THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000500110030-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 25
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 29, 2003
• Sequence Number: 30
• Publication Date: September 17, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

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September 17, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 23345
the promise of a rich and fertile land for The legislative clerk proceeded to call were distributing military equipment,
the people who live there. the roll. - and they were seen at vital places in
But when I look back on our common his- Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I command. All of the indications were
tory since World War II, what I'm impressed ask unanimous consent that the order that they were practically in control.
with is not the troubles or the problems- for the quorum call be rescinded. Military equipment, was delivered to
pressed the world with has the always new had element t in those. int nt im- - The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without them in large quantities and taken to
tional relations: the steady effort, crystal- objection, it is so ordered. - their headquarters, where it was dis-
lized in our mutual development programs, The Chair recognizes the Senator tributed to their members, many of whom
our aid programs, by independent countries from Ohio. were Communists, and others who did
to work together on solving problems. not know exactly what was in the mak-
That is new, and different, and a cause for ing.
optimism. THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC There has been some criticism, par-
For our part, I can assure you that we ap- Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, on the ticularly in the press, about the relatively
proch our role in the development partner- floor of the Senate within the last few small number of Communists identified
ship in the same way we have learned to view what
our investment in the development of our days there has been a discussion of as having taken part in the rebellion in
own cities. We don't see this as something the conditions were in the Dominican the Dominican Republic.
we are doing for somebody else. We see it Republic in April, when the U.S. Gov- In my judgment we miss the serious-
as an investment in our own future and in ernment determined to send in its Ma- ness of the revolutionary situation by'
the. world we share with you. rines. A statement was made that an adding up the number of Communists
In closing, may I say this: The American erroneous judgment was reached by the that were identified in it.
character is one of activism and, sometimes,
impatience. It is one which leads us, from President because he was misinformed When we add the number, we com-
time to time, into mistakes. It is one, I am as to the purpose in sending in the pletely miss the point about the ability
sure, which is often not fully understood in troops. I must express vigorous dis- of Communist leaders to dominate a
other places. agreement with that argument. situation where disorder, rioting, and
But I want to leave this message with you: I am a member of the Foreign Rela- mob rule prevails. By skilled manipula-
We Americans are committed-committed. tiorls Committee and had the opportu- tion, propaganda, by assertion of leader-
beyond recall-to the building of a freer, nity of listening to the representatives ship in proper points, in street fighting,
better, happier world for all men. of the Department of Defense, the State by aggressive activity, these Communists
There have been times, I know, when you
may have doubted this. But today, as never Department, and the CIA in describing take hold. That is what they did in the
before, our American Nation has come to what took place in' fie ommlean Re- Dominican Republic.
appreciate the oneness of mankind. This public when the revolt of last spring A few skilled people can do this in the
appreciation makes possible the great na- began, proper circumstances. In the Domini-
tional programs we undertake today to build I can say unhesitatingly to Senators on can Republic the circumstances were ex-
better cities, to fight poverty, to eliminate the floor of the Senate that the proof istent, enabling the Communists to seize
discrimination in our own society, to do was clear and convincing that unless we the leadership, and to install their gov-
something on behalf of our fellow men. had stepped in we would have at our ernment.
And today, as never before, we know that
we cannot live rich in a world too long poorshores another Cuba. When a temporary government was
.
I, for one, mean to do in my lifetime what- We know of the difficulties that are established in April, in charge of the in-
ever I can to extend mankind's benefits to facing us because of Cuba. In my judg- vestigative forces, there was placed at
more of mankind. And I am Joined by the ment, those difficulties would be mul- its head the most ardent Communist of
overwhelming majority of the American peo- tiplied many times if another Castro the whole group.
ple. I am Joined, certainly, by our president. and Cuba were established within 100 That is a technique of Communist ac-
Let us, then, together pledge ourselves to miles of the banks of our land on the tivity which is generally understood:
creating the world of justice, hope and peace
that all men long for, but have not yet south. Get control of the police; get control of
achieved. When the coup began it was led by the investigating agency; and when there
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, is persons who were not connected with is control of them, begin arresting all
the Communist Party. But it is an citizens who are in disagreement with
there further morning business? established fact that there were three the party in control who have the po-
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there groups in Cuba. tential ability of interfering.
further morning business? If not, One group was known as the 14th of I merely want to remind Senators of
morning business is closed. June movement with complete fidelity to what has happened in Cuba. Castro im-
Castro. Its members obtained guerrilla mediately arrested 500 of the leaders
AMENDMENT OF IMMIGRATION training in Cuba, especially In the year of whom he thought would cause trouble to
AND NATIONALITY ACT 1964. That group is oriented to Castro him. He had a hippodrome trial. The
and is Communist. It is the largest of 500 persons were put to death under the
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I the extremists parties, but does contain semblance of the administration of jus-
ask unanimous consent that the unfln- some non-Communist members. tice, when it was nothing but the act of
fished business be laid before the Senate. The second group, that was latent and a tyrant, giving the semblance of a trial
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The hidden in the Dominican Republic, was to the accused, with all judgments 'ford-
Chair lays before the Senate the unfin- the PSPD, oriented to Moscow. Its ordained, and then putting them to
ished business, which will 'be stated by members received training in Czecho- death. -
title. slovakia in 1963. Others obtained in- I have already stated that the man
The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. A bill (H.R, doctrination in Moscow in 1964. that was placed at the head of the in-
2580) to amend the Immigration and Then, there was a third group, the vestigative forces was one of the lead-
Nationality Act, and for other purses. APCJ, oriented to Peiping. Members of ing Communists in the Dominican Re-
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without the APCJ went to Communist China late public.
objection, the Senate will proceed to the in 1964, where they received guerrilla But one word about the hearings be-
consideration of the bill. military, training. fore the Committee on Foreign Rela-
The Senate resumed the consideration We thus have the situation with three tions. They were called by the chair-
of the bill (H R. 2540). groups in the Dominican Republic led man of the committee [Mr FULBRIGHTI..
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, if by Communists, with some of their mem- The committee did not make the de-
the Senator from Ohio [Mr. LAUSCHE], bers non-Communists. They were hid- cision to hold the hearings.
who is to be recognized to make some den, waiting for action. When the coup I regret to say this, but it is neverthe-
remarks at this time, will yield without began, they immediately sprung to the less my judgment, that the meeting was
losing the right to the floor or having the forefront, and within a few days they contemplated to establish that we were
time for the quorum call taken out of the were occupying the leading positions in in the Dominican Republic by error and
time allotted to him, I suggest the ab- what was happening. injustice.
sence of a quorum. When the military members of the Someone had prepared a sheaf of
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without coup began distributing arms, these cards, I should say 1'/Z inches thick.
objection, it is so ordered; and the clerk three Communist oriented organizations When the witnesses appeared, the ques-
''ill call the roll. were in the frontline. Their leaders tions on the cards were systematically
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23346 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE September 17, 1965
asked. One question was read, and the tie administration on this subject, I now . of the latter day activities of the Govern-
card was turned over. Then the second grand foursquare behind what was went so far as they relate to problems
question was read, and the third. I done. I do so in the belief that it was existing in the Dominican Republic. I
should say that 150 cards were in the s,rvieeable as a security to our country dislike to see my Government connected
sheaf. Every question contained impli- and to the free world. with a so-called kidnaping operation, in
cations about the impropriet
of th
M
y
e
r. MUNDT. Mr. President, will the
presence of the 'United States in the Do- Senator yield?
minican Republic. Mr. LAUSCHE. I yield to the Senator
During the hearing, I complained from South Dakota.
about what was taking place. One of Mr. 'MUNDT. First, I congratulate
the questions asked was: "Did not Mr. the distinguished Senator from Ohio for
X, of Y newspaper, make this state- the presentation he has made today. As
ment?" The statement of Mr. X made a Republican member of the Committee
had' 'challenged the presence of the on I Foreign Relations, I have watched,
United States in the Dominican Repub- llitened, and read with more than un.
lie. I intervened and asked, "Is it not common interest the discussions ema-
also true that. another newspaperman n:tting from the other side of the aisle
during the Cuban episode, said that Cas- concerning the activities in which the
tro was a Lincoln and a Robin Hood, de-
voted to the cause of the poor, robbing
the rich, and turning his gains over to
those who were in need?"
Certain newspapermen have said that
we were improperly in Cuba and in the
Dominican Republic. But our plight in
Cuba, in my opinion, is the primary con-
sequence of a misevaluation we made of
Castro. Castro came to the United
States and was given the dignity of ap-
pearing before the Committee on Foreign
Relations. I deliberately did not attend
that meeting. I could not dignify Cas-
tro's appearance before the Committee
on Foreign Relations, having in my mind
the knowledge of the circus trial that he
had conducted.
Castro was a guest of the National
Press Club. During the entire time he
was here, the stories told about him were,.
In effect, that to Cuba had come a mes-
siah gifted with charitable qualities; a
friend of the free West; a friend of the
United States, We took those stories as
true. The result is the problem which
now exists in Cuba.
I am firmly of the conviction that if
the President had not acted as he did in
April of this year, we now would have
practically at our shores another Cuba.
I cannot agree with the statements made
by the chairman of the Committee on
Foreign Relations [Mr. FULBRIGHT] on
the floor of the Senate on September 15.
I do not believe that I am what may be
called a hard realist; but I do not want
to be labeled as a soft-minded idealist,
one who is absolutely indifferent to real-
istic facts. I would feel myself to be a
dupe if I daily believed what the Com-
munists of the world are saying. The
Communists have their techniques.
They know how to operate subversively.
They know how to foment riots. They
are fomenting them in the United States.
All that is needed is some small disorder
followed by an invasion of well-equipped
tchnicians who know how to exaggerate
a situation; and before one knows it,
mobs are in action. It was mobs that
took charge of the Dominican Republic
uprising.
i say to the people of my State that
while I have agreed with many of the
things that have been recommended by
minican Republic, and the criticisms and' tainly pleasing to. the revolutionaries of
replies which have been made with the Dominican Republic and pleasing to
respect to that action. the Communists. I am not a great ad-
While I dislike to inject myself into vocate of Wessin. Y Wessin. I do not
want is pretty much a Democratic dis- know how good a military leader he was.
c>.asion, it does, after all, relate to hear- He would not be my candidate for Presi-
ings which were held in the Committee dent of the Dominican Republic if I were
on Foreign Relations. I attended most sitting at a political convention selecting
of the hearings. They involved a rather nominees.
searching analysis of what transpired I should think that, slowly but surely,
in the early days of revolutionary activi- Uncle Sam would be learning that we do
ties in Santo Domingo and other parts not make very many good guesses when
of the Dominican Republic. I was curi- we inject ourselves in that fashion and
oi;s about the nature of the hearings and that forcefully into the internal affairs
the reasons for them, because, while I of another country. We should have
wars in attendance for many hours, I learned something, I should think, from
heard no questions directed to the long our experieizces in Vietnam when we were
series of witnesses as to what they felt permitting or promoting the ousting of
our future policy should be or what they Diem. 'We have never since then found
fe..t the solution ought to be, so far as a successor w'io seemed to have the ca-
the aftermath of the revolutionary pacity to develop the loyalty of his fol-
pe riod was concerned. lowers and fellow citizens that Diem
[t'all seemed to be a questioning in possessed.
a somewhat critical search for knowledge My skepticism is enhanced when I re-
as to why we got into the affair in the fleet that, with respect to Tshombe in the
first place; whether we got in with the Congo, we spent much time, effort, and
ril ht number of people and at the right money in apparently kicking him out.
tine; and whether the information that Then, after we had created a vacuum, we
caused us to go in at all was accurate spent much time, effort, and money in
or inaccurate. The inquiry seemed to be bringing him back. We were certainly
prncipally a contest as to whether the wrong in either one instance or in the
writings of little men in the employ of other so far as Tshombe in the Congo
bilnewspapers was correctso far as the was concerned.'
situation in Santo Domingo was con- The Senator from Ohio pointed out
ce; 'xed; and whether the reports from that, in the situation in Cuba while we
th3 CIA, the State Department, and the were making a transfer from Batista, who
OILS were accurate. was bad, to Castro, who was worse, there
At the end of the hearings, I felt com- was an'apparent failure on the part of
pleetely convinced, as did the Senator American officials generally to recognize
frc'm Ohio [Mr. LAUSCHEJ, that all the that we were permitting or promoting
ve.3ties and all the facts seemed to be there the control of Cuba by a Commu-
wi'h the representatives of the Depart- nist who had been trained in Communist
ment of State and the American Gov- training camps and who was completely
eriunent, rather than in the proclama- dedicated to the Communist cause and
tions being made by the little men who subservient to the Russian Communist
were writing for big newspapers, whiplash.
concurred in and completely sup- I am not at all sure that' this adminis-
po ?ted emphatically the action of Rresi- tration is acting wisely or prudently. or
dent Johnson and the actions of the properly in conjunction with the Domini-
Staite Department, so far as their imme- can Republic situation, since we took the
dis.te reaction to the situation in the initial action and since we put down the
Dominican Republic was concerned. I resolution and stabilized the situation.
believe they did the right thing in the If, in fact, we are now to have a coalition
right place at the right time with the government in Santo Domingo, we shall
right number of military personnel. have failed to have secured the dividend
l am inclined to question a little some which should have been available from
which ' one of the valiant fighters for
freedom, Wessin y Wessin, was rather
forcibly removed from the land of his
origin and transferred to American soil.
As I understand the facts, he walked
to the plane which took him out of the
Dominican Republic. However, he
walked reluctantly and involuntarily, and
apparently with a bayonet which bore
the imprimatur "made in the United
'States" at his back.
I dislike to see our Government in-
jecting itself-to that degree and in that
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September Tr, 196~v. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
the very wise and prudent and proper
action which President Johnson orig-
inally took. I am not charging that we
are going to do that. I am concerned
about the way in which we moved in on
Wessin y Wessin. It is.a straw in the
wind because of the indication that the
little writers for the big newspapers are
having influence with people in big
places in Washington.
I dislike to see that kind of indication.
We should make sure that the people in
the Dominican Republic have a demo-
cratically inclined, freedom-loving friend
of freedom as their leader, and we should
not dilute his capacity for success by
making further concessions to the de-
feated Communist influences in that
revolution.
Primarily I am glad that the distin-
guished Senator from Ohio has. helped to
set the record straight. He has related
accurately what transpired in the Com-
mittee on Foreign Relations, in my
opinion. I saw no evidence throughout
the hearings to indicate that President
Johnson had .acted either Inadvisedly or
on inadequate information in making the
decisions that he made in those early
critical days.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. BASS
in the chair). The Senator from Ohio.
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, I do
not want my statement to be construed
as indicating approval or disapproval of
what has recently happened. I have not
had an opportunity to learn from the
State Department what has taken place.
However, I have apprehension about the
removal of Wessin y Wessin. At this
time, I should like to read some notes
which I made when Bosch's government
was overthrown several years ago. These
are my notes concerning General Wes-
sin y Wessin:
Wessin is about 33 years old. He was active
in trying to drive the Trujillbs and the Com-
munists out of the army of the Dominican
Republic. He wanted to raise the moral fab-
ric of the army. He wrote an article pointing
out the infiltration into the army of Com-
munists. He is still the head of the Aviation
School of the Military Division. He was a
colonel and is now a general. He could have
been the head of the government, but he
declined.
These notes were written at the time
of the Bosch overthrow. They wanted
him to take the headship and he declined.
To me that is testimony of great weight
in showing the character of the man.
Yet he is the one who was taken out of
the Dominican Republic with a bayonet
at his back and is now in Miami.
Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, I am
glad that the Senator gave that addi-
tional information concerning Wessin y
Wessin.
As I say, I am not one of his advocates.
I do not know enough about him. How-
ever, I do know that when a great many
of the other military people were fleeing,
he was fighting. He was standing up.
He stepped into the critical breach, pre-
cisely as the U.S. Government stepped
into the breach at a critical time, and
together they set back the Communists.
I do not like to reward that kind of
fighting for freedom by having my gov-
ernment associate itself with a move-
ment to kidnap him and take him out
of the country and send him to the Unit-
ed States against his will,
That is far different from saying that
we should put him in high office. How-
ever, that kind of concession to the Com-
munist groups who dislike him is a failure
to show the kind of stamina and stature
now that was properly shown at the time
the revolution began.
Mr.a LAUSCHE. Mr. President, the
notes which I made were based upon
testimony given by Government wit-
nesses-witnesses from the State Depart-
ment primarily. I have these notes here.
It can be readily seen that they are
merely scribbled memorandums of what
was said.
The Government stood firm last April.
I do not know whether it is now begin-
ning to yield to the attacks that are
being made. I hope that it is not.
A coalition government which is
friendly to the West will not survive.
The Communists would take over in due
time in the event a coalition government,
were established.
Mr. President, I yield the floor.
Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts ob-
tained the floor.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will
the Senator yield about 13 minutes to me
without losing his right to the floor?
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
LAUSCHE in the chair). Does the Sen-
ator from Massachusetts yield to the
Senator from Montana?
Mr. KENNEDY of, Massachusetts. I
yield.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
SENATE DISCUSSION OF DOMINICAN
SITUATION
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President,
there has been a good deal of discussion
about the situation in the Dominican
Republic. The distinguished Chairman
of the Foreign Relations Committee [Mr.
FULBRIGHT] has, on the basis of an analy-
sis of hearings held before his commit-
tee, made a speech in which he gave his
views on the developments inherent in
the early days preceding and following
our involvement.
Senator FULBRIGHT was very careful to
stress that the material on which he
based his speech was testimony heard by
the Foreign Relations Committee. Un-
fortunately, except for a 15-minute in-
terval, I was unable to attend these hear-
23347
ings and, furthermore, I have not had
the time to read the testimony, so I am
unable to comment on the hearings.
There have been exceptions taken to
as well as support of FULBRIGHT's remarks
by various Members of the Senate. I
think it should be pointed out that the
chairman of the committee stated em-
phatically that what he said represented
his own views, based on his understand-
ing of the hearings.
As one who participated in the White
House conferences on the subject of in-
tervening in the Dominican Republic, I
do not intend to say anything specific as
to what went on at the meeting. But I
feel that in view of the developments
which have occurred over the past day or
so, that it is appropriate to comment in
general' terms. When the difficulty oc-
curred, the President did call the leader-
ship and ranking members of certain
committees to the White House to discuss
what had happened and was happening
in the Dominican Republic. He did state
that there were 5,000 nationals of foreign
countries in Santo Domingo of whom
1,500 were Americans. He had received
urgent requests and pleas from the chiefs
of the various American agencies and I
believe from some foreign embassies
stating that the situation was extremely
dangerous and he was told that if steps
were not undertaken to insure the safety
of these nationals that there could well
be a substantial loss of life. There was
no other country prepared or capable of
giving the protection which was needed
at the time except the United States.
The President had to make a decision
involving the safety of these nationals
on the basis of the cables, telephone calls,
and advice which he had received. When
he announced his decision at the White
House Conference there was no'opposi-
tion raised at that time on the matter
which was discussed in great detail.
The President, on the basis of his
authority as Commander in Chief and
his constitutional responsibility as Presi-
dent in the field of foreign policy, under-
took to land military forces to protect
these nationals. He selected a'most ca-
pable man in the person of Lieutenant
General Palmer to take command of the
American Forces in Santo Domingo, and
he laid the matter repeatedly before the
OAS as an organization. Prior to that,
he had brought it to the personal at-
tention of as many Ambassadors of the
American nations as could be contacted.
He was desirous, at the earliest oppor-
tunity, of shelving the initial unilateral
responsibility which the United States
had undertaken and gave his whole-
hearted support to the creation of an
Inter-American Police Force. He agreed,
without hesitation, to a Brazilian be-
coming the overall commander of this
force and the placing of General Palmer
in a subordinate position under him.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE ..September 17, 1965
He dispatched various missions to try ican Ssates in which we participated as
and bring the opposing groups together. a full member. A provisional govern-
Finally, in the past 2 weeks, the OAS ment has been established. An interim
committee, which included Ambassador President is In office. There has, accord-
Ellsworth Bunker of the United States, Ing to available reports and to the best
was able to bring about a creation of an of my knowledge, been a general laying
interim and provisional government un- clown 3-f arms. The decision now is up
der Hector Garcia Godoy. This interim to the Dominican people and the provi-
government is to remain in power for sional government for the time being to
9 months. There is to be a 6-month adjust `themselves to this situation to
period to try and bring some degree of prepare for elections 9 months hence,
stability to the Republic and in the last and tc establish a government based on
3 months of the 9--month: period, po- the will of the people which can furnish
litical campaigns are to be undertaken and waich can bring a degree of stability
by means of which the Dominican peo- and economic prosperity to the Domini-
ple will be given the opportunity, it is cans themselves. The United States has
hoped, to elect a government of their spent a large amount of money to aid
own choice. in this rehabilitation of the Republic.
All the obstacles have not been re- It is prepared to continue to help if the
moved in the Dominican Republic, and Dominican people themselves take eon-
I am of the opinion that in this uneasy trol o' their own state and guide it to
though encouraging situation, there may anchor In fairly calm political and-eco-
yet be further trouble of one kind or nomic. waters. To that end the Presi-
another: However, I do think that sig- dent ]ias pledged his full support to the
nificant progress has been made and I efforts of the OAS and I feel quite cer-
know that the President is very hopeful tain that the American people and their
that it will be possible to reduce the OAS representatives in the Congress support
force still further as the Dominicans him f, Illy.
achieve a greater degree of stability. Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, will
Certainly, it is his deepest desire that the Smator yield?
the situation will be ironed out so that Mn MANSFIELD. - I yield.
the Dominicans themselves can assume, -Mr:,HOLLAND. I completely com-
at the- earliest moment, full control of mend the statement of the distinguished
their own affairs. Senal or from Montana. I do not see
This has been a most difficult and how i he President could have done any-
delicate situation in which the Presi- thing except intervene. I believe he
dent found himself and he has done his showy d firmness in his handling of for-
very best, on the basis of advice he has eign relations which should commend
received, to bring the matter to a head. him to the entire Nation.
I feel that we owe him a debt of thanks I wish to make an additional point:
for what he has been able to accomplish I knew he had tried before intervention
and to the OAS for what it has been able to persuade the OAS to move. Appar-
to bring about in a way of a reasonable ently it moved too slowly. Since inter-
agreement looking to a secure future ventimn, he has continued that effort. I
for the Dominican people. ! am greatly heartened by the apparent
I would certainly underscore what the
distinguished chairman of the Foreign
Relations Committee has time and again
said, that the president's decisions were
fully understandable in the light of the
circumstances as they were brought to
his attention. I feel, also, that the chair-
man of the Foreign Relations Committee
was endeavoring to present to the Senate
a thoughtful analysis of the views which
situation as it prevailed in the Domini-
can Republic in April and as it prevails
today.
I have had very little correspondence
from those on either side of the situa-
tion. I have received only about 50 let-
ters, some condemning the President for
the action he took and others commend-
ing him. The letters 'indicated that the
writers really were not in possession of
the facts and did not know exactly what
the situation was. I -personally believe
that the. President was warranted in
sending forces into the Dominican Re-
public on the night when the rebellion
started.
I also believe, as the chairman of the
Foreign Relations Committee has stated,
that the President received some rather
poor advice, that plenty of mistakes were
made, and that it probably took much
longer to restore order in the Domini-
can Republic than would have been nec-
essary had - certain mistakes not been
made.
Now, however, the OAS has accom-
plished its purpose. It is providing for
the setting up of a government to be es-
tablished by the people of the Domini-
can Republic themselves, and I hope that
we shall not undertake to interfere with
the setting up of that government, un-
less it actually threatens the security of
the United States, which I doubt it will
do.
If I were -a Communist from a foreign
country, looking for a place in the West-
ern Hemisphere to locate from where I
could work with safety, I would never
have chosen the Domihician Republic. I
believe that to be about the worst place
a Communist could find anywhere for his
purposes. If I were looking, I believe
there would. be many cities in the United
States which would be more likely places
activ, .tion, within OAS, of direct partici- than the Dominican Republic was at the
pation by many nations in the peace- time of the rebellion.
keeping procedure, which for the first However, I believe that if the peo-
time, as I have observed that fine orga- ple of that Republic- desire to set up a
nizatton, indicates its willingness to come government of their own which is pro-
to grips with serious problems in var- gressive and forward-looking, even
ious :3arts of the heimsphere. though it meets with. the disapproval of
I Believe that from the leadership of certain interested parties, we should
the :?resident, from his urging of the support them and work through the Or-
OAS: and from his taking unilateral ganization of American States as far as
he distilled from the hearings before leadership for a few days as the situa- we possibly can.
his committee: An analysis of the cir- tion -equired, there will come a reactiva- i believe: that the situation now is
cumstances surrounding major foreign tion And rejuvenation of the OAS which such that we can safely conclude that
policy decisions is of concern to the Sen- will lie of great importance to the entire the Dominician Republic is going to es-
ate and out of this can conie constructive hemisphere. His action will eventually tablish its own Government, and that it
reactions from Senators which could well commend itself to peace-loving people will be a government with which we can
be useful in the field of foreign polity throighout the hemisphere as a wise act, work, one which will improve the econ-
in the future. There has been some becaise it brought about results so long omy and the security of the Dominican
strenuous debate on the Dominican sit- desired, and only now about to be Republic.
uation in this Chamber - and there may achioved. - Mr. MANSFIELD. I thank the dis-
well be more in the future. - M'. MANSFIELD. I thank the dis-
In my opinion, the important thing tingitished Senator. -
at the moment is to recognize the fact M. AIKEN. Mr. President, will- the
that at long last, after a period of months, Senc for yield?
what looks like a lead to the solution M'. MANSFIELD. I yield.
has been worked out for- the Dominican M:. AIKEN. Mr. President, the Sen-
Republic and that solution was ar- ator from Montana has made a
rived at by the Organization of the Amer- fort] aright ' and fair presentation of the
tinguished Senator from Vermont and
the distinguished Senator from Florida
for what they both had. to say. I join
them in expressing hope that the Orga-
nization of American States will become
a stronger, more efficient, and more ef-
fective organization in the weeks, months
and years ahead.
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September 17, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
The distinguished Senator from Ver-
mont was at that fateful meeting in the
White House when the President in-
formed us of the situation then develop-
ing in the Dominican Republic. Because
we are both bound by the executive na-
ture of the meeting, we cannot say too
much, but we were aware of what hap-
pened at the time, and we both gave our
full endorsement to the policy under-
taken in connection with the President's
announcement to us in the Cabinet
Room.
Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, let me ex-
press the hope I expressed for the Do-
minican Republic, that it will apply to all
the Latin American countries in the
Western Hemisphere. I do not believe
that we should undertake to dictate to
them just what kind of government they
should live under, or whom they should
have to head that government so long
as it does not actually threaten the se-
curity of the United States.
I am still not convinced that what
went on in the Dominican Republic in
April threatened the security of the
United States. It seemed to me that
there would have been more bloodshed
during that rebellion had the President
not intervened. However, as I said be-
fore, I believe that. he received some ad-
vice, as has been pointed out by the
chairman of the Foreign Relations Com-
mittee, which caused us to make more
mistakes than we otherwise might have
made, and which delayed plans for the
establishment of a popular government
in that country.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr.. President,
to some extent the discussion relates to
events in the past.
Now we are faced with the present.
It seems as though there is a good
possibility-although nothing is sure in
this world any more-of a reasonably
good government coming out of the sit-
uation in the Dominican Republic.
I thank the distinguished Senator from
Massachusetts [Mr. KENNEDY] for yield-
ing to me, and if he will allow me just
this once, to suggest the absence of a
quorum, without his losing the right to
the floor, Mr. President, I suggest the
absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. HAR-
RIS in the chair). The clerk will call
the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE
A message from the House of Repre-
sentatives, by Mr. Bartlett, one of its
reading clerks, announced that the
House had agreed to the report of the
committee of conference on the disagree-
ing votes of the two Houses on the
amendments of the Senate to the bill
(H.R. 9221) making appropriations for
the Department of Defense for the fiscal
year ending.June 30, 1966, and for other
purposes; that the House receded from
its disagreement to the amendments of
the Senate numbered 16 and 31 to the
bill and concurred therein, and that the
House receded from its disagreement to
the amendments of the Senate numbered
8, 10, 24, and 62 to the bill, and concur-
red therein,. severally with an amend-
ment, in which it requested the Concur-
rence of the Senate.
The message also announced that the
House had agreed to the report of the
committee of conference on the disagree-
ing votes of the two Houses on the
amendments of the Senate to the bill
(H.R. 10323) making appropriations for
military construction for the Depart-
ment of Defense for the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1966, and for other pur-
poses.
ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED
The message further announced that
the Speaker had affixed his signature to
the following enrolled bills, and they
were signed by the Vice President:
H.R.948. An act to amend part II of the
District of Columbia Code relating to divorce,
legal separation, and annulment of marriage
in the District of Columbia;
H.R.5883. An act to amend the bonding
provisions of the Labor-Management Report-
ing and Disclosure Act of 1959 and the Wel-
fare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act;
H.R. 10014. An act to amend the act of
July 2, 1954, relating to office space in the
districts of Members of the House of Rep-
resentatives, and the act of June 27, 1956,
relating to office space in the States of
Senators; and
H.R. 10874. An act to amend the Railroad
Retirement Act of 1937 and the Railroad
Retirement Tax Act to eliminate Pertain
provisions which reduce spouses' annuities,
to provide coverage for tips, to increase the
base on which railroad retirement benefits
and taxes are computed, and to change the
railroad retirement tax rates.
AMENDMENT OF IMMIGRATION
AND NATIONALITY ACT
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the bill (H.R. 2580) to amend the im-
migration and Nationality Act, and for
other purposes.
Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts. Mr.
President, the bill we are considering
today accomplishes major reforms in our
immigration policy. This bill is not
23349
col-Icerned with increasing immigration
to this country, nor will it lower any of
the high standards we apply in selection
of immigrants. The basic change it
makes is the elimination of the national
origins quota system, in line with the
recommendations of the last four Presi-
dents of the United States, and Members
of Congress from both parties.
For 41 years, the immigration policy
of our country has been crippled by this
system. Because of it we have never
been able to achieve the annual quota
use authorized by law. We have dis-
criminated in favor of some people over
others, contrary to our basic principles
as a nation, simply on the basis of birth.
We have separated families needlessly.
We have been forced to forego the tal-
? ents of many professionals whose skills
were needed to cure, to teach and to en-
hance the lives of Americans.
The present law has caused thousands
of instances of personal hardship, of
which every Senator is aware. Several
times Congress has tried to correct the
twisted results of the national origins
system through emergency legislation.
Six times between 1948 and 1962 laws
were passed for the admission of refu-
gees. Four times between 1957 and 1962
we have made special provisions for rela-
tives of American citizens or orphans.
In addition, each year we are called upon
to consider thousands of private bills to
accommodate persons caught in the
backwash of this origins system.
These efforts at circumvention are fur-
ther proof that the national origins sys-
tem is in disrepute. We cannot continue
to respect a law we constantly seek to
circumvent. To continue with such a
law brings discredit upon ourselves as
legislators. The national origins system
has even failed in the purpose for which
it was intended: to keep the ethnic bal-
ance of our country forever as it was in
1920. In 1920, 79 percent of our white
population was of northern and western
European origin. During the first 30
years of the national origins system, only
39 percent of our total immigration came
from such areas. Since 1952, some 3.5
million persons have been admitted to
this country as immigrants. Two-thirds
of them came outside the national
origins quota. Since 1952, we have au-
thorized 2.1 million national origins
quota numbers. Only one-half of these
numbers were used.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD a statistical sum-
mary of immigrants admitted from
June 30, 1953, through June 30, 1964.
There being no objection, the summary
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
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23350 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE September 17,
196
1953-8
Class
19531
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1550
1961
1062
1963
1964
Total immigrants admitted-------------------------- 3
,197, 81.7 1
70, 434 2
08,177 2
37,790 3
21,625 3
26,867 2
53,265 2
60, 686 2
65, 308 2
71,344 2
83, 763 3
06,260
292,248
---- --------------------------- 1
ta immigrants (tots)
,140, 4"9
84,175
94,098
82,232
89,310
97,178 1
02,163
97,657 1
01, 373
96,104 ;
90,310 1
03,036
102,84:4
---
Quo
ration and Nationality Act ---------------------- 1
Immi
,124,818 18
78, 053
88, 016
79, 617
88,926
97, 084 1
02,077
97, 651 1
01,362
96, 074
90,305 1
02,995
102,814
g
let preference quota:
Selected immigrants of special skill. or abflity---
30, 611
77
1,429
1
7
1,776
1
236
1, 946
420
1
2,992
739
2
3,941
3
197
3,618
109
3
3,385
3,681
3,460
3,758
3,313
3,721
2,288
2,374
2,475
2,387
Their spouses and children_________________
28,656
45
,02
,
,
,
,
,
Skilled' agriculturists, their wives and children
---
---
(1924 act)-------------
Parents or husbands of U.S. citizens (1924 act)__
331
4,2X)
321
4,290 -
------
-------
--------
--------
--------
--------
------- -
-------
-------
--------
--------
-------
--- -
?----?
-----
--'
-------
--------
--------
-------
2d preference quota:
Parents of U.S. citizens ------------------------
36, 817
083
2,793
2,394
2,843
3,677
2,608
3,4W
3, 451
458
3,381
931
2, 2&2i
241
4,006 006
392
4,063
369
Unmarried sons or daughters ofU.S_citizens 2__..
Wives and children of resident aliens (1924 act)__
2,409
4,133
--------
4,133
-------
-------
--------
--------
--------
--------
--------
--------
--------
--------
-------
--------
--- ----
--------
---------
--------
--------
3d preference quota:
Spouses of resident aliens ________________ ____- .
esident aliens a
f
ht
28,460
28,
(18
36
291
220
3,180
824
2
2,604
2,821
2, 902
4,064
2,848
3,783
2,719
2,668
3,409
4,134
2, 767
3, 225
2,132
3,265
1, 786
2,419
1,832
3,266
1, 980
3, 929
..
r
ers o
Unmarried sons or daug
4th preference quota:
Brothers or sisters of U.S. citizens ___________
,
22,4016
63
,
1,556
1,955
120
1
1,690
431
1,715
1
443
2, 903
2
029
2,162
1
275
1, 9~i8
425
2,346
244
2,162
205
2,187
199
1,711
161
Married sons or daughters of U.S. citizens
7,128
22
374
,
,
,
,
Spouses and children of brothers or sisters, sons
A
i
11
180
-------
--------
--------
--------
--------
--------
1,.014
2, 572
2, 59 3
2, 887
1
2, 529
3
- -------- -----
zens
or daughters of U.S. cit
ns
iti
U
S
,
--------
-
66
62
Ili
3
7
ze
_
.
. c
Adopted sons or daughters of
Nonpreference quota_____________________________ _
911,' 88
--------
67, 608
--------
74, 843
85, 711
73, 529
77,887
82,030
76,638
80,987
73, 923
71,542
83,563
,20
8
islation (quota immigrants)__________________
ecial le
S
15,146
6,122
6,082
2,815
485
94
76
6
21
30
14
41
30
g
p
Displaced persons (Displaced Persons Act of 1948
21
15
759
5
0,082
2,615
485
94
76
6
------
--------
3
1
--------
(quota))
Skilled sheepherders (act of Apr. 9, 1952 (quota))---
nment. officials adjusted under sec. 13,
i
,
163
,
363
_
-------
-------
21
-------"
30
---?_-"
11
--------
40
--------
30
gn gover
Fore
(act of Sept. 11, 1957 (quota))--------------------
-32
-------
-------
--------
--------
--------
--------
--------
315
232
229
689
151
112
029
163
164
025
176,240
193,444
203,224
189,404
____________________________
uotainunfgnmts (total)__
n
N
2,057, 178
80,259
114,079
155,558
,
,
,
,
,
_
q
o
ration and Nationality Act______________________
Immi
1,681, 185
85,015
112,854
126,135
156, 808
147,243
125, 591
111, 341
133, 087
152,382
169, 346
183,283
178, 200
g
Wives of U.S. citizens_______________________________
236, ISO
118
73
11, 916
3
359
17,145
7
725
18,504
716
6
21,244
5,798
21,794
5,767
23, 517
5,933
22,620
6, 913
21, 621
6,140
20,012
6,059
17, 316
6, 646
17, 590
6,035
81
19,701
6,437
7 531
Husbands of U.S. citizens --------------------------
Children of U.B. citizens------ ---------------------
i
,
70,496
1
227
778
,
3,268
68
985
,
6,819
78
897
,
5,662
620
92
4,710
122
093
4, 798
111, 344
5,970
86, 523
6, 869
66,396
t, 454
89, 568
6, 480
110,140
, ,364
6
130, 741
6, 9
144, 677
,
135,816
es------------
Natives of Western Hemisphere countr
,
,
182
27
,
2
114
,
69-9
1
,
654
1
,
1,949
2,144
2,052
1,810
2, 135
2,696
2,7(A
3,067
23
3,468
18
Their spouses and children_____________________
Persons who had been U.S. citizens_____________ _
,
002
,
104
,
427
,
87
44
58
43
22
36
15
25
Ministers of religious denominations, their spouses
5,107
387
385
307
350
403
435
558
485
406
4151
462
475
and children_______________ ______________________
Employees of U.S. Government abroad, their
9
2
8
23
24
27
10
3
32
61
spouses and children______-______________________
('hildren born abroad to resident aliens or subse-
205
2
4
412
701
926
1
228
:1
458
1,411
1,495
1,611
1,84;
quent to issuance of visa __------------------------
12,117
326
358
348
,
,
Aliens adjusted under sec. 249, immigration and
321
4
'k, 773
5, 037
3, 3'99
2, 880
2, b8:
Nationality Act ?----------------------------------
Other nonquota immigrants______________________
22,795
3,605
---a 554
---- 465 -
----228
226
-------
------s
----269
,
590
392
116
152
125
581
quotaimmigrants) --------------
ecial legislation (non
S
376,093
1,244
1,225
29,423
75,607
82,446
25,521
51,688
30,938
22,858
24,098
19,941
11,20,
.
p
Displaced persons (Displaced Persons Act of 1948
(nonquota)) --------------- ---- - - -- -
Orphans (act of July 29, 1953)----------------------
ees (Refugee Relief Act of 1953) ______________
Refu
1, 030
- 466
_ 189 021
1,030
-?---_
-------
_-----
399
- 821
-
67
29,002
--------
76,473
--------
82,444
--------
1,012
--------
198
--------
43
--------
9
--------
15
----- ~--
3
-------:
g
Skilled sheepherders (act of Sept. 3, 1964 (non-
354
31
?'
__
`
quota))
s (ct 01 Sept.11 -` ----
t. 11 1957) --- -----------
S
(act
385
- 61 701
-------
-------
- -------
- -----
- ----
--
-
-
24,467
29,834
424
25
067
6
3,982
122
1,809
51
213
20
ac
ian
a
n
es (act of JUly ly 25 25
1954)____--_----
anan parolee
n
H
- 30 901
--__-_?
------
- ---
------
--- -
- -
,
,
g
u
, ,
u
g
Azores and Netherlands refugees (act of Sept. 2,
1,187
8,870
b, 472
4,796
1,888
1958)--------------- ------------ --
Immigrants (sees. -4 and 6, act of Sept. 22, 1959)___-
- 22 213
_ 29 837
-------
-------
- -------
- -------
- -------
- ------
- -------
- -------
-
-
-
-?----
- ----"--
T8,870
- 3
15,472
4,798
-15,488
288
2,840
76
Immigrants (act of Sept. 26, 1961) .____-_: --_: _-----
Other nonquota immigrants (special legislation)..-
- 15.525
412
-------
214
- ---- --
5
- -------
- -
42
45
32
--- --
18
-
- ------
27
- -- ---
2, 012
-
1
4,10
Refugee and escapees (act of July 14,1960)----------
- 8111
-------
- -------
- -------
- -------
- -------
- -------
-------
-
-------
- -
.
- ------
-
- -------
- -------
- 12,672
6, 27
Immigrants (act of Oct. 24, 1982)-----------------
- 18644
-------
- -------
- -?----
- -------
- -"-----
- -?-?-
-
1 In 1953 figures include admissions under Immigration Act of 1124,
2 Prior to act of Sept. 22, 1959, all sons or daughters of U.S. citizens over 21 years of
age were classified as 4th preference quota under the Immigration and Nationality Act.
Adopted sons and daughters with petitions approved prior to Sept, 22, 1969, remained
4th preference.
Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts. Mr.
President, from these figures, it was ob-
vious to the Judiciary Committee that
the current system is as much a failure
as a device as it is an embarrassment as
a doctrine. The bill now before the
Senate abolishes it altogether.
The new policy in the bill before us
was developed under the administration
of President Kennedy by experts both in
Congress and the executive branch. Ex-
tensive hearings were held, both last
year and this, in the Senate and the
House. The Senate Immigration Sub-
committee has sat regularly since last
February. We have heard over 50 wit-
nesses. I can report, Mr. President, that
opposition to this measure is minimal.
Many of the private organizations who
differed with us in the past now agree
Immigrants admitted to the United States,` by classes under the immigration laws, years ended June 80,
the national
elim:.nated.
melor
children o
a prior-to
resident sons orO daughters of resident aliens were yclassified as nonpreference quota.Ons.
Adult + Prior to act of Sept. 22, 1959, classified as :aonpreferenec quota.
Not reported prior to 1959.
Includes 321 professors of colleges and universities their wives and children.
origins system must be
The current bill phases out the na-
tionill origins system over a 3-year peri-
od. Beginning July 1, 1968, our immi-
grat,on policy will be based on the con-
cept of "first come, first served." We
no 1 onger will ask a man where he was
born.. Instead we will ask if he seeks to
join his family or if he can help meet
the economic and social needs of the
Nation. Favoritism based on national-
ity will disappear. Favoritism based on
indi lidual worth and qualifications will
take its place.
\V hen this system is fully in effect,
170,500 quota numbers will be available
to the world, exclusive of the Western
Hemisphere. Parents, spouses, and chil-
dren of U.S. citizens will be considered as
"immediate relatives" and, as such, will
be under no numerical limitation at all.
Due to the existence of backlogs of ap-
plicants in those nations discriminated
against by the national origins system,
an annual limitation per country of
20,000 quota immigrants is established, so
that in the short run no one nation will -
be able to receive an unduly dispropor-
tionate share of the quota numbers. It
is anticipated that -after 3 years, these
backlogs of intending immigrants will be
eliminated. In all instances but for one
category of Italians, and that situation
will be rectified shortly thereafter.
The total number of authorized quotas
is not increased substantially by this
bill. Currently, we authorize the use of
158,561 numbers per year, but this is
exclusive of refugees. Under the new
5
2
6
2
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-September 17, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 23365
The present bill contemplates, under usually the case when r rise to address cially irrelevant to any issue raised by
the Western Hemisphere rule, only those the Senate-I hope I can do a little to the Senator from Arkansas in his care-
countries which are independent and revive the tradition of debate which down fully thought-through and closely rea-
thus continues the hardship on the small through the years has made our legis- soned speech. I hope we shall hear no
island areas which can never become in- lative body an institutiop of which I hope more in criticism of the Senator from
dependent because of their accident of the American people are still proud. Arkansas for what he did or did not do
location, size and lack of natural re- Before addressing myself to the sub- at the White House conference.
sources. Yet, from 1921 to 1924, these stance of the disagreement between the My third preliminary comment is that
adjacent islands enjoyed the same bene- Senator from Arkansas [Mr. FULSRIGHT] the Senator from Arkansas based his
fits as the rest of the Western Hemi- and the three other Senators whom I speech on 6 weeks of testimony in execu-
sphere. These islands will be grouped have mentioned, I should like to make tive session before the Committee on
now ultimately into the world quota and, four preliminary remarks. Foreign Relations, at which practically
as a consequence, face a potential of no First, nobody-I-repeat nobody-least every witness from the administration
possibility of immigration to the United of all the Senator from Arkansas-has
States. who participated in the Dominican crisis,
attacked the President of the United with three exceptions, was heard and
It does seem incongruous that less than States for what he did in the Dominican examined at some length by members of
one-half of 1 percent of the total West- crisis. The Position of the Senator from the committee. The speech was based
ern Hemisphere population should be ex- Arkansas, with which I agree, is that also on newspaper articles, weekly news
cluded from consideration with the other the President got bad advice-very bad magazine articles, and other informa-
991/2 percent. advice. But having received that advice tion from reputable American journal-
I do not propose to offer m'y amend- from individuals in his administration ists, information which was available to
ment from the floor at this time. Noth- whom he had good reason to trust, par- the Committee on Foreign Relations as
ing should impede the progress of this titularly advice with respect to facts well as to the three Senators I have
legislation. I intend, however, to intro- which turned out to be wrong, the Presi- mentioned.
duce legislation in the next session to dent had no alternative except to do I sat through those hearings. I either
allow people from the adjacent islands pretty much what he did. Therefore, I heard the testimony-and I usually did
to immigrate as do all others from the would make it clear that neither the hear the testimony and the cross-exami-
Western Hemisphere nations. We should Senator from Arkansas [Mr. FULBRIGRT] nation-of each of the witnesses, or, if
not permit such petty inequities to con- nor I, despite what the three Senators I could not be present, I went to the
tinue. I hope others will join me in this have said to the contrary, have said one committee room later and read the testi-
effort. single word in criticism of the President. mony, including the cross-examination.
Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts. Mr. My second point is that what may or I can testify from my own personal
President; I suggest the absence of a may not have happened when the Presi- knowledge that the comments of the
quorum, dent called certain legislative leaders to Senator from Arkansas are fully and ac-
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The the White House to discuss the crisis in curately documented by the classified
clerk will call the roll. the Dominican Republic, after he had record in the files of the Committee on
The legislative clerk proceeded to call decided to send the Marines in, but be- Foreign Relations. If any Senator
the roll. fore they had actually gone, is entirely doubts what I say, I urge him or her
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, I ask irrelevant to the points raised by the to read that record.
unanimous consent that the order for Senator from Arkansas. The senator
quorum call be rescinded. from Arkansas has no responsibility from I do not Connecticut know CM whether the Senato-
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without whatever for the decision made at the . Donn], the or the
Sen-
objection, it is so ordered. White House. He was in no position at ator from Florida [Mr. SMATRERS], or the
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, a parlia- that point to 'disagree with what the that Senator from Ld record. Per. Perohaps [Mr. theLONG]
y ey wi have read mentary Inquiry. Is the rule of germane- President recommended, because his us in td o know
tell
ness still in effect? sources of information were no different that, due with the course. possible aHowecep, I do kto-
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The from those of the President. I believe l of one-half hn hour, a when
time under the rule of germaneness ex- it grossly unfair for the Senator from one o approximately one-hay hour, when
pired 9 minutes ago. Florida [Mr. SMATRERS] and the Sena- present pofat those Senators may have they
tor from Louisiana [Mr. LONG] to criti-
cize the Senator from Arkansas for hav- did not show up at all. Therefore, their
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Ing remained silent at the White House criticism of what_ the Senator from Ar-
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, I rise I after the President announced he was kansas has said is not based on any
defense of the position taken with re- going to send in the troops. knowledge of that record in the Com-
spect to the actions of the United States In fact, the Senator from Arkansas mittee on Foreign Relations.
In the Dominican Republic by the dis- said in his speech that he agrees that it This is not necessarily a cause for seri-
tinguished chairman of the Committee was probably necessary to send a small ors criticism. No doubt the Senators
on Foreign Relations [Mr. FULRRIGRTI. force of Marines into Santo Domingo to have other sources of information than
To my deep regret, this puts me in op- protect American lives, particularly in those which were available to me and
position to my good friends the Senator view of the intelligence information, to the Senator from Arkansas and to the
from Florida [Mr. SMATRERS], the Sena- much of it inaccurate, which had come members of the committee. They are
tor from Louisiana [Mr. LONG], and the to the White House at that time. I agree certainly entitled to come in on the floor
Senator from Connecticut [Mr. Donn]. with that, too. I believe we were under of the Senate and say whatever they
I had occasion to call to the attention an obligation, despite our treaty obliga- think about it.
of Senators earlier this week a most in- tions to the contrary, to send in a small The Point I want to make is that every
teresting article which appeared in the force to protect American lives. single statement of the Senator from Ar-
Sunday magazine section of the New Incidentally, it is interesting to note kansas is carefully documented in the of-
York Times, written by the able and vet- that no American lives were lost. De- ficial record of the hearings over which
eran reporter, Tom Wicker, the principal spite the gross exaggeration with respect he presided. I raise several questions as
Capitol Hill reporter for the New York to the alleged danger under which to whether these other three Senators
Times, entitled "Winds of Change in the Americans and other foreigners found can document what they have said.
Senate." themselves in Santo Domingo in those The fourth preliminary point that I
In his article Mr. Wicker commented, critical days toward the end of April, not should like to make is that the real issue
and I think with reason, that the art of one single American life was lost. with respect to the Dominican Republic
debate appears to have been more or less So I reiterate that, in my opinion, the is not: "Did we do the right thing or
lost in this body to which I am so proud Senator from Arkansas is subject to no did we not do the right thing? Did we,
to belong. Just criticism because he did not object as the Senator from Arkansas says, re-
Possibly even by speaking to a com- when the President, at the White house, act too slowly in the first place and then
pletely empty Chamber on a Friday announced that he had decided to send overreact in the second place? Were
afternoon-which I regret to state is in the Marines. This argument is espe- our activities on the whole in the best
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23366 CONGRI 4 SSIONAL RECORD - SENATE September 17, , 196513
13
intereof the United States of Amer- hearings to which he has referred. I it on the basis of protecting American
lea or not?" These are not the issues. have consulted with people who were lives. Bennett forwarded that post haste
The real issue is, Where do we go eithe? there and have read the record. to the State Department and to the
from F here? What have' we done, if I am not completely in the dark about White House, and troops were sent in.
anything, by this action to downgrade what occurred in those hearings. The President announced that he was
the influence of the United States of The Senator knows that I- am the doing it to ;protect American lives. How-
America through all of Latin America? ranking member on the Committee on ever, Bennett also sent to Washington
And what can we do to remedy the harm? Finance. During that period I was at- the original statement of Colonel Benoit,
If, as I firmly believe, we have lost tendng hearings of the Finance Com- and, the day the troops landed, a totally
many friends and made some enemies, mitts~e and also representing the Sen- unauthorized statement was made by
what can we do to remedy that situation ate in conference with the House on a one of the chief naval officers of the
a Communists.
so that we can get back to the foreign number of major bills and conference U.S. Navy in Santo Domingo that we going policy to which John Fitzgerald Ken- rdeeports, some of which are now at the were is all very in well to talk about prof
edy so ably led us when he advocated
Al- I would like to have been present at ing American lives, but the real reason
and pressed through Congress s the
the hearings, but I was not able to be that the marines went in there was to
liance for Progress bill, when he revived ed
1. During t the good neighbor policy of his predeces- then. was a dinghmeett same atlthe ofWhite rAt that'point Admiral takeoverRayburn, who
soreFdankein Delano Roosdshlp when he those I House, as the assistant majority leader, had been sworn in as the new head of the
d hand of ffends in America and did have available to me the same CIA perhaps 24 hours before that--and
deemos mocrattic c nations of Latin A s no doubt he had to rely
which believe that through social, eco- info:anation which was available to the n use
President. entirely on the information which was
MY judgment of this situation is sim- coming to him from Santo Domingo-
Amur, acaanar , arise ise and de defeat t c om Lm u-
Americac
nism ply -;his: That what startedin this area was able to produce the names of only
I ask the question whether we help as a revolution by people who were not three Communists who were said to be
defeat communism by standing up for Corrmunists, but who were seeking to connected with the revolutionary move-
a landed oligarchy governed by military overthrow what could perhaps be de- ment. This was obviously not enough to
junta groups which have come to be scribed as a rightwing government. impress the American people. Seventy-
known in Latin America not as guer- Mr. CLARK. Is the Senator referring two hours later, they produced the names
pllas, but as gorillas, by defying and sup- to the Reid Cabral government? of 58 Communists, and thus made a
ressing efforts for land reform, for Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I was re- somewhat better showing.
housing reform, for education, for ferring to the so-called military junta. I do not have a shadow of a doubt
health, for feeding the poor, by keeping N?. CLARK. To the junta which suc- that after we did what we did, by send-
in office economically as well as politi- ceeced the military government. ing in around 20,000 troops, the three
cally discredited oligarchies, or do we N:r. LONG of Louisiana. The Senator tiny Communist parties in the Domini-
do better in the interest of the United is correct. The three Communist Par- can Republic, one of them Castro domi-
States in supporting men like Betan- ties in that country moved in on this sit- nated, one of them Moscow dominated,
court, and Leoni in Venezuela, and uat:.on, as Communists always seek to do one of . them China dominated, were
Belaunde in Peru, and the successors of when chaos exists. They had gained a able to take such advantage of the con-
Jose Figueres in Costa Rica, and Frei great deal of power and were on their fusion and lack of order in downtown
Montaha and other splendid Latin wa!r toward achieving control of this Santo Domingo. The fact is thata lot of
revolution. the Bosch people became scared and ran
Americans who are pressing to farce The military junta group requested away to embassies because they thought
for effgre the prindipwe of the Alliance our Government to go in. Our Govern-, they were defeated. I have no doubt
for Progress? p do we the better if wo meiit inquired, "Are you requesting us that thereafter, the rebel movement was
put our blue chips on the military who to i,o in because you can no longer pro- very strongly influenced by the Commu-
come back, having learned the Amer- tec; the Americans who are there?" nists. But it was not in the beginning,
ic of Gan way Staff life at then Command and I understand it, even the Senator and actually the Communists never de-
Mr. Staff of School i n Leavenworth? from Arkansas does not dispute that the posed Caamano Deno, the constitution-
dent, o Louisiana. r ild? Mr. Presi ant her to that question was yes, and that alist leader who is not a Communist.
denntt, , will the Senator yield? was proper that the United States send Mr. LONG of Louisiana. My under-
Mrmy friend from CLARK. ouMr. President, t ana that I I say to troops. standing of the matter was that the Com-
a pt' that he is, the floor. am most 11r. CLARK. Mr. President, from the munists had gained a great amount of
hpha that he aon the esr attention that I was able to give to the control, and were in command in a sub-
verrtheellesess, I that I should be should problem, I understood that the Reid stantial :number of positions, many of
like Ih to have a deliver. . Ne Ne prepared
them key positions in the revolution.
very glad to yield to my friend from Lou.- Ca oral government had fallen for rea- Based on what little we know, when
istana, and I am sure that with that self- sons which we do not need to go into.
restraint for which he is so well known, The government under Moreno Urillo, we look at a situation of that sort, the
he will ask a few questions and I shall do wlio was the legitimate successor of revolution had more the earmarks of a
what I can to reply, and then I shall be Bosch, thinking that it was defeated, had Communist takeover than had Castro's,
permitted to continue. taken refuge in other Latin American when Castro was taking, over Cuba.
I now yield, and foreign embassies. At the instance Mr. CLARK. The Senator made that
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi- of the CIA-I believe it can be docu- argument very eloquently the other day
dent, I regret that I could not be here mE:nted-a new junta headed by a cer- on the floor. All I can say is, my sources
when the Senator commenced his ad- ta? n Colonel Benoit had been formed, of information are possibly different than
dress. I was attending a hearing of the although it was pretty well confined to his. I know this Is the information put
Committee on Foreign Relations which thm San Isidro air- base. That junta sent forth by the administration, and particu-
dealt with the problem of wheat ship- we rd to Ambassador Bennett, "You had larly by Mr. Thomas Mann, who was the
ments to countries behind the Iron Cur- better send American troops in because architect of our policy. ? I merely dis-
tain. a Communist takeover threatens." agree with it.
Mr. CLARK. I was present this morn- Ambassador Bennett sent word back, Mr. LONG of - Louisiana. It is a mat-
ing at the same hearing and made my "I can't get away with bringing Ameri- ter of judgment. Perhaps the Senator
position clear. I hope that, in thatevent cans in on that ground because the evi- would agree with me, that when the -
at least, the Senator from Louisiana and deuce is not clear. If you will change President of the United States becomes
I will find ourselves on the same side. yc ur request and make it in writing, and convinced, first, that American lives are
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi- ark American forces to intervene in order in danger, he has a duty to protect those
dent, I hope that we can discuss it. to -protect American lives, then I believe American lives; and, second, when he be-
Perhaps.we can agree. ti.at we can persuade Washington to do comes convinced that failure to act
As the Senator indicated, I did not it " means he is risking a Communist take-
have the opportunity to sit through the So Benoit changed his position and put over of another nation in this hemi-
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-September 17, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
sphere, in my judgment, if he fails to act,
he is failing to discharge his responsi-
bility to the American people.
In my judgment, had President Eisen-
hower known that the Castro takeover
in Cuba was going to work out the way it
did, things might have been different.
There were in the Castro movement a
number of Communists who claimed
they were not Communists-Castro
claimed he was not a Communist. He
lied to us. That is part of the Commu-
nist technique.
As a matter of fact, under Communist
doctrine, as I am sure the Senator knows,
truth from the Communist viewpoint is
that which advances the spread of com-
munism. So, if I say this man taking
these notes is a man, if that does not
promote the spread of communism, from
the Communist point of view I have told
a lie; according to Communist teaching,
I should have said, "That's a woman."
Castro used those techniques on us.
We did not know who all the Commu-
nists were in the Dominican Republic,
but we knew many of them. Some were
Castro-trained. As the Senator pointed
out, some of them were the Peiping-type
Communists, who would blast us off the
face of the earth tomorrow if they had
enough atom bombs, and some were the
Russian type, experts in subversion. But
they had enough help that they were in
the process of taking over the revolu-
tion. That was the information avail-
able to the President; and if the Senator
will check, he will find out that is what
was happening.
If what the Dominican people want is a
progressive reform government, a gov-
ernment with liberal ideas, such as the
Senator has and as I myself have, then
the people will have the opportunity to
elect that sort of government and, in my
judgment, they will be able to thank the
United States of America that they have
that opportunity, because if those Com-
munists had taken over they would never
have had it.
Mr. CLARK, The Senator made this
same argument very eloquently on the
floor of the Senate just a few days ago.
I respect his integrity and his conviction.
I said, perhaps before the Senator came
in, that I thought he and the Senator
from Florida were quite unfair to the
Senator from Arkansas [Mr. FULBRIGHTI
by trying to throw the blame on him
for not objecting to sending in the troops
when he was summoned to the White
House with some of the other leaders in
the last days of April.
I pointed out then, and I point out
again, that nobody is attacking the Presi-
dent of the United States-neither the
Senator from Arkansas nor I. He said
and I say that if we had had to make our
decision on the basis of the information
that came to him at the time he deter-
mined to send the troops in, we would
have sent troops in, too. I do not think
we would have sent so many, but we cer-
tainly would.have sent in some.
I think the Senator from Florida and
the Senator from Louisiana really do a
disservice and an injustice to the Senator
from Arkansas by trying to say that he
or I or anybody else is attacking the
President of the United States, or, that he
or I or anybody else should have spoken
up before the troops went in.
`That is not the issue.. The issue is:
Was the advice that came to the Presi-
dent of the United States accurate? I
say It was not. Were the recommenda-
tions that came to him from his sub-
ordinates sound? I say they were not.
But with the information he had, he
had no other choice.
With respect to the position of the
Senator from Louisiana about Castro's
Cuba, it seems to me that is largely ir-
relevant and, in the end, the difference of
opinion between the Senator from Penn-
sylvania and the Senator from Louisiana
is just this simple: Whose judgment is
right?
I firmly believe that had we not done
what we did in the Dominican Republic
in the last days of April, the posture of
the United States throughout Latin
America would be for higher today than
it is. Santo Domingo would have had
the kind of government we wanted
months before it did, and the whole
posture of our relationship with the
world in general, but with Latin America
in particular, would have been better.
I point out to the Senator from Louisi-
ana, as he knows, that I am a stanch
supporter of the Johnson administration,
as is the Senator from Louisiana. Every
now and then, we stray off the reserva-
tion a little bit, but most of the time, we
are supporting the President and his pro-
gram, and the Great Society.
But if the balahce of powers and the
separation of powers means anything,
then the Senator from Louisiana and I
have not only the right but the duty to
speak our minds when we disagree with
the policy laid down by the Chief Execu-
tive; and with deep regret, that is what
I am doing now. I say to my friend from
Louisiana, I shall be back on the team
on Monday when the immigration bill
comes up. I hope he will be there, too,
with me.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. May I say
to the Senator that it seems to me that
fundamentally, his case is to establish
that the Communists had no substantial
influence, and were not achieving in-
creased influence, in that revolutionary
group. If he cannot establish that; if
the contrary was true, and the Commu-
nists were achieving more and more
power in that revolt, it seems to me the
Senator has not established his case, but
rather the case which supports the Pres-
ident and his advisers.
Mr. CLARK. Let me say, with all the
deep affection I feel for my friend from
Louisiana, that I do not think I have to
make any case. The case has been made
by the chairman of the Foreign Relations
Committee [Mr. FULBRIGHT]. All I am
doing now is to rebut the efforts of the
Senator from Louisiana [Mr. LONG], the
Senator from Florida [Mr. SMATHERSI,
and the Senator from Connecticut [Mr.
DODD] in their attack on the case made
by the Senator from Arkansas.
I stand foursquare on the speech made
by the chairman of the Foreign Relations
Committee. The Senator from Louisi-
ana has ably attempted to oppose that
23367
case. But I am not here making any
case at all. I stand foursquare on what
I consider the brilliant, able, and con-
structive speech made by the chairman
of the Senate Foreign Relations Com-
mittee.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Did the Sen-
ator from Pennsylvania hear the speech
of the Senator from Ohio on the floor to-
day?
Mr. CLARK. Which Senator from
Ohio?
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. The senior
Senator from Ohio [Mr. LAUSCHEI.
Mr. CLARK. No; but out of the deep
affection and high regard that I have for
my close friend the senior Senator from
Ohio, I shall certainly be happy to read
his speech. I am sorry I did not hear it.
I certainly would not wish to prejudge
the position taken by my good friend
from Ohio, but I can say, generally speak=
ing, that in matters of this sort the senior
Senator from Ohio and I rarely find our-
selves in agreement.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Is the Sena-
tor aware of the speech made by the ma-
jority leader today in support of the
President's action? It seems to me that
the Senator ought to be aware of the fact
that he is answering more than three
Senators.
Mr. CLARK. If it Is necessary to an-
swer five, I shall be glad to take on five.
As the colloquy thus far indicates, I am
having great difficulty taking on one Sen-
ator, my good friend from Louisiana.
Now, Mr. President, I return to the
major part of my speech. I suggest that
the three Senators I have mentioned have
not only failed to refute the seven spe-
cific conclusions reached by the Senator
from Arkansas, but for the most part
have refused to meet him head on and
have tended to go off on irrelevant side
channels having nothing whatever to do
with the major impact of the speech of
the Senator from Arkansas [Mr. FUL-
BRIGHT].
Let me give an example. The Senators
from Louisiana and Florida have both
argued that there was need for hasty ac-
tion in that fatal last week of April of this
year, and that there was no time to
evaluate the situation judiciously. Then
they make the basic and I believe false
assumption that the only rapid form of
action which could be taken was that
which was taken; namely, massive mili-
tary intervention on the side of the mili-
tarists who had kicked out the only legi-
timate, democratically elected govern-
ment the Dominican Republic had had in
the course of 38 years.
Actually, the Senator from Arkansas
criticized the administration for timidity
as well as for overreaction. He pointed
out that we should have moved long be-
fore we did to support the legitimate
government of the Dominican Republic,
represented in the first stages of the
revolution by the acting president,
Molina Urena.
The Senator from Arkansas pointed
out that there were two opportunities,
first, on April 25, when the PRD, which
was the Bosch party, and the only really
democratic party of the moderate left in
the Dominican Republic, requested a
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE September 17, 1965
U.S. presence, by which they meant our
Government's support for return to con-
stitutional government under Bosch;
and, second, 2 days later, on April 27,
when the constitutionalists-sometimes
erroneously called the rebels-thinking
themselves defeated, appealed to Am-
bassador Bennett for mediation, a re-
quest which he refused on the ground
that it-would have constituted interven-
tion.
Thus, the Senator, from Arkansas
called not for inaction, but for even more
rapid action, which was eventually
taken-and on the wrong side.
The issue is not whether it should have
been action, but what. kind of action.
The administration ended intervening
in a massive way with military forces on
April 28. The Senator from Arkansas
would have had us intervene politically
either 1 or 3 days earlier.
The Senator from Louisiana [Mr.
LONG] contends, on page 23007 of the
RECORD, and the Senator from Connecti-
cut [Mr. DODD] suggested, on page 5 of a
judiciary subcommittee document en-
titled "Organization of American States
Combined Reports on Communist Sub-
version," that the OAS mediation team
sent to Santo Domingo, by the 10th
meeting of consultation of the Ministry
of Foregin Affairs of the American Re-
publics wholly and completely justified
the unilateral intervention of the United
States in Santo Domingo. But, a read-
ing of the report establishes, clearly in-
deed, that this is not the;fact. The re-
port describes the situation as one of
chaos in security replete with human
suffering. It supports the efforts of
members of the OAS committee to bring
about a cease-fire. It contains a proposal
for the dispatching of an inter-American
force which, in fact, had already been
decided upon, but it contains no state-
ment whatever endorsing the unilateral
action of the United States, although the
two Senators I have mentioned state
categorically that the committee's report
did exactly that.
Critics of the Senator from Arkansas
contend that there was clear danger to
American lives in Santo Domingo, and
that this was the prime reason for the
intervention of the United States. I
have dealt with that comment earlier in
this talk. I can only say now that I
agree with the Senator from Arkansas
that there was danger to Americans, al-
though no American was, in fact, killed
or wounded until after the marines went
in and started exchanging fire with the
constitutional forces.
I say that on the basis of Monday
morning quarterbacking-and I agree
that what I am doing, what the Senator
from Arkansas did, and to some extent
wl}at the Senator from Connecticut [Mr.
DODD], the Senator from Florida [Mr.
SMATHERS], and the Senator from Lou-
isiana [Mr. LONG] have' been doing is
Monday morning quarterbacking-on
the basis of of calm and judicious review
of what happened, there is very little
doubt that the principal motive for
American intervention was to save mili-
tary and dictatorial forces in the Do-
minican Republic from a military defeat.
Aribassador Bennett requested walkie-
talkies for the military junta, and he got
thenL When Colonel Benoit, then head
of the military junta, asked for Amer-
ican Intervention, he got it. He got it
on a ground which, to put it mildly, was
not ,t candid statement of the facts.
In,,any case, it is a documented fact
that Ambassador Bennett, on April 27,
when the militarists were winning, re-
fusei i to intervene to support the consti-
tutic nal government which was the suc-
cesscw of the only democratically elected
government the Dominican Republic
had had for over a generation.
Ti Len, the next day, when it looked as
though the Constitutionalists were going
to spin, Ambassador Bennett pleaded
desperately and successfully for inter-
vention on the side of the militarists.
The Senator from Connecticut [Mr.
DODH] states in the RECORD, on page
23295, and not for the first time, that the
Senator from Arkansas" criticism of the
recoaamendations of the President's ad-
visers is organically related to a docu-
ment entitled "Background Information
Relating to the Dominican Republic,"
which. was prepared by the staff Com-
mittee on Foreign Relations, with the
assistance of the Legislative Reference
Service.
Tie Senator suggests that, this docu-
mentation and supporting chronology
have been heavily slanted against the
adrr, inistration by the careful process of
editorial selection.
Ihold in my hand the document in
quei Lion. It starts out with what I
believe all will admit to be a definitely
nonpartisan statement, that on Decem-
ber 5, 1492, Columbus discovered Amer-
ica. It happened to be the island of
Hispaniola, and of course he stopped off
on ais way at the little island in the
Bah amas, San Salvador.
B.tt I submit to any objective observer
who wants to test the validity of the
cha: ?ge of the Senator from Connecticut
[Mr. DODD] that the rest of the chrono-
logy is just as objective and unslanted
as the original statement which I have
just read-and it is composed largely
of official administration statements
whi.;h may have turned out to be damag-
ing to the administration's case, but cer-
tainly: were not consciously intended to
ach.eve that result-actually this chro-
nology was not drawn, as the Senator
frora Connecticut contends, from anti-
administration press sources, but, rather,
prir.iarily from a noncontroversial source
entitled "Deadline Data on World Af-
fairs," and from major metropolitan
newspapers, including the New York
Tines, the New York Herald Tribune,
the Washington Post, the Times of Lon-
don, Der Weldt of Hamburg, the Lon-
don Economist, the London Observer, Le
Monde of Paris.
I submit, and I would hope the Senator
from Connecticut would agree, that these
are reputable metropolitan journals,
which, by and large, tend to support the
administration. If they were critical
of 13.5. policy in the Dominican Repub-
lic, this might suggest that there is some-
thii ig wrong with that policy rather than
that the committee and its staff, and the
editorial and reportorial writers who pre-
pared this documentation, were biased.
Actually, as the Senator from Arkan-
sas [Mr..:PQLBRXGHT] pointed out, the
only nonadministration witness whom
the Committee on Foreign Relations
heard was: the former. Governor of Puerto
Rico, Munoz Marin, a strong supporter
of the administration. I felt the com-
mittee should have heard witnesses in
opposition to the administration's policy.
The chairman, and l suspect a majority
of our colleagues on that committee, felt
that if we had opened the hearing up
to press reporters who had been on the
scene, we would have gotten into a Don-
nybrook which would have been difficult
to bring to a conclusion, and the decision
was made not to call the other witnesses..
I said earlier that I think there were
three witnesses who should have been
called. One was John Bartlow Martin,
who wrote what I believe to be a highly
inaccurate story of what he found in
the Dominican Republic. He was down
there as a representative of the admin-
istration, and upon his return, he wrote
this rather extraordinary article in one
of the leading outlets of the Luce pub-
lications.
I think it is a little unusual, from the
protocol point of view, for a former For-
eign Service officer--in fact, the former
Ambassador to the Dominican Repub-
lic--to go down to the Dominican Re-
public, spend a week, fail. in his efforts
to bring peace, and then come back and
write his side of the story for Life mag-
azine.
It is not for me to criticize. I think
he should have been called as a witness,
and we should have had an opportunity
to question him with respect to his par-
ticipation in the crisis.
The second witness who I think should
have been called was McGeorge Bundy,
who went. to the 'Dom'inican Republic
at the request of the President, and spent
10 days down there, trying, unsuccess-
fully, to bring the crisis to an end. Mr.
Bundy, in what I consider to be a disre-
gard of the relevant precedents took ref-
uge in executive privilege and refused to
appear before the committee. At one
point he said he would come and have
tea with us, but then he refused even to
do that.
The third witness, whom I hope we still
may call when the time is right, is that
wise, experienced, extraordinarily able
veteran of the Foreign Service, who ap-
pears as of now, to have brought the
crisis to a successful conclusion, with a
display of diplomacy which evokes my
admiration and I am sure that of every
other member of the committee, regard-
less of their point of view with respect to
this particular crisis, Ambassador Ells-
worth Bunker.
I hope, when the smoke settles a little
and the present temporary government
of President Garcia Godoy is a little more
firmly on its feet, Ambassador Bunker
will come and tell the Foreign Relations
Committee about the situation he found
when he went down there, and how he
was able to bring about this near miracle,
an instance of pulling a rabbit out of a
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--September 17, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
hat, worthy, in my opinion; of the late
Houdini.
The background information prepared
by the staff of the Foreign Relations
Committee and the Legislative Reference
Service contains excerpts from the Rio
de Janeiro Treaty and the Charter of the
Organization of American States. A
reading of articles 15, 17, and 19, of the
OAS Charter and of article 6 of the Rio
Treaty make it clear beyond peradven-
ture of doubt that the United States of
America's unilateral intervention in the
Dominican Republic was illegal and un-
authorized; and since these provisions of
the inter-American agreements suggest
unfavorable inferences about the ad-
ministration's policy, perhaps the Sen-
ator from Connecticut is correct in re-
garding their inclusion in this document
to which he objects as a reflection of
prejudice upon the part of the committee
and its staff.
I point out that all this week there
has been meeting in the city of Wash-
ington an extraordinary group called the
International Conference on World
Peace Through World Law. Legal and
judicial delegates from more than 110
nations attended. The President of the
United States went before them yester-
day morning and made an extraordinary
able and moving address before that
body, in which he placed the United
States of America squarely on record as
supporting the rule of law as against the
rule of force. -I was happy, indeed, to
see the President of the United States
take that position, and I hope from here
on in the United States of America will
practice what it preaches, and not talk
about the rule of law out of one side of
its mouth and violate it out of the other
side.
Mr. President, I do not wish to be mis-
understood, because I say again, as the
Senator from Arkansas said before, that
I believe the initial intervention, had it
been solely for the purpose of protecting
American lives, was justified on humani-
tarian grounds. My position is that
when that initial intervention was multi-
plied by many thousands of troops, and
when the ostensible objective to protect
American lives was converted by advisers
of the administration into an effort to in-
tervene in a civil war to prevent an al-
leged Communist takeover, its illegality
became obvious and apparent.
I suggest that the Sens,tor from Con-
necticut, an extremely useful Member of
this body and a good friend of mine, will,
on second thought, want to withdraw the
suggestion which he made at pages 23297
and 23298 of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
that the Senator from Arkansas is soft
on communism.
I suggest that the freedom of both pub-
lic and private men to speak out in can-
dor, either for or against official policy, is
an integral part of the American form of
liberty, and also an integral part of our
constitutional form of government, which
requires that the Senate of 'he United
States, as a part of the legislative branch,
advise and consent to the activities of the
executive.
Mr. President, i:. this connection I ask
unanimous consent to have printed in the
RECORD as a part of my remarks an edi-
torial which appeared on September 17,
in the Washington Post entitled "Panic
Button."
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Sept. 17,
1965]
PANIC BUTTON
Senator DODD's reply to senator FuL-
BRIO HT's critique of the American military in-
tervention in the Dominican Republic is
essentially to try to depict Mr. FULBRIGHT as
soft on communism. This tawdry if familiar
tactic does Mr. DODD no credit. There is
legitimate ground for disagreement with Mr.
FULBRIGHT'S analysis, which had the benefit
of 4 months of hindsight, without attempt-
ing to smear his motives.
That there were, and are, Communists in
the Dominican Republic no one disputes;
here Mr. DODD is tilting at the wrong wind-
mill. What is disputed is whether they were
in a position to capture the revolution that
the United States in effect halted when rep-
resentatives of the American Embassy in-
duced the administration to push the panic
button. Some influential anti-Communist
Dominicans think they were not.
Nowhere does Mr. DODD deal with several
basic questions raised by Mr. FULBRIGHT: Did
the United States fully use the resources
available to it without sending in the ma-
rines-and was the administration candid
with the public? Obviousjy the United
States must be alert to Castroite maneuvers,
including efforts to take over and direct local
grievances. But if we allow American policy
to be dominated and even paralyzed by fear
of another Cuba, we shall soon find ourselves
sending marines around the hemisphere
losing friends and alienating people.
Mr. Donn contends, and some in the ad-
ministration agree with him, that Mr. FUL-
BRIGHT'S speech damaged the country because
the criticism will be picked up abroad. On
the contrary the intervention, whether or not
it was necessary, is what started the process.
One of the strengths of America in the eyes
Of other peoples-and a point that can belie
Mr. FULBRIGHT's complaint that the United
States appears unsympathetic to demands for
social justice abroad (by contrast with the
social revolution taking place at home)-is
that we can debate issues publicly and seek
to learn from experience. But to argue that
all's well that ends well in the Dominican
Republic is like insisting that because a
broken leg ultimately heals it somehow is
good for you. .
Mr. CLARK. The editorial concludes
that those who "argue that all is well
that ends well in the Dominican Republic,
is like insisting that because a broken
leg ultimately heals it somehow is good
for you."
I suggest that the criticism of our
Dominican policy made by the Senator
from Arkansas was healthy, salutary,
and in the long run will be helpful to
the administration and to the future con-
duct of our foreign policy in Latin
America.
Senator FULBRIGHT needs no defense
from me against the charge that he is
soft on communism. i suspect that every
one of the other 99 Senators in this body,
including the Senator from Connecticut,
on second thought, would stand up and
defy anybody who, outside these halls,
said that he was.
There is no more loyal, intelligent, and
able American in our country than the
chairman of the Committee on Foreign
Relations.
23369
I say again that I am sure, on further
reflection, that the Senator from Con-
necticut will wish to withdraw the im-
plication contained in the quotation from
the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD which I have
just made.
I further suggest that, as I said earlier,
the current debate reflects great credit
on the spirit of liberty and the spirit
of freedom of speech in the Senate and
the country at large.
In fact, the criticism of Senator FUL-
BRIGHT is already beginning to have a
positive effect in Latin America. Con-
versations with Latin Americans in
Washington, especially the younger ones
who were not tied to either the militarists
or economic oligarchists, suggest that by
bringing this matter into the open, as the
Senator from Arkansas has done, he re-
pairs the bitter disillusionment with the
United States some of our best friends
south of the border now feel. It is re-
viving some feeling of hope that the
United States is still the friend of Latin
American democracy.
This position is well developed by Sen-
ator FULBRIGHT on pages 23004 and 23005
of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.
I suggest that the further point may
now be stressed: that strong self-criti-
cism of our country, of the administra-
tion, of its foreign policy, both in the
Senate and elsewhere, is essential to
clearing the air and restoring an honest
and friendlier relationship between the
United States and the democratic na-
tionalist reformers who are our best
friends in Latin America.
Acknowledgement of error, mistaken
action, and lack of candor is not only es-
sential to dispel lingering disillusion-
ment, but it is also a convincing demon-
stration of good faith on the part of the
people of the United States toward those
able and dedicated Latin Americans who
are devoting their lives toward establish-
ing in that important area of the world
the same kind of democratic pluralistic
society of which we are so proud in the
United States of America.
I conclude to some extent as I started.
The questions are not so much what
did we do in the months of April, May,
June, July, and August in the Dominican
Republic, but first what are the implica-
tions of what we did on the future of our
Latin American policy?
And second, if we did make mistakes-
and I think we did-what can we now do
to remedy them?
I suggest that Under Secretary of
State Mann and Assistant Secretary of
State Jack Vaughn would be well advised,
and I hope they will be, if they devote
their best efforts from here on in
patching up our damaged relationships
with those men in Latin America and the
countries they represent who Are our real
friends: the democratic, the liberal, and,
if you will, the slightly left-of-center
leaders, not the military juntas or the
oligarchical landowners, who are cheer-
ing what we did in the Dominican
Republic.
I suggest we look to Belamunde Terry,
Leoni, Betancourt in Venezuela, Jose
Figueros and his successors in Costa
Rica.
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CONGFJSSIONAL RECORD - SENATE September 17, 1965.
COLORADO
Susan L. Thompson, Frisco, Colo., in place
of R S. Foote, retired.
James A. Guadnola, Grand Junction, Colo.,
in p: are of H. W. Cross, retired.
Robert W. Shewfelt, Parker, Colo., in place
of S,>phia Johnson, retired. -
CONNECTICUT
Vincent P. Nolan, Southington, Conn., in
place of E. C. Butler, deceased.
IDAHO
I suggest we look to President Frei, of
Chile, at this moment the greatest of
them all, who fought Communists to a
standstill and obtained a free liberal
democratic, New Deal, Fair Deal, New
Frontier, Great Society government in
that magnificent and hard-pressed thin
stretch of liberty in South America, a
government which supports the same es-
sential freedoms which we are so proud
of here.
I suggest we look to Alberto Lleras in
Colombia, and the men who support his
policy there.
These are the true friends of America.
These are the countries where the Alian-
za para el Progreso has the best chance
of success. It is here that we should he
looking to bolster American policy, to
give these men and these countries our
assistance, to hearten them, and con-
gratulate them, because that is where
the friends of the'United States of Amer-
ica are located.
ADJOURNMENT UNTIL MONDAY
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, I move
that the Senate stand in adjournment
until Monday next.
The motion was agreed to; and (at
4 o'clock and 39 minutes p.m.) the Sen-
ate adjourned until Monday, September
20, 1965, at 12 o'clock meridian.
NOMINATIONS
Executive nominations received by the
Senate September 17, 1965:
U.S.. ATTORNEY
William H. Murdock, of North Carolina,
to be U.S. attorney for the middle district of
North- Carolina for the term of 4 years.
(Reappointment.)
William Medford, of North Carolina, to be
U.B. attorney for the western district of North
Carolina for the term of 4 years. (Reap-
pointment.)
I nominate the following-named persons
to be postmasters:
ALASKA
Herbert Apassingok, Sr., Gambell, Alaska,
in place of John Apangalook, resigned.
ARIZONA
Homer L. Fancher, Bullhead City, Ariz., in
place of B. E. Fox, retired.
CALIFORNIA
Dorothy M. Collis, Brentwood, Calif., In
place of R. J. Wallace, retired.
Maynard Green, Covina Calif., in place of
C. G. McCarn, retired.
Theodore F. Locicero, Monterey, Calif., in
place of L. S. Brown, retired.
Ellen C. Cothran, Westmorland, Calif., in
place of F. F. Johnson, deceased.
C. F, Angel, retired.
ILLINOIS
Joseph A. Stal, Georgetown,
of L. T. Humrichous, retired.
of F. L. Reilley, deceased.
KENTUCKY
F:ainklin A. Orndorff, Adairville, Ky.,
place of J. R. Trimble, retired.
MAINE
C12ester W. Curtis, Richmond,
plane of Don O. Cate, retired.
MASSACHUSETTS
Frieland C. Peltier, Oxford, Mass., in place
of 1 ,1. C. Taft, retired.
VTilliam F. Griffin, Rutland, Mass., in place
of 1). M. Lincoln, retired.
MICHIGAN
Leonard E. Amidon, Interlochen, Mich., in
place of R. J. Buller, retired.
James R. Budak, Lakeside, Mich., in place
of 1,1. B. Perham, retired.
Calvin P. Leach, Le Roy, Mich., in place
of ]1.B.Erickson, retired.
. Mark C. Dilts, Mesick, Mich., in place of
Erlkest Belville, retired.
IRwrence A. Frith, Vermontville, Mich., in
place of R. K. Kilpatrick, transferred.
MISSISSIPPI
William T. Hudspeth, Hickory Flat, Miss.,
in dace of N. L. Hall, retired.
MISSOURI
:john Rowlett, Jr., Maitland, Mo., in place
of S. R. Cowan, retired.
NEBRASKA
ludrey A. Adams, Lyman, Nebr., in place of
B. E. McKee, deceased.
'G'heodore R. Gaedke, Wellfleet, Nebr., in
plc we of P. D. Coder, transferred.
NEW YORK
William B. Chavis, Long Eddy, N.Y., in
pl; tce of S. F. Kenney, retired.
NORTH CAROLINA
William E. Twiford, Kill Devil Hills, N.C.,
in place of I. L. Twiford, retired.
NORTH DAKOTA
Edward A. Seel, Rugby, N. Dak., in place
of H. D. Walland, retired.
OHIO
Henry C. Waggoner, Amsterdam, Ohio, In
p] are of R. N. Croskey, resigned.
Carl J. Burkhart, Leavittsburg, Ohio, in
it place of C. M. Burkhart, retired.
Willard C. Geis, Massillon, Ohio, in place
of J. E. Snee, retired.
William P. Moran, Roseville, Ohio, in place
of M. D. Sowers, deceased.
OKLAHOMA
Charles M. McCurdy, Tupelo, Okla., in
place of M. J. Finch, deceased.
PENNSYLVANIA
C. Jean Steinkirchner, Jennerstown, Pa.,
in place of E. K. Hay, retired.
SOUTH DAKOTA
Laverne V. Johannesen, Erwin, S. Dak., in
place of Catherine Kazmerzak, retired.
TENNESSEE
Robert M. Sams, Dandridge, Tenn., in
place of R. S. Hill, deceased.
Harold A. Hutcheson, Soddy, Tenn., in
place of J. H. Davenport, retired.
TEXAS
Edison IvLonroe, Eustace, Tex., in place of
W. H. Wheeler, deceased.
Harold A. Doane, Jr., Haslet, Tex., in place
of H. M. George, Jr., removed.
UTAH
Pete L. Bruno, Price, 'Utah, in place of
William Grogan, retired.
Ernest R. Farnsworth, Santaquin, Utah,
in place of R. J. Peterson, retired.
WASHINGTON
David 11. Gray, Reardan, Wash., in place
of L. A. Schultz, retired.
WEST VIRGINIA
William S. Penn, Jr., Bluefield, W. Va., in
place of H. B. Faulkner, retired.
Charles H. Gillilan, Jr., Frankford, W. Va.,
in place of C. H. Gillilan, deceased.
WISCONSIN
Silas J. Paul, "Montfort, Wis., in place of
Harvey DlVall, retired.
Richard H. Vollmer, Mukwonago, Wis., in
place of W. H. Ruppert, retired.
CONFIRMATIONS
Executive nominations confirmed by
the Senate September 17, 1965:
U.S. COAST GUARD
The following-named officers to be per-
manent commissioned officers in the coast
Guard in the grade indicated:
To be lieutenants
Charles F. Reid.
Warren. H. Madson.
To be lieutenants (junior grade)
Vincent E. Abraham- Gary L. Rowe
son Carl D. Bossard
John R. Malloy III Richard S. Bizar
Roy L. Foote
The nominations beginning John J. Soltys,
Jr., to be lieutenant (junior grade), and
ending 'Ted B. Bryant to be lieutenant
(junior grade), which nominations were re-
ceived by the Senate and appeared in the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD On August 31, 1965.
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September 17, 1965 -CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 23365
The present bill contemplates, under usually the case when I rise to address cially irrelevant to any issue raised by
the Western Hemisphere rule, only those the Senate-I hope I can do a little to the Senator from Arkansas in his care-
countries which are independent and revive the tradition of debate which down fully thought-through and closely rea-
thus continues the hardship on the small through the years has made our legis- soned speech. I hope we shall hear no
island areas which can never become in- lative body an Institution of which I hope more in criticism of the Senator from
dependent because of their accident of the American people are still proud. Arkansas for what he did or did not do
location, size and lack of natural re- Before addressing myself to the sub- at the White House conference.
sources. Yet, from 1921 to 1924, these stance of the disagreement between the My third preliminary comment is that
adjacent islands enjoyed the same bene- Senator from Arkansas [Mr. FtTLBRrGHT] the Senator from Arkansas based his
fits as the rest of the Western Hemi- and the three other Senators whom I speech on 6 weeks of testimony in execu-
sphere. These islands will be grouped have mentioned, I should like to make tive session before the Committee on
now ultimately into the world quota and, four preliminary remarks. Foreign Relations, at which
practically
as a consequence, face a potential of no First, nobody-I repeat nobody-least every witness from the administration
possibility of immigration to the United of all the Senator from Arkansas-has who participated in the Dominican crisis,
States. attacked the President' of the United with three exceptions, was heard and
It does seem Incongruous that less than States for what he did in the Dominican examined at some length by members of
one-half of 1 percent of the total West- crisis. The position of the Senator from the committee. The speech was based
ern Hemisphere population should be ex- Arkansas, with which I agree
is th
t
,
a
eluded from consideration with the other the President got bad advice-very bad
991/2 percent. advice. But having received that advice
I do not propose to offer my amend- from individuals in his administration
mnent from the floor at this time. Noth- whom he had good reason to trust, par-
ing should impede the progress of this titularly advice with respect to facts
legislation. I intend, however, to intro- which turned out to be wrong, the Presi-
duce legislation in the next session to dent had no alternative except to do
allow people from the adjacent islands pretty much what he did. Therefore, I
to immigrate as do all others from the would make it clear that neither the
Western Hemisphere nations. We should Senator from Arkansas [Mr. FULBRIGHT]
not permit such petty inequities to con- nor I, despite what the three Senators
tinue. I hope others will join me in this have said to the contrary, have said one
effor
Mr. t. single word in criticism of the President.
may not have hpoint is that what may or
PresidenKENNEDY suggestt the absence of Mr.
appened when the P e i-
quorum. dent called certain legislative leaders to
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The the White House to discuss the crisis in
clerk will call the roll. the Dominican Republic, after he had
The legislative clerk proceeded to call decided to send the Marines in, but be-
the roll. fore they had actually gone, is entirely
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, I ask irrelevant to the points raised by the
unanimous consent that the order for Senator from Arkansas. The Senator
quorum call be rescinded. from Arkansas has no responsibility
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without whatever for the decision made at the
objection, it is so ordered. White House. He was in no position at
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, a parlia- that point to disagree with what the
mentary inquiry
Is the rul
f
.
e o
germane-
ness still in effect?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
time under the rule of germaneness ex-
VIIN4APREPUR
sources of information were no different
from those of the President. I believe
it grossly unfair for the Senator from
Florida [Mr. SMATHERS] and the Sena-
tor from Louisiana [Mr. LONG] to criti-
cize the Senator from Arkansas for hav-
e
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, J rise in after
the President announced hei was
defense of the position taken with re- going to send in the troops.
ethe Dominican Republic by the di s- said in his speech that r he from
agrees Arkansas
that In it
tinguished chairman of the Committee was probably necessary to send a small
on Foreign Relations [Mr. FULBBIGHT]. force of Marines Into Santo Domingo to
To my deep regret, this puts me in op- protect American lives, particularly in
position to my good friends the Senator view of the intelligence information,
from Florida [Mr. SMATHEas], the Sena- much of it inaccurate, which had come
tor from Louisiana [Mr. LONG], and the to the White House at that time. I agree
Senator from Connecticut [Mr. Donn]. with that, too. I believe we were under
I had occasion to call to the attention an obligation, despite our treaty obliga-
of Senators earlier this week a most in- tions to the contrary, to send in a small
teresting article which appeared in the force to protect American lives.
Sunday magazine section of the New Incidentally, it is interesting to note
York Times, written by the able and vet- that no American lives were lost. De-
eran reporter, Tom Wicker, the principal spite the gross exaggeration with respect
Capitol Hill reporter for the New York to the alleged danger under which
Times, entitled "Winds of Change in the Americans and other foreigners found
Senate." themselves in Santo Domingo in those
In his article Mr. Wicker commented, critical days toward the end of April, not
and I think with reason, that the art of one single American life was lost.
debate appears to have been more or less so I reiterate that, in my opinion, the
lost in this body to which I am so proud Senator from Arkansas is subject to no
to belong, just criticism because he did not object
Possibly even by speaking to a com- when the President, at the White House,
pletely empty Chamber on a Friday announced that he had decided to send
afternoon-which i regret to state Is in the Marines. This argument is espe-
also on newspaper articles, weekly news
magazine articles, and other informa-
tion from reputable American journal-
ists, information which was available to
the Committee on Foreign Relations as
well as to the three Senators I have
mentioned.
I sat through those hearings. I either
heard the testimony-and i usually did
hear the testimony and the cross-exami-
nation-of each of the witnesses, or, if
I could not be present, I went to the
committee room later and read the testi-
mony, including the cross-examination.
I can testify from my own personal
knowledge that the comments of the
Senator from Arkansas are fully and ac-
curately documented by the classified
record in the files of the Committee on
Foreign Relations. If any Senator
doubts what I say, I urge him or her
to read that record.
I do not know whether the Senator
from Connecticut [Mr. Donn], the Sen-
ator from Florida [Mr. SMATHERS], or the
Senator from Louisiana [Mr. LONG] have
read that record. Perhaps they will tell
us in due course. However, I do know
that, with the possible exception of a to-
tal of approximately one-half hour, when
one of those Senators may have been
present at one of those hearings, they
did not show up at all. Therefore, their
criticism of what the Senator from Ar-
kansas has said is not based on any
knowledge of that record in the Com-
mittee on Foreign Relations.
This is not necessarily a cause for seri-
ous criticism. No doubt the Senators
have other sources of information than
those which were available to me and
to the Senator from Arkansas and to the
members of the committee. They are
certainly entitled to come in on the floor
of the Senate and say whatever they
think about it.
The Point I want to make is that every
single statement of the Senator from Ar-
kansas is carefully documented in the of-
ficial record of the hearings over which
he presided. I raise several questions as
to whether these other three Senators
can document what they have said.
The fourth preliminary point that I
should like to make is that the real issue
with respect to the Dominican Republic
is not: "Did we do the right thing or
did we not do the right thing? Did we,
as the Senator from Arkansas says, re-
act too slowly in the first place and then
overreact in the second place? Were
our activities on the whole in the best
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23366 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE September 17, 1965
interests of the United States of Amer- heaAngs to which he has referred. I it on the basis of protecting American
lea or not?" These are not the issues. have consulted with people who were lives. Bennett forwarded that post haste
The real issue is, Where do we go either there and have read the record. to the State Department and to the
from here? What have we done, if I 541 not completely in the dark about White House, and troops were sent in.
anything, by this action to downgrade what occurred in those hearings. The President announced that he was
the influence of the United States of I he Senator knows that I am the doing it to protect American lives. How-
America through all of Latin America? ranking member on the Committee on ever, Bennett also sent to Washington
And what can we do to remedy the harm? Finance. During that period I was at- the original statement of Colonel Benoit,
If, as I firmly believe, we have lost tending hearings of the Finance Com- and, the day the troops landed, a totally
many friends and made, some enemies, mil tee and also representing the Sen- unauthorized statement was made by
conference U.S. Navy) in Santo Domingo that th
what can do back remedy that situation nwnber of conference
so e
major bills the
oreports, some of which are now at the were going in to crush the Communists.
policy that we e can n get to the f
pto which John baohn Fitzgerald Ken- desk It is all very well to talk about protect-
n andedy so pressed ably thr ug when r advocateAl- d I would like to have been present at ing American lives, but the real reason
a greys Congress the revived the hearings, but I was not able to be that the 'marines went in there was to
liance the good kelghbss bill, when p rveeces there. During that same period of time prevent a, Communist takeover.
the good li Delano olRo sdvhis pr he he e I Naas attending meetings at the White At that point Admiral Rayburn, who
soma, Fdankein hand of friendship Roolwh House, as the assistant majority leader, had been sworn in as the new head of the
demos atic of Latin America a ani did have available to me the same CIA perhaps 24 hours before that-and
which believe nations r Laiiii ormation which was available to the a fine man he is; no doubt he had to rely eco- which band that through social, Latin Pr esident. entirely on the information which was
nomic, America ccaan arise and and defeat democracy c Latiommu- n My judgment of this situation is sim- coming to him, from Santo Domingo-
nism. p1,, this: That what started in this area was able to produce the names of only
I ask the question whether we help as a revolution by people who were not three Communists who were said to be
defeat communism by standing up for Communists, but who were seeking to connected with the revolutionary move-
a landed oligarchy governed by military overthrow what could perhaps be de- ment. This was obviously not enough to
junta groups which have come to be scribed as a rightwing government. impress, the American people. Seventy-
known in Latin America not as guer- Mr. CLARK. Is the Senator referring two hours later, they produced the names
rillas, but as gorillas, by defying and sup- to the Reid Cabral government? of 58 Communists, and thus made a
pressing efforts for land reform, for Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I was re- somewhat better showing.
housing reform:, for education, for ' fe*ring to the so-called military junta. I do not have a shadow of a doubt
health, for feeding the poor, by keeping Mr. CLARK. To the junta which sue- that after we did what, we did, by send-
ceeded the military government. ing in around 20,000 troops, the three
in office econted olig ac well as do Mr. LONG of Louisiana. The Senator tiny Communist parties in the Domini-call do b der in ithe oligarchies, or do we Is correct. The three Communist Par- can Republic, one of them Castro domi-
better in the interest of the United tv,s in that country moved in on this sit- nated, one of them Moscow dominated,
Stat tes in supporting rest ng men like Betan- cation, as Communists always seek to do one of them China dominated, were
court, and Leoni in Venezuela, and when chaos exists. They had gained a able tol take such advantage of the con-
JoseuFig er s in and theca and rs of great deal of power and were on their fusion and lack of order in downtown
ose tgttere in Costa Alen, and Frei way toward achieving control of this Santo Domingo. The fact is that a lot of
Americans leraand other splendid Larry revolution. the Bosch people became scared and ran
who are pressing to carry The military junta group requested away to embassies because they thought
into effgce the principles e the Alliance o ar Government to go in. Our Govern- they were defeated. I have no doubt
for Progress? p do ve the better if who intent inquired, "Are you requesting us that thereafter, the rebel movement was
put rub blue chips on the military the who to go in because you can no longer pro- very strongly influenced by the Commu-
come back, having learned the Amend tiset the Americans who are" there?" nists. But it was not in the beginning, ic of Goneeneral way Staff to life at olhi Command and As I understand it, even the Senator and actually the Communists never de-
G f Lo uis Leavenworth? f ,om Arkansas does not dispute that the posed Caamano Deno, the constitution-
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Press- answer to that question was yes, and that allst leader who is not a Communist.
dent, will the Senator yield? I; was proper that the United States send Mr. LONG of Louisiana. My under-
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, I say to standing of the matter was that the Com-
I munists had gained a great amount of
my friend from Louisiana that I am most troops. Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, from the
happy that he is on e the floor. attention that I was able to give to the control, and were in command in a sub-
'like a prepared Ne Nevertheless, , I that I should pI understood that the Reid stantial number of positions, many of
Cabral government had fallen for lea- them key positions in the revolution.
very to glad deliver. to yield t to mo mg y friend from should Lou- be problem,
very ien Based on what little we know, when
islana, and I am sure that with that self- eons which we do not need to go into.
restraint for which he Is so well known, The government under Moreno Urillo, we look at a situation of that sort, the
he will ask a'few questions and I shall do tnho was the legitimate successor of revolution had more the earmarks of a
what I can to reply, and then I shall be ]Iosch, thinking that it was defeated, had Communist takeover than had Castro's,
taken refuge in other Latin American when Castro was taking over Cuba.
perm now y l ccmtinue? and foreign embassies. At the instance Mr. 'CLARK. The Senator made that
I now LONG of the CIA-I believe it can be docu- argument very eloquently the other day
Mr. LONG that I could not Presi- new junta headed by a cer- on the floor. All I can say is, my sources
dent, I regret Senator could not his ;yin Colonel Benoit had been formed, of information are possibly different than
when the was attending commenced hs ad- 1lthough it was pretty well confined to his. I know this is the information put
dress. I on attending a hearing which the the San Isidro air base. That junta sent forth by the administration, and particu-
dealt .Relations wword to Ambassador Bennett, "You had larly by Mr. Thomas Mann, who was the
deealt alt with h the problem of wheat ship- better send American troops in because architect of our policy. I merely dis-
ments to countries behind the Iron Cur- a Communist takeover threatens." agree with it.
taM.
Mr. CLARK. I was present this morn- Ambassador Bennett sent word back, Mr. LONG of Louisiana. It is a mat-
ing at the same hearing and made my "I can't get away with bringing Ameri- ter of judgment. Perhaps the Senator
of he United States be-comes es
change President agree
and dence is o not that clear. If you will the
at least the Se atorfromtLouisiana event
I will find ourselves on the same side. your request and make it in writing, and convinced, first, that American lives are
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi- ask American forces to intervene in order in danger, hehas a duty to protect those
be-
failure eritsoe
Washington toe do comes convinced and, second,
dent, I hope that we can discuss it. thaprotect e n American persuade lives,
Perhaps Perhhaps we can agree. means he is risking a Communist take-
have the po trtut indicated, sit I through unot it."
have the opportunity t to sit the So Benoit changed his position and put over of another nation in this hemi-
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 zieptemoer 1'i i ioJ
sphere, in my judgment, if he fails to act, President of the United States, or that he case. But I am not here making any
he is failing to discharge his responsi- or I or anybody else should have spoken case at all. I stand foursquare on what
before the troops went in. I consider the brilliant, able, and con-
u
p
bility to the American people.
In my judgment, had President Eisen- That is not the issue. The issue is: structive speech made by the chairman
hower known that the Castro takeover Was the advice that came to the Presi- of the Senate Foreign Relations Com-
in Cuba was going to work out the way it dent of the United States accurate? I mittee.
did, things might have been different. say it was not. Were the recommenda- Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Did the Sen-
There were in the Castro movement a tions that came to ? him from his sub- ator from Pennsylvania hear the speech
number of Communists ? who claimed ordinates sound? I say they were not. of the Senator from Ohio on the floor to-
they were not Communists-Castro But with the information he had, he day?
claimed he was not a Communist. He had no other choice. Mr. CLARK. Which Senator from
lied to us. That is part of the Commu- With respect to the position of the Ohio?
nist technique. Senator from Louisiana about Castro's Mr. LONG of Louisiana. The senior
As a matter of fact, under Communist Cuba, it seems to me that is largely ir- Senator from Ohio [Mr. LAUSCHET.
doctrine, as I am sure the Senator knows, relevant and, in the end, the difference of Mr. CLARK. No; but out of the deep
truth from the Communist viewpoint is opinion between the Senator from Penn- affection and high regard that I have for
that which advances the spread of com- sylvania and the Senator from Louisiana my close friend the senior Senator from
munism. So, if I say this man taking is just this simple: Whose judgment is Ohio, I shall certainly be happy to read
these notes is a man, if that does not right? his speech. I am sorry I did not hear it.
promote the spread of communism, from I firmly believe that had we not done I certainly would not wish to prejudge
the Communist point of view I have told what we did in the Dominican Republic the position taken by my good friend
a lie; according to Communist teaching, in the last days of April, the posture of from Ohio, but.I can say, generally speak-
I should have said, "That's a woman." the United States throughout Latin ing, that in matters of this sort the senior
Castro used those techniques on us. America would be far higher today than Senator from Ohio and I rarely find our-
We did not know who all the Commu- it is. Santo Domingo would have had selves in agreement.
nists were in the Dominican Republic, the kind of government we wanted Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Is the Sena-
but we knew many of them. Some were months before it did, and the whole tor aware of the speech made by the ma-
Castro-trained. As the Senator pointed posture of our relationship with the jority leader today in support of the
out, some of them were the Peiping-type world in general, but with Latin America President's action? It seems to me that
Communists, who would blast us off the in particular, would have been better. the Senator ought to be aware of the fact
face of the earth tomorrow if they had I point out to the Senator from Louisi- that he is answering more than three
enough atom bombs, and some were the ana, as he knows, that I am a stanch Senators.
Russian type, experts in subversion. But supporter of the Johnson administration, Mr. CLARK. If it is necessary to an-
they had. enough help that they were in as is the Senator from Louisiana. Every swer five, I shall be glad to take on five.
the process of taking over the revolu- now and then, we stray off the reserva- As the colloquy thus far indicates, I am
tion. That was the information avail- tion a little bit, but most of the time, we having great difficulty taking on one Sen-
able to the President; and if the Senator are supporting the President and his pro- ator, my good friend from Louisiana.
will check, he will find out that is what gram, and the Great Society. Now, Mr. President, I return to the
was happening. But if the balance of powers and the major part of my speech. I suggest that
If what the Dominican people want is a separation of powers means anything, the three Senators I have mentioned have
progressive reform government, a gov- then the Senator from Louisiana and I not only failed to refute the seven spe-
ernment with liberal ideas, such as the have not only the right but the duty to cific conclusions reached by the Senator
Senator has and as I myself have, then speak our minds when we disagree with from Arkansas, but for the most part
the people will have the opportunity to the policy laid down by the Chief Execu- have refused to meet him head on and
elect that sort of government and, in my tive; and with deep regret, that is what have tended to go off on irrelevant side
judgment, they will be able to thank the I am doing now. I say to my friend from channels having nothing whatever to do
United States of America that they have Louisiana, I shall be back on the team with the major impact of the speech of
that opportunity, because if those Com- on Monday when the immigration bill the Senator from Arkansas [Mr. FUL-
munists had taken over they would never comes up. I hope he will be there, too, BRIGHT].
have had it. with me. Let me give an example. The Senators
Mr. CLARK. The Senator made this Mr. LONG of Louisiana. May I say from Louisiana and Florida have both
same argument very eloquently on the to the Senator that it seems to me that argued that there was need for hasty ac-
floor of the Senate just a few days ago. fundamentally, his case is to establish tion in that fatal last week of April of this
I respect his integrity and his Conviction. that the Communists had no substantial year, and that there was no time to
I said, perhaps before the Senator came influence, and were not achieving in- evaluate the situation judiciously. Then
in, that I thought he and the Senator creased influence, in that revolutionary they make the basic and I believe false
from Florida were quite unfair to the group. If he cannot establish that; if assumption that the only rapid form of
Senator from Arkansas [Mr. PULBRIGHT] the contrary was true, and the Commu- action which could be taken was that
by trying to throw the blame on him nists were achieving more and more which was taken; namely, massive mili-
for not objecting to sending in the troops power in that revolt, it seems to me the tary intervention on the side of the mili-
when he was summoned to the White Senator has not established his case, but tarists who had kicked out the only legi-
House with some of the other leaders in rather the case which supports the Pros- timate, democratically elected govern-
the last days of April. ident and his advisers. ment the Dominican Republic had had in
I pointed out then, and I point out Mr. CLARK. Let me say, with all the the course of 38 years.
again, that nobody is attacking the Presi- deep affection I feel for my friend from Actually, the Senator from Arkansas
dent of the United States-neither the Louisiana, that I do not think I have to criticized the administration for timidity
Senator from Arkansas nor I. He said make any case. The case has been made as well as for overreaction. He pointed
and I say that if we had had to make our by the chairman of the Foreign Relations out that we should have moved long be-
decision on the basis of the information Committee [Mr. FULBRIGHT]. All I am fore we did to support the legitimate
that came to him at the time he deter- doing now is to rebut the efforts of the government of the Dominican Republic,
mined to send the troops in, we would Senator from Louisiana [Mr. LONG], the represented in the first stages of the
have sent troops in, too. I do not think Senator from Florida [Mr. SMAT]FIERS], revolution by the acting president,
we would have sent so many, but we cer- and the Senator from Connecticut [Mr. Molina Urena.
tainly would have sent in some. Donn] in their attack on the case made The Senator from Arkansas pointed
I think the Senator from Florida and by the Senator from Arkansas. out that there were two opportunities,
the Senator from Louisiana really do a I stand foursquare on the speech made first, on April 25, when the PRD, which
disservice and an injustice to the Senator by the chairman of the Foreign Relations was the Bosch party, and the only really
from Arkansas by trying to' say that he Committee. The Senator from Louisi- democratic party of the moderate ],eft in
or I or anybody else is attacking the ana has ably attempted to oppose that the Dominican Republic, requested a
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 23368
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE September 17, 1965
U.S. presence, by which they meant our
Government's support for return to con-
stitutional government under Bosch;
and, second, 2 days later, on April 27,
when the constitutionalists-someticnes
erroneously called the rebels-thinking
themselves defeated, appealed to Am-
bassador Bennett for mediation, a re-
quest which he refused on the ground
that it would have constituted interven-
tion.
Thus, the Senator from Arkansas
called not for inaction, but for even more
rapid action, which was eventually
taken-and on the wrong side.
The issue is not whether it should have
been action, but what kind of action.
The administration ended intervening
in a massive way with military forces on
April 28. The Senator from Arkansas
would have had us Intervene politically
either 1 or 3 days earlier.
The Senator from Louisiana [Mr.
LONG] contends, on page 23007 of the
RECORD, and the Senator from Connecti-
cut [Mr. DODD] suggested, on page 5 of a
judiciary subcommittee document en-
titled "Organization of American States
Combined Reports on Communist Sub-
version," that the OAS mediation team
sent to Santo Domingo, by the 10th
meeting of consultation of the Ministry
of Foregin Affairs of the American Re-
publics wholly and completely justified
the unilateral intervention of the United
States in Santo Domingo. But, a read-
ing of the report establishes, clearly in-
deed, that this is not the fact. The re-
port describes the situation as one of
chaos in security replete with human
suffering. It supports the efforts of
members of the OAS committee to bring
about a cease-fire. It contains a proposal
for the dispatching of an inter-American
force which, in fact, had already been
decided upon, but it contains no state-
ment whatever endorsing the unilateral
action of the United States, although the
two Senators :1 have mentioned state
categorically that the committee's report
did exactly that.
Critics of the Senator from Arkansas
contend that there was clear danger to
American lives in Santo Domingo, and
that this was the prime reason for the
intervention of the United States. I
have dealt with that comment earlier in
this talk. I can only say now that I
agree with the Senator from Arkansas
that there was danger to Americans, al-
though no American was, in fact, killed
or wounded until after the marines went
in and started . exchanging-fire with the
constitutional forces.
I say that on the basis of Monday
morning quarterbacking-and I agree
that what I am doing, what the Senator
from Arkansas did, and to some extent
what the Senator from Connecticut [Mr.
DODD], the Senator from Florida [Mr.
SMATHERS], and the Senator from Lou-
isiana [Mr. LONG] have been doing is
Monday morning quarterbacking-on
the basis of a calm and judicious review
of what happened, there is very little
doubt that the principal motive ' for
American intervention was to save mili-
tary and dictatorial forces in the Do-
minican Republic from a military defeat.
Ambassador Bennett requested walkie-
talkies for the military junta, and he got
them. When Colonel Benoit, then head
3f the military junta, asked for Amer-
Lean intervention, he got it. He got it
3n a ground which, to put it mildly, was
not a candid statement of the facts.
In any case, it is a documented fact
hat Ambassador Bennett, on April 27,
when the militarists were winning, re-
tused to intervene to support the consti-
utional government which was the suc-
,sessor of the only democratically elected
overnment the Dominican Republic
gad had for over a generation.
Then, the next day, when it looked as
'hough the Constitutionalists were going
1;o win, Ambassador Bennett pleaded
desperately and successfully for inter-
'Tention on the side of the militarists.
The Senator from Connecticut [Mr.
DODD] states in the RECORD, on page
33295, and not for the first time, that the
13enator from Arkansas' criticism of the
recommendations of the President's ad-
visers is organically related to a docu-
ment entitled "Background Information
]$elating to the Dominican Republic,"
which was prepared by the staff Com-
Iaittee on Foreign Relations, with the
assistance of the Legislative Reference
i3ervice.
. The Senator suggests that this docu-
mentation and supporting chronology
have been heavily slanted against the
administration by the careful process of
editorial selection.
I hold in my hand the document in
c uestion. It starts out with what I
believe all will admit to be a definitely
Nonpartisan statement, that on Decem-
ber 5, 1492, Columbus discovered Amer-
ica. It happened to be the island of
Hispaniola, and of course he stopped off
cn his way at the little island in the
Bahamas, San Salvador.
But I submit to any objective observer
oho wants to test the validity of the
charge of the Senator from Connecticut
[Mr. DODD] that the rest of the chrono-
logy is just as objective and unslanted
as the original statement which I have
j ist read-and it is composed largely
of official administration statements
u hich may have turned out to be damag-
ing to the administration's case, but cer-
tainly were not consciously intended to
achieve that result-actually this chro-
nology was not drawn, as the Senator
f:om Connecticut contends, from anti-
administration press sources, but, rather,
primarily from a noncontroversial source
eatitled "Deadline Data on World Af-
fairs," and from major metropolitan
newspapers, including the New York
Times, the New York Herald Tribune,
the Washington Post, the Times of Lon-
dan, Der Weldt of Hamburg, the Lon-
On Economist, the London Observer, Le
blonde of Paris.
I submit, and.i would hope the Senator
from Connecticut would agree, that these
a:'e reputable metropolitan journals,
which, by and large, tend to support the
allninistration. If they were critical
a" U.S. policy in the Dominican Repub-
lic, this might suggest that there is some-
thing wrong with that policy rather than
that the committee and Its staff, and the
editorial and reportorial writers who pre-
pared this documentation, were biased.
Actually, as the Senator from Arkan-
sas [Mir. FULBRICHT] pointed out, the
only nonadmin[stration witness whom
the Committee on Foreign Relations
heard was the former Governor of Puerto
Rico, Munoz Marin, a strong supporter
of the administration. I felt the com-
mittee should have heard witnesses in
opposition to the administration's policy.
The chairman,' and l: suspect a majority
of our colleagues on that committee, felt
that if we had opened the hearing up
to press reporters who had been on the
scene, we would have gotten into a Don-
nybrook which ivould have been difficult
to bring to a conclusion, and the decision
was made not to call the other witnesses.
I said earlier that I think there were
three witnesses who should have been
called. One was John Bartlow Martin,
who wrote what I believe to be a highly
inaccurate story of what he found in
the Dominican Republic. He was down
there as a representative of the admin-
istration, and upon his return, he wrote
this rather extraordinary article in one
of the leading outlets of the Luce pub-
lications.
I think it is a little unusual, from the
protocol point of view, for a former For-
eign Service officer-in fact, the former
Ambassador to the Dominican Repub-
lic-to go down to the Dominican Re-
public, spend a week, fail in his efforts
to bring peace, and then come back and
write his side of the story for Life mag-
azine.
It is not for me to criticize. I think
he should have been called as a witness,
and we should have had an opportunity
to question him with respect to his par-
ticipation in the crisis.
The. second witness who I think should
have been called was McGeorge Bundy,
who went to the Dominican Republic
at the request of the President, and spent
10 days down there, trying, unsuccess-
fully, to bring the crisis to an end. Mr.
Bundy, in what l: consider to be a disre-
gard of the relevant precedents took ref-
uge in executive privilege and refused to
appear before the committee. At one
point he said he would come and have
tea with us, but then he refused even to
do that.
The third witness, whom I hope we still
may call when the time is right, is that
wise, experienced, extraordinarily able
veteran of the Foreign Service, who ap-
pears as of now, to have brought the
crisis to a successful conclusion, with a
display of diplomacy which evokes my
admiration and ]: am sure that of every
other member of the committee, regard-
less of their point of view with respect to
this particular crisis, Ambassador Ells-
worth bunker.
I hope, when the smoke settles a little
and the present temporary government
of President Garcia Godoy is a little more
firmly on its feet, Ambassador Bunker
will come and tell the Foreign Relations
Committee about the situation he found
when he went down there, and how he
was able to bring about this near miracle,
an instance of pilling a rabbit out of a
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 September 17, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
hat, worthy, in my opinion, of the late
Houdini.
''The background information prepared
by the staff of the Foreign Relations
Committee and the Legislative Reference
Service contains excerpts from the Rio
de Janeiro Treaty and the Charter of the
Organization of American States. A
reading of articles 15, 17, and 19,* of the
OAS Charter and of article 6 of the Rio
Treaty make it clear beyond peradven-
ture of doubt that the United States of
America's unilateral intervention in the
Dominican Republic was illegal and un-
authorized; and since these provisions of
the inter-American agreements suggest
unfavorable inferences about the ad-
ministration's policy, perhaps the Sen-
ator from Connecticut is correct in re-
garding their inclusion in this document
to which he objects as a reflection of
prejudice upon the part of the committee
and its staff.
I point out that all this week there
has been meeting in the city of Wash-
ington an extraordinary group called the
International Conference on World
Peace Through World Law. Legal and
judicial delegates from more than 110
nations attended. The President of the
United States went before them yester-
day morning and made an extraordinary
able and moving address before that
body, in which he placed the United
States of America squarely on record as
supporting the rule of law as against the
rule of force. I was happy, indeed, to
see the President of the United States
take that position, and I hope from here
on in the United States of America will
practice what it preaches, and not talk
about the rule of law out of one side of
its mouth and violate it out of the other
side.
Mr. President, I do not wish to be mis-
understood, because I say again, as the
Senator from Arkansas said before, that
I believe the initial intervention, had it
been solely for the purpose of protecting
American lives, was justified on humani-
tarian grounds. My position is that
when that initial intervention was multi-
plied by many thousands of troops, and
when the ostensible objective to protect
American lives was converted by advisers
of the administration into an effort to in-
tervene in a civil war to prevent an al-
leged Communist takeover, its illegality
became obvious and apparent.
I suggest that the Senator from Con-
necticut, an extremely useful Member of
this body and a good friend of mine, will,
on second thought, want to withdraw the
suggestion which he made at pages 23297
and 23298 of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
that the Senator from Arkansas is soft
on communism.
I suggest that the freedom of both pub-
lie and private men to speak out in can-
dor, either for or against official policy, is
an integral part of the American form of
liberty, and also an integral part of our
constitutional form of government, which
requires that the Senate of ' he United
States, as a part of the legislative branch,
advise and consent to the activities,of the
executive.
Mr. President, I. this connection I ask
unanimous consent to have printed in the
RECORD as a part of my remarks an edi-
torial which appeared on September 17,
in the Washington Post entitled "Panic
Button."
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Sept. 17,
1965]
PANIC BUTTON
Senator DODD's reply to Senator Fui.-
BRICHT's critique of the American military in-
tervention in the Dominican Republic is
essentially to try to depict Mr. FULBRIGHT as
soft on communism. This tawdry if familiar
tactic does Mr. DODD no credit. There is
legitimate ground for disagreement with Mr.
FULBRIGHT'S analysis, which had the benefit
of 4 months of hindsight, without attempt-
ing to smear his motives.
That there were, and are, Communists in
the Dominican Republic no one disputes;
here Mr. DODD is tilting at the wrong wind-
mill. What is disputed is whether they were
in a position to capture the revolution that
the United States in effect halted when rep-
resentatives of the American Embassy in-
duced the administration to push the panic
button. Some influential anti-Communist
Dominicans think they were not.
Nowhere does Mr. DODD deal with several
basic questions raised by Mr. FULBRIGHT: Did
the United States fully use the resources
available to it without sending in the ma-
rines-and was the administration candid
with the public? Obviously the United
States must be alert to Castroite maneuvers,
including efforts to take over and direct local
grievances. But if we allow American policy
to be dominated and even paralyzed by fear
of another Cuba, we shall soon find ourselves
sending marines around the hemisphere
losing friends and alienating people.
Mr. DODD contends, and some in the ad-
ministration agree with him, that Mr. FuL-
BRIGHT'S speech damaged the country because
the criticism will be picked up abroad. On
the contrary the intervention, whether or not
it was necessary, is what started the process.
One of the strengths of America in the eyes
of other peoples-and a point that can belie
Mr. FULBRIGHT'S complaint that the United
States appears unsympathetic to demands for
social justice abroad (by contrast with the
social revolution taking place at home)-is
that we can debate issues publicly and seek
to learn from experience. But to argue that
all's well that ends well in the Dominican
Republic is like insisting that because a
broken leg ultimately heals it somehow is
good for you.
Mr. CLARK. The editorial concludes
that those who "argue that all is well
that ends well in the Dominican Republic,
is like insisting that because a broken
leg ultimately heals it somehow is good
for you."
I suggest that the criticism of our
Dominican policy made by the Senator
from Arkansas was healthy, salutary,
and in the long. run will be helpful to
the administration and to the future con-
duct of our foreign policy in Latin
America.
Senator FULBRIGHT needs no defense
from me against the charge that he is
soft on communism. I suspect that every
one of the other 99 Senators in this body,
including the Senator from Connecticut,
on second thought, would stand up and
defy anybody who, outside these halls,
said that he was.
There is no more loyal, intelligent, and
able American in our country than the
chairman of the Committee on Foreign
Relations.
23369
I say again that I am sure, on further
reflection, that the Senator from Con-
necticut will wish to withdraw the im-
plication contained in the quotation from
the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD which I have
just made.
I further suggest that, as I said earlier,
the current debate reflects great credit
on the spirit of liberty and the spirit
of freedom of speech in the Senate and
the country at large.
In fact, the criticism of Senator FUL-
BRIGHT is already beginning to have a
positive effect in Latin America. Con-
versations with Latin Americans in
Washington, especially the younger ones
who were not tied to either the militarists
or economic oligarchists, suggest that by
bringing this matter into the open, as the
Senator from Arkansas has done, he re-
pairs the bitter disillusionment with the
United States some of our best friends
south of the border now feel. It is re-
viving some feeling of hope that the
United States is still the friend of Latin
American democracy.
This position is well developed by Sen-
ator FULBRIGHT on pages 23004 and 23005
of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.
I suggest that the further ' point may
now be stressed: that strong self-criti-
cism of our country, of the administra-
tion, of its foreign policy, both in the
Senate and elsewhere, is essential to
clearing the air and restoring an honest
and friendlier relationship between the
United States and the democratic na-
tionalist reformers who are our best
friends in Latin America.
Acknowledgement of error, mistaken
action, and lack of candor is not only es-
sential to dispel lingering disillusion-
ment, but it is also a convincing demon-
stration of good faith on the part of the
people of the United States toward those
able and dedicated Latin Americans who
are devoting their lives toward establish-
ing in that important area of the world
the same. kind of democratic pluralistic
society of which we are so proud in the
United States of America.
I conclude to some extent as I started.
The questions are not so much what
did we do in the months of April, May,
June, July, and August in the Dominican
Republic, but first what are the implica-
tions of what we did on the future of our
Latin American policy?
And second, if we did make mistakes-
and I think we did-what can we now do
to remedy them?
I suggest that Under Secretary of
State Mann and Assistant Secretary of
State Jack Vaughn would be well advised,
and I hope they will be, if they devote
their best efforts from here on in
patching up our damaged relationships
with those men in Latin America and the
countries they represent who are our real
friends: the democratic, the liberal, and,
if you will, the slightly left-of-center
leaders, not the military juntas or the
oligarchical landowners, who are cheer-
ing what we did in the Dominican
Republic.
I suggest we look to Belamunde Terry,
Lponi, Betancourt in Venezuela, Jose
Figueros and his successors in Costa
Rica.
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 23370
CONE RESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE September 17, 1965 --'
I suggest we look to President Frei, of
Chile, at this moment, the greatest of
them all, who fought Communists to a
standstill and obtained a free liberal
democratic, New Deal, Fair Deal, New
Frontier, Great Society government in
that magnificent and hard-pressed thin
stretch of liberty in South America, a
government which supports the same es-
sential freedoms which': we are so proud
of here.
I suggest we look to Alberto Lleras in
Colombia, and the men who support his
policy there.
These are the true friends of America.
These are the countries where the Alian-
za para el Progreso has the best chance
of success. It is here that we should be
looking to bolster American policy, to
give these men and these countries our
assistance, to hearten them, and con-
gratulate them, because that is where
the friends of the United States of Amer-
ica are located.
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, I move
that the Senate stand in adjournment
until Monday next.
The motion was agreed to; and (at
4 o'clock and 39 minutes p.m.) the Sen-
ate adjourned until Monday, September
20, 1965, at 12 o'clock meridian.
NOMINATIONS
Executive nominations received by the
Senate September 17, 1965:
U.S. ATTORNEY
William H. Murdock, of North Carolina,
to be U.S. attorney for the middle district of,
North Carolina for the term of 4 years.
(Reappointment.)
William Medford, of North Carolina, to be
U.S. attorney for the western district of North
Carolina for the term of 4 years. (Reap
pointment.)
I nominate the following-named persons
to be postmasters:
ALASKA
Herbert Apassingok, Sr., Gambell, Alaska,
in place of John Apangalook, resigned.
ARIZONA
Homer L. Fancher, Bullhead City, Ariz., in
place of B. E. Fox, retired.
CALIFORNIA
Dorothy M. Collis, Brentwood, Calif., in
place of R. J. Wallace, retired.
Maynard Green, Covina, Calif., in place of
C. G. McCarn, retired.
Theodore F. Locicero, Monterey, Calif., in
place of L. S. Brown, retired.
Ellen C. Cothran, Westmorland, Calif., in
place of F. F. Johnson, deceased.
COLORADO
,3usan L. Thompson, Frisco, Colo., in place
of R. S. Foote, retired.
,fames A. Guadnola, Grand Junction, Colo.,
in place of H. W. Cross, retired.
:Robert W. Shewfelt, Parker, Colo,, in place
of Sophia Johnson, retired.
CONNECTICUT
Vincent P. Nolan, Southington, Conn., in
pl,cce of E. C. Butler, deceased.
IDAHO
Daniel K. Wilson, Lapwai, Idaho, in place of
C. F. Angel, retired.
ILLINOIS
Joseph A. Stal, Georgetown, Ill., in place
of A. T. Humrichous, retired.
Marlin H. Ferguson, Hartford, Ill., in place
of P. L. Reilley, deceased.
KENTUCKY
Franklin A. Orndorff, Adairville, Ky., in
pl ice of J. R. Trimble, retired.
MAINE
Chester W. Curtis, Richmond, Maine, in
pl ice of Don O. Cate, retired.
MASSACHUSETTS
Frieland C. Peltier, Oxford, Mass., in place
of R. C. Taft, retired.
William F. Griffin, Rutland, Mass., in place
of D. M. Lincoln, retired.
MICHIGAN
Leonard E. Amidon, Interlochen, Mich., in
puce of R. J. Buller, retired.
James R. Budak, Lakeside, Mich., in place
of M. B. Perham, retired.
Calvin P. Leach, Le Roy, Mich., in place
of 13. B. Erickson, retired.
Mark C. Dilts, Mesick, Mich., in place of
Ei nest Delville, retired.
Lawrence A. Frith, Vermontville, Mich., in
place of R. K. Kilpatrick, transferred.
MISSISSIPPI
William T. Hudspeth, Hickory Flat, Miss.,
in place of N. L. Hall, retired.
MISSOURI
John Rowlett, Jr., Maitland, Mo., in place
of H. R. Cowan, retired.
NEBRASKA -
Audrey A. Adaths, Lyman, Nebr., inplace of
B- E. McKee, deceased.
Theodore R. Gaedke, Wellfleet, Nebr., in
p: ace of P. D. Coder, transferred.
NEW YORK
William B. Chavis, Long Eddy, N.Y., in
p: ace of S. F. Kenney, retired.
NORTH CAROLINA
William E. Twiford, Kill Devil Hills, N.C.,
lI-place of I. L. Twiford, retired.
NORTH DAKOTA
Edward A. Seel, Rugby, N. Dak., in place
o:: H. D. Walland, retired.
OHIO
Henry C. Waggoner, Amsterdam, Ohio, in
place of R. N. Croskey, resigned.
.Carl J. Burkhart, Leavittaburg, Ohio, in
iliplace of C. M. Burkhart, retired.
Willard: C. Geis, Massillon, Ohio, in place
of J. E. Snee, retired.
William P. Moran, Roseville, Ohio, in place
of M. D. Sowers, deceased.
OKLAHOMA
Charles M.. McCurdy, Tupelo, Okla., In
place of NL J. Finch, deceased.
C. Jean Steinkirchner, Jennerstown, Pa.,
in place of E. K. Hay, retired.
SOUTH DAKOTA
LaVerne V. Johan.nesen, Erwin, S. Dak., in
place of Catherine Kazmerzak, retired.
TENNESSEE
Robert M. Sams, Dandridge, Tenn., in
place of R. S. Hill, deceased.
Harold A. Hutcheson, Soddy, Tenn., in
place of J. H. Davenport, retired.
'TEXAS
Edison Monroe, Eustace, Tex., in place of
W. H. Wheeler, deceased.
Harold A. Doane, Jr., Haslet, Tex., in place
of H. M. George, Jr., removed.
UTAH .
Pete L. Bruno, Price, Utah, in place of
William Grogan, retired.
Ernest R. Farnsworth, Santaquin, Utah,
in place of R. J. Peterson, retired.
WASHINGTON
David L. Gray, Reardan, Wash., in place
of L. A. Schultz, retired.
WEST VIRGINIA
William S. Penn, Jr., Bluefield, W. Va., in
place of H. B. Faulkner, retired.
Charles H. Gillilan, Jr., Frankford, W. Va.,
in place of C. H. CFillila:n, deceased.
WISCONSIN
Silas J. Paul, Montfort, Wis., in place of
Harvey DiVall, retired.
Richard H. Vollmer, Mukwonago, Wis., in
place of W. H. Ruppert, retired.
CONFIRMATIONS
Executive nominations confirmed by
the Senate September 17, 1965:
U.S. COAST GUARD
The following-named officers to be per-
manent- commissioned officers in the coast
Guard In the grade indicated:
To be lieutenants
Charles F. Reid.
Warren H. Madson.
To be lieutenants (junior grade)
Vincent E. Abraham- Gary L. Rowe
son - Carl D. Bossard
John R. Malloy III Richard S. Bizar
Roy L. Foote
The nominations beginning John J. Soltys,
Jr., to be lieutenant (junior grade), and
ending Ted B. Bryant to be lieutenant
(junior grade), which nominations were re-
celve4 by the Senate and appeared in the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD on August 31, 1965.
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September 17, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
the promise of a rich and fertile land for
the people who live there.
But when I look back on our common his-
tory since World War II, what I'm impressed
with is not the troubles or the problems-
the world has always had those. I'm im-
pressed with the new element in interna-
tional relations: the steady effort, crystal-
lized in our mutual development programs,
our aid programs, by independent countries
to work together on solving problems.
That is new, and different, and a cause for
optimism.
For our part, I can assure you that we ap-
proch our role inithe development partner-
ship in the same way we have learned to view
our investment in the development of our
own cities. We don't see this as something
we are doing for somebody else. We see it
as an investment in our own future and in
the world we share with you.
In closing, may I say this: The American
character is one of activism and, sometimes,
impatience. It is one which leads us, from
time to time, into mistakes. It is one, I am
sure, which is often not fully understood in
other places.
But I want to leave this message with you:
We Alnericans are committed-committed
beyond recall-to the building of a freer,
better, happier world for all men.
There have been times, I know, when you
may, have doubted this. But today, as never
before, our American Nation has come to
appreciate the oneness of mankind. This
appreciation makes possible the great na-
tional programs we undertake today to build
better cities, to fight poverty, to eliminate
discrimination in our own society, to do
something on behalf of our fellow men.
And today, as never before, we know that
we cannot live rich in a world too long poor.
I, for one, mean to do in my lifetime what-
ever I can to extend mankind's benefits to
more of mankind. And I am joined by the
overwhelming majority of the American peo-
ple. I am joined, certainly, by our President.
Let us, then, together pledge ourselves to
creating the world of justice, hope and peace
that all men long for, but have not yet
achieved.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, is
there further morning business?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
further morning business? If not,
morning business is closed.
AMENDMENT OF IMMIGRATION
AND NATIONALITY ACT
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the unfin-
ished business be laid before the Senate.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Chair lays before the Senate the unfin-
ished business, which will be stated by
title.
The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. A bill (H.R.
2580) to amend the Immigration and
Nationality Act, and for other purposes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, the Senate will proceed to the
consideration of the bill.
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the bill (H R. 2580).
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, if
the Senator from Ohio [Mr. LAUSCHE],
who is to be recognized to make some
remarks at this time, will yield without
losing the right to the floor or having the
time for the quorum call taken out of the
time allotted to him, I suggest the ab-
sence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered; and the clerk
Till call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
The Chair recogniZQ~ the Senator
THE DOMI1IICAN REPUBLIC
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, on the
floor of the Senate within the last few
days there has been a discussion of what
the conditions were in the Dominican
Republic in April, when the U.S. Gov-
ernment determined to send in its Ma-
rines. A statement was made that an
erroneous judgment was reached by the
President because he was misinformed
as to the purpose in sending in the
troops. I must express vigorous dis-
agreement with that argument.
I am a member of the Foreign Rela-
tions Committee and had the opportu-
nity of listening to the representatives
of the Department of Defense, the State
Department, and the CIA in describing
what took place in the Dominican Re-
public when the revolt of last spring
began.
I can say unhesitatingly to Senators on
the floor of the Senate that the proof
was clear and convincing that unless we
had stepped in we would have at our
shores another Cuba.
We know of the difficulties that are
facing us because of Cuba. In my judg-
ment, those difficulties would be mul-
tiplied many times if another Castro
and Cuba were established within 100
miles of the banks of our land on the
south.
When the coup began it was led by
persons who were not connected with
the Communist Party. But it Is an
established fact that there were three
groups in Cuba.
One group was known as the 14th of
June movement with complete fidelity to
Castro. Its members obtained guerrilla
training in Cuba, especially in the year of
1964. That group is oriented to Castro
and is Communist. It is the largest of
the extremists parties, but does contain
some non-Communist members.
The second group, that was latent and
hidden in the Dominican Republic, was
the PSPD, oriented to Moscow. Its
members received training in Czecho-
slovakia in 1963. Others obtained in-
doctrination in Moscow in 1964.
Then, there was a third group, the
APCJ, oriented to Peiping. Members of
the APCJ went to Communist China late
in 1964, where they received guerrilla
military training.
We thus have the situation with three
groups in the Dominican Republic led
by Communists, with some of their mem-
bers non-Communists. They were hid-
den, waiting for action. When the coup
began, they immediately sprung to the
forefront, and within a few days they
were occupying the leading positions in
what was happening.
When the military members of the
coup began distributing. arms, these
three Communist oriented organizations
were in the frontline. Their leaders
23345
were distributing military equipment,
and they were seen at vital places in
command. All of the indications were
that they were practically in control.
Military equipment was delivered to
them in large quantities and taken to
their headquarters, where it was dis-
tributed to their members, many of whom
were Communists, and others who did
not know exactly what was in the mak-
ing.
There has been some criticism, par-
ticularly in the press, about the relatively
small number of Communists identified
as having taken part in the rebellion in
the Dominican Republic.
In my judgment we miss the serious-
ness of the revolutionary situation by
adding up the number of Communists
that were identified in it.
When we add the number, we com-
pletely miss the point about the ability
of Communist leaders to dominate a
situation where disorder, rioting, and
mob rule prevails. By skilled manipula-
tion, propaganda, by assertion of leader-
ship in proper points, in street fighting,
by aggressive activity, these Communists
take hold. That is what they did in the
Dominican Republic.
A few skilled people can do this in the
proper circumstances. In the Domini-
can Republic the circumstances were ex-
istent, enabling the Communists to seize
the leadership, and to install their gov-
ernment.
When a temporary government was
established in April, in charge of the in-
vestigative forces, there was placed at
its head the most ardent Communist of
the whole group.
That is a technique of Communist ac-
tivity which is generally understood:
Get control of the police; get control of
the investigating agency; and when there
is control of them, begin arresting all
citizens who are in disagreement with
the party in control who have the po-
tential ability of interfering.
I merely want to remind Senators of
what has happened in Cuba. Castro im-
mediately arrested 500 of the leaders
whom he thought would cause trouble to
him. He had a hippodrome trial. The
500 persons were put to death under the
semblance of the administration of jus-
tice, when it was nothing but the act of
a tyrant, giving the semblance of a trial
to the accused, with all judgments fore-
ordained, and then putting them to
death.
I have already stated that the man
that was placed at the head of the in-
vestigative forces was one of the lead-
ing Communists in the Dominican Re-.
public.
But one word about the hearings be-
fore the Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions. They were called by the chair-
man of the committee [Mr FULBRIGHT].
The committee did not make the de-
cision to hold the hearings.
I regret to say this, but it is neverthe-
less my judgment, that the meeting was
contemplated to establish that we were
in the Dominican Republic by error and
injustice.
Someone had prepared a sheaf of
cards, I should say 11/s inches thick.
When the witnesses appeared, the ques-
tions on the cards were systematically
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23346 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE September .17, 196
asked. One question was read, and thee the administration on this subject, I now of the latter day activities of the Govern-
card was turned over. Then the seconc. stand foursquare behind what was ment so far as, they relate to problems
question was read, and the third. L done: I do so in the belief that it was existing in the Dominican Republic. I
should say that 150 cards were in the serviceable as a security to our country dislike to see my Government connected
sheaf. Every question contained impli- and to the free world. with a so-called kidnaping operation, in
cations about the', impropriety of the Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, will the which one of the valiant fighters for
presence of the United States In the Do- Senator yield? freedom, We ssin y Wessin, was rather
minican Republic. Mr. LAUSCHE. I yield to the Senator forcibly removed from the land of his
During the hearing, I complained from South Dakota. origin and transferred to American soil.
about what was taking place. One of Mr. MUNDT. First, I congratulate As I understand the facts, he walked
the questions asked was: "Did not Mr, the distinguished Senator from Ohio for to the plane which took him out of the
X, of Y newspaper make this state- the presentation he has, made today. As Dominican Republic. However, he
.went?" The statement of Mr. X made a Republican member of the Committee walked reluctantly and involuntarily, and
had challenged the presence of the on Foreign Relations, I have watched, apparently with it bayonet which bore
United States in the Dominican Repub- listened, and read with more than un- the imprimatur "made in the United
lic. I intervened and asked, "Is it not common interest the discussions ema- States" at his back.
also true that another newspaperman nating from the other side of the aisle I dislike to see our Government in-
during the Cuban episode, said that Cas- concerning the activities in which the jetting itself to that degree and in that
tro was a Lincoln and a Robin Hood, de- United States was engaged in the Do- manner in an activity which was cer-
voted to the cause of the poor, robbing minican Republic, and the criticisms and tainly pleasing to the revolutionaries of
the rich, and turning his gains over to replies which have been made with the Dominican Republic and pleasing to
those who were in need?" respect to that action. the Communists. I am not a great ad-
Certain newspapermen have said that While I dislike to inject myself into vocate of Wessin y Wessin. I do not
we were improperly -in Cuba and in the what is pretty much a Democratic dis- know how good a military leader he was.
Dominican Republic. But our plight in cussion, it does, after all, relate to hear- Hewould not be my candidate for Presi-
Cuba, in my opinion, Is the primary con- ings which were held in the Committee dent of the Dominican Republic if I were
sequence of a misevaluation we made of on Foreign Relations. I attended most sitting at a political convention selecting
Castro. Castro came to the United of the hearings. They involved a rather nomunees.
States and was gthe dignity of United searching analysis of what transpired I should think that, slowly but surely,
States before a the given n the dig t Fof ap- in the early days of revolutionary activi- Uncle Sam would be learning that we'do
pe elring b r deliberately did not orei attend n ties in Santo Domingo and other parts not make very many good guesses when
'R. I that meeting. I could not dignify of the Dominican Republic. I was curi- we inject ourselves in that fashion and
that meeting. a before not gfy Cas- Committee ous about the nature of the hearings and that forcefully into the internal affairs
tro's ppe rancbefore the in ind the reasons for them, because, while I of another country. We should have
the oreig Relations, s havin trial y that he
mind nd was in attendance for many hours, I learned something, I should think, from
had conducted. heard no questions directed to the long our experiences inVietnam when we were
Castro was a guest of the National series of witnesses as to what they felt permitting or promoting the ousting of
Press Club. During the entire National our future policy should be or what they Diem. We have never since then found time he felt the. solution ought to be, so far as a successor w':io seemed to have the ca-
was here, the stories, told about him were, the aftermath of the revolutionary pacity to develop the loyalty of his fol-
in effect, that to Cuba had come a mes- period was concerned. lowers and fellow citizens that Diem
siah gifted with charitable qualities; a It all seemed to be a questioning in possessed.
friend of the free West; afriend of the a somewhat critical search for knowledge My skepticism is enhanced when I re-
United States. We took those stories as as to why we got into the affair in the fleet that, with respect to Tshombe in the
true. The result is the problem which first place; whether we got in with the Congo, we spent much time, effort, and
now exists in Cuba. - right number of people and at the right money in apparently kicking him out.
I am firmly of the conviction that if' time; and whether the information that Then, after we had created a vacuum, we -
the President had not acted as he did in caused us to go in at all was accurate spent much time, effort, and money in
April of this year, we now would have or inaccurate. The inquiry seemed to be bringing him back. We were- certainly
practically - at our shores another Cuba. principally a contest as to whether the wrong in either one instance or in the
I cannot agree with the statements :made writings of little men in the employ of other so far as Tshombe in the Congo
by the chairman of the Committee on big newspapers was correct so far as the was concerned.
Foreign Relations (Mr. F1LBRIGHT] on situation in Santo Domingo was con- The Senator from Ohio pointed out
the floor of the Senate on September 15. cerned; and whether the reports from that, in the situation in Cuba while we
I do not believe that I am what may be the CIA, the State Department, and the were making a transfer from Batista, who
called a hard realist; but I do not want OAS were accurate. was bad, to Castro, who was worse, there
to be labeled as a soft-minded Idealist,. At the end of the hearings, I felt com- was an apparent failure on the part of
one who is absolutely indifferent to real- pletely convinced, as did the Senator American officials generally to recognize
Istic facts. :1 would feel myself to be a - from Ohio (Mr. LAUSCHE], that all the that we were permitting or promoting
dupe if I daily believed what the Com- verities and all the facts seemed to be there the control of Cuba by a Commu-
munists of the world are saying. The with the representatives of the Depart- nist who had been trained in Communist
Communists have their techniques. ment of State and the American Gov- training camps and who was completely
They know how to operate subversively. ernment, rather than in the proclama- dedicated to the Communist cause and
They know how to foment riots. - They tions being made by the little men who subservient to the Russian Communist
.are fomenting them in the United States. were writing for big newspapers. - whiplash. -
All that is needed is some small disorder I concurred in and completely sup- I am not at all sure that this adminis-
followed by an invasion of well-equipped ported emphatically the action of-Presi- tration is acting wisely or prudently or
tchnicians who know how to exaggerate dent Johnson and the actions of the properly in conjunction with the Domini-
a situation; and before one knows it, State Department, so far as their imme- can Republic situation, since we took the
mobs are- in action. It was mobs that diate reaction to the situation in the initial action and since we put down the
took charge of the Dominican Republic - Dominican Republic was concerned. I resolution and stabilized the situation.
uprising. believe they did the right thing in the If, in. fact, we are now to have a coalition
I say to the people of my State that - right place at the right time with the government in Santo Domingo, we shall
while I have agreed with many of the right number of military personnel. have failed to have secured the dividend
things that have been recommended by I am inclined to question a little some which should have been available from
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September 17, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 23347
the very wise and prudent and proper
action which President Johnson orig-
inally took. I am not charging that we
are going to do that. I am concerned
about the way in which we moved in on
Wessin y Wessin. It is a straw in the
wind because of the indication that the
little writers for the big newspapers are
having influence with people in big
places in Washington.
I dislike to see that kind of indication.
We should make sure that the people in
the Dominican Republic have a demo-
cratically inclined, freedom-loving friend
of freedom as their leader, and we should
not dilute his capacity for success by
making further concessions to the de-
feated Communist influences in that
revolution.
Primarily I am glad that the distin-
guished Senator from Ohio has helped to
set the record straight. He has related
accurately what transpired in the Com-
mittee on Foreign Relations, in my
opinion. I saw no evidence throughout
tie hearings to indicate that President
Johnson had acted either Inadvisedly or
on inadequate information in making the
decisions that he made. in those early
critical days.'
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. BAss
in the chair). The Senator from Ohio.
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, I do
not want my statement to be construed
as indicating approval or disapproval of
what has recently happened. I have not
had an opportunity to learn from the
State Department what has taken place.
However, I have apprehension about the
removal of Wessin y Wessin: At this
time, I should like to read some notes
which I made when Bosch's government
was overthrown several years ago. These
are my notes concerning General Wes-
sin y Wessin:
Wessin is about 33 years old: He was active
in trying to drive the Trujillos and the Com-
munists out of the army of the Dominican
Republic. He wanted to raise the moral fab-
ric of the army. He wrote an article pointing
out the infiltration Into the army of Com-
munists. He is still the head of the Aviation
School of the Military Division. He was a
colonel and is now a general. He could have
been the head of the government, but he
declined.
These notes were written at the time
at the Bosch overthrow. They wanted
him to take the headship and he declined.
To me that is testimony of great weight
in'showing the character of the man.
Yet he is the one who was taken out of
the Dominican Republic with a bayonet
at his back and is now in Miami.
Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, I am
glad that the Senator gave that addi-
tional information concerning Wessin y
Wessin.
As I say, I am not one of his advocates.
I do not know enough about him. How-
ever, I do know that when a great many
of the other military people were fleeing,
he was fighting. He was standing up.
He stepped into the critical breach, pre-
cisely as the U.S. Government stepped
into the breach at a critical time, and
together they set back the Communists.
I do not like to reward that kind of
fighting for freedom by having my gov-
ernment associate itself with a move-
ment to kidnap him and take him out
of the country and send him to the Unit-
ed States against his will.
That is far different from saying that
we should put him in high office.. How-
ever, that kind of concession to the Com-
munist.groups who dislike him is a failure
to show the kind of stamina and stature
now that was properly shown at the time
the revolution began.
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, the
notes which I made were based upon
testimony given by Government wit-
nesses-witnesses from the State Depart-
ment primarily. I have these notes here.
It can be readily seen that they are
merely scribbled memorandums of what
was said.
The Government stood firm last April.
I do not know whether it is now begin-
ning to yield to the attacks that are
being made. I hope that it is not.
A coalition . government which is
friendly to the West will not survive.
The Communists would take over in due
time in the event a coalition government
were established.
Mr. President, I yield the floor.
Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts ob-
tained the floor.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will
the Senator yield about 13 minutes to me
without losing his right to the floor?
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
LAUSCHE in the chair). Does the Sen-
ator from Massachusetts yield to the
Senator from Montana?
Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts. I
yield.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is .prdered.
SENATE 1 SCU3ION OF DOMINICAN
SITUATION
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President,
there has been a good deal of discussion
about the situation in the Dominican
Republic. The distinguished Chairman
of the Foreign Relations Committee [Mr.
FULRRIGHT] has, on the basis of an analy-
sis of. hearings held before his commit-
tee, made a speech in which he gave his
views on the developments inherent in
the early days preceding and following
our involvement.
Senator FULBRIGHT was very careful to
stress that the material on which he
based his speech was testimony heard by
the Foreign Relations Committee. Un-
fortunately, except for a 15-minute in-
terval, I was unable to attend these hear-
ings and, furthermore, I have not had
the time to read the testimony, so I am
unable to comment on the hearings.
There have been exceptions taken to
as well as support of FTLSRIGHT's remarks
by various Members of the Senate. I
think it should be pointed out that the
chairman of the committee stated em-
phatically that what he said represented
his own views, based on his understand-
ing of the hearings.
As one who participated in, the White
House conferences on the subject of in-
tervening in the Dominican Republic, I
do not intend to say anything specific as
to what went on at the meeting. But I
feel that in view of the developments
which have occurred over the past day or
so, that it is appropriate to comment in
general terms. When the difficulty oc-
curred, the President did call the leader-
ship and ranking members of. certain
committees to the White House to discuss
what had happened and was happening
in the Dominican Republic. He did state
that there were 5,000 nationals of foreign
countries in Santo Domingo of whom
1,500 were Americans. He had received
urgent requests and pleas from the chiefs
of the various American agencies and I
believe from some foreign embassies
stating that the situation was extremely
dangerous and he was told that if steps
were not undertaken to insure the safety
of these nationals that there could well
be a substantial loss of life. There was
no other country prepared or capable of
giving the prote tion which was needed
at the time except the United States.
The President had to make a decision
involving the safety of these nationals
on the basis of the cables, telephone calls,
and advice which he had received. When
he announced his decision at the White
House Conference there was no opposi-
tion raised at that time on the matter
which was discussed in great detail.
The President, on the basis of his
authority as Commander in Chief and
his constitutional responsibility as Presi-
dent in the field of foreign policy, under-
took to land military forces to protect
these nationals. He selected a most ca-
pable man in the person of Lieutenant
General Palmer to take command of the
American Forces in Santo Domingo, and
he laid the matter repeatedly before the
OAS as an organization. Prior to that,
he had brought it to the personal at-
tention of as many Ambassadors of the
American nations as could be contacted.
He was desirous, at the earliest oppor-
tunity, of shelving the initial unilateral
responsibility which the United States
had undertaken and gave his whole-
hearted support to the creation of an
Inter-American Police Force. He agreed,
without hesitation, to a Brazilian be-
coming the overall commander of this
force and the placing of General Palmer
in a subordinate position under him.
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23348 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE September 17, 1965
He dispatched various missions to tr3
and bring the opposing groups together.
Finally, in the past 2 weeks, the OAr-,
committee, which included Ambassador
Ellsworth Bunker of the United States.
was able to bring about a creation. of ar.
interim and provisional government un-
der Hector Garcia Godoy. This interim
government is to remain in power for
.9 months. There is to be a 6-month.
period to try and bring some degree of`
stability to the Republic and in the .last
3 months of the 9-month period, po-
litical campaigns are to be undertaker.
by means of which the Dominican peo.
ple will be given the opportunity, it i,
hoped, to elect a government of their
own choice.
All the obstacles have not been re-
moved in the Dominican Republic, anc.
I am of the opinion that in this uneas3
though encouraging situation, there ma3
yet be further trouble of one kind of
another. Il:owever, I do think that sig.
nificant progress has been made and ]
know that the President is very hopefu:.
that it will be possible to reduce the OA#
force still further as the Dominican:
achieve a greater degree of stability
Certainly, it is his deepest desire that
the situation will be Ironed out so that
the Dominicans themselves can assume
at the earliest moment, full control of"
their own affairs.
This has been a most difficult ant.
delicate situation in which the Presi?
dent found himself and he has done his
very best, on the basis of advice he ha:
received, to bring the 1matter to a head
I feel that we owe him a debt of thanks
for what he has been able to accomplish
and to the OAS for, what it has been able
to bring about in a way of a reasonable
agreement looking to a secure future
for the Dominican people.
I would certainly underscore what the
distinguished chairman of the Foreign
Relations Committee has time and again
said, that the President's decisions were
fully understandable in the light of the
circumstances as they were brought to
his attention. I feel, also, that the chair-
man of the Foreign Relations Committee
was endeavoring to present to the Senate
a thoughtful analysis of the views which
he distilled from the hearings before
his committee. An analysis of the cir-
cumstances surrounding major foreign
policy decisions is of concern to the Sen-
ate and out of this can come constructive
reactions from Senators which could well
be useful in the field of foreign policy
in the future. There has been some
strenuous debate on the Dominican sit-
uation in this Chamber and there may
well be more in the future:
In my opinion, the important thing
at the moment is to recognize the fact
that at long last, after a period of months,
what looks like a lead to the solution
has been worked out for the Dominican
Republic and that solution was ar-
rived at by the Organization of the Amer-
scan States in which we participated as
a full member. A provisional govern-
ment has been established. An interim
President Is In office. There has, accord-
ing to available reports and to the best
of my knowledge, been a general laying
down of arms. The decision now is up
to the Dominican people and the provi-
sional government for the time being to
adjust themselves to this situation to
prepare for elections 9 months hence,
and to establish a government based on
the will of the people which can furnish
and which can bring a degree of stability
and economic prosperity to the Domini-
cans themselves. The United States has
spent a large amount of money to aid
in the rehabilitation of the Republic.
It is prepared to continue to help if the
Dominican people themselves take con-
trol of their own state and guide it to
anchor in fairly calm political and eco-
nomic waters. To that end the Presi-
dent has pledged his full support to the
efforts of the OAS and I feel quite cer-
tain that the American people and their
representatives in the Congress support
him fully.
Mr. HOLLAND, Mr. President, will
the Senator yield?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. HOLLAND. I completely com-
mend the statement of the distinguished
Senator from Montana. I do not see
how the President could have done any-
thing except intervene. I believe he
showed firmness in his handling of for-
eign relations which should commend
him to the entire Nation.
I wish to make an additional point:
I know he had tried before intervention
to persuade the OAS to move. Appar-
ently it moved too slowly. Since inter-
vention, he has continued that effort. I
am greatly heartened by the apparent
activation, within OAS, of direct partici-
pation by many nations in the peace-
keeping procedure, which for the' first
time, as I have observed that fine orga-
nization, indicates its willingness to come
to grips with serious problems in var-
lous parts of the heimsphere.
I believe that from the leadership of
the President, from his, urging of the
OAS, and from his taking unilateral
leadership for a few days as the situa-
tion required, there will come a reactiva-
tion and rejuvenation of the OAS which
will be of great importance to the entire
hemisphere. His action will eventually
commend itself to peace-loving people
throughout the hemisphere as a wise act,
because It brought about results so long
desired, and only now about to be
achieved.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I thank the dis-
tinguished Senator.
Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, the Sen-
ator from Montana has made a
forthright and fair presentation of the
situation as it prevailed in the Domini-
can Republic in April and as it prevails
today.
I have had. very little correspondence
from those on either side of the situa-
tion. - I have received only about 50 let-
ters, some condemning the President for
theaction he took and others commend-
ing him. The letters indicated that the
writers really were not in possession of
the facts and did not know exactly what
the situation was. I personally believe
th:t the President was warranted in
sending forces into the Dominican Re-
public on the night when the rebellion
started.
I also believe, as the chairman of the
Foreign Relations Committee has stated,
that the President received some rather
poor advice, that plenty of mistakes were
made, and that it probably took much
longer to restore order in the Domini-
can Republic than would have been nec-
essary had certain mistakes not been
made.
Now, however, the OAS has accom-
plished its purpose. It is providing for
the setting up of a government to be es-
tablished by the people of the Domini-
can Republic themselves, and I hope that
we shall not undertake to interfere with
the setting up of that government, un-
less it actually threatens the security of
the United States, which I doubt it will
do.
If I were a Communist from a foreign
country, looking for a place in the West-
ern Hemisphere to locate from where I
could work with safety, I would never
have chosen the Dominician Republic. I
believe that to be about the worst place
a Communist could find anywhere for his
purposes. If I were looking, I believe
there would be many cities in the United
States which would be more likely places
than the Dominican Republic was at the
time of the rebellion.
However, I believe that if the peo-
ple of that Republic desire to set up a
government of their own which is pro-
gressive and forward-looking, even
though it meets with the disapproval of
certain interested parties, we should
support them and work through the Or-
ganization of American States as far as
we possibly can.
I believe that the situation now is
such that we can safely conclude that
the Dominician Republic is going to es-
tablish its own Government, and that it
will be a government with which we can
work, one which will improve the econ-
omy and the security of the Dominican
Republic.
Mr. MANS] EI,;D. I thank the dis-
tinguished Senator from Vermont and
the distinguished Senator from Florida,
for what they both had to say. I join
them in expressing hope that the Orga-
nization of American States will become
a stronger, more efficient, and more ef-
fective organization in the weeks, months
and years ahead.
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September 17, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 23349,
The distinguished Senator from Ver-
mont was at that fateful meeting in the
White House when the President in-
formed us of the situation then develop-
ing in the Dominican Republic. Because
we are both bound by the executive na-
ture of the meeting, we cannot say too
much, but we were aware of what hap-
pened at the time, and we both gave our
full endorsement to the policy under-
taken in connection with the President's
announcement to us in the Cabinet
Room.
Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, let me ex-
press the hope I expressed for the Do-
minican Republic, that it will apply to all
the Latin American countries in the
Western Hemisphere. I do not believe
that we should undertake to dictate to
them just what kind of government they
should live under, or whom they should
have to head that government so long
as it does not actually threaten the se-
curity of the United States.
I am still not convinced that what
went on in the Dominican Republic in
April threatened the security of the
United States. It seemed to me that
there would have been more bloodshed
during that rebellion had the President
not intervened. However, as I said be-
fore, I believe that he received some ad-
vice, as has been pointed out by the
chairman of the Foreign Relations Com-
mittee, which caused us to make more
mistakes than we otherwise might have
made, and which delayed plans for the
establishment of a popular government
in that country.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President,
to some extent the discussion relates to
events in the past.
Now we are faced with the present.
It seems as though there is a good
possibility-although nothing is sure in
this world any more=of a reasonably
good government coming out of the sit-
uation in the Dominican Republic.
I thank the distinguished Senator from
Massachusetts [Mr. KENNEDY] for yield-
ing to me, and if he will allow me just
this once, to suggest the absence of a
quorum, without his losing the right to
the floor, Mr. President, I suggest the
absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. HAR-
RIS in the chair). The clerk will call
the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE
A message from the House of Repre-
sentatives, by Mr. Bartlett, one of its
reading clerks, announced that the
House had agreed to the report of the
committee of conference on the disagree-
ing votes of the two Houses on the
amendments of the Senate to the bill
(H.R. 9221) making appropriations for
the Department of Defense for the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1966, and for other
purposes; that the House receded from
its disagreement to the amendments of
the Senate numbered 16 and 31 to the
bill and concurred therein, and that the
House receded from its disagreement to
the amendments of the Senate numbered
8, 10, 24, and 62 to the bill, and concur-
red therein, severally with an amend-
ment, in which it requested the concur-
rence of the Senate.
The message also announced that the
House had agreed to the report of the
committee of conference on the disagree-
ing votes of the two Houses on the
amendments of the Senate to the bill
(H.R. 10323) making appropriations for
military construction for the Depart-
ment of Defense for the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1966, and for other pur-
poses.
ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED
The message further announced that
the Speaker had affixed his signature to
the following enrolled bills, and they
were signed by the Vice President:
H.R. 948. An act to amend part II of the
District of Columbia Code relating to divorce,
legal separation, and annulment of marriage
in the District of Columbia;
HR' 5883. An act to amend the bonding
provisions of the Labor-Management Report-
ing and Disclosure Act of 1959 and the Wel-
fare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act;
H.R. 10014. An act to amend the act of
July 2, 1954, relating to office space in the
districts of Members of the House of Rep-
resentatives, and the act of June 27, 1956,
relating to office space in the States of
Senators; and
H.R. 10874. An act to amend the Railroad
Retirement Act of 1937 and the Railroad
Retirement Tax Act to eliminate certain
provisions which reduce spouses' annuities,
to provide coverage for tips, to increase the
base on which railroad retirement benefits
and taxes are computed, and to change the
railroad retirement tax rates.
AMENDMENT OF IMMIGRATION
. AND NATIONALITY ACT
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the bill (H.R. 2580) to amend the Im-
migration and Nationality Act, and for
other purposes.
Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts. Mr.
President, the bill we are considering
today accomplishes major reforms in our
immigration policy. This bill is not
concerned with increasing immigration
to this country, nor will it lower any of
the high standards we apply in selection
of immigrants. The basic change it
makes is the elimination of the national
origins quota system, in line with the
recommendations of the last four Presi-
dents of the United States, and Members
of Congress from both parties.
For 41 years, the immigration policy
of our country has been crippled by this
system. Because of it we have never
been able to achieve the annual quota
use authorized by law. We have dis-
criminated in favor of some people over
others, contrary to our basic principles
as a nation, simply on the basis of birth.
We have separated families needlessly.
We have been forced to forego the tal-
ents of many professionals whose skills
were needed to cure, to teach and to en-
hance the lives of Americans.
The present law has caused thousands
of instances of personal hardship, of
which every Senator is aware. Several
times Congress has tried to correct the
twisted results of the national origins
system through emergency legislation.
Six times between 1948 and 1962 laws
were passed for the admission of refu-
gees. Four times between 1957 and 1962
we have made special provisions for rela-
tives of American citizens or orphans.
In addition, each year we are called upon
to consider thousands of private bills to
accommodate persons caught in the
backwash of this origins system.
These efforts at circumvention are fur-
ther proof that the national origins sys-
tem is in disrepute. We cannot continue
to respect a law we constantly seek to
circumvent. To continue with such a
law brings discredit upon ourselves as
legislators. The national origins system
has even failed in the purpose for which
it was intended: to keep the ethnic bal-
ance of our country forever as it was in
1920. In 1920, 79 percent of our white
population was of northern and western
European origin. During the first 30
years of the national origins system, only
39 percent of our total immigration came
from such areas. Since 1952, some 3.5
million persons have been admitted to
this country as immigrants. Two-thirds
of them came outside the national
origins quota. Since 1952, we have au-
thorized 2.1 million national origins
quota numbers. Only one-half of these
numbers were used.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD a statistical sum-
mary of immigrants admitted from
June 30, 1953, through June 30, 1964.
There being no objection, the summary
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
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 . 23350
Class
553-64
10531
1954
1955
1966
1957
1958
1959
1960'
1961
1962
1963
1964
Total immigrants admitted- _ __-______________--_____
3,197,857
170, 434
208,177
237, 790
321, 625
326, 867
253, 265
260, 686
965,398
271, 344
283,763
306,260
292,248
Quota Immigrants (total) ------------------------------------
1,140,479
94,175
K098
82,232
80,310
97, 178
102,163
97, 657
101, 373
96, 104
90, 319
103, 036
102, 844
Immigration and Nationality, Act______________________
1,124,863
78,053
88,016
79, 617
88, 825
07,084
102, 077
97, 651.
101, 352
96, 074
90,303
102,995
102,814
lot preference quota:
Selected immigrants of special skill or ability---
Their spouses and children
80, 80,600
28
676
77
45
1 429
1,027
1,776
1,
3
1,946
2,992
,
3,941
,
3,518
,
3,385
3., 460
3,313
2,288
2,475
------------------
Skilled agriculturists, their wives and children
,
2
6
1,420
2
739
3
197
3
109
3,681
3,758
3721
2,474
2,387
(1924 act)-----------------------------------
- 321
321
--------
-
Parents or husbands of U.S. citizens (1924 act)--
4,290
4,
290
_
-------
--------
--------
--------
-------
--------
--------
--------
--------
--------
preference quota:
.
Parents of 1J.Scitizens_ _ ______
Unmarried sons or daughters of II.S. citizens a_
35, 847
2409
983
2, 783
2, 394
2, 843
3, 677
2, 608
3, 406
3, 451
3, 381
2, 252
4,
4,063
__
y Wives and children ofresident aliens (1924 act)-
4,133
________
4,133
__
-------
________
--------
------
-
376
931
341
392
369
8d preference quota:
--
-------
--------
--------
--------
--------
--------
--------
--------
Spouses of resident aliens ------------------------
Unmarried sons or daughters of resident aliens a_
28,450
36
618
291
220
3,180
2
824
2,604
2
821
2,902
4
064
2,848
3
783 -
2, 719_
2
668
3,409
4
134
2,767
225
3
2,132
3
1,786
1,832
1,080
4th preference quota:
B
h
i
f U
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,265
2,419
3,266
3,929
rot
ers or s
sters o
.S. citizens______________
Married sons or daughters of U.B. citizens a____
22,406
7
928
63
22
1, 556
374
1,055
1,120
1,690
431
1,715
1,443
2,903
2
029
2,162
1
27
1,956
2,346
2,162
2,187
1,711
Spouses and children of brothers or sisters, sons
,
,
,
5.
425
244
205
199
161
or daughters of U.S. citizens 4_ __________ ___
Adopted soils or daughters of U.S. citizens a
11, NO
_-_____
_______
_______
--------
--------
--------
_----_
1,044
2,672
2,648
2,887
2,529
____
Nonpreference quota_______________________________
911, 468
-------
67,609
--------
74,843
--------
65,711
--------
73,529
--------
77,887
--------
82,030
--------
76,638
55
80,987
62
73,923
16
71,542
1
83,563
3
83,207
Special legislation (quota immigrants)__________________
15 616
-
6,122
6,082
2, 615
485
94
76
6
21
3o
14
41
30
Displaced persons (Displaced Persons Act of 1948
--
.(quota))----------------------------------------------
Skilled sheepherders (act of Apr. 9, 1952 (quota)) ---
15,121
363
5,750
363
6,082
2,615
485
94
76
6
---------
3
3
,
--------
Foreign government officials adjusted under sec. 13,
________
________
________
________
________
---------
---------
-
-
--------
--------
--------
(act of Sept. 11, 1957 (quota))_____________________
132
________
.______
---------
-
-
11
40
30
Nonquota immigrants (total)_______________________________
2, )57,378
86,259
114, 079
155, 558
232,315
229,689
151,112
163,020
-
.
193, 444
203, 224
189, 404
Immigration and Nationality Act______________________
1, 81, 285
85, 015
112,854
126,135
156, 808
147, 243
125, 591
111, 341
169, 346
183, 283
178, 200
Wives of U.S. citizens_______________________________
Husbands of U.S. citizens__________________________
:186; 980
73
418
15,916
3359
17,145
7
725
18,604
716
6
21,244
6
798
21,794
5767
23,517
33
22, 620
21, 621.
20,012
17,316
17,690
19, 701
Children of U.S. citizens___ ________________________
N
,
70, 896
3,268
,
5,819
,
5,662
,
4,710
4,798
5, 8
5,970
6,913
6,869
6, 140
6,454
6059
6
480
6646
6
354
6035
6
981
6,437
7
531
atives of Western Hemisphere countries___________
Their spouses and children
1,: 27, 778
27
4
68,985
78, 897
02,620
122,083
111,344
86, 523
66,386
89,566
,
110,140
,
130, 741
,
144, 677
,
135, 816
_____
Persons who had been U.S. citizens
_
,
82
902
2,114
104
1, 629
427
1,654
87
1,949
2, 144
2,j952
1, 810
2,135
2,696
2, 764
3,067
3,468
______________
_
Ministers of religious denominations, their spouses
.
.
44
58
43
22
36
15
25
23
18
and children______________________________________
Employees of U.S. Government abroad, their
5,107
387
385
307
350
403
435
568
485
406
451
462
478
spouses and children_____________________________
.205
2
4
9
2-
8
23
24
27
10
3
32
61
Children born abroad to resident aliens or subse-
Aliqenuesnta d tojusissted uanundece ofr visseca.__249___,I____mm____ igratio _____ n____and__
12,117
-
326
358
348
412
701
926
1,228
1, 458
1, 411
1,495
1, 611
1,843
Nationality Act ?---------------------------------
Other nonquota Immigrants_______________
__
_
22,795
3
605
--------
a 554
--------
465
--------
228
--------
226
--------
2
--------
4,773
5, 037
3,399
2,680
2,585
_
_____
,
26
269
590
392
116
152
125
262
Special legislation (nouquota immigrants)______________
;16, 093
1, 244.
1,225
29,423
75, 507
82,446
26,521
51,688
30,938
22,:358
24,098
10,941
11,204
Displaced persons (Displaced Persons Act of 1948
(nonquota)) -------------------------------------
-1,030
1,030
-------
-----
-
Orphans (act of July 29, 1953)-----------------------
Refu
ees(Refu
eeR
lief Act of 1953
486
--
--------
--------
-
--------
--------
------
-
--------
--------
--------
--------
---------
--------
---- ---
--------
--------
--------
--------
g
g
e
) _______________
Skilled sheepherders (act of Sept. 3, 1964 (non-
:59,021
--------
29,002
75,473
82,444
1,012
198
43
9
15
3
1
quota))----------------------------------------
immigrants (set. of Sept. 11 19M -------------------
H
i
l
J
385
81,948
--------
--------
----
---------
354
--------
31
--------
--------
--------
--------
24467
-
--------
-
24,934
---
6,612
-
--
3, 982
:1, 809
----
213
--------
31
ungar
an paro
ees (act of
uly 25, 1958) ------------
80,701
--------
--------
--------
-------
--------
---
---
-
25,424
5,067
:122
51
20
17
Azores and Netherlands refugees (act of Sept. 2,
1958)-----------------------------------------__
Immigrants (sees. 4 and 6, act of Sept. 22, 1959)
-
22,213
29,337
-
--------
--------
--------
--------
- ----
-------- -
--------
-------
-
1,187
-------
8,870
10314
5,472
13255
4,796
5
488 -
1,888
286
--------
Immigrants (act of Sept. 26, 1961) --------------------
Other nonquota immigrants (special legislation)
15,525
412
-214
-
5
-
-
-
-
4
,
2,848
-
765
Refugee and escapees (act of July 14, 1960) ----------
6,111
________
________
________
3
-------- -
--'_2 _ _
-
___42-
-_- -
5-
'-_- 32- -
---- 18-
- _ 27_
0112
2
2
12
4
112
Immigrants (act of Oct. 24 1962)----------------
18,944
-
----- -
------ -
------
----------
------ -
--? ---
-----
,
12,672
,
6,272
I In 1953 figures include admissions under Immigration Act of 1924.
2 Prior to act of Sept. 22, 1959, all sons or daughters of U.S. citizens over 21 years of
age were classified as 4th preference quota under the Imnrigratior and Nationality Act.
Adopted sons and daughters with petitions approved prior to Si-pt. 22, 1959, remained
4tb preference.
Mr. KEN[dEDY of Massachusetts. Mr.
President, from these figures, it was ob-
vious to the Judiciary Committee that
the current system is as much a failure
as a device as it is an embarrassment as
a doctrine. The bill now before the
Senate abolishes it altogether.
The new policy in the bill before us
was developed under the administration
of President Kennedy by experts both in
Congress and the executive branch. Ex-
tensive hearings were held, both last
year and this, in the Senate and the
House. The Senate Immigration Sub-
committee has sat regularly since last
February. We have heard over 50 wit-
nesses. I can report, Mr. President, that
opposition to this measure is minimal.
Many of the private organizations who
differed with us in the past now agree
Approved For Release 2003/10/15 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000500110030-2 -
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE September 17, 1965
Immigrants admitted to the United igates, by classes under the immigration laws, years ended Juno, 30, 1953-64
8 Prior to act of Sept. 22, 1959, included only children under 21 of resident aliens.
Adult sons or daughters of resident aliens were classified as nonpreference quota.
E Prior to act of Sept. 22, 1959, classified as nonpreference quota.
a Not reported prior to 1959.
e Includes 321 professors of colleges and universities their wives'and children.
the ':rational origins system must be
eliminated.
'Ire current bill phases out the na-
tional origins system over a 3-year peri-
od. Beginning July 1, 1968, our immi-
gration policy will be based on the con-
cept of "first come, first served." We
no longer will ask a man where he was
born. Instead we will ask if he seeks to
join his family. or if he can help meet
the economic and social needs of the
Nation. Favoritism based on national-
ity will disappear. Favoritism based on
ind:.vidual worth and qualifications will
tak, l its place.
When this system is fully in effect,
170 000 quota numbers will be available
to ?.he world, exclusive of the Western
Hemisphere. Parents, spouses, and chil-
dre:i of U.S. citizens will be considered as
"immediate relatives" and, as such, will
be under no numerical limitation at all.
Due to the existence of backlogs of ap-
plicants in those nations discriminated
against by the national origins system,
an annual limitation per country of
20,000 quota immigrants is established, so
that in the short run no one nation will
be able to receive an unduly dispropor-
tionate share of the quota numbers. It
is anticipated that after 3 years, these
backlogs of intending immigrants will be
eliminated in all instances but for one
category of Italians, and that situation
will be rectified shortly thereafter.
The total number of authorized quotas
is not increased substantially by this
bill. Currently, we authorize the use of
158,561 numbers per year, but this is
exclusive of refugees. Under the new
Approved For Release 2003/10/15 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000500110030-2
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