INTERVENTION IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000500120004-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 22, 2003
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: June 3, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

June 3, 19i5
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 12069
"And they came hoping-even if they
doubted and distrusted and damned-they
came hoping still that this dusty, cluttered,
crumbling place would somehow house the
dream of a free and noble press to serve all
the quarreling, struggling, hoping people of
a wondrous land.
"And sometimes, when wisdom paused a
moment in its flight and strength arose in
time to meet the challenge-the mighty hope
and honored dream for a glorious moment at
least came true.
"The cobwebs sway for the last time for all
we know. The battered floor will creak no
more, perhaps, to hurrying footsteps. The
whispering breeze carrying tales of times long
gone will rustle then unheard.
"But in the proud new building the mem-
ories will linger. Much that is old and ap-
pears decrepit is much too precious to ever
leave behind.-B.J."
"BIG BROTHER"-INVASIONS OF
PRIVACY
Mr. LONG of Missouri. Mr. President,
today's "Big Brother" item is a letter
from Dr., Hans F. Winterkorn, professor
of civil engineering at Princeton Uni-
unambitious, benighted individuals, an I would like to call the attention of
area to be exploited aild governed by my colleagues, in particular, to a few
absentee landlords, a treasure house of paragraphs from Mr. Sevareid's column,
raw `materials upon which the so-called which I consider all the more significant
civilized world might draw at its whim. because Mr. Sevareid has, over the years,
As events and pressures have intensi- been regarded as a member of the liberal
fied concern for the well-being of others, community-as a champion of modera-
the irresistible forces which brought into tion and a foe of extremism.
being the United States of America have For me it is impossible to.believe that the
been nourished and nurtured by our Na- Communist threat was a myth-
tion. Consequently, we can regard with Said Mr. Sevareid-
gratification and satisfaction the trends impossible to believe that a democratic and
which have enabled other peoples to em- stable government could have been formed
bark on the course charted at Independ- by the Impassioned leaders of thousands of
ence Hall, in Philadelphia, 189 years armed and impassioned people, a vast num-
ago. ber of them youngsters. It is hard for me
That movement has given birth to to believe that we could not have prevented
nearly 3 dozen self-governing repub- the tragic fighting In the northern part of
lies and voluntary commonwelaths, es- the city, easy to believe that we did prevent
an even more awful blood-letting in the
tablished in a brief span of time on the congested downtown region.
continent of Africa. The most recent Meantime the nonsense arguments should
celebration of its own independence stop. To say that the United States has
day occurred in Tunisia, on June 1. In kept the Dominican Republic from enjoying
commemorating the recognition of their a free, stable democratic government is non-
own sovereignty, nearly 4 million citi- sense; we have given them another chance
zens of that former French territory re- to find their feet on the long, hard road to
democracy. To say that the real fear in
affirmed-in a manner Which justifies Latin America Is of American gunboat diplo-
versity. faith in their capability and courage- macy is nonsense; every literate Latin Amer-
Professor Winterkorn's letter speaks their dedication to the ideals of respect ican knows that American interventions
for itself, and I ask unanimous consent for individuals, of opportunity to choose have always been temporary while commit-
RECORD. cooperation for mutual advancement and
There being no objection, the letter betterment.
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, It is a privilege to note the observ-
as follows: - - ance of Tunisia's Independence Day, and,
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, ScuooL of Ear- in passing, to remark that in the months
GINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE, ahead, during the current year, some 20-
Princeton, N.J., April 15, 1965. odd other African countries will enjoy
Hon. EDWARD V. LONG,
Senator from Missouri,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR LONG: It was indeed a pleas- longer is this great, rich continent to be
ure to meet you and Mrs. Long the other regarded as backward and unaspiring.
day on the occasion of the crowning of We trust that the promise of a reward-
Princess Ann at the dinner of the Missouri in ,{uture will be realized by each one.
State Society. V ?
ess
is
le
-_
.,.. ....pr
mow,.
iue purpose: of thus
you my personal thanks for your courageous TERVENTION IN DOMINICAN
investigation of the tampering in post offices REPUBLIC -
with first-class mail of American citizens. Mr. DODD. Mr. President, although
This tampering has been going on for quite
a long time also at the Princeton Post Office. President Johnson's intervention into the
My personal mail was often steamed opened Dominican Republic was misunderstood
and the flaps reglued so carelessly that the and misinterpreted by certain members
stamps actually were lost in the process and of the American press corps, and by the
the letters arrived finally without stamps. editors of several influential papers, it
This I think is a good indication that the has been encouraging to me to note just
opening must have occurred right in our own how much support and understanding
pos office her. one finds for the President's policy from
If f I could b b e of help to your committee
,
I should be glad to testify on my experience a broad reading of the American press.
with the post office in Princeton. As an Indication of the breadth of
Sincerely yours, this support, I ask unanimous consent
Dr. HANS V. WINTERKORN, to insert into the RECORD five recent
Professor of Civil Engineering. items:
First. An article in the Washington
SALUTE TO TUNISIA ON THE CELE- Star for June 1, 1965, by the veteran
BRATION OF HER INDEPENDENCE liberal columnist, Eric Sevareid.
Second. An article by the well-known
DAY Hearst columnist, Pierre J. Huss, in the
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, with New York Journal American for May
our Nation's anniversary of independ- 16, 1965.
ence approaching rapidly, the United Third. An article by Ray Cromley,
States is being reminded almost weekly veteran columnist for the Scripps-
of great strides taken around the globe, Howard press, in the Washington Daily
during the postwar era, toward the estab- News for May 12, 1965.
lishment of self-governing nations dedi- Fourth. An editorial which appeared
cated to concepts of liberty and to re- on May 4, 1965, in the Bridgeport; Conn.,
spect for the dignity of man. Post.
Only a generation ago, Africa get- Fifth. An article in the Washington
erally was regarded as the "dark con- Star for May 31, 1965, by the well-known
tinent," a land presumably populated by Washington columnist, Max Freedman.
rial and articles were ordered to be
printed in the RECORD, as follows:
[From the Washington (b.C.) Evening Star,
June 1, 1965]
SOME ANSWERS TO SECOND-GUESSERS
(By Eric Sevareid)
The tide of second guessing about the
American intervention in Santo Domingo-
as to its justification, its size, its methods
and its aims-had reached oceanic propor-
tions by the time this writer managed to get
to the first European city established in the
New World. Here in what Columbus called
"the land of God," had come the first teach-
ers and preachers, yet here remains, after 5
centuries, one of the political hellholes of the
hemisphere, its soiled streets once again
thronged with armed men from abroad.
The scenes of bitter sorrow in Santo Do-
mingo have been well described; there are
other things, perhaps, worth - putting down
at this late date. I thought I had rarely seen
such brave work by combat reporters, rarely
such emotional involvement on the part of
some of them, rarely such a wealth of un-
confirmable reports and rumors, rarely such
a disastrous lack of contact between reports
and American officials who were not only
physically remote but for a long time si-
lenced by Presidential orders. And rarely
have I read such certain conclusions in
American press editorials about a phenom-
enon in which so much was uncertain and
inconclusive.
For me it is impossible to believe that the
Communist threat was a myth, impossible to
believe that a democratic and stable govern-
ment could have been formed by the im-
passioned leaders of thousands of armed and
impassioned people, a vast number of them
youngsters. It is hard for me to believe that
we could not have prevented the tragic fight-
ing in the northern part of the city, easy to
believe that we did prevent an even more
awful bloodletting In the congested down-
town region.
I cannot understand the cry that we put in
far too many men. An airport, several miles
of corridor and a safety sector with a long
perimeter require thousands of soldiers who
require other thousands to support and sup-
ply them. Nor can I understand the com-
plaint that the President acted with too
much haste.
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the same rewarding emotions, which
also have been felt earlier this year in
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12070 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
June 3, J-9 65
Over many years I have been adjusted to the Reds know from the big lie technique sOMETIirNG ELSE
the complaint of "too late with too little." that the oftener you tell a whopper the more Moving U.S. troops into the Dominican Re-
I find it hard. to make a quick switch to will unconsciously sink into the minds of public, without shilly shallying, to stop a
the, complaint of-"too soon with too much." `L those you target a our next ve
+e
c
m
I fall to understand the editorialist who
points out with disdain that after all, there
were only a few handfuls of Communists
present.
In a very real sense their lack of numbers
is their strength. It was because they were
few that President Bosch had not bothered
to deal severely with them. It was because
they were few that they could do much of
their work undetected, It was because they
were few that they could act with rapidity
when the explosion came. It was because
they were, few that foreign opinionmakers
could make the Americans seem ridiculous
and give us a propaganda defeat. As John
Bartlow Martin reminds us, Communists do
not make revolutions, they take them over.
Partly because of this-their small num-
bers-American troops could not invade the
heart of the city, or allow anyone else to
invade it.
You cannot :risk causing many deaths in
order to capture a few individuals and expect,
ever, to justify such an action to anybody,
certainly not to the American people. So,
at this writing at least,, the Dominican Com-
inunists remain, finding safety as they first
found strength, in their numbers-their
small numbers.
And their small number in various other
Latin American countries lies near the heart
of the profound dilemma that confronts the
United States for the future. Revolts. are
brewing in other nations to the south. In
all these revolts Communist elements will
be present. Are we to put down every upris-
ing because a Communist threat is present?
Obviously we cannot, even though some of
these uprisings probably will produce Com-
munist governments. This is why Castro
laughs in his beard. He believes the politi-
cal metamorphosis of Latin America is not
manageable on our terms.
But nothing in this realm of human action
is inevitable; the game is not lost as long
as we act on the assumption that it can
be won. There are Latin societies strong
enough to handle the Communists on their
own. Others will be galvanized into coun-
teraction by Communist victories or near
victories close by their borders.
? eantime the nonsense arguments should
stop. To say that the United States has
kept the Dominican Republic from enjoying
a free, stable democratic( government is non-
sense; we have given them another chance
to find their feet on the long, hard road to
democracy. To say that the real fear in
Latin America Is of American gunboat diplo-
macy is nonsense; every literate Latin Ameri-
can knows that American interventions have
,always been temporary while communism is
permanent.
It is nonsense to indulge any longer the
self-conscious idea that Latin America's
troubles are the fault of the United States.
Some are; most are the fault of Latin Amer-
ica. Its ways of life are superior to ours in
more than a few respects, but not in respect
to the art of government. In the last cen-
tury and a half there have been in all of
Latin America approximately 3,700 coups,
rebellions, and civil war.
[From the New York (N.Y.) Journal-
American, May 18, 1965]
WORLD IN Focus: INTERVENTION VERSUS
AGGRESS ON
(By Pierre J Huss)
The Soviet Union, Red China, and Com-
munist Cuba never tire of branding U.S.
military intervention in South Vietnam and
in the Dominican Republic as "naked aggres-
sion." We are so accustomed to hearing this
propaganda smear that we shrug it off. But
To set the record straight, then, what is
intervention and aggression-especially if
you put it in the light of the large-scale
landing of U.S. Marines in the Dominican
,Republic? I asked one of the foremost ex-
perts in U.N. to answer that question, Am-
bassador Liu Chieh of Nationalist China.
I turn this column over to Ambassador
Chieh :
"Intervention and aggression are not neces-
sarily synonymous or interchangeable words.
In recent world history most flagrant acts of
,aggression have been committed withoutin-
volving overt and direct acts of intervention.
In our day this type of concealed, indirect but
carefully calculated aggression-usually car-
ried out through the familiar tactics of in-
filtration, subversion and the use of proxies-
has been developed by the Communists into
a fine art. Indeed, it has become the most
favored, as well as the most effective tool of
Communist foreign policy."
Ambassador Chieh added:
"Yet this type of aggression has received
no careful consideration in the textbooks of
,international law. One of the basic tenets of
international law is the concept of direct
responsibility of states for their international
conduct. In the Communist strategy of pro-
tracted conflict, direct action is more often
than not_avoided.
"This being so, it Is often difficult to fasten
on the Communist governments the precise
legal blame, even when they have in fact corn-
Initted legal, aggression.
"The Communist governments do not set
great store by bourgeois international law.
Yet they do not hesitate to turn traditional
judicial concepts to their own advantage.
Now the U.S. action in the Dominican Re-
ublic was admittedly an act of intervention.
he The U.S. Government never concealed this
fact. This intervention, far from being an
aggression, was intended to accomplish the
dual purpose of protecting American lives and
forestalling the Communist takeover of a sis-
ter republic. So the U.S. action was in fact
but a response to Communist intervention
and aggression."
Ambassador Chieh emphasized that if a
sovereign people in a helpless country are
threatened by the Red foe, their right must
be upheld to pick a government that is the
choice of the popular majority.
"It should be remembered," he said, "that
the right of self-determination can be prop-
erly exercised only in unfettered freedom.
"In the case of the Dominican Republic,
there was ample evidence that Communist
onspirators attempted to exploit the chaos
Ind confusion that initially broke out in
Santo Domingo. It would have been a
11ockery of the principle of self-determina-
2on if the Dominican people had been left at
he mercy of these Communist adventurers."
[From the Washington (D.C.) Daily News,
May 12, 1965]
U.S. DOMINICAN ACTION Is BOOST FOR
VIETNAMESE
(By Ray Cromley)
President Johnson's quick, strong action
if the Dominican Republic may have a
;aajor effect on' morale in Vietnam.
A Vietnamese guerrilla fighter now in town
a says privately that "the U.S. Dominican stand
is more significant to him than American
raids in' North Vietnam."
The northern raids have boosted South
Iietnamese confidence markedly. But there
has still been the nagging fear these bomb-
loge may be part of a U.S. buildup in prepa-
ration for negotiations. There's a strong be-
I[ef In South Vietnam that negotiations mean
c tpfeat.
Red thrust in that tiny country, is something
else again.
It 'means to this guerrilla fighter and to
other Vietnamese he is In contact with, that
President Johnson really means to stop
communism.
Since Laos, they don't believe promises or
speeches.
But If Mr. Johnson is willing to stake U.S.
prestige in the tiny Dominican Republic, then
it's not likely, they reason, the President
could: afford to let Vietnam go down the
drain.
By the same token, this Dominican action
may be discouraging to Hanoi.
The nagging fear among South Vietnamese
officials, military men, hamlet chiefs, police,
and everyone else who has stuck his neck
and his family's neck out in fighting the
Communists, has been. that the United States
would. Pull out despite President Johnson's
assurances to the contrary.
BIG QUESTION
The one question almost every Vietnamese
I saw: asked me on my trip through South
Vietnam was, "Will the United States stay if
the war is long and discouraging?"
These men knew a, pullout would mean
death for themselves and their families at
the hands of Communists.
This worry about what the United States
would do has not engendered courage. In
some cases, it has meant that local officials
hedged their bets and kept tightly to neu-
trality, straying neither to the Communist
or Government sides.
The feeling that the United States would
leave accounts in sizable measure for Cam-
bodia's Red China leanings, for Burma's care-
ful leftist "neutrality," and for the cautious-
ness of millions of uncommitted people in
southeast Asia.
EXPERIENCE
Experience in the mainland China and
other Asian wars suggests that when the
people are certain which side will win a war,
they leap to that side in large numbers.
Because of the Korean, mainland China,
and Lao wars, there's a strong feeling in
Asia that the United States is good at
"quickie" fights, but that it wearies in long
struggles. This feeling accounts for the be-
lief in many Asian minds that in the long
run the Reds will win.
The' trickle of information from South
Vietnam the past few days seems to indicate
the Dominican action will help convince some
doubters that the war is not in the Commu-
nist bag.
[From the Bridgeport (Conn.) Post, May 4.
1965]
AN ERROR RECTIFIED
It is now clear thsit the United States
originally underestimated the role of com-
munists in the Dominican Republic, But
when the error was discovered, it acted
swiftly with armed forces.
That simplified analysis was made in in-
formed diplomatic circles in Washington
over the weekend following the turbulent
week of rioting and shooting in Santo
Domingo.
The United States sent nearly 5,000
marines and airborne troops into the island,
solely to rescue American and other foreign
citizens 'whose lives were endangered by the
rising . anarchy. President Johnson an-
nounced that 4,500 additional marines and
paratroops were being sent to the Republic.
Some critics had been arguing that our
military operation was larger than neces-
sary, and was primarily intended to halt
a rebellion which threatened to open the
way to Communist domination of the little
nation.
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June 3, , 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
Actually, President Johnson's moves ap-
pear to have been based on both considera-
tions. In his announcement that more
troops were to be sent to Santo Domingo,
President Johnson said their presence was
necessary to secure the island against com-
munism, as the Red uprising had been taken
over by Communist conspirators directed
from abroad.
This would seem clearly to mean that
Castro and his deadly crews are behind the
anarchy in the Dominican Republic. Law
and order broke down completely when re-
bellious army leaders who started the up-
rising acknowledged they could not con-
trol the elements they had set loose. Those
elements were under control of hardcore
Communist trained in Cuba and Czecho-
slovakia, and they began deliberate moves
to attack U.S. nationals and property.
By last midweek more than 50 Com-
munists had been identified, actively en-
gaged. in arming and leading toughs and
criminals in an effort to set up a second
Communist bastion in this hemisphere.
President Johnson moved quickly, de-
spite the knowledge that many Latin Amer-
icans and Europeans would be infuriated by
"Unilateral" Yankee action reiminiscent of
gunboat diplomacy. The President took the
action because he felt that at the moment
there was no other course. It was certainly
better to bruise Latin sensibilities than risk
the deaths of U.S. citizens, and a continued
trend to anarchy which would eventually
make another Cuba out of the Dominican
Republic. -
[From the Bridgeport (Conn.) Telegram,
May 5, 1965]
TnE JOHNSON DOCTRINE
President Johnson is bolstering the Mon-
roe Doctrine and bringing it up to date.
It will be remembered that for more than
100 years, the Monroe Doctrine kept this
hemisphere from further colonization by
European powers by warning that any at-
tempt at a power grab by a foreign country
on this hemisphere would be opposed by the
United States.
The Monroe Doctrine had Its most crucial
test in 1867 in Mexico. Austrian Archduke
Maximilian I established a kingdom there
in 1864. Pressure from the United States
forced France to withdraw its armed support.
President Lincoln was occupied in the Civil
War but lent his influence to Mexican pa-
triots against the monarchy. Patriots led by
Benito Juarez defeated Maxithillan and he
was executed.
Theodore Roosevelt enforced the Monroe
Doctrine against Kaiser Wilhelm's Germany
at the turn of the century. In the Venezuela
claims dispute, he advanced the theory,
which became known as the Roosevelt corol-
lary to the Monroe Doctrine, that the United
States had direct interest and the obligation
to Impose order in the affairs of Latin Ameri-
can countries. That turned back German
warships that had been dispatched to collect
German claims. Latin America did not like
it but the Roosevelt corollary maintained
order in the hemisphere for a third of a
century.
Now President Johnson has imposed his
own corollary to the ancient Monroe Doc-
trine. That is, that when foreign elements
including citizens of other Latin American
countries, intervene in the affairs of another
such country, the United States will oppose
them. It is because Communist-trained
rebels, including some Cuban and Czecho-
slovakia trainees, infiltrated the rebellion
and took control, that American marines
joiped the counterrebellion.
The marines had been sent to evacuate
American and other nationals and did. In
the meantime, a cease-fire was violated be-
cause the 'rebels had lost control of their
forces. The rebels had been infitrated by
Castro and the Soviet Union. They could
not secure the cease-fire to which they had
agreed.
Former President Eisenhower approved
Mr. Johnson's action. Had Mr. Eisenhower
moved as quickly in Cuba, Fidel Castro might
not have had a chance to consolidate the
first Communist foothold on the hemi-
sphere. President Johnson is acting to pre-
vent a second foothold. Of course he was
immediately branded an imperialist by Cas-
tro and the Soviet Union. They could not
stand being frustrated in the second power
grab.
iFrom the Evening Star, Washington (D.C.),
May 31, 1965]
-THE PRESIDENT'S DOMINICAN ACTION
(By Max Freedman)
It is best to admit that the sending of
U.S. marines into the Dominican Republic,
without the prior consent of the Organiza-
tion of American States, constituted a tech-
nical breach of the charter under which this
American system of regional security oper-
ates. No amount of retrospective logic can
wipe out that fact. The serious questions
are whether President Johnson and Secre-
tary Rusk had any valid alternative; and
whether their actions since the early days of
the crisis have strengthened or weakened
the inter-American system.
Senator ROBERT KENNEDY, for example, has
recalled that President Kennedy was very
careful to consult with OAS during the
Cuban crisis of 1962. He speaks withspecial
authority on that crisis for his own contribu-
tion in those critical days was consistently
valiant and distinguished. Yet Senator
KENNEDY, on reflection, will surely admit
that his comparison, at bottom, is completely
misleading.
The essential feature of the Cuban crisis is
that President Kennedy, amid conditions of
intense secrecy and in days filled with almost
incredible activity, had a margin of precious
time to prepare the American response down
to the last detail. Included in that plan of
action was the wise decision to inform the
OAS, the United Nations, and various leaders
of the Western World.
But this statement of America's intentions,
whether conveyed privately-or publicly, came
very late in the day, It came only after the
carefully considered American plan had been
set in motion. At no time was President
Kennedy prepared to give the inter-American
system the right to modify his plan, to delay
it, or to veto it. In no sense of the term as
understood by diplomacy was there any "con-
sultation" with the OAS. President Ken-
nedy merely informed it of his plans when it
became both wise and convenient for him
to do so.
Now it would be absurd to compare the
Dominican crisis with the Cuban crisis as
a threat to peace. -But the inherent danger
of the present crisis is not now the issue.
What concerns us is the fact that the special
circumstances of the Dominican crisis gave
President Johnson less time for working with
the OAS than President Kennedy had in the
Cuban emergency. Those circumstances in-
cluded the breakdown of law and order, the
sinister threat of Communist mischief in
conditions of spreading anarchy, the urgent
and repeated confessions by the Dominican
authorities then in power that they had lost
control of the situation, and the reluctant
but unanimous judgment of U.S. officials in
Santo Domingo that troops had to be sent
at once by Washington to protect and evacu-
ate American citizens.
It was the unanimous decision of everyone
who participated in Johnson's decision that
12071
the crisis would tolerate no delay. There was
the related agreement that the OAS, even in
the best of circumstances, could take no
action in less than 48 hours; and the warning
messages from Santo Domingo emphasized
that such a delay would entail an intolerable
risk to American lives.
Was this an unreasonable estimate of the
situation when one remembers the history
of the OAS in other emergencies and its con-
duct in this crisis? There will be many
Americans, as well as many people in Latin
America, who will be ready to believe that we
are able to indulge these academic anxieties
only because the President's decision did in
fact avert disaster. For it would be a very
different debate If we were conducting it on
the ruins of freedom in the Dominican Re-
public, if another Castro-influenced govern-
ment were in power there, and if the con-
tagion of anarchy and communism spread to
other lands in Latin America.
The `record shows that President Johnson,
perhaps more than any other President in
our history, has been eager to strengthen the
inter-American system and to equip it with
the power to act quickly and decisively in
meeting any threat to the security of this
hemisphere. If he succeeds in this enter-
prise, it may well be the judgment of future
historians that a small technical breach,
soon rectified, led to the most significant
gains in regional consultation and security.
It is President Johnson's long-term commit-
ment to the OAS that matters, and it is high
time that commitment were more closely
understood, both here and in Latin America.
SEVEN HUNDRED AND FIFTIETH
ANNIVERSARY OF THE MAGNA
CARTA
Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, the
750th anniversary of the granting of the
Magna Carta is at hand; and I ask that
there be printed in the RECORD a procla-
mation on the subject by the mayor of
Dallas, along with a statement on the
great charter, prepared most ably by
Mrs. Harry Joseph Morris, State chair-
man of the Texas State Magna Carta
Committee.
There being no objection, the procla-
mation and the statement were ordered
to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:
OFFICE OF THE MAYOR,
City of Dallas.
PROCLAMATION
This year, 1965, Is the 750th anniversary of
the granting of the great charter known as
Magna Carta; and
Whereas Magna Carta provided the cor-
nerstone of constitutional free government
and some of the basic political ideas which
shaped our Nation's Declaration of Inde-
pendence and Constitution; and
Whereas in Magna Carta are embedded
the concepts of government limited by law,
of individual liberties, of right of trial by
jury, of just taxation subject to approval by
a competent assembly, and other fundamen-
tal principles of freedom and justice; and
Whereas to commemorate the 750th anni-
versary of the granting of Magna Carta,
special ceremonies will be held at Runny-
mede, England, site at which King John and
2,000 English barons fashioned Magna
Carta: Now, therefore, .
I, Erik Jonsson, mayor- of the city of
Dallas, do hereby proclaim June 18-19, 1965,
as Magna Carta Week.
ERIK JONSSON,
Mayor of the City of Dallas.
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 12072
Approved For Release 2003/10/15 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000500120004-0
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE,
THE 750TH ANNIySESARY OF THE MAGNA
ART.
(By Mrs. Harry Joseph Morris, charter, ho;i
orary life State, regent of the Texas divi-
sion of the National Society Magna Carla
Dames; State chairman, the Texas Stave
Magna Carta Committee; and official rep-
resentative of the State of Texas, appointed
by Gov. John Oonnaliy; and official
representative of the city of Dallas, alt-
pointed by Mayor Erik Jonsson, of Dallat,
to the 750th anniversary of the Magna
Carta, at Runnymede)
King John of England granted the great
charter, the Magna Carta, at a certai:i
meadow between Staines and Windsor, near
Egham, known as Runnymede on Monday,
the 15th of June, 1215 A.D.
In preparation fqr his parley with thi
barons of England, he had made his head,.
quarters at Windsor Castle. The insurgentI
were in possession of the city of London. Thu)
barons' armed host crossed the Thames b:: r
Staines bridge and set up their pavilionit
on Runnymede. John came there to meet;
them, with a small. retinue of bishops anc.
magnates whose names can be read in the,
preamble to the charter. His advisers in.
cluded Stephen Langton, cardinal and arch,
bishop of, Canterbury, and the Earl Marshal
of England, Hubert de Burgh. The weight
of their counsel coupled with the unrelent,
lug pressure of the baronial leadership com-
pelled John to cede the charter.
. Modern historians point to the limited
application of the charter, interpreting it as
a feudal document intended to reform spe-
cific abuses of John's, own reign. It is true
that the barons in 1215 were often thinking
in terms of their own order and that many
generations later lawyers began to interpret
the charter in the light of vastly changed
circumstances. It is equally true that the
Magna Carta proved in times of crisis to be
the safeguard of constitutional progress
and that the simple legal rulings embodied
in the charter are the .principles in which
our courts take pride today, and has been.
the keystone for not only English law, but
for the development of our own.
Quoting from Gov. John Connally,
"In this age of space, when mankind is on
the verge of explorations of other planets, it
Is well to pause for awhile and reflect on
our priceless heritage of freedom. Without
such a heritage, all we are and all we hope
to be, would be meaningless, for liberty is
our most priceless possessiori.11
Further quoting from Gov. John Con-
nally's official memorandum, dated February
9-1965: "Magna Carta provided the corner-
stone of constitutional free government
and some of'the basic political ideas which
shaped our own Nation's Declaration of In-
dependence and Constitution. In Magna
Carta are embedded the concepts of govern-
ment limited by law, of individual liberties,
of right of trial by jury, of just taxation sub-
ject to approval by a competent assembly,
and other fundamental principles of freedom
and justice. * * * It is fitting that this
750th anniversary of the granting of the
Magna Carta be observed by all citizens,
and that the Importance of Magna Carta
to our form of government and our way of
life be recognized. Therefore, I, as Governor
of Texas, do hereby designate the week of
June 13-19, 1965, as Magna Carta Week in
Texas."
The surety barons, from whom the mem-
bers of the Texas Division of the National
Society Magna Carta Dames claim descent
are: William d' Albini, Roger Bigod, Hugh
Bigod, Henry de Bohun Richard de Clare,
Gilbert de Clare, John, Fitzrobert, Robert
Fitzwaiter, William de Huntingfield, John de
Lacie, William de Lanvallei, William Malet,
William de Mowbray, Satre de Quincy, Robert
de Roos, Geoffrey de Saye, Robert de Vere.
The names of the other surety barons who
have no known issue living today are: Wil-
liam. ale Fortibus, William de Hardell, Geof-
frey de Mandeville, William Marshall, Roger
de Montbegon, Richard de Montfichet,
Richard de Percy, Eustace de Vesci.
The 750th anniversary of the Magna Carta
will be celebrated in Britain in June 1965,
and some 200 American descendants of the
Magna Carta barons, headed by Mrs. John
S. Wurts, Sr., national president of the Na-
tional Society Magna Carta Dames, and her
daughter, Miss Dorothy Wurts, national
Magna Carta tour director, both of Phila-
delphia, Pa., with representatives from all of
the 50 States will attend.
Mrs. Harry Joseph Morris, charter, honor-
ary life State regent of the Texas division of
the National Society Magna Carta Dames,
6840 Lakewood Boulevard, Dallas, who has
been appointed by Gov. John Con-
nally to be the official representative of the
State of Texas, and who has also been ap-
pointed by Mayor Erik Jonsson to be the
official representative of the city of Dallas,
Will head the Texas delegation who will
attend the 750th anniversary of the Magna
Carta ceremonies in England. The Texas
delegation Includes: Mrs. George Baffin
Elkin and Miss Florine Antoinette Tye,
Abilene; Mr. Jameston Rezin Brannon, Jr.,
Carthage; Miss Nadine Lain, Mr. and Mrs.
Lee Laird, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick M. Lange,
Miss Grace Lockey, Mrs. John I. Moore, Mr.
Richard James Price, Mrs. Verna Tye Price,
and Mrs. Morris, all of Dallas; Mrs. D. L.
Decker, Jr., Mrs. Robert E. Hulver, Mrs. E.
Bates Nisbet, Houston; Mrs. Robert J. Whelan
and Miss Regina Whelan, Marshall; Mrs.
William E. Bates, Midland; Mrs. Ervin A.
Tyroff, San Antonio; Mrs. F. Knight Parker,
San Augustine; Mrs. L. E. Livingston, Jr.,
Seabrook; Mrs. Paul G. Gooch, Victoria; Mrs.
Robert Knox Egan, Mr. and Mrs. John Hart
Wilson, Wichita Falls; and they will be head-
quartered at the Europa Hotel in London,
England, from June 6 through 16, and will
enjoy many interesting tours through the
historic sites of England.
: Among the events scheduled are: On Mon-
day, June 7, the Magna Carta tour group
will be honor guests at the full dress re-
hearsal of the Magna Carta play, written by
John Arden, one of Britain's most praised
young playwrights, who was commissioned
to write a play commemorating the 760th
anniversary of the Magna Carta, by the
city of London, which will be premiered at
the Mermaid Theater, the only theater in
the ancient city of London, in a riverside
setting. On Thursday, June 10, the party
will attend the Magna Carta ceremony at
St. Paul's Cathedral in London, and her
Majesty, Queen Elizabeth, hopes to at-
tend. On Saturday, June 12, they will see
the lovely ceremony known as "Trooping
the Color," celebrating the official birthday
of the Queen, when a full dress parade of
.the Brigade of Guards is held by the Queen
on Horse Guards Parade. The highlight of
the trip will be at Runnymede on Tuesday,
June 15, when a special ceremony presented
by the Magna Carta Trust, England, to com-
memorate the historic sealing of the Great
Mlarter by King John, in A.D. 1215, will be
.field. A ceremony will also be held in the
Great Hall of the Law Courts on June 15, in
Lplidon, at which the Lord Chancellor and
I he judges of the Supreme Court will be
present, with representatives of the legal
lerdfession in Britain and distinguished rep-
resentatives from the Commonwealth and the
united States attending.
-It is interesting to note that Runnymede is
still a placid green meadow, uninterrupted
except by a small memorial to the Magna
Carta erected by the American Bar Associa-
t: on. and the new memorial to the late John
Fitzgerald Kennedy, President of the United
States of America, which was dedicated with
a:1 acre of ground, on May 14, 1965, by Her
N ajesty, the Queen, with Mrs. Jacqueline
June 3,,-7-965
Kennedy and her two children, Caroline and
John, Jr, Kennedy, attending.
When the Magna Carta was granted on
Runnymede in 1215, a number of copies were
sealed and were taken with writs to the shires
in the country. Four copies remain; one in
Salisbury Cathedral (probably the one taken
to Wiltshire), one in. Lincoln Cathedral
(probably the one taken to Lincolnshire),.
and two in the British Museum. There are
three reissues of the Magan Carta, in 1216,
in 1217, and in 1225. A copy of the latter,
known as the Laycock Abbey reissue, is in
the British Museum.
The Dallas-Fort Worth Colony of the Texas
Division of the National Society of Magna
Carta Dames, of which Mrs. James D. Lu-
treil, Sr., is the regent, presented a facsimile
of the Magna Cartaa, which was sent to New
York by England, for the World's Fair in 1939,
with an honor guard of which John William
MacGowan was captain. Mr. MacGowan
presented the facsimile to the Dallas-Fort
Worth Colony, who in turn presented it to
the Dallas Public Library at a formal dedi-
cation on Monday, June 15, 1964, . on the
749th anniversary of the Magna Carta, with
Mrs. Lutrell, Sr., assisted by Mrs. Harry
Joseph Morris, honorary life regent of the
Dallas-Fort Worth Colony, and charter, hon-
arary life State regent of the Texas Division
of the National Society Magna Carta
Dames, making the presentation to Mrs.
Lillian Bradshaw, director-librarian of the
Dallas Public Library, in her office. The
facsimile includes both the Latin version and
the `English taranslation, and hangs as a
permanent display in the Texas history and
genealogy department of the Dallas Public
Library.
Mayor Erik Jonsson has proclaimed June
13-1O, 1965, as Magna Carta Week in Dallas,
and other mayors in the various cities
throughout the State are also issuing similar
proclamations, in a statewide observance
of the 750th anniversary of the Magna
Carta..
"ELECTRONICS: THE ROOM-SIZE
WORLD"
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, in a
few short weeks the performance of the
communications satellite known as
Early Bird has astonished peoples around
the globe. Since the launching in April,
this extraordinary vehicle has demon-
strated to all mankind the remarkable
achievements possible by talented, de-
termined individuals laboring in a free
society and motivated by a desire to put
technological skill and scientific know-
how into service for human benefit.
The Communications Satellite Corpo-
ration has, with this almost unbelievable
dependable relay mechanism, taken a
first step in making practicable a truly
global: means of communication. The
effectiveness of America's approach to
the linking of continents and nations
justifies the confidence typified by the
Communications Satellite Act of 1962.
I trust that the initial successes are an
answer to all who doubted the sound-
ness of the policy embodied in that con-
troverted legislation.
The success of Early Bird was due in
large part to pioneering efforts of the
National. Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration, but great credit must be
given to private enterprise, notably, two
versatile corporations which carry on a
large proportion of their activities in my
home State of California-the Douglas
Aircraft Co., which produced the launch
Approved For Release 2003/10/15 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000500120004-0