11, 15, 16 (a) and (c), 17 and 18 of
this convention shall apply to government ships operated for non--commerciil
purposes.
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A/ AG. L:;t. /.:(. I...LP
Engl L s I
i'ngc 8
2. With such exception? as arc contained. in any of the provisions referred
to in the preceding paragraphs, nothing in these articles affects the immunities
which such ships enjoy under these articles or other rules of international law.
Subsection T). Warships
Article 21
The coastal State may require prior notification to or authorization by its
competent authorities for the passage of foreign warships through its territorial
sea, in conformity with regulations in force in such a State.
Article 22
1. Foreign warships exercising the right of innocent passage shall comply
with the laws and regulations enacted by the coastal State in conformity with
these articles and other rules of international law.
2. Foreign warships exercising the right of innocent passage shall not
perform any activity which does not have a direct bearing with the passage, such as:
(a) Carrying out any exercise or vractice with weapons of any kind;
(b) Assuming combat position by the crew;
(c) Flying their aircraft;
(d) Intimidation: or displaying of force;
(e) Carrying out research operations of any kind.
3. Foreign warships exercising the right of innocent passage may be
required to pass through certain sea lanes as may be designated for this purpose
by the coastal State.
Article 23
If any warship does not comply with the regulations of the coastal State
concerning passage through the territorial sea and disregards any request for
compliance which is made to it, the coastal State may require the warship to leave
the territorial sea.
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UNITED NATIONS
GENERAL
ASSEMBLY
CO flTTEE ON THE PEACEFUL USES OF THE
SEA-BED AND THE OCEAN FLOOR BEYOND THE
LIMITS OF NATIONAL JURISDICTION
SUB-CO1,29TTEE II
Greece: draft article under item 19,
regime of islands
Distr.
LIMITED
A/AC.138/SC.II/L.29
16 July 1973
Original: ENGLISH
1. An island is a naturally formed area of land, surrounded by water which is
above water at high-tide.
2. An island forms an integral part of the territory of the State to which it
belongs. The territorial sovereignty over the island extends to its territorial
waters, to the air space over the island and its territorial sea and to its
continental shelf for the purpose of exploring it and exploiting its natural
resources.
3. The territorial sea of the island is determined in accordance with the same
provisions applicable for the measurements of the territorial sea of the continental
part of the territory of the State.
4. The provisions applicable for the determination of the continental shelf and the
zones of national jurisdiction of the continental part of the State are as a general
rule applicable to islands.
5. The above provisions do not prejudice the regime of archipelagic islands.
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UNITED NATIONS
GENERAL
ASSEMBLY
COMMITTEE ON TUT PEACEFUL USES OF TIC,
SEA-BED AND TIE OCEAN FLOOR BEYOND
THE LIMITS OF NATIONAL JURISDICTION
SUB-Cc4MITTEE II
Distr.
LJhIITED
A/AC.138/SC.II/L.29/Corr.1
17 July 1973
CHIINESE, ENGLISH, FRENCH
OULY
Greece: draft article under item 19,
regime of islands'
Corrigendum
In paragraph 2, third line, after territorial sea insert, to its bed-and
subsoil.
GE.73-48618
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Secret
No Foreign Dissem
Secret
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