VIETNAM---THE IMPEACHMENT OF THE PRESIDENT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300190006-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 24
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 27, 2003
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: August 4, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

'August , '~~'~` '"""' "' I I c5 RESSIQNA '~'~'~r~ "wQ V'1VVVJVV 1JVVVV
18
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d $41 . Ly of,. both, sales and u tag by cities California Supreme Court decision making
339) Count
aid to cities: an was subse
uentl
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ll
d i
19
q
y
y
o
owe
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55 by cities liable in all cases where an individual
ttreets. , Autahol, Otu}ty aid for street the Bradley-Burns Act. This latter proposal would be liable for negligent acts. Permitted
Work a 4 ordinance to provide conditions which was opposed by farmers and agricul- the legislature to consider governmental
upon which allocation shall be made, Merestsnnow~producesin the neigh- problems which would arise if liability made
h
e major reason the metro-
S.B. (ch. 1) Emergencies-war use only: _... " 16 `s 6
politan cities of California have been able
Provide4 authority to expend funds or use to meet some but not all of their growth
property or personnel to meet any emergency problems.
created by war or sabotage. 18sa
1944
S.B. 900 S,B, 4$ (ch. 47) Plans and sites: One of To include carba a 1l a revenue bond sys law
g g collection, ferry systems,
the most farsighted measures ever adopted parking, swimming pools, and terminal fa-
by our legislature (and initiated by the Sen- cilities within revenue bond financing au-
ate) granting cities $10 million to prepare thority of cities.
plans and specifications for public works S.B. 1100 (ch. 1582) Distribution of fines
which could not be built during the wax but and forfeitures: Under inferior court reor-
which would be absolutely essential after the ganization cities are guaranteed no loss of
war. This was followed in 1946 by a $90 mu- revenue as a result of losing city courts.
lion matching construction program which, S.B. 1159 (did not pass) County and city
although assembly initiated, was carried over affairs commission: Showed recognition of
the Oovernor'a veto as a result of Senate metropolitan area problems. Measure would
leadership. (Incidentally, this was the only have provided a forum to consider local inter-
override of an Earl Warren veto during the governmental relations problems.
1945 S.B. 278 (ch. 703) Reimbursement agree-
S.B. 586 (ch, 932) Hospital districts: An ments in subdivisions for drainage: Extended
act desperately needed in the postwar years sewer financing principle to storm drainage.
$0 provide hospitals in both urban and S.B. 1268 (ch. 1440) OASI coverage for
suburban California. public employees: Made basic social security
&.B. 1;302 (ch. 1024) Disaster act: An act coverage available for first time to many city
which still serves as a model for many States and other public employees.
in the establishment of a working organi- S.B. 1971 (ch. 1890) Engineering and ad-
zation to cope with any type of manmade ministration allocation of gas tax: Engineer-
or natural disaster, ing and administrative allocation of gas tax
1947 to cities based on population.
S.B. 1351 (ch, 712) Liquor license fees: In- 1957
creased the allocation to cities of liquor li- S.B 1234 (ch. 1696) Urban renewal author-
cense fees from 60, percent of gross to 100 ity: Very important legislation for metropoli-
percent of the aount actually collected tan cities.
within cities, S.B, 2208 (ch. 2091) Grade separation: Five
S.B. 712 (ch. 777) Gasoline tax: The largest million dollars allocated annually to cities
single increase ever made in allocation of gas- from gas tax for grade separation. Construe-
oline taxes to cities by the State assuming tion costs to reduce accident toll from rail-
the entire cost of extension of State high- road crossing- accidents by speeding up con-
ways through cities and, in addition, in- struction.
creasing the annual. allocation for city street S.B. 933 (ch. 1651) Aircraft operation-zone
purposes, of approach: Helpful to airport-owning cities
1593 (ch. 1168) In lieu tax: As indi- in metropolitan areas.
cated above, this 1$, a major source of munici- S.B. 244 (ch. 1989) Community mental
pal revenue received without strings where health act (Short-Doyle Act): A precedent-
the cities get one-half of the total amount setting step forward in establishing programs
of vehicle license fees which are in lieu of for outpatient care of the mentally disturbed.
local property taxes on such vehicles. S.B. 2175 (ch. 2376) State participation in
S.C.A. 14.-Ballot Proposition 18 (ch. 173) Federal beach erosion control projects: Help.
Reimbursement for tax exempt property. ful to southern beach areas.
1949' S.B. 2110 (ch. 2375) Loans for small craft
S.B. 20 (ch. 1147) Separation of grade dis- harbors.
tricts: Facilitating construction of grade sep- S.B. 2107 (ch. 2362) Small craft harbors
stations by areawide financing. division.
S.B. 246 (ch, 1481) Added sec. 25643 to Gov, 1959
C. County structural fire tax: Excepting S.B. 1461 (ch. 1658) Authorization for ac.
cities from county structural fire tax, and quisition by counties and cities of open
thereby relieving cities from unfair taxation, spaces: Open space is most needed in and
S.B. 851 (ch. 1488) 1941 sewer and sancta- around congested metropolitan areas.
tion-revenue bond law: Revenue bonds for S.B. 703 (ch. 1102) Revision and streamlin-
water. Prior to this time, cities were without ing of Community Redevelopment Act: The
authority to construct or expand such es- most important urban renewal legislation in
sential facilities except through the issuance California since the act was adopted in 1945.
of general obligation bonds requiring a two- S.B. 5 (ch. 822) $750,000 annually to small
thirds vote. By this time, California was craft harbor revolving fund: Most municipal
growing at an astonishing rate, and every small craft harbors are now financed with
method of financing including the one listed this fund.
immediately below had to be utilized. Here S.B. 931 (ch. 1598) Small Craft Harbor
again, we find rural recognition of urban District Act.
needs. S.B. 169 (ch. 2157) Distribution of rentals
S.C.A. 33 (ch. 195) Pledge of parking meter from State freeway acquisitions to taxing
revenues: To finance acquisition of ofistreet agencies.
parking facilities. S.$. 2Q(ch. 6) Extension of 1/2-cent gas
1951 tax (imposed in 1953 and due to expire in
S.B. 282 (ch. 633) Special census: Author- 1959). Act enables State to continue with
izing special census by cities for gas and in freeway construction program in urban
lieu tax purposes. areas.
S.B. 914 (ch. 738) Use tax authority for 1961
sixth-class cities: Broadening and diversify- S.B. 1031 (ch. 1404) Municipal tort lia-
Ing local, tax base. _ This act was essential to bility: Postponed for 2 years the effect of a
lieu tax: This measure would have helped
cities eliminate several billion dollars of criti-
cal street deficiencies. The bill was approved
by the senate and defeated by the assembly
notwithstanding the, fact that 80 percent of
the money would have been spent within
metropolitan areas.
S.C.A. 26 (did not pass) Telephone gross
receipts tax: Would have given cities 1 per-
cent of telephone gross receipts or $9 mil-
lion annually. Approved by senate and de-
feated by assembly.
S.B. 1522 (did not pass) Withdrawal from
park and recreation districts: Would have
permitted city territory to withdraw from
park and recreation districts. It would have
eliminated dual taxation on property owners
by both district and city when service is
provided only by city. Approved by senate
and defeated by assembly.
1963
S.B. 344 (ch. 1852) Gasoline tax: This un-
questionably was one of the most important
measures for metropolitan cities considered
during the 30-year period we are covering.
City receipts from gasoline taxes were more
than doubled and, as a result, critical de-
ficiencies on congested city streets are now
being corrected. The measure will produce
about $76 million annually, in addition to
revenues already received by local govern-
ment.
S.B. 42 et seq. (ch. 1681 et seq.) Municipal
liability: These bills spell out in detail the
nature and extent of municipal tort liability.
It would have been impossible to continue
to operate municpal jails, police depart-
ments; fire departments, and so forth, with-
out such legislation.
In the 1963 session, as well as others, there
is no question but that bills beneficial to
urban interests were initiated in a house
(assembly) districted largely on the basis
of population but in every case these meas-
ures had to be approved by the senate. This
was true of the State water program and
the Rumford Fair Housing Act.
In his Legislative Review, dated July 18,
1961, the executive director of the League of
California Cities concluded:
"Both offensively and defensively the so-
called rural senate and its - committees
showed more understanding of and sym-
pathy toward bills of interest to cities than
did the urban assembly. Contrary to pop-
ular belief this is not unusual. This year,
more than ever before, the assembly showed
an alarming disregard for the principles
of home rule and the needs of cities. This
is not true of all assemblymen nor is the
outstanding senate record true as to all
senators but it is a completely accurate state-
ment as to a majority of the members of
each house. The proof is in the final his-
tory.,'
On the negative side, we can only state
that almost all bills which would infringe
on the right of cities to control their own
internal affairs originate in the assembly,
and where successful, they have been de-
feated in the senate where there is much
greater recognition of the rights of, city
councils to control their own internal oper-
ations. One need only examine measures to
decrease the hours of firemen, increase vaca-
tion periods of firemen and policemen, pre-
empt certain fields of taxation, preclude local
exercise of the police power, and restrict the
right of cities to enact their own land use
regulations.
A wide variety of tax exemption measures
(narrowing both the property and sales and
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 4, 1965
use tax bases which are the principal source
of revenue of local governriierit) originate in
the 'assembly. When successful in the as-
sembly, they have been defeated by the
senate. There can be no greater threat to
urban and metropolitan municipal home
rule than to make our cities dependent upon
the State for adequate revenues with which
to provide a minimum standard of municipal
services.
In short, the record is clear that the con-
centration of power in the State and the
regulation of the right of cities to control
their own affairs stems from legislators who
represent metropolitan, areas.
Finally, it should be noted that in the
Senate of the State of California, as now
constituted, 17 of the 40 senators represent
metropolitan areas as listed by the U.S. Bu-
reau of the Budget as standard metropolitan
areas. This means that 42 percent of the
present senate represents the metropolitan
or predominately urban areas of California.
Because California has grown so rapidly,
senators representing once rural areas now
represent heavily populated areas even
though their districts have not been
changed.
mitted to vote, I would vote "yea." I
therefore withhold my vote.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana (when his
name was called). In view of the fact
that this is a vote on a question which
requires a two-thirds vote, I am paired,
together with the Senator from Missouri
[Mr. SYMINGTON], with the Senator from
Minnesota [Mr. MCCARTHY]. If the Sen-
ator from Minnesota were present and
voting, he would vote "nay." If I were
permitted to vote, I would vote "yea."
I withhold my vote.
The rollcall was concluded.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I announce
that the Senator from Arizona [Mr.
HAYDEN] is absent on official business.
I further announce that the Senator
from Minnesota [Mr. McCARTHY] is
necessarily absent and his pair was pre-
viously announced.
Mr. KUCHEL. I announce that the
Senator from Texas [Mr. TowER] is de-
tained on official business and, if present
and voting, would vote "nay."
The yeas and nays resulted-yeas 57,
nays 39, as follows:
[No. 204 Leg. ]
YEAS-57
Aiken Fong Mundt
Allott Fulbright Murphy
Bartlett Gruening Pearson
Bennett Harris Prouty
Bible Hickenlooper Robertson
Byrd, Va. Hill Russell, Ga.
Byrd, W. Va. Holland Russell, S.C.
Cannon Hruska Saltonstall
Carlson Jordan, N.C. Scott
Church Jordan, Idaho Simpson
Cooper Kuchel Smathers
Cotton Lausche Smith
Curtis Mansfield Sparkman
Dirksen McClellan Stennis
Dominick Metcalf Talmadge
Eastland Miller Thurmond
Ellender Monroney Tower
Ervin Morton Williams, Del.
Fannin Moss Young, N. Dak.
NAYS-39
Anderson Inouye Morse
Bass Jackson Muskie
Bayh Javits Nelson
Boggs Kennedy, Mass. Neuberger
Brewster Kennedy, N.Y. Pastore
Burdick Long, Mo. Pell
Case Magnuson Proxmire
Clark McGee Randolph
Dodd McGovern Ribicoff
Douglas McIntyre Tydings
Gore McNamara Williams, N.J.
Hart Mondale Yarborough
Hartke Montoya Young, Ohio
the debate. Especially, I wish to single
out for praise the two whips, who helped
us very materially, the Senator from
Wisconsin [Mr. PROXMIRE] and the Sen-
ator from Maryland [Mr. TYDINGSI.
Their services were above and beyond
praise. We are deeply indebted to all
those who worked hard and who stood
firm amidst the tremendous pressures
which were placed upon them.
I also pay tribute to the minority
leader, my colleague from Illinois [Mr.
DIRKSEN I , with whom I differed very
sharply on the question before the Sen-
ate, but who was not only courteous, but
also extremely fair in the allocation of
time and in the conduct of the debate.
I thank the majority leader also for
his courtesy in the matter.
In short, I believe this has been a
good day for the scan people.
W61
VIETNAM-TIE V ACHMENT OF
THE PRESIDENT
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, yester-
day I said in a speech on the floor of the
Senate :
Mr. President, in my trip across the coun-
try and back since I spoke on the floor of the
Senate last Wednesday, I have been alarmed
by the rising denunciation of the President
and his administration for their Vietnam
policy. I have heard the word "impeach"
used more often in the last week than I have
heard it since President Truman sacked
General MacArthur. I have been asked by
more people than I would have thought pos-
sible if there is not grounds for impeach-
ment of the President, and how the process
can be set in motion. I have been advised
about petitions that have been circulated
and hundreds of people are signing asking
for the President's impeachment.
Much of this talk stems from objections
to a war being undertaken without congres-
sional declaration. Most of these people see
the President as waging an executive war,
in violation of the Constitution. They think
the impeachment clauses of the Constitution
must apply to such a case.
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, I
suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
MONDALE in the chair). The clerk will
call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
The question is on agreeing to Senate
Joint Resolution 66, as amended by the
Dirksen amendment, as modified.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President,
have the yeas and nays been ordered?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
yeas and nays have been ordered, and
the clerk will call the roll.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, a
parliamentary inquiry.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator from Montana will state it.
Mr. MANSFIELD. What are we vot-
ing on?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senate will be voting on Senate Joint
Resolution 66 as amended by the Dirksen
substitute, as modified.
Mr. HOLLAND, Mr. President, I sug-
gest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
jection, it is so ordered.
The question is on agreeing to Senate
Joint Resolution 66 as amended by the
Dirksen substitute, as modified.
On this question the yeas and nays
have been ordered; and the clerk will
call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. SYMINGTON (when his name was
called). On this vote I have a pair with
the senior Senator from Minnesota [Mr
MCCARTHY]. If he were present and vot-
ing, he would vote "nay." If I were per-
Then I went on to make a statement as
to why, in my judgment, Congress should
not adjourn sine the but should remain
in session until January 1. I pointed out
that we should remain in session and
carry out our constitutional responsi-
bility of serving as a legislative check
upon executive action.
There are those, judging from the in-
terviews with the press today, and from
telephone calls that the senior Senator
from Oregon has received, who interpret
my remarks as indicating that I advo-
cate the impeachment of the President.
Of course, such an interpretation is
nonsense.
Mr. President, I have been receiving a
great deal of mail in regard to this mat-
ter and many people have talked to me
at meetings at which I have spoken in
opposition to the President's war in
Vietnam. I have been answering all of
the mail on the impeachment matter
with a letter that contains these two
paragraphs. I read two paragraphs
from a letter dated July 6, 1965. I have
sent similar letters before and since that
time:
In your letter, you asked me for my views
concerning your suggestion that steps should
NOT VOTING-4
Hayden McCarthy Symington
Long, La.
The VICE PRESIDENT. On this vote
the yeas are 57 and the nays 39. Two-
thirds of the Senators present and voting
not having voted in the affirmative, the
joint resolution, as amended, is rejected.
Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, the
vote today on the proposed constitu-
tional amendment, was, I believe, a real
vote for the American people. It should
enable the decisions of the Supreme
Court to be carried into effect in the
various States. The result will be, I
believe, a very healthy increase in the
vigor of State legislatures and in the
degree of actual representation which
they will give to the people.
It should also lead to less dependence
upon the Federal Government and more
work on the State level.
I thank all those who participated in
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be takes, to impeach President Johnson and
perhaps some other officials. It 10 my view
that such an impeachment attempt would
be a very serious, mistake. An It would. do
would be to'divert attention away from the
basic issues involved in American foreign
policy in Asia and center attention on Presi-
dent Jol.}nson, as an individual. It would
cause many people who disagree with his
foreign policy to rally behind him, because
they would consider such a movement to be
an ad hominem approach. Attacking John-
son, personally, will not change his course
of action, and it will not win supporters for
a change of foreign policy in Asia, but to
the contrary, it will drive supporters away.
In my opinion, there is no question about
Johnson's sincerity or his patriotism or his
desire for peace. It is Johnson's bad judg-
ment and mistaken reasoning in respect to
the war in Asia that constitute the basis of
the crucial problems that confront us in try-
ing to get a change in Johnson's policies in
Asia. To attack him, personally, by pro-
posing impeachment would be the most seri-
ous personal attack that could be made upon
him. It would rally the Nation behind
him and result in his policies being escalated
into a major war at a much faster rate.
Those of us who oppose Johnson's foreign
policies must meet his views on their merits.
We should never attack him, personally.
-I wish the RECORD to show that this
letter represents the position the senior
Senator from Oregon has taken in. all
correspondence on the subject. Also it
represents my answers to questions on
impeachment at all rallies I have at-
tended, and in all my conversations with
those who urge impeachment of the
President.
Those that I have talked to and who
have written to, me suggesting impeach-
ment of the President are not extremists
in the sense that they are irresponsible
persons. Many of them are on the fac-
ulties of American universities. Many
of them are out of the professional life
of our Nation.
I have no intention of joining them in
such a program. Nevertheless, f be-
lieve it is a significant fact that there
is growing discussion in this country of
an attempt to stop the President from
his illegal war in southeast Asia, even
to the extent of circulating impeach-
ment petitions.
Mr. LAUSCHE.. I believe it is inde-
fensible and cruel for any person to talk
about impeaching the President of the
United States with respect to our part
in South Vietnam.
',It has just been stated that professors
are urging and circulating petitions for
the impeachment of the President.
What does that mean?
Does that mean that professors of our
universities are gifted with infallibility?
The President has tried with all his
might to bring about an understanding
that would end the shooting and the
carnage in South Vietnam, Eleven im-
portant measures have been proposed by
him, any one of which, if it had been
adopted, would have brought to an end
the carnage.
With respect to impeaching the Presi-
dent, I have had letters. in the last 8
years asking for the impeachment of
President Eisenhower and the Impeach-
ment of President Kennedy after the
Bay of Pigs debacle. Those . letters
come to us and I do not attach signifi-
cance to them.
In my judgment, the President of the
United States is bogged down by a
weight so great that it has never been
equal to that imposed upon any ruler
in a republic or in a monarchy in the
history of the world.
The President of the United States is
attempting to carry that burden cour-
ageously. He is trying to achieve peace
by the proposal of negotiations to the
extent that, rather than be attacked on
the ground that he does not want peace,
he ought to be attacked because he is
going too far in surrendering to the op-
ponents of our system of government.
Mr. MORSE. I merely wish to say in
reply to the Senator from Ohio that it is
not at all surprising for people in the
country who think the President is fol-
lowing an unconscionable and illegal
course of action in South Vietnam to turn
to the Constitution and look for what
procedural protection they have. They
have a perfect right to turn to the im-
peachment procedure. I believe that
they are making a great mistake in judg-
ment. I, of course, would defend them
in their right to exercise their constitu-
tional rights. But, in one sense, I should
like to say to the Senator from Ohio
that until the President follows his con-
stitutional obligation by coming before
this body and ask for a declaration of
war, the President is engaged in an illegal
war. It is a war now conducted by the
Chief Executive, in South Vietnam with-
out a scintilla of constitutional right.
This Congress is likewise guilty of vi-
olating its duties under the Constitution
by seeking to delegate to the President
a power that it cannot constitutionally
delegate, It is the duty of the Congress
under article I, section 8, either to de-
clare war or to stop the President from
slaughtering American boys in south-
east Asia. I have no doubt that impeach-
ment talk will increase if the President
continues to conduct an unconstitutional
war.
Mr. LAUSCHE. I have had no letters
asking for the impeachment of President
Johnson; I have had a thousand letters
asking for the impeachment of Chief
Justice Warren. I have disregarded the
latter. I think we ought not to be talk-
ing about impeaching the President of
the United States.
On the face of the President's effort
to achieve peace and the preservation of
our country and his courageous handling
of a most difficult challenge to our se-
curity, we should not speak of impeach-
ing but rather helping the President in
the solution of a backbreaking problem
that no individual ought to carry.
The President needs and is entitled
to help, but not to the cruel and shame-
ful threat of impeachment.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC
COUNCIL
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the Senate
proceed to the consideration of Calendar
No. 511, Senate bill 944.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will
be stated by title.
The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. A bill (S.
944) to provide for expanded research
in the oceans and the Great Lakes to
establish a National Oceanographic
Council and for other purposes.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob-
jection to the request of the Senator
from Montana?
There being no objection, the Senate
proceeded to consider the bill, which had
been reported from the Committee on
Commerce with an amendment.
VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965-
CONFERENCE REPORT
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
submit a report of the committee of
conference on the disagreeing ? votes of
the two Houses on the amendment of the
House to the bill (S. 1564) to enforce
the 15th amendment to the Constitu-
tion of the United States, and for other
purposes. I ask unanimous consent for
the present consideration of the report.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The report
will be read for the information of the
Senate.
The legislative clerk read the report.
(For conference report, see House pro-
ceedings of August 2, 1965, pp. 18272-
18275, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.)
The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob-
jection to the present consideration of
the report?
There being no objection, the Senate
proceeded to consider the report.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
urge Senators to remain in the Chamber
so that we may expedite action on the
pending question if it is at all possible.
Mr. President, I ask for the yeas and
nays.
The yeas and nays were ordered.
Mr. HART. Mr. President, the con-
ferees on the voting rights bill have, fol-
lowing some six meetings, reported what
I believe can be described as a strong
bill.
There would be 100, versions of this
bill, I assume, if each of us were a czar,
but I believe the conference recommen-
dation will be regarded as an effective
bill and one which will bear the test of
time well.
There were really two significant dis-
agreements and attention-gathering
features of the bill. I believe it fair to
say, on both of these, that the Senate
position is reflected in the conference
report.
The section on American-flag schools,
the so-called treatment of Puerto Ri-
cans, is as the Senate adopted it.
The treatment of the poll tax, I believe,
fairly could be said to be substantially as
the Senate adopted the provision. The
conferees on the part of the House
sought very strongly to retain-
The VICE PRESIDENT. Will the
Senator withhold?
The Senator is entitled to the consid-
eration of the Senate. This is a very
important matter. The Chair asks those
in the rear of the Chamber to please re-
frain from conversation and find them-
selves comfortable chairs. If they can-
not, please exit.
The Senator from Michigan may pro-
ceed.
Mr. HART. It will be recalled that the
House of Representatives treated the poll
tax by outlawing it.
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18662
We made a finding that both the 14th The voting title of the 1964 Civil Rights Provided, however, That this provision
and 15th amendments appeared to be Act is amended to extend to State and shall be applicable only to general, special,
or primary elections held solely or in part
abused and breached, and directed that local elections. for the purpose of selecting or electing any
the Attorney General promptly file suit As is always the case, there were dis- candidate for the offtc' of President, Vice
In such cases. This is the approach appointments, I am sure, on the part of President, presidential elector, Member of
agreed on in conference. both groups of conferees. I repeat, how- the United States Senate, Member of the
Additionally, provision was made for ever, that it is our feeling that the bill United States. House of Representatives, or
the payment of poll taxes during the as developed by the committee of confer- Delegates or Commissioners from the terri-
pendency of the judicial decisions, in the ence represents an adequate, effective tories or possessions, or Resident Commis-
sioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
event decision had not been reached response to a problem which, if left un-
within 45 days of any election. resolved much longer, could bring dis- Do I correctly understand the mean-
Perhaps the third most significant aster on us all ing of this provision to be that if there
itern of disagreement is what we in this Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, will is to be an election, let us say, for Gover-
Chamber know as the Long amendment. the Senator yield? nor of a State, or for State legislators,
Here provision is made for a county Mr. HART. I yield. and also, at the same time, there is to be
which enrolls at least 50 percent of the Mr. HOLLAND. I voice my apprecia- an election for a Member of Congress,
nonwhite eligible to come to the U.S. tion of the action of the conferees in this provision would apply due to the "in
District Court in the District of Colum- standing, as they apparently did, part" language that was provided by the
bia, make a presentation satisfactory to rigidly back of the verdict of the Senate, conferees?
the court that more than 50 percent are although by a close vote, against any Mr. HART. The impression or inter-
enrolled, and that no discriminatory approach to a repeal of local and State pretation voiced by - the Senator from
practices are being engaged in. On that poll taxes by way of Federal statute. I Iowa is the understanding of the con-
realize that the conferees were of vary-ex- showing and finding by the court, the are ferees. I should explain that this is
mov s, if any have been appointed, are ing convictions upon that subject. But what we knew as the Williams of Dela-
re
removed. the expression of the Senate was quite ware amendment. It was added as an
The conference report additionally re- clear on that subject, and I congratulate amendment offered by Representative
quires, as the Senate bill did, that if a the conferees upon having stood their he House bill. The confer-
has consolidated this language as
abused finds that a test or device has been ground on this matter. CRAMER t
in any jurisdiction under section Also-and I am not saying this en- ence the two versions. Ex-
3, it shall suspend all tests and devices in tirely facetiously-I believe the distin- a fair has t summary y of theitwo ve, I believe -
that jurisdiction. guished conferees have save themselves cept for
represents fort the amendment the Sent
that
fthe Sen-
Additionally, the so-called triggering and the Senate a good bit of time by r from Delaware [Mr. of
WILLIAMS].
provision of the legislation reflects the taking that very correct and loyal posi- Mr. m Delaware [ Delaware. 1
Mr.
House approach. flan. I thank the Senator from Michi- President, will the Senator yield?
We provided that if less than 50 per- gan for having in that respect stood Mr. HART. I yield,
cent of those eligible in a State or po- sturdidly by the expression of the Sen- Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. I thank
litical subdivision voted last November, ate, which he was standing for and rep- the Senator from Michigan. He is cor-
and at least 20 percent of the population resenting in conference. mot, The conferees retained the or-Wil was not white, asuspension of the tests Mr. HART. I thank the Senator hams amendment which was cospon-
from Florida, who recognizes that in
anal devices would apply. fared by Senator MILLER, Senator
The 20-percent limitation was dropped this particular instance the position MURPHY, and Senator SIMPSON. With
in the conference, and tests and devices that we as conferees took did not hap- the possible exception of a grammatical
are suspended upon a showing of less pen to represent the position I took when change, it is the amendment exactly as
the subject was before the Senate.
than 50 percent voting.
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, will adopted unanimously by the Senate. I
The sanctions of the bill, the protec- the Senator yield? am delighted that it was included in both
bons of the bill, are extended to those Mr. HART. I yield. the House bill and the Senate bill. This
who aid and assist others in seeking to Mr. GRUENING. I should like to ask was the so-called clean elections amend-
register and vote, thus protecting any whether the conference report omits meat.
registration drive that might occur. the provision that the military would be For the first time, we shall now have
The provision that was added by the counted in Alaska. spelled out in the Federal law that penal-
Senate seeking to make automatic the Mr. HART. It is my impression that ties are applicable to anyone who will-
introduction of examiners in an area there is no disagreemnt. fully gives false information to a regis-
without tests or devices where less than Mr. GRUENING. How does that trar for the purpose of establishing his
25 percent of the nonwhites have reg- leave us? We in Alaska thought it un- eligibility to vote. This is a highly im-
istered-and I regret to say this--was fair to discriminate against Alaskans in portant section of the bill. While we
eliminated by the conferees. that respect. subscribe to the right of every person to
Section 18 of the Senate bill was Mr. HART. The bill remains as the vote, we want to make certain that when
dropped since it was related specifically Senate passed it. It is my impression he votes he casts a legal ballot and that
to the State of Arkansas, where partic- that this provision was not in disagree- his vote is properly counted.
ular problems arose as a. result of the ment and therefore this rules out a mat- Likewise, this amendment makes it a
25-percent trigger provision of the Sen- before the conferees. Federal crime for anyone to pay or offer
ate bill and a complete new registration Mr. GRUENING. I thank the Sena- to pay any individual either to register
requirement under the Arkansas con- tor from Michigan. or to cast a vote and the same penalty
stitution. Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, will the applies to anyone who accepts such pay-
The Senate, in passing the bill, per- Senator yield? ment for voting.
mitted the Attorney General to require, Mr. HART. I yield. This penalty is applicable in any elec-
in his discretion, that anyone seeking Mr. MILLER. First, I commend the tion where the name of a candidate for
to register with a Federal examiner first Senator from Michigan for his able work a Federal office is on the ballot. This is
go to a local examiner and allege that in the conference, and particularly for an important part of the bill. I am de-
he had been denied. This provision was preserving the Senate version with re- lighted that it has been retained by the
dropped. spect to false registration. I refer the conferees. This new provision should
Further, we suggested as desirable, Senator to section 11(c), on page 7 of help us to promote cleaner elections.
though did not direct or require, that the conference report, the so-called clean Mr. HART. It was certainly our in-
examiners be selected from persons resi- elections amendment which the Senator tention to preserve it as the Senator
dent in the political unit in which they from Delaware [Mr. WILLIAMS] and I from Delaware intended.
would serve. This is not embodied in sponsored. I notice that a slight change Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr.
the conference report. has been made in conference in the President, I ask unanimous consent that
The reach of the bill is extended to wording of the language as passed by section 11(c), which was the so-called
the selection of party officers, as the the Senate. I refer the Senator from Williams amendment, be printed at this
House version provided. Michigan to the proviso: point in the RECORD. This amendment
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August
point of challenging the constitutional right
of the Federal. Government to intervene at
ally
"One of the most delicate and vexing social,
economic and legal situations," Mr. Stein ob-
served i4 starting the Cleveland hearing, "is
to have one instrumentality of government
telling another what to do, when the other
one May not be ready to do it. It presents
some very awkward problems."
Mr. Stein, a lawyer, copes with these prob-
lems by radiating amiability, soft-pedaling
the compulsory nature of the proceedings,
and resolving contretemps with casual re-
marks that end in a disarming chuckle.
"We're dealing with facts subject to sci-
entific measurements," is his watchword.
"Once we get agreement on the facts the
solutions will present themselves."
He lets off steam at afterhours cocktail
and dinner gatherings with associates, punc-
tuating these sessions with such exclama-
tions as, "We're certainly getting a lot of jazz
from the so-and-so people," or "Did you hear
what that son of a gun from XYZ Co. had the
nerve to claim?"
The net result of his onstage tact has been
that in 34 enforcement cases to date, only
one has reached the point of court proceed-
Ms. All have produced remedial programs,
in about a dozen cases, pollution has
been ended or significantly reduced.
A FEDERAL CAREER MAN
Mr. Stein has had only one employer in
his life, the U.S. Government. He was born
in the East New York section of Brooklyn on
October 17, 1916, the son of a food broker.
He graduated from Thomas Jefferson High
School and studied for 2 years at the College
of the City of New York before seeking his
fortune in Washington.
There, he worked as a printer's devil in the
Government Printing Office, served as an
Army medical technician during World War
II and worked as a clerk in the Federal Secu-
rity Agency's law office while studying law
at George Washington University. On get-
ting his degree, with honors, in 1949, he
joined the staff of the security agency's gen-
eral counsel.
Since then he has dealt with most of the
many health activities that are now under
the Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, ranging from vital statistics, home
accidents and poultry sanitation to radiation
hazards, shell fish sanitation and mental
health.
He has been enforcement chief of the
public health service's division of Water
Supply and Pollution Control since the pres-
ent pollution control law was passed in 1956.
Mr. Stein and his wife, the former Anne
Kopelman, also of Brooklyn, have two teen-
age daughters. His hobbies are hiking and
surf-swimming. He has no middle name.
The Steins live in Fairfax County, Va., in
a conservative modern home. As one who
spends most of his time prodding authorities
all over the country into installing modern
sewage treatment systems, Mr. Stein con-
fesses somewhat sheepishly that his own
residence is served by a well and a septic
tank. But, he says, "we do have indoor
plumbing."
TRIBUTE TO ADLAI STEVENSON
Mr, McGOVERN. Mr. President, Mr.
Max Freedman, a recognized master of
English prose,, provided what I think may
very well be the most beautiful tribute to
the late Adlai Stevenson.
I ask unanimous consent that this
masterful article,,from the Washington
Evening Star of July 15, 1965, entitled
"The Greatness of Adlai Stevenson," be
printed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was'ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows: .
18673
[From the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star, can ever share fully in the shaping of policy.
July 15, 1965] He_ must. o#,te1l.,speak from a brief prepared
THE GREATNESS OF ADLAI STEVENSON in Washington instead of crying aloud the
(By Max Freedman) mandates of his conscience.
B the But he served two presidents in this carr-
y grace of his spirit and the splen- paign for peace, though with a chafed spirit,
dor of his mind Adlat Stevenson turned the because he knew he brought personal gifts to
sting of defeat into a crown of glory. He America's cause that were unique and in-
earned more honor in misfortune, than most vulnerable And two Presidents honored him
leaders gain in victory. He lost two else- deeply for it.
tions, but he never lost the pride of his When his vagrant melancholy lifted, as it
party or the admiration of his country. That always did at the touch of wit or the chal-
garland can never wither, nor can time lenge of a fresh idea, he could be a compan-
stain the radiance of his enduring renown, ion so beguiling that time folded its wings
In 1952, without his choosing, he took and crept away into a corner, until the cas-
charge of a party divided by many quar- cade of talk at last came to an end.
rels and uncertain of its future, He gave it He honored us all by refusing to stoop in
a fighting faith once more by making it con- order to conquer. Now we are left with hud-
fident of its purpose and destiny. That die of grief-stricken memories when only
was his first great achievement. yesterday we had a valiant friend and a radi-
Then he fought a campaign with the shin- ant champion.
tag weapons of wit and eloquence and schol- Tread lightly, for here is name certain to
arshin. never once pickin
u
.,
i
s.l
_.v _
g
p
d
rty
oss
own high theme. There had been nothing -- -=
like it since the first campaign of Woodrow ON TALKIN WTI` THE ETCO Gfi
Wilson in 1912; and Wilson ranked with
Jefferson and Lincoln among his three Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, Joseph
supreme heroes. Kraft is one of the most perceptive
The world applauded and Americans were American commentators on Vietnam. In
impressed; but an epigram can never defeat the August 5 issue of the New York Re-
a legend; and Stevenson twice knew defeat on
view of Books, Mr. Kraft reviews the re-
What was the greatness of Stevenson? Cent book of Jean Lacouture, a leading
Even in death his complex spirit commands French expert on Vietnam, who has
i
c?r es, w
th the wisdom of the after years,
all may agree.
Words were sacred to him because he re-
fused to trifle with the truth. That is why
he polished his speeches to the last reluctant
minute, to the despair of his friends and
the torment of reporters. He wished to say
exactly what he meant. He was not seeking
merely the sheen of eloquence, though elo-
quence often came in the crackle of a vivid
epigram, the gaiety of a twinkling sarcasm.
the sudden felicity of an inevitable phrase,
or the exaltation of a moral appeal.
He had a higher aim in view than his place
as America's prose laureate. He wanted
words on the political platform to be used as
counters of truth and never as weapons of
deception. He has left us his example to
shame those who fall below his standards.
Was Stevenson, the master of noble words,
also the servant of noble causes?
His was the first prophetic voice in a na-
tional campaign that dared to denounce Ne-
gro wrongs as an outrage on American rights.
There would never have been a Suez war if
his advice had been followed in good time
and if an international police force had been
placed in the Gaza strip.
No one can take from Stevenson the dis-
tinction of being the first American states-
man fully to recognize the definite end of
the colonial era and the growing importance
of the emergent nations.
He pleaded for a nuclear test ban treaty
when others denounced this advocacy as the-
atrical folly. He strove for an end to the
arms race though he knew the barbed strat-
agems of Communist power far better than
most of his critics.
He argued with a certain spacious courtesy
that made him for some 15 years the most
admired and trusted spokesman of American
policy on the world scene.
We have no way of knowing what leader-
ship in the White House. would have done
to Stevenson. Lesser men have grown in sta-
ture and in power of decision. He, too, might
have found resources of character within
himself that would have provided the crown-
ing proof of his greatness. It is more than
an act of faith, under the shadow of death,
to. believe that this last felicity would have
been granted to him.
Almost from the first it has been common
talk among his,friends that Stevenson's work
as Ambassador to the United Nations was
uncongenial to him. No one an that position
aces. Mr. Kraft has written an excel-
lent review of Mr. Lacouture's book
which contains a comprehensive account
of events in Vietnam for the last decade
.
Mr. Kraft concludes his review, entitled,
"Understanding the Vietcong," by say-
ing:
Official apologists for our present policy,
while acknowledging its dangers, often in-
sist that there is no alternative * * * there
remains an alternative well known to all
politically alert Vietnamese. * * * It is the
alternative of negotiations between the
Saigon government and the Vietcong. Such
talks are an absolute precondition to any
reconciling of local differences. However, dif-
ficult to arrange they may now appear, direct
discussions with the Vietcong will sooner or
later have to take place if there is to be a
settlement in Vietnam. For a struggle that
began locally-and this is the central point
to emerge from Lacouture's book-can also
best be settled locally.
As one who has advocated discussions
between the warring factions in Viet-
nam, including the Vietcong, I ask unan-
imous consent to have this review
printed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the review
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
UNDERSTANDING THE VIETCONG
("Le Vietnam Entre Deux Paix," by Jeyn La-
couture. Editions du Seull, 266 pp., 17 NY.)'
(By Joseph Kraft)
High strategic themes, bureaucratic inter-
ests, intellectual baggage and many other
kinds of junk have been piled onto the war
in Vietnam. It has been called to a fatal
test of will between communism and free-
dom. It has been described. as the critical
battle in the struggle between China and the
United States. It has also been described
as the critical battle in the struggle between
China and the Soviet Union. On its out-
come there is supposed to rest the future of
southeast Asia; and so it has also been
sometimes described as the critical battle
between China and India. At a minimum
the Dr. Strangeloves of "sublimated war"
claim that Vietnam poses the question
whether a nuclear power can mobilize the
kind of force required to contain guerrilla
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18674 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 4, 4965
warfare. And with so much at stake it seems include large numbers of Catholics, Buddhists centuries, is the American military. And
to make sense that the greatest power an and Confucians, and all of them practice a nothing proves it better than Arvin.
earth should send as ambassador to a kind of kind of ancestor worship that places special It is an army created in the image of our
Asian Ruritania its leading military than and, emphasis on ,local custom. While Vietna- own. It wears American parade dress and
on two occasions, one of its best-known po- mere political parties in the Western sense American fatigues. It rides around in jeeps
litical figures. have existed only as affiliates of those that and helicopters and jet planes. It Is or-
TO those who think it does make sense, had grown up around the old political capital ganized in corps, divisions, and companies
which seems to include practically everybody of Hanoi in the North, there remained-and and has special forces and ranger battalions.
in the United States, Jean Lacouture's new remain-a multitude of local Southern sects It has most of the weaponry available to
book on Vietnam will come as a kind of reve- (Lacouture likens them to "armed leagues") American forces. It is full of keen young
lation. He announces his almost revolu- that, mixed banditry with religion. Thanks officers, trained at staff schools in the United
tionary theme in the opening sentence: "Viet- to a loose provincial reign, the French, as States, bursting with energy and with clear
nam," he writes, "exists." His book is about Lacouture points out, had governed this answers to cloudy questions. What it does
a particular place and a struggle for primacy melange for decades with no more difficulties not have, of course, Is the cultural base of
there. It is, inother words, a political book. than those found in the sleepiest of domestic the American army. It does not, to be spe-
It deals with the elements and forces of the departments-"Herault and Lot et Garonne." cific, have a strong sense of discipline, nor
conflict, not as if they were apocalyptic and Painly, any Southern regime that was likely does it have a tradition that discourages
millennial events but as political phenomena. to succeed would have to be pluralistic, of- meddling in political affairs. On the con-
To read Lacouture after a dose of the official fering great scope for local differences-and trary, Arvin was called into being by pol-
and even the journalistic literature which this was especially true for the regime of ftical affairs; and the younger the officers
we get in this country Is to pass from grit- President Diem, a Catholic aristocrat from the more ardently political they tend to be.
fine and unicorns to Darwin and Mendel. the high plains and thus markedly different How could anyone imagine that a force so
For writing a nonmythologicai political from the majority of Vietnamese. modern in Its outlook, so uninhibited and
analysis of Vietnam, Lacouture has the ideal But if there was one thing the Diem regime unrestricted in its background, would for
background. As a distinguished correspond- lacked, it was sympathy for pluralism. The long yield pride of place to a regime as old-
ent for various journals, including Le Monde, ruling family was imbued with an extra fashioned and backward-looking as the Diem
he has been to Vietnam repeatedly since` touch of fervor, something of the absolute. government? As Lacouture points out, mili-
he first went there on the staff of General The President had an attachment to the tary plotting against the government got
Leclerc in 1945. He has visited both North ancient society of Annam-high aristocracy, underway as soon as the army was orga-
and South Vietnam several times. He has closed castes, intellectual heirarchies * ? * nized. In 1960 and again in 1982 attempted
written on his subject often and at length, he wanted to revive theold order, the moral- military coups came very close to toppling
notably in a biographical study of Ho Chi- ity of the fathers, the respect for the master. the regime. Only by fantastic juggling, only
minh and as coauthor of a book on the His brother and policial counselor, Ngo Dinh by setting unit against unit and commander
Geneva truce of 1954. He knows all the Nhu, saw in the strategic hamlets, a re-crea- against commander and by planting spies
leading figures on all sides from way back. tion of the fortified towns of the Middle and rumors everywhere was the regime able
Nor is he a narrow specialist. After a par" Ages that he had studied as a budding me- to maintain its hold over the army at all.
titularly baffling encounter with a Buddhist dievalist at the Ecole des Chartres. Another It is typical that on the eve of the coup
monk, for example, he can write: "Our rem- brother, Ngo Dinh Can, who ruled the north- that succeeded, the regime itself was plan-
inarles also train specialists in verbal equi- ern provinces, lived in the old family man- ning a fake coup to discover which of its
vocation and suave silences, but never, in our slon, dressed in the ancient Vietnamese style, generals were loyal. Sooner or later, in short,
climate, has the sacerdotal smile taken on and slept on the floor. Madame Nhu's war a military coup would have unseated Diem.
such an evasive efficaciousness." Moreover, on night life and dancing was thus not a As much as anything in history can be, his
the politics of unerdeveloped countries, so personal aberration, but a true expression of undoing by his own praetorian guard was
mysterious to most of us, and so parochial the absolute traditionalism that typified the inevitable-a consideration to bear in mind
to those who know only a single country, regime. when there develops in Washington a hunt
are familiar stuff to him. With his wife Confronting a diversity of political fac- for scapegoats who will be charged with hav-
Simone, Lacouture has written the best study tions, however, single-minded dogmatism can ing lost Vietnam by causing the downfall of
to date of Colonel Nasser's Egypt; and one of prevail only In a climate of strife-real or the Diem regime.
the best on Morocco since independence. contrived. In the beginning the Diem regime The second force brought into being by
While obviously a piece d'oecasion, his pre- had to fight against the sects and the rem- the absolutism of- the regime was the Viet-
sent book on Vietnam is of the same high nants of French Influence. In the course cong. In keeping with the Geneva Accords,
quality. of this struggle, President Diem evicted the almost all the guerrilla forces, and especially
His starting point In the regime of Presi- former Emperor, Bao Dai, and became Presi- their leaders, who had fought for Ho Chi-
dent N o Dinh Diem. Just how the United dent "in a plebiscite an honest as could be minh against the French moved above the
g expected." But having taken the sects and 17th parallel to North Vietnam. There re-
States became connected with Diem has be- the crown, the Diem regime did not know mained, however, in scattered areas of the
come a matter of controversy. Ramparts how to use its victory to develop harmony. South, Communists loyal to the North Viet-
magazine has recently published an account Having won a battle, it preferred war to namese government in Hanoi. Precisely be-
purporting to show that a knot of American peace ' * ?. In 1955, any opponent was de- cause they were disciplined Communists,
Catholic politicos and professional anti- nounced as a relic of the sects of feudal loyal to he party line, they did not initiate
Communists, depending largely upon Cardi- rebels supported by colonialism. Beginning trouble against the Diem regime. For Hanoi
nal Spellman, promoted our support of the in 1956, any opponent is called a Commu- had troubles of its own-first the resettle-
Diem regime. Perhaps. But history has a nist. It was in this context that the regime ment; then construction of new industry;
way of-demolishing theories that trace large initiated in 1956 a campaign against the Viet- and at all times a chronic food shortage
consequences to little groups of men. Far cong-a name manufactured by the regime and great difficulties with the peasantry.
more Important is the point urged in a brite and supposed to mean Vietnamese Commu- Feeling itself far more vulnerable than the
]cant study of the Vietnamese war by the nists, but actually embracing a far wider Saigon regime, the last thing Hanoi wanted
international lawyer, Victor Bator.' Bator's spectrum of political opinion. In the same to do was to give the Diem government an
argument is that in 1954, for reasons of do- spirit the Saigon regime, against the advice excuse for intervention. For that reason,
mestic politics, the Eisenhower-Dulles regime of the American Ambassador, publicly abro- Hanoi protested in only the most perfunctory
broke with the policy of moving in concert gated the clause of the 1954 Geneva agree- way when the clause providing for re-uni-
with Britain and France and tried to estab- ment calling for reunification of Vietnam fication through free elections was unilater.-
lish South Vietnam as a bastion of anti- through free elections-a clause that Hanoi ally abrogated by Siagon. For the same rea-
Communist resistance. President Diem was could certainly not have accepted at the son, Hanoi tried repeatedly (and unsuccess-
merely the vehicle for that effort. time. But in the process of fighting the fully) to make deals with the Saigon regime,
He had little chance to succeed. Not be- Vietcong, the regime called forth the two offering to trade its manufactures for food-
cause, as some say, South Vietnam cannot forces that were to prove its undoing. - stuffs. And for exactly the same reason,
exist as a separate political entity. In Viet- One of these was the army of the Republic Hanoi kept the Communists in the South
nam too, it is different in the South. South of Vietnam, or Arvin as it came to be called. under wraps. As one Communist quoted by
'Vietnam in fact is one of the most richly In connection with Arvin, it is worth not- Lacouture said later: "Between 1954 and
diversified areas in the world. Its topography Ing one of the intellectual sleights-of-hand 1958 we were pacifist opportunists. We hes-
includes mountainous areas peopled by prim- common to Americans who believe it is good itated to draw conclusions from the Diemist
itive tribes, arid plateaus, and a great alluvial for this country to support reactionary gov- dictatorship and its excesses."
plain. It is a leading producer of rice-a ernments abroad. After all, they say in the But, as Lacouture shows, other victims of
crop requiring the kind of intense personal Montesquieu manner, democracy cannot be the Diem regime were under no such disci-
cultivation that breeds an independent exported; the conditions that promote free pline. Tribal leaders, local notables, Inde-
peasantry. The diversity fostered by occu- institutions in the United States do not exist pendent peasants and small holders, not to
pation is further promoted by religious cus- elsewhere, and one should not impose Amer- mention intellectuals and professional men
tom: South Vietnam's 14 million people ican mores uncritically. The group that in Saigon, found themselves threatened by
most uncritically projects American ways, the militancy of the regime. Many were
1 "Vietnam: A Diplomatic Tragedy." Oceans local custom, andyto to overlook and ignore the tradition i of chief of state, Ph an Khac Sun, and one of the
Publications, New York.
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'
u~1
us ~CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
18675
more recent Premiers, Phan Huy Quat. of negotiations between the Saigon govern- ing might and grasping ambition of Asian
Others resisted, and inevitably they looked ment and the Vietcong. Such talks are an communism. Our power is a vital shield.
to the Communists for support. Thus local absolute precondition to any reconciling of If we are driven from the fields in Vietnam,
pressure for the Communists to start things local differences. However difficult to arrange then no nation can ever again have the same
.began to build up. As one Vietcong leader they may now appear, direct discussions with confidence in our promise or protection. In
told Lacouture:. "There was pressure at the the Vietcong will sooner or later have to take each land the forces of independence would
-base. An old peasant said to me: "If you place if there is to be a settlement in Viet- be weakened. An Asia so threatened by
don't join the fight we're through with nam. For a struggle that began locally-and Communist domination would imperil the
you.' 1! (I have heard very similar explana- this is the central point to emerge from security of the United States itself.
tion in my own talks with Vietcong officials.) Lacouture's book-can also best-,be settled We did not choose to be the guardians at
In short, like almost all rebellions, the Viet- locally.
gong revolt was not set off by some master = the gate, but there was n one else.
planner working from the outside. It was - t nv i4 0 ~Nor would surrender In Vietnam bring
generated by local conditions. L?B .'S JL LY. 29 EECH- XL+ CEh- peace, because we learned from Hitler at
The Course of events outlined by. Lacou- LENT REBUTTAL OF SENATOR ofanich that success only feeds the appetite
ture follows this pattern exactly. The for- MORSE ON VIETNAM gglecountry The andth gheeen would another r renewed
mal establishment of the National Liberation br one country Front, or political arm of the Vietcong, was Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, the cr tiler c with it perha av even d from ahe onflict, initiated at a meeting held in the U Minh Senator from Oregon [Mr. MORSE], in lessons of history.
we have learned from the
Forest of southeast South Vietnam in March his strong attack on the policies of the
1960. According to Lacoutwe, the chief doc- administration and on the statement b PROMISES ARE NOTED ll one
ument before the meeting was a letter urging the Senator from Wisconsin, left the imy ofltheemost solemn ipledges of the fAumericas'
the establishment of the Liberation Front
written from a Saigon prison by a non-Com- pression, in my judgment, that the Pres- Nation. Three Presidents-president Esen-
munist who is now head of the front, Nguyen 'dent has not been working hard for hewer, President Kennedy, and your present
Huu The. While at least two of those at the peace. The President's activities on be- President-over 11 years, have committed
March meeting seem to have been Commu- half of peace are well known throughout themselves' and have promised to help de-
lUsts, most of those on the spot were not. the country. I ask unanimous consent fend this small and valiant nation.
The chief Items In the declaration that was that the brilliant and remarkable state- Strengthened by that
of promise, the people
then put out were purely local grievances. ment delivered by the President last long South Vietnam have fohem have many
And It was only after the front was already years. Thousands of them have died.
In motion, in September 1960, that Hanoi Wednesday, July 28i which constitutes Thousands more have been crippled and
gave it explicit support, As Lacouture puts an excellent rebuttal of this afternoon's scarred by wax. We just cannot now dis-
it: "The leaders in Hanoi did not take this remarks by the Senator from Oregon, be honor our word or abandon our commitment
turn [toward backing revolt in the south] printed at this point in the RECORD. or leave those who believed us and who
except under the express demand and the There being no objection, the state- trusted us to the terror and repression and
m oral pressure of the local militants." meet was ordered to be printed in the fellow s Americans, would
Is why we are in Vietnam murd that follow. This, then, Once Hanoi had formally supported the RECORD, as follows:
-front, there was no backing down. With the What are our goals in this war-stained
United States supporting the Saigon regime, [From the Washington Post, July 29, 1965] land?
there came about the famous buildup of mil- TEXT OF STATEMENT OF PRESIDENT First, we intend to convince the Commu-
itary operation. In failing to see the com- ON VIETNAM CONFLICT nists that we cannot be defeated by force of
plexity of the domestic pressures that drove (The text of President Johnson's formal arms.
the United States to underwrite Saigon, La- statement at his White House news con- They are not easily convinced. In recent
couture misses a vital, the only flaw in his ference yesterday) months they have increased their fighting
book. But how little of the underlying polit- My fellow Americans: forces and their attacks.
'cal situation has really been changed by Not long ago I received a letter from a Generale Westmoreland -wha tihe needs generalto
this buildup. The confrontation, to be sure, woman in the Midwest. She wrote: "My meet mounting aggression. He has told me.
has become more dangerous, The American dear Mr. President, in my humble way I am And we will meet his needs.
role as backer of the Saigon regime, and nd So ei- writing I to have you about the crisis in Vietnam I have today ordered to Vietnam the Air
pecially its army, is now more exposed. ? ? * a son who is now in s
Mobile Hanoi's role as supplier of men and weapons Vietnam. My husband served * * ? In which will rais Division, ouand r certain
ng rengr (from
to the Vietcong. Still, there remains some World War II * * ^ Our country was whic 1fo
h 125,000 m fighting strength from
Independence in Saigon-witness the Bud- but now this time It's something I don't Additional cos men al meet d later, ateld.
dhists' maneuverings and the Government understand. Why?" thy wl be sent will be needed later, and
crises that regulatrly catch American officials I have tried to answer that they will be at renursasd. This will
by surprise. The National Liberation Front dozen times and more. I have question it make it necessary by siiceam our active
by a central committee that seems to be fully in Baltimore in April, in Washington fighting forces by raising the monthly draft ,000 of less than a third Communist, and that is, as in May, and in San Francisco in June. Let per mom 1, an over a period step time to 35,00-
it always was, especially oriented toward the me now discuss it again. Why must young per and for us st step up our cam-
problems of South Vietnam. While it is true Americans-born into a land xultant exultant paign for voluntary enlismentS
that more Communists are to be found on hope and golden with promise-toil and suf- NO CALL TO RESERVES
the intermediary levels of the NLF, neither fer and sometimes the in such a remote and After this past week of deliberations, I
Lacouture nor others who know the Viet- distant place? have concluded that it is not essential to
Bong leaders well believe that they are fight- The answer, like war itself, is not easy, But order Reserve units into service now. If that
ing in order to impose a North Vietnamese it echoes clearly from the painful lessons of necessity should later be indicated, I will
Communist dictatorship on the South. The half a century. Three times in my lifetime- give the matter most careful consideration
chief problem remains what it always was- in two World Wars and in Korea-Americans and I will give the country an adequate no-
how to find a political means of reconciling have gone to far lands to fight. We have tice before taking such action, but only after
the great diversity of interest and opinion In learned-at a terrible and brutal cost-that full preparations.
South Vietnam. retreat does not bring safety, or weakness We have also discussed with the Govern-
Official apologists for 'our present policy, peace. we of South Vietnam lately the steps that
while acknowledging its dangers, often Insist DIFFERENT KIND OF WAR we will take to substantially increase their
that there is no alternative. This is a little It is this lesson that has brought us to own effort, both on the battlefield and toward
like the 'peddler selling pills during the Lis- Vietnam. This is a different kind of war, reform and progress in the villages. Am-
bon earthquake who replied, when asked There are no marching armies or solemn bassador Lodge is now formulating a new
whether the pills would do any good: "No, declarations, Some citizens of South Viet- program to be tested upon his return to that
but what do .you have that's better?" The nam at times with understandable grievances area.
comparison would be even more apt if the have joined in the attack on their own gov- I have directed Secretary Rusk and Secre-
peddler had had a hand In starting the earth- ernment. But we must not let this mask the tary McNamara to be available immediately
quake. Certainly it is true that the alterna- central fact that this is really war. to the Congress to review with these commit-
tives have jaeen obscured by the resolute re- It is guided by North Vietnam and it Is tees, the appropriate congressional commit-
fusal of most of the American press to study spurred by Communist China. Its goal is tees, what we plan to do in these areas. I
carefully the politics of the war, including to conquer.the south, to defeat American have asked them to be able to answer the
the politics of the Vietcong. But, in fact, power, and to extend the Asiatic domination questions of any Members of Congress.
there remains an alternative well known to of communism.
all politically alert Vietnamese (though it And there are great stakes in the o the Senate enate Appropriations Commit wto dd
difficult to voice because of Increasingly Most nof a hl S amount present legislation ado
is harsh American ai the non-Communist nations of a limited amount to present legislation to
policy). It is the alternative Asia cannot, by themselves, resist the grow- help meet part of this new cost until a sup-
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doing something about districts,
plelnentaI measure is ready, and hearings WOULD HELP ALL ASIA- vitalizing their downtown
can be held when the Congress assembles in As I said at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, public doing 7 it.
eet s something o courtroom scheduled
January. I hope.. that one day we can help all the Al a
here, details.
the county
In the meantime, we will use the authority people in Asia toward that desire. Eugene today y in
contained in the present defense appropria- Black has made great progress since my ap- of the do-it-yourself project will be launched.
tion bill under consideration to transfer pearance in Baltimore in that direction- Littlefield, a progressive town of 8,000,
funds in addition to the additional money not as the price of peace, for we are ready will undertake the first district beautifica-
that we will ask. always to bear more painful cost, but rather tion project of its type in the State.
These steps, like our other actions in the This is no chamber of commerce pipe
aura part of our obligations of justice toward dream or municipal project. This is for
best, are carefully measured what must our fellow man. real because it was instigated, and will be
be done to bring an end to o aggression and nd a Let me also add now a personal note. I carried out, by property owners themselves.
peaceful settlement. . do not find it easy to send the flower of our
READY FOR CONFERENCES youth, our finest young men, into battle. I EIGHTEEN BLOCKS INCLUDED
We do not want an expanding struggle have spoken to you today of the divisions Here in a nutshell package is what will be
with consequences that no one can perceive, and the forces and the battalions and the done: The Littlefield business district will
nor will we bluster or bully or flaunt our units. But I know all of them, every one. be improved to the tune of a $371,000 beau-
power, but we will not surrender and we I have seen them in a thousand streets, of a tification project encompassing 18 blocks.
will not retreat, for behind our American hundred towns, of every State in this The heart of the town's business district
pledge lies the determination and resources, Union-working and laughing and building, will take on the appearance of a neat and
I believe, of all the American Nation. and filled with hope and life. I think I beautiful mall, complete to planter boxes,
Second, once the Communists know, as we know too how their mothers weep and their canopied rest stations and sidewalks of
know, that a violent solution Is impossible, families sorrow. This is the most agonizing colored stone.
then a peaceful solution is inevitable. and most painful duty of your President. The plan calls for free parking and one
We are ready now, as we have always been, There is something else, too. When I was way traffic flows.
to move from the battlefield to the confer- young, poverty was so common we didn't How far away is all this from reality?
ence table. I have stated publicly, and many know it had a name. An education was Residents will be told tonight that work
times, again and again, America's willingness something you had to fight for. Water was begins April 7.
to begin unconditional discussions with any really life itself. I have now been in public The plan is sure fire. There will be no
government at any place at any time. Fif- life 35 years, more than three decades, and in additional taxes to put it over. Merchants
teen efforts have been made to start these each of those 35 years I have seen good men, and businessmen will foot the bill on a
discussions with the help of 40 nations and wise leaders, struggle to bring the bless- front foot assessment basis.
throughout the World, but there has been ings to the land of our people. Now, I am One result is certain-Littlefleld will
no answer. the President. emerge as one of the best groomed towns
But we are going to persist, if persist we It is now my opportunity to help every in the Southwest.
must, until death and desolation have led child get an education, to help every Negro Official name of the project is: "Downtown
to the same conference table where others and every American citizen have an equal Park 'N Shop." The name is a giveaway
could now join us at a much smaller cost. opportunity, to have every family get a de-
I the whole objective-non attractive down-
I have spoken many times of our objectives cent home and to help bring healing to the h barea with parking trac fitie
in Vietnam. So has the government of sick and dignity to the old. town business paf sacked
sacked
South Vietnam. Hanoi has set forth its Own As I have said before, that is what I have Parking s its meters a will ss be couple free. Little le ago.
proposal. We are ready to discuss their pro- lived for. That is what I have wanted all several offstreet parking lots have been
posals and our proposals and any proposals of my life since I was a little boy, and I do not Ieased paved, and will be ready when the
any government whose people may be ai- want to see all those hopes and all those project gets underway.
fected, for we fear the meeting room no more dreams of so many people for so many years Both angle and parallel parking on the
than we fear the battlefield. now drowned in the wasteful ravishes of streets are provided in the project plan.
WELCOMES ASSISTANCE cruel wars. the the proj t plan.
In this pursuit, we welcome and we ask for I am going to do all I can to see that never Beautification ts are provided In
area will be centered primarily on Phelps
the concern and the assistance of any nation happens. But I also know, as a realistic pub- Avenue, be and LFD (named for ranches)
and all nations. If the United Nations and lic servant, that as long as there are men who Drives (from 6th Street north to U.S. high-
its officials or any one of its 114 members Can hate and destroy, we must have the courage way 84; and the accompanying side streets-
by deed or word, private initiative or public to resist or we will see it all, all that we have 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th Streets.
action, bring us nearer an honorable peace, built, all that we hope to build, all our O FEDERAL, STATE FOND5
then they will have the support and gratitude dreams of freedom-all-will be swept away' N
Backers N FEe project, STA the F business folks
of the United States of America. in the flood of conquest.
I have directed Ambassador Goldberg to so, too, this shall not happen. We will of Littlefield, want it emphasized that not
go to New York today to present immediately stand in Vietnam. 1 cent of Federal or State money is in-
to Secretary General U Thant a letter from volved. Littlefield residents are paying out
me requesting that all of the resources, en- of their own pockets.
ergy, and immense prestige of the United LITTLEFIELD, TEX, RESIDENTS Resistance is nominal. From the start,
Nations be employed to find ways to halt ag- there was a 93 percent approval by business
gression and to bring peace in Vietnam. REVITALIZE THEIR CITY firms in the area to be revitalized. Since
I made a similar request at San Francisco Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, the start of the idea, the percentage of
a few wee a, use we do not Seek destruction ofgoany government, nor do ewe a fine example of cooperative effort by approval has risen.
What exactly will be done? First, the
covet a foot of any territory, but we insist responsible citizenship is now being ex- streets involved will be widened. Gleaming
and we will always insist that the people of hibited in the town of Littlefield, Tex. new 10-foot wide sidewalks in front of stores
South Vietnam shall have the right of choice. Without assistance from the Federal will'be relaid in white concrete. Then 4-foot
the right to shape their own destiny in free Government or the State, the residents wide sidewalks of color ranging from coral
elections in the south, or throughout all of this small Texas town have joined to sapphire blue will be laid next to the
Vietnam under international supervision and together to undertake a massive beau- streets. Composition of these sidewalks will
that they shall not have any government im- tificatiori project for their downtown be of crushed aggregate in multiple and
posed upon them by :force and terror so long harmonizing colors.
as we can prevent it. area. REST AREAS PLANNED
This was the purpose of the 1954 agree- I ask unanimous consent that an ac- The planter boxes and canopied rest areas
meats which the 'Communists have now counting of this beautification project will be strategically located along the side-
cruelly shattered. If the machinery of those from the Lubbock Avalanche Journal be walks and in places, projecting into the
agreements was tragically weak, its purposes printed in the Appendix of the RECORD street.
still guide our actions. As battle rages, we to illustrate the cooperation and concern Sidewalks will be expanded at the end
will continue as best we can to help the good of Littlefield residents for the progress of each block into platforms which have
people of South Vietnam enrich the condi- of their city in undertaking this pro- either 20 by 20 canopied benches or gardens.
toot of their likes, to feed the hungry and A sample block would include 13 individ-d so helter lter the the sick, homeless, and teach
fa farmer There project. being no objection, ,the article ual planter boxes in colored masonry, rang-
and help the the young
to in shape from rectangular to toadstool.
Job. increase crops, and the worker to find a as was follows: ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Each block will feature covered patio-type
jo pedestrian crosswalks extending. 22 feet into
It is an ancient but still terrible irony that BEAITTIFICATION-DOWNTOWN PROJECT SET AT the street from both sides. A driving gap
while many leaders of men create division LITTLEFIELD of 27 feet remains.
In pursuit of grand ambitions, the children (By Tanner Leine) XIT and LFD Streets, which run parallel
of man are really united in the simple elusive Avenue
about and New sidewalks w ill be laid. widened 6 feet.
talking towns
will desire for a life of fruitful and rewarding cities were~ planning e and a lot
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August 4, 19 65 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
strictures about weapons in the hands of its
citizens, must assume more responsibility for
crime.
The British board requires victims to have
reported their injuries promptly to the police
or to Have established their validity in court
proceedings.
Property damage Is not compensated be-
cause the system is geared to the impact of
major disaster on earning "power and the
expense of medical care.
New Zealand has a similar compensation
program which covers a list of specified vio-
lent crimes. Official cost figures and evalua-
tions. are not available, but early reports
showed, fewer claims and less expense than
had been anticipated.
The Yarborpugh bill would provide a Com-
pensation Commission for a crime of vio-
lence coved by Federal law, such as robbery
of a federally insured bank. The Federal
Commission would be limited to the District
of Columbia and other Federal territory, but
governments.
it could be a model for State
Under the Yarborough bill, three well-
paid, experienced lawyers would serve stag-
gered 8-year terms on the Washington-based
Commission, They would have broad powers
and would not be restricted to courtroom
rules of evidence.
The bill raises many problems, including
that of keeping the compensation proceed-
ing separate from the criminal trial, so that
one would not prejudice the other.
This problem is not considered insoluble,
but the bill's backers foresee months-maybe
years-of study and discussion before Con-
gress considers it actively.
Another problem-a political one-is that
the debate might get bogged down` in dis-
putes over "socialized insurance" contentions
or complaints against courts for being "soft
on criminals,"-ai~aixi~t police for alleged
VIETNAM:. STUCK TO THE
TAR BABY
Mr. CHURCH, Mr. President, Arthur
Krock, one of -the Nation's most dis-
tinguished political columnists, published
a telling column entitled "Trying To Get
Loose From the Tar Baby," in the July
25 issue of the New York Times. Mr.
Krock retells. the fable, relating it to
Vietnam,, and comments:
Thus once more a fable serves as'an excel-
lent means to . make a complex situation
clear-in this instance one which could not
even have been imagined at the time of
the telling as a situation in which the United
States would ever find itself. Certainly it
is stuck hard in a tar baby. Certainly its
own errors of foresight have stuck it deeper
than was intended. Certainly one of the
responsible factors is the concept of the
mission of the United States as morally and
militarily obligated to oppose the spread of
communism- anywhere in the world, single-
handed if necessary, and whether or not be-
yond our reasonable sphere of national
security and interest.
I ask unanimous consent to have this
article printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
purpose by daily official emphasis on the
secrecy by which the President has bound
the participaiits to reveal no detail of the
conferences.
This elaborate public relations technique
would lose its justification only if it should
develop ' that ' the decisions of the confer=
ences are not for the deeper involvement of
the United States in the war, with the much
graver portent the expansion would create.
But the general impression among qualified
observers is that that is the most unlikely
outcome of the White House meetings.
DESPERATE PROBLEM
The decisions which have been in the
making, or have been made, may be public
property by the time this dispatch appears in
print. But while they may encourage, and
eventually fulfill, hope of at least moderat-
ing the desperate nature of the problem of
Vietnam, their immediate product will be a
more realistic coming-to-grips with its true
magnitude than the administration has pub-
licly conceded before.
The ways and the plights of men and of
nations have been recorded, examined, ana-
lyzed and adjudged in countless works of
history and fiction. And, as in the instance
of Vietnam, contemporary writings and ora-
tory have dealt with them in millions of
words. But often the serious character of
these plights has been made more compre-
hensible to humanity by humorous fable
than by solemn exposition. Such a fable,
uncanny in the comparison it invites with
the involvement of the United States in
Vietnam, Is "The Wonderful Tar Baby Story."
APT NURSERY TALE
Like the other nursery tales Uncle Remus
told to "the little boy" in Georgia long ago,
this one concerned., the unending effort of
Bier FOX to catch and eat Brer Rabbit. An
unusual series of errors of foresight by the
rabbit had for the first time put him in a
predicament from which no exit was in sight
except down the fox's gullet. This menacing
situation arose after Brer Fox, smarting
under Bier Rabbit's recent success in making
him look foolish in the matter of the
"calamus root" hoax, fixed up a contraption
of tar and turpentine that the fox named the
tar baby, set up In the big road, and lay In
the bushes to await developments.-
He didn't have long to wait, as the tale was
told, because very shortly 13rer Rabbit came
pacing down the road, lippity-clippity,
clippity-lippity, as sassy as a jay bird. Brer
Fox lay low. When the rabbit spied the tar
baby he reared up on his hind legs in aston-
ishment, and then, remembering his social
obligations, wished it the time of day, praised
the weather and inquired how the tar baby's
symptoms seemed to segashuate that morn-
ing. No reply was forthcoming, and Brer Fox
winked his eye and laid low.
At this point the offended Brer Rabbit lost
his temper and proceeded on actions without
looking ahead to their potential con-
sequences. Continuing to get no response
from the tar baby-to an inquiry whether
deafness was the cause of its refusal to talk,
or to information that Brer Rabbit could
holler, louder if this was necessary, or to the
stated conclusion that the tar baby was
stuck up and the obvious cure was to bust
him wide open-Brer Rabbit fit the action to
the word.
HITTII`IG TNE TAR BABY
-
~'
IN THE NATION: TRYING To GET LOOSE FROM
of the head, and his hand got stuck. The tar
THE TAR BABY
baby went on saying nothing and Brer Fox
(By Arthur Krock) went on laying low. Second, the rabbit
WA,SHINGT,ON, July 24.-The means em- fetched a blip 'with his other hand, and that
ployed by President Johnson and his princi- got stuck. The rabbit lost the use of his feet
pal advisers on the conduct of the war in in the same way, and then the use of his
Vietnam to call public attention to the head when he butted the tar baby crank-
urgency of their deliberations are justified sided, after getting no response to a demand
by the gravity of the problem and the need to be turned loose.
to prepare the American people for whatever At this planned-in-advance strategic mo-
new sacrifices may be required of them. ment Brer Fox arose from the bushes, look-
This atmosphere has been intensified for the ing as innocent as a mockingbird; observed
18679
that the rabbit appeared to be sort of stuck
up that morning; rolled on the ground and
laughed and laughed until he could laugh no
more; and gasped out that this time Brer
Rabbit would dine 'with him, to partake of
some calamus root the fox had thoughtfully
laid in, and no excuse would be accepted.
"Did the fox eat the rabbit?" the little boy
asked Uncle Remus. He might have and he
might not, was the reply: at any rate that
was the end of the story for the present,
though "some say" that "Jedge" Bear came
to the aid of the rabbit, and some say he
didn't. Which pretty closely matches the
conflict in speculations of the outcome of
Averell Harriman's mission to Moscow.
A FABLE CLARIFIES
Thus once more a fable serves as an excel-
lent means to make a complex situation
clear-in this instance one which could not
even have been imagined at the time of the
telling as a situation in which the United
States would ever find itself. Certainly it is
stuck hard in a tar baby. Certainly its own
errors of foresight have stuck it deeper than
was intended. Certainly one of the respon-
sible factors Is the concept of the mission of
the United States as morally and militarily
obligated to oppose the spread of com-
munism anywhere in the world, single-
handed if necessary, and whether or not be-
yond our reasonable sphere of national
security and interest.
But fables are not necessarily conclusive
as analogies to the courses of men and na-
tions, only of the durable origins of the hu-
man tendency to err. If Brer Rabbit had
been a real member of his species instead of
the quasi-human Uncle Remus suggested by
giving him speech, he would never have as-
sumed the arrogant role of lord of the high-
way in "The Wonderful Tar Baby Story."
WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN WYOMING
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, my State,
Wyoming, is known far and wide as the
Equality State. It is a name we like,
deriving as it does from the fact that Wy-
oming was the first jurisdiction in the
Nation to grant women equal suffrage.
We took that step while still a territory
in 1869. When Wyoming entered the
Union 75 years ago it became, also, the
first State to accord women an equal
right to vote and to hold public of-
fice.
Mr. President, Dr. T. A. Larson, a dis-
tinguished western historian, who is
head of the department of history and
director of the School of American Stud-
ies at the University of Wyoming, as
well as a valued colleague of mine, has
traced in definitive terms the history of
this landmark legislation. It appeared
recently in the Pacific Northwest Quar-
terly and is slated for somewhat fuller
treatment in Dr. Larson's "History of
Wyoming," scheduled for publication in
the fall. I ask unanimous consent that
Dr. Larson's article "Woman Suffrage in
-Wyoming," be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the REC-
ORD, as follows:
WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN WYOMING
(By T. A. Larson)
(NOTE: T. A. Larson is head of the de-
partment of history and director of the School
of American Studies at the University of Wyo-
ming. The present article is a condensation
of parts of two chapters in his "History of
Wyoming," to be published by the University
of Nebraska Press in the fall of 1965.)
In the preface to "Laws of Wyoming, 1869,"
Territorial Secretary Edward M. Lee singled
out one law for special attention: "Among
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 4, 1965
other acts, a law was passed enfranchizing
women; thus, by a single step, placing the
youngest territory on earth in the vanguard
of civilization and progress." Lee was, of
course, right In focusing attention on this act,
for Wyoming was thefirst U.S. territory, and
later would be the first State (1890), to give
women full rights to vote and hold office?
No other action of the 1869 legislature, or of
any other Wyoming Legislature, has received
so much attention.
The question is often asked, Why did
woman suffrage come first in Wyoming? As
might be expected, causation was complex,
and the answer, if it is to be worth much,
cannot be given in a few words. It was cer-
tainly not a bolt from the blue. Limited
suffrage rights, for example in school elec-
tions, had been given to women from time
to time in various parts of the country ever
since 1776 when a few women had voted in
New Jersey. Since the 1840's suffragettes had
been campaigning vigorously in the East. A
woman suffrage weekly, the Revolution, be-
gan, publication in New York City in 1868.
The Cheyenne Leader said In October 1868:
"There are few of our weekly exchanges that
we peruse with more interest than we do the
Revolution. * * * The Revolution is bound
to win."
Woman suffrage amendments were pro-
posed in both houses of Congress in 1868, and
the American Woman Suffrage Association
was organized in 1869. Woman suffrage bills
had been introduced in several State and ter-
ritorial legislatures. One house of the Ne-
braska Legislature had passed such a bill in
11356, and the Dakota Territorial Legislature
had failed by just one vote to pass a woman
suffrage bill In January 1869. Clearly the
conditions were ripe for a legislative victory
somewhere. The Wyoming legislators had
the option of jumping in at the head of the
parade or of watching it pass by. Had they
failed to act as they did in December 1869,
the honors would have gone to Utah Terri-
tory, whose legislators were right at their
heels; Utah adopted woman suffrage in Feb-
ruary 1870.
Apart from the national pressures which
promised a breakthrough somewhere very
soon, certain conditions made it probable
that victory would come first in a western
territory. One factor was the scarcity of
women. With only one woman in Wyoming
over -21 for every six men over 21 (1870
census), adoption of women suffrage was
less revolutionary that it would have been
where there were as many women as men.
Western territories were desperately eager
for publicity which would attract population.
Free advertising was a common explanation
in the 1870's and 1880's for Wyoming's action.
The Cheyenne Leader, for example, said, when
the act was adopted: "We now expect at once
1 The legislature was small, 9 in the upper
house, which was known as the council,
and 18 in the house of representatives.
All legislators were Democrats. On final
passage they voted 6-2 and 7-4. The Repub-
lican Governor, John A. Campbell, after 4
days of indecision, signed the act, which
reads as follows: "Female Suffrage, chapter
31, An Act to Grant to the Women. of Wyo-
ming Territory the Right of Suffrage andTo
Hold Office.
'Be it enacted by the Council and House
of Representatives of the Territory of Wyo-
r2ing:
"SECTION 1. That every woman of the age
of 21 years, residing in this terri-
tory, may at every election to be holden un-
der the laws thereof, cast her vote. And her
rights to the elective franchise and to hold
office shall be the same under the election
laws of the territory, as those of electors.
"SEc. 2. This act shall take effect and be
in force from and after its passage.
"Approved, Dec. 10, 1869."
quite an immigration of ladies to Wyoming";
and it added in March 1870 that this legisla-
tion was "nothing more or less than a shrewd
advertising dodge. A cunning device to ob-
tain for Wyoming a-widespread notoriety."
In the 1890's, the historian, C. G. Coutant,
interviewed surviving members of the 1869
legislature. He reported that "One-man told
me that he thought it right and just to give
women the right to vote? Another man said
he thought it would be a good advertisement
for the territory. Still another said that he
voted to please someone else, and so on." 3
It was often said in the early days that the
whole thing was done as a joke. Strongest
support for this interpretation lies in an edi-
torial in the Cheyenne, Wyo., Tribune, Octo-
ber 8, 1870, apparently written by Edward
M. Lee, who had been secretary of the terri-
toryin 1889:
"Once, during the session, amid the great-
est hilarity, and after the presentation of
various funny amendments and in the full
expectation of a gubernatorial veto, an act
was passed enfranchising the women of
Wyoming. The-bill, however, was approved,
became a law, and the youngest territory
placed in the van of progress. * * * How
strange that a movement destined to purify
the muddy pool of politics * * * should have
originated in a joke. * * * All honor to them,
say we, to Wyoming's first legislature."
Since Secretary Lee, himself a champion of
woman suffrage, worked closely with the leg-
islators, his testimony is important, although
he did not say that everyone involved was
joking, and William H. Bright, who intro-
duced the bill, later denied that he had done
so as a joke.
Gov. John A. Campbell, of Wyoming, was
reported to have said in Boston in 1871 that
"no public discussion preceded passage."
While the bill may not have been discussed
much, the subject of woman suffrage was
often discussed In the Cheyenne newspapers
during the months preceding the legisla-
ture's action. Much of the newspaper com-
ment concerned the activities of Anna Dick-
inson, a nationally known suffragette. After
reading about her in an Omaha paper, the
editor of the Cheyenne Leader, Nathan A.
Baker, proposed in June 1869: "Let's try to
get her here." Ten days later, June 17, Miss
Dickinson passed through Cheyenne on her
way to fulfill speaking engagements in Cali-
fornia. The Leader reported that when the
"celebrated lady" stepped out on the plat-
form for a breath of air, she was "surrounded
by a crowd of staring mortals. She sought
refuge in a passenger coach. She was then
subjected to an enfilading fire from the eyes
of those who succeeded in flattening their
noses against the car windows. * * * Anna
is good looking. * * * " 4
After it was announced that Miss Dickin-
son would lecture in Cheyenne on her way
east the Leader hailed her approaching visit
as "quite an event in our city" and as "an
opportunity to listen to one of the most- en-
tertaining and graceful of female orators."
On September 24, 1869, Secretary Lee intro-
duced Miss Dickinson to "some 250 people
whom curiosity had attracted," according to
the report in the Leader the next day. Gov-
ernor Campbell was in the audience, but
out-of-town legislators probably were not
" This is the reason stated on various occa-
sions by William H. Bright, who introduced
the bill.
3 Letter from C. G. Coutant to Frank W.
Mondell, no date, on file in State archives
and historical department, Cheyenne, Wyo.
4In several other articles in subsequent
weeks, the Leader referred to Anna as "the
female humbug," as one who lectured for the
love of money and notoriety, and as "the
pepper" of the women's rights movement as
contrasted with "the vinegar," Susan B.
Anthony.
present, since the legislature did not meet
until mid-October. The editor of the Leader
had little to say about Miss Dickinson's mes-
sage, but he noted that "in person she is
rather below medium height, and well,
formed; her face is rather of the oval type."
Another woman suffrage lecturer, Miss
Redelia Bates of St. Louis, spoke in Cheyenne
on November 5, 1869, just a week before Wil-
liam H. Bright announced that he intended
to introduce a woman suffrage bill. The
house of representatives had voted to let
her use its hall, which she did. The Leader
had made only a few comments about woman
suffrage since Miss Dickinson's visit in Sep-
tember, but in anticipation of Miss Bates'
arrival, it reported that she was beautiful.
and talented and that she had enjoyed a suc-
cessful tour through Colorado. Just how
many paid the advertised price of 50 cents to
hear Miss Bates is in doubt; the Tribune re-
ported "a large and appreciative audience,"
the Leader an audience "though not large
* * * select and appreciative."
The Leader praised the lecturer's charm, as-
serting that "her presence would make any
home a heaven," but it did not yet accept her
argument. The Tribune, on the other hand,
found her both charming and persuasive:
"Miss Bates is exceedingly prepossessing in
personal appearance. Her arguments were
unanswerable, except upon the basis of prej-
udice." Probably the Tribune review was
written by Edward M. Lee, for he was finan-
cial backer of the paper and often wrote for it.
After Miss Bates' visit to Cheyenne, the
Leader refrained from ridiculing woman suf-
frage during the legislative session. When
William H. Bright introduced his bill, the
Leader, under the heading, "Interesting Ques-
tion," assumed a position of neutrality: "It
will be up for consideration tonight, at the
evening session, on which occasion many of
our citizens will doubtless find it convenient
to attend." When the bill passed both
houses, the Leader's comment was noncom-
mittal: "Ladies, prepare your ballots."
While awaiting Governor Campbell's deci-
sion, the Leader indicated qualified approval:
"Although we have not yet been.fully con-
vinced of the wisdom or necessity of the
measure, yet we have something of a curiosity
to witness its practical operation and results,
and we hope, as we believe, that Governor.
Campbell will approve the bill." Nathan
Baker, editor of the Leader, was never an
ardent supporter, but he had come a long way
since Anna Dickinson first visited Cheyenne
In June. And when the Governor signed the
bill, Baker showed that, while he had been
overcome temporarily by the charm of
Redelia Bates, he was still loyal to Miss Dick-
inson: "Won't the irrepressible 'Annie D'
come out here and make her home? We'll
even give her morethan the right to vote-
she can run for Congress."
Unlike the Leader, the Tribune needed no
conversion. It greeted passage of the bill
with the accurate judgment that it "is likely
to be the measure of the session, and we are
glad our legislature has taken the initiative
In this movement, which is destined to be-
come universal. Better appear to lead than
hinder when a movement is inevitable." The
Tribune a week later hailed the Governor's
signature with the headlines, "Wyoming Suf-
frage: Wyoming in the Van, All Honor to the
Youngest Territorial Sister."
Although it is manifest that Baker, who
was young (27) like most Wyoming men of
the period, was attracted by Miss Dickinson
(26) and Miss Bates (age unknown but
young), he was repelled by Susan B. Anthony
(49), whom he described in February 1870 as
l'the old maid whom celibacy has dried, and
blasted, and mildewed, until nothing is left
but a half crazy virago." One must conclude
that it was fortunate that Miss Dickinson
and Miss Bates, rather than Miss Anthony,
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August 4, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD 1~T~TE
tive FRANK EVANS of Pueblo, Colo., are fa-
Millar with our case. If you wish to verify
our statements, you could talk to them.
We are also enclosing an editorial from
our local newspaper which explains our sit-
uation-we have been afraid to send this
article to anyone before, for fear of what the
Internal Revenue Service would do to this
man. As far as we know, all the farmers in
the and West have been deducting their
entire water assessment as a business ex-
p nse and this procedure was never
questioned. .
In our case the Internal Revenue agent
had audited other returns on our own ditch
and on similar ditches and allowed these
people to deduct their full water assessment,
but when he came to ours, he disallowed the
Water assessment as expense. When asked
Why, we were told "he just smartened up
when he came to ours." After we refused
to pay, this man began telephoning us long
distance from his office at Lamar at various
intervals and advised us that we should pay
the amount owed, that it was small, only
$135; and several times he stated that we as
taxpayers had no rights. Our statement of
this man's calls could be verified by the rec-
ords of the telephone company. We failed
to see why all these telephone calls were nec-
essary. as would let enough time lapse be-
tween calls until we would more or less put
the matter out of our minds and then would
call again and repeat his warning about our
paying. We had paid the other part of the
taxes we owed bit refused to pay, the part
concerning the water assessment.
It is our opinion that these calls only
served to remind us how unfair we think our
treatment by the Internal Revenue Service
appears to be. We are small farmers, whose
income is not large and during the years for
Which our returns were audited (1$60, 1961,
and 190), we prepared our own income tax
returns. Our ditch, the Highland Irrigation
Co., is a very small ditch.
The latest development in our case is a
request from the internal Revenue Service
that we make a 400-mile roundtrip to Den-
ver for another conference with them, al-
though the trial date for our case is set up
in Tax Court for about November 15. It is
very Inconvenient for a farmer to make a trip
during the busy summer season, what with
irrigating, haying, and other farmwork, for
a conference at which no pretrial settlement
would ever be reached. Yet this is what in-
ternal Revenue Service requests of a tax-
payer.
It is also particularly galling to know that
only ourselves and one other farmer around
here are the only people to whom the Inter-
nal, Revenue Service has disallowed the water
assessment as expense, contrary. to its alle-
gations otherwise. This fact, along with the
agent's treatment of us, makes us hope and
pray that your investigating committee can
bring to light the treatment that Internal
Revenue Service seemingly gives to small
people.
Should you be interested in any other
facts on this case, we would be more than
glad to send them to you and sincerely hope
that your committee can aid in improving
Internal Revenue Service policies.
Very truly yours,
ROBERT L. and MAE V. HUNTER.
[From the Pueblo (Colo.) Chieftain, July 22,
19651
U.S. TAX AGENTS DENY INTIMIDATION CHARGES
WASHINGTON.-Internal ' Revenue Service
officials from Boston denied at a Senate hear-
ing Wednesday 'that they intimidate or
harass individuals., "Such charges," they
said, "are by people who are overemotional or
trying to kill a case."
The officials testified before a judiciary
subcommittee which has heard that IRS
agents used-electronic eavesdropping devices
and ' questionable 'Investigative methods.
There was testimony, too, about a Treasury
Department "snooper school,"
COMPLETES 3-DAY INQUIRY
The subcommittee completed a 3-day in-
quiry into the Boston Internal Revenue Serv-
ice office, after one involving Pittsburgh, Pa.,
and Chairman EDWARD V. LONG, Democrat,
of Missouri, said "any wiretapping or other
use of listening devices was the fault of the
Washington Internal Revenue Service head-
quarters and not the agents."
The "snooper school" and the furnishing
of devices gave implied consent for their use,"
LONG said, adding "he expects IRS headquar-
ters to take note of this."
Alvin M. Kelley, IRS director in Boston,
said he could understand why some witnesses
told the subcommittee they were harassed
or Intimidated. "But by and large," he said,
"taxpayers cooperate with us and we with
them."
HARASSMENT NOT TOLERATED
'I can understand, of course," he said,
"why individuals who have been subjected to
fraud investigations should subjectively feel
that they have been harassed-but I assure
you that our policy and general practice does
not tolerate harassment."
Kelley and George L. Wilson, group super-
visor of IRS Intelligence in Boston, said wire-
taps are used only in Isolated cases in coop-
eration with other Federal agencies, and
principally in security cases.
[From the Bent County (Colo.) Democrat,
. Mar. 4, 19651
ROBERT HUNTER HAS BEEN VICTIM OF
HARASSMENT BY INTERNAL REVENUE
(By Earl E. Asbury)
The Internal Revenue Service's case
against Robert Hunter has dragged on for
over a year and it is our opinion Mr. Hunter
has been the victim of persecution, harass-
ment, and Injustice.
This is all the more unusual because we
are used to seeing IRS operate in a coldly
businesslike way, making its moves with
sureness, accuracy, and justice.
The Hunter case started over a year ago
when IRS Agent Virgil Richmond, in check-
ing over Mr. Hunter's tax returns for the
3 previous years, disallowed the expense de-
duction Mr. Hunter had taken for that part
of his Highland Ditch assessment that went
toward paying for the Highland Dam that
was installed after the old one washed out
in the flood of 1955 on the Picketwire River
12 miles south of Las Animas.
We do not particularly criticize Mr. Rich-
mond for questioning the expense initially.
We do criticize IRS for not clearing up the
issue cleanly and logically after it came up,
and applying the same decision to all.
As it is, Mr. Hunter has been assessed $130
in back taxes (which he'still refuses to pay).
He has had a conference with the chief of the
Denver IRS office in La Junta, another con-
ference with the IRS appelate division in
Denver, and now has a hearing scheduled
for this fall before a tax judge In Denver.
Most people like to stay as far away from
the income tax agents as they do from their
undertaker. To, have to spend some 2 years
in the shadow of IRS as Mr. Hunter has had
to do is unnecessary harassment. Especially
since he took the same kind of expense de-
duction on his income tax form that other
irrigation farmers in Bent County have
taken since the beginning of time, and are
still taking.
In brief, Mr. Hunter considered his whole
irrigation assessment as a farming expense.
But IRS contends the Highland Dam which
was built 9 years ago was a capital improve-
ment, owned jointly by all the farmers who
own shares in the Highland Canal Co.
Ordinarily, if you have a capital improve-
ment, you can depreciate it. And if it is
18685
destroyed by accident or an act of nature,
you can benefit on your income tax return
by claiming a capital loss.
But IRS seems to feel the dam is so solid
it isn't depreciating each year. And IRS
points out the limit of years has passed so
that farmers under the Highland Ditch can't
go back now and claim a capital loss on the
old dam when the flood washed it out.
(Most local farmers feel building the dam
wasn't a capital improvement anyway, but
was merely replacing the old dam as you
would a roof on your barn.)
The issue has dragged on too long without
being resolved. If Mr. Hunter's expense de-
duction is going to be allowed, IRS should
allow it and get off his back. If not, every
other farmer under an irrigation ditch in the
west should get the same treatment as Mr.
Hunter and should have the portion of his
ditch assessment that goes toward payment
of his irrigation dam be disallowed as an ex-
pense. Only one other farmer in Bent
County besides Mr. Hunter reported a similar
disallowment.
It looks to me as If IRS is just looking for
trouble. Because it will end up with approx-
imately the same amount of taxes either
route it takes.
If paying for the dam can continue to be
considered an expense, farmers, can take the
whole ditch assessment as an expense deduc-
tion as they have been doing.
If IRS insists on counting the dam as a
capital improvement, farmers should be per-
mitted to take deductions for depreciation
and capital losses when the dams wash out,
so that their tax will balance out about the
same either way in the long run.
Senator GORDON ALLOTT has introduced a
bill in Congress to permit farmers to count
the payments toward the dams as expenses if
they choose to. It would probably help
break the impasse if this bill would be
approved.
THE REBEKAH HARKNESS FOUN-
DATION AND ITS CONTRIBUTION
TO THE DANCE
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, a society
cannot ignore the arts, nor its artists.
One that does is inevitably poorer and in
danger of losing much more, indeed.
Hence it is, Mr. President, that we should
give honor to those who enrich our art
forms. It is with this in mind that I
refer to an article from the July 28 issue
of the New York Herald Tribune regard-
ing Mrs. Rebekah Harkness' contribu-
tions in time and in money to the dance.
. Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that this report from the Herald
Tribune be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE HARKNESS CREDO: TALENT MUST BE
SERVED
(By Walter Terry)
"The people who stay in the middle don't
interest me," said Rebekah Harkness, com-
poser, sculptor and patroness of the arts.
"It is the artist or the delinquent I care
about-the point is to do something for the
two extremes: on the one hand, to give the
artist opportunities to release his talent; and
on the other hand, to help the delinquent
find himself through the disciplines of art."
To this end, Mrs. Harkness, through her
own Rebekah Harkness Foundation and the
foundation established by her late husband,
William Hale Harkness, has provided des-
perately needed funds (totaling millions of
dollars) to the arts, and to dance in particu-
lar. Harkness sponsorship aided Jerome
Robbins' Ballets U.S.A. in a European tour,
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 4, 1965
promoted the Robert Jogrey Ballet from a
small national company to one of interna-
tional stature, and made possible free dance
events, in collaboration with the New York
Shakespeare Festival, in Central Park's Dela-
corte Theater.
A year ago, the Harkness dance enterprises
embarked on new and expanded programs.
The Harkness Ballet, which now numbers ap-
proximately 30 dancers, was founded with
George Skibine and Donald Saddler as its
artistic and assistant artistic director, re-
spectively. The initial tour, which began in
1965, was booked in Europe and provided the
new company with a sort of glorified New
Haven in which to try out its new works and
to discover its incipient strengths and pass-
ing weaknesses.
At the same time, Mrs. Harkness purchased
the old Thomas Watson townhouse and
launched the long and expensive process of
having it converted into the Harkness House
for the Ballet Arts In New York City. When
it opens in the fall, as the home of the
Harkness Ballet and as a center for ballet
seminars, workshops, lecture-demonstrations,
art exhibits related to dance, its many
studios will foster not only ballet but music,
design and literature as they relate to ballet.
"It has," says Mrs. Harkness of the new
ballet house, "the airs and graces ofa palazzo.
Maybe I'll be criticized for its elegance but
I do think that beautiful surroundings are
important to the working artist. And I'm
serious when I use the word 'working.' I
mentioned earlier, didn't I, that I'm not con-
cerned with those individuals who stay in
the middle? Well, this means I'm interested
in the.worker-artist. For example, there is
the professional-the real pro-who does a
fine job on the equivalent of the good old
9 to 5 basis. I care about the one that
works to 5:45, that works extra. The former
is a 90 percenter. He rarely does anything
memorable. It's the extra 10 percent which
counts. I guess it's the difference between
the -adequate and the inspirational.
"No, I'm not enough of a nut to believe
that time heals all wounds nor that time
creates talent. I'm not even certain just
what makes for talent in the individual-
chemical factors? Inspiration? love?-but
if' talent is there, it needs time to grow.
Nobody can put talent into another being.
My job, and my privilege, Is comparatively
,simple and that is to give release to talent
that is already there. Maybe it's a minor
talent--although we pray it is major-rbut it
too deserves a chance. To put it bluntly,
at our summer workshop at Watch Hill, R.I.,
and, later, at our headquarters in New York,
the plan is to give choreographers, composers
and designers the time to work out their
ideas and if they have that mysterious thing,
if' they have something to say, this is the
opportunity provided them in which to say
it. It doesn't always work out. But it
might. And the 'might' is worth all the ex-
pense and the effort."
This summer, at Mrs. Harkness' arts center
in Rhode Island-a, firehouse converted into
two large studios, other studios in her own
house, a complete inn for the many married
couples in her troupe--the creative opportu-
nities for a wide range of artists are being
given the time and the release that Mrs.
Harkness believes are the right of the poten-
tial holder of talent.
Donald McKayle (represented choreograph-
ically on Broadway in "Golden Boy" is work-
ing on a new ballet with an Israeli theme;
Sophie Maslow is restaging her successful
"The Dybbuk;" Alvin Ailey, who has already
created two successful works for the Hark-
ness Ballet, is at work on "Maeumba," with a
score by Mrs. Harkness herself; and the Henry
Street Playhouse's Alwin Nikolais is moving
out of his own distinguished home for a rare
occasionto create a new work for the Hark-
ness Ballet.
Other choreographic highlights of the sum-
mer workshop at Watch Hill include a new
version, by John Butler, of "Chan Carlo Men-
otti's Sebastion"; Mr. Saddler's new American
Indian ballet, "Koshari, " with a score by the
Indian composer Louis Ballard;, a piece by
Mr. Skibine to a new scare by Carlos Su-
rinach; Stuart Hodes' "Free for All," to music
of Paul Bowles, and other ballets by Mr. Sad-
dler (an Alice in Wonderland Through the
Looking Glass piece), William Dollar, Leon
Fokine, Karoby Barta, Richard Wagner and
others.
The ambitious program-the Workshop at
Watch Hill, Harkness House in New York,
a second Harkness Ballet tour of Europe in
19666, a Rebekah Harkness Foundation
Dance Festival in Central Park this fall-are
but a part--albeit major-of the Harkness
plans. "I think it's important," says the
slim, supple (she takes ballet class and yoga
exercises daily), youthful mother of three
grown children, "to help dancers develop sec-
ondary talents. Why should dancers have to
fear that awful moment when the muscles
just won't do the job any more? I'd like to
see them ready with another skill-maybe
design, perhaps music, teaching, therapy-
whiCh will extend their earning capacities
for many years."
A long-range project has to do with men
in the ballet. Mrs. Harkness recognizes the
fact that dancing for men in subjected to
the incontrovertibly erroneous notion that
dance is a feminine art but, more important,
that the all-American "pop" is worried that
his son won't make a dependable living. For
this outmoded attitude, Mrs. Harkness has
a. campaign in mind,
"My idea," says Mrs. Harkness, "is to send
lecture-demonstration programs out to as
many schools as possible. Whom do we want
for male. dancers in American ballet? We
want the types you find in high school gym-
nasiums. We need to win them over at that
vulnerable age-and their parents, too. For
these boys from our gymnasiums, given the
training, can do anything that the Bolshoi
Ballet wonder kids can do.
"And, I guess, this brings us back to where
we started, my function. I'm a composer
and I work at it hard. I'm also a sculptor-
I've got a figure, in the next room, with all
its muscles lying about and I'd better get 'em
into place-but my own foundation and Bill
Harkness' foundation have set out to help
ballet in America. Mistakes will be made,
that is inescapable. But the artists of the
ballet have, over the years, brought so much
to us that I feel that my job is to bring to
them -in time, in opportunity, in release, in
encouragement, in financial help and stimu-
lating surroundipgc..F?giat I cap."
-/
A GI'S
There being no abjection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
A GI's LAST LErrms FROM VIETNAM
(NOTE.-On Memorial Day, a widow shares
her pride in a husband who went to a war-
torn land where his beliefs were put to the
ultimate test--but never faltered.)
Mrs. Barbara Spruill, Suffern, N.Y.:
"On April 22, 1964, I was at my sister's
house, when the telephone rang. I could
hear her talking: 'Yes, she's here. * * *
Read it to me. * * * Yes, I'll tell her.'
"She didn't have to tell me, though--I
sensed that a telegram had been delivered to
my home; a neighbor, guessing its contents,
had phoned my sister.
"My husband, Capt. James P. Spruill, had
been killed the previous day in Vietnam. I
learned later that his jeep had struck a land
mine.
"Our daughter, Elizabeth, 4, cried when I
told her that daddy would not come home.
But our son, Mark, 7, understood and was
a great comfort to me.
"After the children were in bed, I took
Jim's letters and sorted and typed them un-
til the early-morning hours. I had a reason.
Some of the people who sympathized with
me felt that Jim had died -without cause,
that I had been widowed and my children
left fatherless by a senseless death. We never
believed this. Jim was a selfless man dedi-
cated to a great responsibility-a responsibil-
ity to his country and to other people. He
loved the Vietnamese and, as you shall see,
never doubted that the good he could do
outweighed the risks he faced.
"On this Memorial ' Day, I wish to share
our pride in Jim's sacrifice with you. Here
are excerpts from some of his letters."
It Is a privilege to work with the Viet-
namese (self-defense corps). Frustrating at
times because he is backward, poorly trained,
and-generally speaking--an amateur at al-
most everything he does. But in spite of his
faults he is the most genuine and kind hu-
man I have met. Simple, humble, willing,
and warm-they are wonderful people. If
the press judges them harshly at times, it
would be well to remember that they have
had their independence only 9 years, and
they never have had the opportunity to de-
velop leadership, civic and otherwise.
It was brought to my attention last night
that we were once inadequately equipped
and poorly trained and that professional
soldiers came from afar to aid the fledging
American Army In Its fight for freedom and
internal order. Two of these "advisers" are
well known-Von Steuben and Lafayette. It
is heart-warming to think that we now con-
the tradition of sacrifice fostered by
C`YVthose t
o
h
w
men when t
ey aided a nation in
Sr LETTERS FROM
need.
VIETNAM * * * * * *
Mr. SIMPSON. Mr. President, in The other day (during a hazardous field
view of our reaffirmed commitments in operation) when I thought I would drop.
Vietnam and in light of the great need never to get up again, I said to myself: Bar-
for a national dedication to our cause bars. and the children are at the far-tree line.
Without that thought I may not have made
on that battlefield, I ask that an article it. Later on in the day, I crossed a stream
appearing in Family Week be inserted over my head. When you come to them,
in the RECORD at this point. It is en- there is nothing to do but hold your breath
titled "A GI's Last Letters From Viet- and walk under (the water) and hope that
nam," and it is composed of excerpts you hold out until your head comes up
from the letters of Capt. James P. Spruill again. And later on in the day, I fell into a,
to his family. These were wonderful let- spike trap. I was lucky because there were
* * * * *
the American spirit-letters showing a My rotation date back to the States is No-
deep sense of responsibility and a strong vember 3, 1964. I am told that it could be as
hope for our cause. Before being killed much as a month earlier but not to bank on
in Vietnam, Captain Spruill said: that. In any event, Honey, the clock is run-
Progress will not be dramatic. It will, in ning; I am where my destiny has led me, and.
fact, be painfully slow. One of our biggest I have no regrets except my painful absence
enemies will now be impatience and des- from you, Billy Goat, and Punky Bear.
pair itself. * * * Talk instead of steadfast- Well, little monkeys, by the time another
tress, loyalty, and of victory-for we must letter gets to you, Christmas will be there.
and we can win. God alone knows how hard Daddy will reach
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out for you all in his heart during that time.
in a way it will be a sad Christmas. But
only in a selfish way. In a better, more
meaningful, way, it will be one of our best
Christmases, for our little family is giving
of itself to the world. We are sacrificing, you
and, I, for the good of other people, and that
is truly Christlike.
Last night, on Christmas Eve, I went down
town to a Catholic service. There were
Children everywhere, and there was a Santa
Claus,. slant eyes and all. I saw a small
child that reminded, me of another child I
know, and it was all I could . do to keep
smiling. But you know, the mother read
what was in my eyes and brought the child
over to me. 'I picked it up, sat it in my lap
and held, it, and for a wonderfully warm
moment East and West were one in heart.
It was a wonderful Christmas. I want you
to understand that. Before I fell asleep, I
had to cry a little. But even as.I did so, I
knew I did not cry out of sorrow or self-pity.
I cried because my heart was so full of hap-
piness and gratitude that it could not hold
it all. I was sublimely happy because I have
had the three of you.
However, my post Is a bit quieter than
others. Last night, for example, we showed a
movie in the market and that helps keep
things quiet because the local VC (Viet-
cong) like to see the movies, too. Strange
thing to sit there in the night, a pistol in
your hand, and laugh at animated cartoons
with members of the VC. ,
At the moment, the war does not go well.
You read- enough about that. I feel that
there is too much talk of despair. I warned
you of that before I left. You may remem
ber. Above all, this is a war of mind and
spirit. And it is a war which can be won
no matter what present circumstances, are.
For us to despair would be. a great victory
for the enemy. We must stand strong and
unafraid and give heart to an embattled
and confused people. This cannot be done
if America loses heart.
At the moment, my heart is big enough
to sustain those around me. Please don't
let them, back where you are, sell me down
the river with talk of despair and defeat.
Tall; instead of. steadfastness, loyalty, and
of v ctory-for e must and we can win.
I must admit that there are many mo-
ments of frustration in Vietnam. Ineptness,
dishonesty, lack of spirit, confusion, and
laziness-to name only a few. But that is
exactly why we are here. It is exactly in
places and in circumstances such as this
that communism gains its foothold. Com-
munism is the scavenger of the upheaval that
comes with the modernization process and
the age of rising expectations.
* ? Much sweat-and I am afraid much
blood-remain to be shed. Progress will not
be dramatic. It will be in fact be painfully
slow. One of our biggest enemies will now
be impatience and despair itself * * *.
(His last letter, dated April 19, 1964) * *
Chin up. See you later * * *.
(EDrroa's 14o'rs.-Mrs. Spruill has not let
her husband's sense of responsibility die.
By personally writing U.S. pharmaceutical
firms, she arranged for free medical sup-
plies to be sent to Cal Son, the village where
Captain Spruill was last stationed.
Last oorith 1VIrs Spruill was awarded the
George Washington Honor Medal by the
Freedoms Foundation "in recognition of her
"NEWSCASTER WITH THE FACTS" be able to carry over into civilian life a
(JOSEPH MCCAFFREY) URGES GI insurance program, because there is no
longer any GI Insurance.
PASSAGE OF THE COLD WAR GI The draft has been called, by those who
BILL have studied it, basically unfair. There have
Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, been, and there probably will continue to be
Joseph McCaffery, a newscaster in the some loopholes through which thousands
will escape.
Washington area, has a reputation for But what about those who are caught up
being a "newscaster with the facts." He
is one of the finest reporters of the news
in television, and has acquired a large
following among those who have become
acquainted with his nightly telecasts.
On Friday, July 23, 1965, and Thurs-
day, July 29, Mr. McCaffrey broadcast
two fine editorials on the cold war GI
bill over channel 7 in Washington. Al-
though the GI bill has received editorial
commentary from across the Nation, Mr.
MoCaffery presents the need for this bill
in a perspective which is seldom reported
on in the area he covered, that of our
national goals and military involvement.
To illustrate the excellence of Mr.
McCaffrey's commentaries and to em-
phasize the need for the cold war GI
bill, I ask unanimous consent that the
texts of these two telecasts be printed
in the draft?
What does the House of Representatives
intend to do about them?
What action does the House and its Vet-
erans' Committee intend to take on the Yar-
borough GI bill?
It can no longer be called a cold war GI
bill because the draftees going into Vietnam
are taking part in a hot war.
If we are such a prosperous, fat, happy
Nation with, as the President bragged yester-
day, an unequaled 52 months of-prosperity,.
we should be able to afford to treat our serv-
icemen fairly and decently.
Whether we do or not, depends on what
the House does about the. Yarborough GI
bill.
QUIET VICTORIES ON THE FARM
FRONT
at this point in the RECORD. Mr. LONG of Missouri. Mr. President,
There being no objection, the text of in the midst of great national and inter-
the telecasts were ordered to be printed national crises, our country has experl-
in the RECORD, as follows: enced a series of quiet victories on the
farm front. This was made very clear
(By Joseph McCaffrey, July 23, 1965) when the Honorable Orville L. Freeman,
One of the strangest things in Washing- Secretary of Agriculture, spoke earlier
ton has been the news blackout on the this week to the annual meeting of the
cold war GI bill. Missouri Farmers Association in Colum-
Little or nothing had been written about bia, Mo.
this bill before the Senate on Monday, finally I am bringing to the attention of the
approved the bill which Texas Senator RALPH
YARBOROUGH has been pushing for so long. Senate this fine speech for it tells so well
Since Senate passage not much more has the great success story of American
been written about it. Actually, there is agriculture in the 1960's. As Secretary
no conspiracy to put the blanket over the Freeman points out, the Missouri Farm-
cold war GI bill. The thunder of silence ers Association operates "from the prem-
that greets it is probably in keeping with ise that what is good for the farm fami-
the general neglect of the peacetime draftee, lies of Missouri and the Nation is good
yet he goes into the shooting war in Vietnam,
or may be shot at in the Dominican Republic for the Missouri Farmers Association."
or, perhaps, be shot at in some part of the Certainly, MFA deserves our high praise
world where at this very moment there is for benefiting both the farmer and the
no shooting, but soon may be. The Yar- consumer alike.
borough bill, passed on Monday, would fill Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
the gap left by the expiration of the Korean
war GI bill. The next step is up to the sent that this 'speech be printed in full
House of Representatives. Although there is at this point in the RECORD.
no inclination on the part of editors and There being no objection, the addresg
commentators to push the cold war GI bill, was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
there is a huge lobby forming to support it: as follows:
The thousands and thousands of veterans ADDRESS BY SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE OR-
who would benefit from it, but most impor- VILLE L. FREEMAN BEFORE THE ANNUAL
tant it has something else behind it: public CONVENTION OF THE MISSOURI FARMERS
Conscience, which recognizes that we must ASSOCIATION, STEPHENS COLLEGE AUDrro-
into combat. for the men who are now being sent RIUM, COLUMBIA, Mo., AUGUST. 2, 1965
nto combat.
It is this, in the end which will force action There are some experiences which-no
on the Yarborough bill in the House of Rep- matter how often repeated-are ever new,
resentatives. and revive a man's zest for life and his joy
(By Joseph McCaffrey, July 29, 1965) in it:
Now that we frankly talk of the situation Like feeling the trusting touch of the hand
In Vietnam as a war, and we double the draft of a little child;
quotas, with the possibility that it may be Recognizing the voice of an old friend by
tripled within a short time, it is time to the warmth of it;
get a small beam of light focused on Senator Seeing the haze of loveliness that wraps it-
RALPH YARaoxouGH's cold war 01 bill. The self around a mother, a wife, a daughter;
Senate has already approved this bill, the and,
House has given no indication that it is Seeking to match the intense concentra-
interested. Yet we are moving to a wartime tion of an inquisitive boy.
footing. Another of these always refreshing ex-
We are stepping up the draft calls, as we periences is looking out over the versatile
did when we started the long haul in Korea, and vigrant farmlands of the Midwest in the
but the men who went into Korea knew that midst_ofa growing season. There is always
if they could come out alive, they would have inspiration, accompanied by a deep sense of
the same GI bill benefits which veterans of gratitude, in seeing firsthand the combina-
of his resolute and reverent support of the World War II received. tion of farmer skills with nature's gifts that
ideals of American patriotism as exemplified The draftee going into the war in Vietnam results in the miracle we know as food
in his letters.") doesn't have this going for him, nor will he abundance.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 4, 1965
So I find it good-good indeed--to be with
you in this place, at this time. Thank you
for inviting me.
Four years have gone by since we were last
together at an annual meeting of the Mis-
souri Farmers Association. Since 19611 have
come to know the membership of this orga-
nization better than I did then-many of the
more than 150,000 of you personally-all of
you through the quality of your organiza-
tion and the character of the leadership you
chose for it.
These associations and observations have
led me to two conclusions about the Mis-
souri Farmers Association.
One is that you do not accept progress as
inevitable. You look upon progress as a
process demanding imagination and crea-
tivity * * * sensitivity and sensibility * * *
anticipation and dedication * * * and plain
hard work.
The other is that you consistently operate
from the premise that what's good for the
farm families of Missouri and the Nation
Is good for the Missouri Farmers Association.
I've seen you apply this principle internally,
as you weighed possible immediate advan-
tages for your cooperative enterprises against
the potential for long-term gains and in the
whole of agriculture; and I've seen you apply
it in helping create and Implement national
farm and food policies and programs.
For establishing and following these com-
mendable standards, you have my admiration
and respect.
This organization's spirit and Its concept
of proper priority-as well as the personal
philosophy and abilities you have recognized
for a quarter of a century-have contributed
to making your Fred Heinkel an internation-
ally recognized agricultural leader.
Fred Heinkel holds the dual role of an
architect, and a builder, in the food and
agriculture policies and programs of the
1960's.
Few commodity programs, now or in the
past, have records of performance and pop-
ularityequalling that of our present feed
grains program. It was the first big step in
bringing farm production policy into har-
mony with the era of abundance. The chair-
man of the advisory committee which played
a major part in the creation of the feed
grains program, and in perfecting it
through the years since 1961, was Fred
Heinkel.
Fred, I want MFA members to know that
no one has done more for American agricul-
ture through this period of almost 5 years
than you. And if you will accept a personal
tribute, I want to express my own high re-
gard and warm affection.
Earlier I recalled it has been,4 years since
I attended an annual MFA meeting. At that
time we discussed what needed doing in the
decade of the 1960's to correct inequities
that were denying parity of income oppor-
tunity to our farm families and threatening
the destruction of the free enterprise family
farm system.
Since then, working together, we have cor-
rected, and we have innovated.
We have broadened the avenues of eco-
nomic, educational and social opportunity
for the people of rural America-farm and
nonfarm.
By combining the abilities, the knowledge,
the resources and the purposes of people
and government we have moved steadily
upward on a number of fronts from the low
levels of 1960.
As Al Smith once said: "Let's look at the
record."
Farm earnings today are substantially bet-
ter than they were. Realized net farm income
in this year of 1965 is now expected to total
$13.5 billion-the highest since 1953 and
some $1.8 billion more than our farm fami-
lies earned in 1960.
Today's income is better than that of 1960
because we've succeeded in moving to more
equitable farm price levels. In the early
summer of 1960 the average return to farm-
ers from soybeans was $1.94 a bushel. This
year it was $2.72-78 cents a bushel more.
Here are some other early summer of 1960
and 1965 comparisons:
Corn: $1.09 a bushel, then $1.30 now.
Hogs: $16.20 a hundredweight then, $22.70
now.
Cattle: $21.70 then, $23 a hundredweight
now.
Lambs: $20.10 then, $25 a hundredweight
now.
Wool: 45 cents a pound then, 49 cents a
pound now.
All hay: $15.90 then, $20 a ton now.
Farm spending Is better than it was. The
income gains are reflected in improved rural
town and city economies as sales of goods
and services to farmers trend upward. Last
year, when gross farm income was $4 billion
over the total of 1980, farmers increased
their expenditures for automobiles by over
$600 million and boosted other expenditures
for capital goods and machinery by another
$400 million. Better living on the farm
means better living in St. Louis, Kansas City,
Detroit, and Rock Island.
Food is a better bargain than it was. For
the millions of American consumers, food is
the best buy they find in retail stores. This
year, for the average family, food costs will
take about 18.3 percent of income after taxes.
In 1960, food required 20 percent-and the
diet contained less beef. If the same per-
centage of income were being spent for food
in 1965 as consumers were spending in 1960,
they would have $7 billion less to spend on
other things.
Food distribution is better than it was.
We're doing a much-improved job of making
our food abundance cover the whole of our
society-our families requiring public as-
sistance, and our school children. The
USDA's food programs are now reaching over
40 million American adults and youngsters
each year. The volume of food distributed
through these domestic programs has in-
creased from 900 million pounds in 1959-60
to 2.1 billion pounds in 1964-65. In addi-
tion, a growing volume of food is moving
into the homes of low-income families
through commercial channels under the
food stamp program.
Farm exports are better than they were.
Sales of agricultural commodities overseas
are expected to reach a new record of $6.1
billion in the current fiscal year. It will be
the second year in a row with farm exports
in excess of $6 billion, as compared with
$4.5 billion in fiscal 1960. This means more
than better markets, better incomes, for farm
families-it means expanded job and income
opportunities in the areas of processing and
shipping-and it makes a substantial contri-
bution to a favorable balance of payments.
From a humanitarian standpoint and from a
commercial standpoint the expanded utili-
zation of American food and fiber abroad
contains the greatest opportunity for maxi-
mum use of our great food production plant.
In this effort there is need for the facilities
and the skills of our cooperatives, and the
interest demonstrated by MFA is most
welcome.
The supply-demand relationship is better
than it was. Surpluses are down. Carry-
over stocks of grain by the end of the year
will be at the lowest level since the mid-
1950's, which means greater farm price stabil-
ity and a cut in storage and handling costs
for taxpayers.
We can take pride and satisfaction in these
achievements.
What we've done in the past 4 years is
proof it Is possible to base a reasonable,
progressive, serviceable food and agricultural
policy on a concept of abundance rather than
scarcity, benefiting producers and consumer
alike.
That doesn't mean we have achieved full
parity in income opportunity for our ade-
quate; commercial family farms or that rural
America as a whole is moving ahead In job
and other opportunities as rapidly as it must
to reach our goal of parity of opportunity.
But we're on the right track.
Whether we stay on it depends upon the
decisions the Congress makes this month on
legislation that will make it possible to con-
tinue-with a variety of improvements-the
policies that have provided fuel for the steady
progress made since 1960.
Let me emphasize that these legislative
proposals are not designed to maintain the
status quo. While incorporating the dy-
namic parts of our past experience, the om-
nibus farm bill Is designed to encourage de-
velopment of an agricultural plant and a
family farm economy that will respond to
the potentials of the future.
The same mechanisms that made things
better than they were are not necessarily
sufficient to make them better than they are,
Enactment of forward-looking legislation
is mandatory to a forward-moving rural
economy, a forward-moving national econ-
omy.
Failure to act will be catastrophic to both.
Studies made by the Congress, by univer-
sity economists, and others agree that if we
fail to extend our farm commodity programs
we will quickly experience a decline of as
much as 50 percent from the current, still
inadequate net farm income level.
Anyone can understand a 50-percent pay
cut, and its impact upon the individual
family directly affected. But let me turn
your attention, and the attention of the
entire Nation, to what such a blow to the
farm economy would mean to the whole of
the country's economic well-being.
A qui,k look at the farm credit situation is
most revealing:
On January 1, 1965, the total farm debt
amounted to $36 billion. That's 45 percent
more than it was just 5 years ago. It is
nearly 200 percent over the farm debt total
of 1950.
It is a matter of L-cep, personal concern to
the farm families who owe it. It should also
be a matter of both humanitarian and eco-
nomic concern to nonfarmers, because if
farm families cannot pay it, city families
are going to be in trouble, too.
The debt situation in agriculture is
neither better, nor worse, than in other sec-
tors of the economy. Farm debt has in-
creased at about the same rate as the debt
of corporations, and at a somewhat slower
rate than consumer debt and private non-
corporate debt.
Indications are that the sharp rise In
farm debt is not due to the use of credit as a
substitute for income.
Rather, the increase has resulted largely
from borrowing by farmers to increase the
efficiency of their operations, and borrowing
by young farmers becoming established on
adequate family farms. And comparatively
few of them are having debt difficulties so
far-this fact is made clear by the excellent
record made by farm lending institutions in
collections from 1961 through 1964, and the
near-record low levels of delinquencies and
foreclosures.
If we succeed in maintaining the farm in-
come gains of the past 4 years; if we continue
our already significant progress toward full
parity of income opportunity for the oper-
ators of the growing numbers of adequate
family farms, the farm debt situation is not
likely to cause serious difficulties for most
farmers, for the communities which provide
them with goods and services, or for the
urban factory workers dependent upon rural
markets for a substantial share of their
employment.
However, a sharp decline in farm income
resulting from failure to continue construc-
tive farm and food policies and programs
would, on the other hand, quickly upset the
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entire rural credit structure. It would de-
prive farmers of the ability to borrow or to
repay the massive debt load they carry today.
It would mean wholesale foreclpsure and
liquidation. It would mean rural chaos that
would quickly infect the entire economy.
Once again newspapers would repeat, in
headlines, the old adage that depressions are
farm led and farm fed.
The times of truly great tragedy in rural
America have been the times of mass fore-
closures. In this community and in others
across the land, scars still remain as a re-
minder of the last time an accelerated down-
grading of the value of a man, his family,
and his farm made it impossible for the
family farmer to make the payments on his
mortgage.
The stakes are big this month as the Con-
gress prepares to act on the Great Society
farm program. If it is enacted into law,
we can look forward to steady progress, and
it wouldn't be unreasonable at all to antici-
pate in the next 4 years a repeat of the thou-
sand-dollay gain in realized net income. per
farm of the last 4 years.
But-if we fail to build upon. the experi-
ence and the programs and the progress of
the 1961-65 period, the outlook will be grim
indeed. If failure to adopt reasonable, pur-
poseful legislation brings a drop in net farm
income from the current level down to just
$6 billion a year, every American will suffer.
In that event the efficient family farm struc-
ture that now ranks among the wonders of
the modern world Would be wiped out. No
one can predict what might replace it, but
the food abundan r and fair prices con-
sumers now accept as casually as the air they
breathe would be gravely threatened.
If we fail to respond to both the responsi-
bility and the opportunity contained in the
food and agriculture bill now before our
Congress, we'll appear in the coloring book
of history painted thoughtless and indiffer-
ent-perhaps even ruthless.
I believe in the positive approach-and so
do you, or you couldn't face up to the year-
after-year, season-after-season hazards of
farming.
I can sense, a growing realization among
all the people of our country that they have
a good thing going for them in the, policies
and programs that give rural America sta-
bility and sound growth prospects; give ur-
ban America an abundance of good food at
fair prices; and, give the hungry of the
world not only, a source of food, but a
fountain of know-how that can improve their
ability to feed themselves.
If that realization comes to flower in terms
of constructive legislation this month, the
prospects are excellent that the twin goals of
parity of income for the adequate family
farm and parity of opportunity for all of
rural America can be reached by the end
of the sixties,
Let's keep our wa o. hitched to that star.
UANAM
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, Life mag-
azine has this week summed up the
situation in Vietnam in an editorial,
"Johnson Means Business in Vietnam,"
which clearly outlines the nature of
America's goal:
Russian communism, a generation older
than Chinese, was contained in Europe by
20 years of Western force and firmness and
is now beginning to look more like a version
of Russian national interest than the un-
appeasable firebrand it once was.
The implication there is clear, but it
is spelled out nonetheless; Life points
out that Asia's Red tyrants are aging
and that their successors-
will be inevitably influenced by the inherited
structure of their world. If they see a string
of victories behind the openings ahead, with
the West in wavering retreat, they will be
more revolutionary than their predecessors.
If their prospect is instead one in which the
rim of Asia is a strongly guarded homeland
of free and prospering people, the younger
Reds may choose to concentrate on their
copious domestic problems and follow the
Russian example of a mature revolution.
It is possible, Mr. President, to con-
tain Red Chinese imperialism. To those
who doubt this, to those who raise the
dogmas laid down by military leaders
about wars in Asia, Life has an answer:
If it is dogmas we need, America has some
good ones: The belief that America has a
purpose as well as interests in the world,
that the purpose and the interests are not
regional but global, and that American free-
dom cannot be protected at the cost of those
whose freedom we have promised to defend.
Vietnam is the place where these beliefs once
more are put to the test.
I ask unanimous consent that this edi-
torial from Life be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
JOHNSON MEANS BUSINESS IN VIETNAM
"This is really war," said President John-
-son. But not a "national emergency"; that
he refused to declare. A similar ambivalence
marked his whole report to the people on
his much publicized full-dress review of
our Vietnam policy last week.
Vietnam is enough of a real war so that
he has doubled the draft call to 35,000 a
month and is now sending another 50,000
troops to support the deteriorating Viet-
namese resistance. On the other hand, he
rejected the immediate call up of reservists
and saw no present need for civilian belt-
tightening. Our national war aim is per-
haps more resolute but still defensive: to
prevent Communist domination of Asia.
Unchanged also, though more emphatic, is
our readiness for "unconditional discussions
with any government at any place at any
time." In sum, the President's prescrip-
tion for Vietnam is a marked intensifica-
tion of what we are already doing-i.e., more
of the same.
"More" means deeper involvement in a
remote and tragic land where an increas-
ing number of Americans are in fact al-
ready dying-over 400 since February 1.
Their death places have names like Phu Bai,
Danang, Ban Me Thout, Kontum, Pleiku.
These place names may someday be chis-
eled on monuments in Michigan and Kan-
sas, under those other names, once also
thought exotic, like Chateau-Thierry, An-
zio, Tarawa, Pusan.
"The same" means that any further es-
calation of the conflict will be by steps as
carefully measured as in the past. We fight,
says Johnson, to force or induce a negotiated
settlement, not to invite "an expanding
struggle with consequences that no one can
perceive." This caution, coupled with his
renewed appeals for peace initiatives from
other nations and from the U.N., may dis-
arm some critics of the morality of Johnson's
Vietnam policy, especially those from abroad.
But while it leaves the President still in
control of all the options on the escalation
ladder, it does not answer certain other
doubts about the practical effectiveness of
that policy. Some of the Congressmen who
support it do so with more fatalism than
conviction. For in this kind of war, more
of the same may not be enough.
"Americans do not like long, inconclusive
wars. This is going to be a long, incon-
clusive war. " The words are Ho Chi Minh's
in 1962. "Son, don't ever get yourself bogged
down in a land war in Asia." The words are
attributed to General MacArthur on his
deathbed and often quoted by Lyndon John-
son himself. These two dogmas have im-
planted a seed of defeatism in the American
mind.
It is part of the long-war dogma that you
can't beat guerrillas without great man-
power superiority, the minimum ratio being
something put as high at 10 to 1. The South
Vietnamese Army, decimated by casualties
and desertions, is now three times the known
strength (about 165,000) of the Vietcong.
if American troops were to redress the nu-
merical ratio, it would take over a million of
them. Even if these troops were to pacify
the entire surface of South Vietnam, so runs
the long-war dogma. Ho Chi Minh's "jungle
Marxism" would go on burning underground
like a mine fire.
From this glum prospect the MacArthur
dogma jogs loose a positive fear: that the
"bogging down" of American troops on the
Asian mainland is an actual aim of Com-
munist long-term strategy. It would drain
and pin down their No. 1 enemy and clear
the road for aggression elsewhere. As
Walter Lippmann keeps arguing, the United
States cannot police the entire world, and
southeast Asia, where U.S. security is not di-
rectly threatened, is a bad place to commit
U.S. power. Says Senator RUSSELL, head of
the Armed Services Committee and no ad-
vocate of withdrawal, "I have never been
able to see any strategic, political, or eco-
nomic advantage to be gained by our in-
volvement" in Vietnam.
These dogmas, fortunately, have not gov-
erned President Johnson's decisions.
Ho Chi Minh's guerrilla tactics are indeed
successful in the countryside, but they still
require him to avoid pitched battles, which
he would lose against superior United States-
Vietnamese firepower. They are much less
useful against the big cities without which he
cannot conquer South Vietnam. Moreover,
Ho's accumulation of small victories has been
compounded by some Pentagon errors in the
conduct of this war, particularly as to timing.
Because of the reluctant and creeping pace
of our commitment, we have generally op-
posed Ho with too little and too late.
The U.S. commitment in Vietnam is much
deeper now. Our men already have combat
missions which they are rapidly learning to
make more effective. The buildup of five
major bases, toward control of the entire
east coast, is of dimensions not seen in Asia
since the Korean war. The air raids on
North Vietnam have many scores of richer
targets on their agenda before the possibility
of Chinese intervention (or more Russian
aid) need deter us. Ambassador Lodge re-
sumes his post with ideas for a new program
than can rekindle both the villagers' military
resistance and their political hope.
As for Communism's grander strategy, it
is of course impossible for the United States
to fight tyranny at all times and in all places.
But it is perfectly possible to contain Red
Chinese imperialism if we so decide.
Russian communism, a generation older
than Chinese, was contained in Europe by 20
years of Western force and firmness and is
now beginning to look more like a version
of Russian national interest than the unap-
peasable firebrand it once was. The Com-
munist tyrants of Asia are now old men-
Mao Tse-tung, 71; Ho, 75-soon to be suc-
ceeded by a new generation. The strategies
of this generation will be inevitably in-
fluenced by the inherited structure of their
world. If they see a string of victories be-
hind the openings ahead, with the West in
wavering retreat, they will be more revolu-
tionary than their predecessors. If their pros-
pect is instead one in which the rim of Asia
is a strongly guarded homeland of free and
prospering people, the younger Reds may
choose to concentrate on their copious do-
mestic problems and follow the Russian ex-
ample of a "mature" revolution.
However that may be, this is no time for
defeatism about Asia, China is not, either
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 4, 1965
now or Inevitably, a superpower dominating
her neighbors; only their fear, induced by
American withdrawal, could make her so.
The President refuses to speculate whether
the Vietnam war will last for "months-or
years---or decades," and such speculation is
indeed bootless until our new commitment
there has shown its military results.
If it is dogmas we need, America has some
good ones: the belief that America has a pur-
pose as well as interests in the world, that the
purpose and the interests are not regional
but global, and that American freedom can-
not be protected at the cost of those whose
freedom we have promised to defend. Viet-
nam is the place where these beliefs once
more are put to the test.
THE 175TH ANNIVERSARY
COAST GUARD
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, I am proud
to endorse the resolution introduced by
my distinguished colleague, Senator
MAGNUSON, of Washington, establishing
August 4 as U.S. Coast Guard Day in
commemoration of the 175th birthday
of this great armed force and humani-
tarian service.
The Coast Guard has always been of
great personal interest to me. Four
months prior to the attack on Pearl Har-
themselves in every theater of opera-
tion. Many a Coast Guardsman never
returned to his home and loved ones.
Some lie buried in lonely graves in the
oceans of the world. They have left us
a heritage of valor which will never be
forgotten.
For myself, I remember with pride
that, in 1957, the Coast Guard cutter
Spar returned to her home port of Bris-
tol, R.I., after completing the first cir-
cumnavigation of the North American
Continent by an American vessel. This
was a significant event in the history of
navigation. By her action, the Spar ful-
filled the dream of navigators since the
time of the Cabots to find an eastward
passage across the-top-of the continent.
Along with my fellow Americans I say:
Congratulations Coast Guard on your
175th birthday. The prayers and best
wishes of the American people go with
you for many additional years of reward-
ing service to country and humanity.
NATIONAL TEACHER CORPS WILL
USE YOUTHFUL COMMITMENT
AND SERVICE
Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, a few
days ago Vice President HuMPHREY de-
livered a moving address to young Gov-
ernment interns at the annual meeting
of the White House seminar. He praised
this new generation for restoring the ex-
citement of dialog and questioning to
America's college campuses.
Large numbers of young people now
are active in campus intellectual fer-
ment, unselfish in commitments to social
justice, and willing to devote productive
years to service. These youthful quali-
ties, the Vice President concludes, create
the climate for such national efforts as
the Peace Corps, VISTA-and now the
National Teacher Corps.
In view of the timeliness of this excel-
lent assessment of the state of America's
young people, I feel all Members of the
Congress should have an opportunity
to read it. I ask unanimous consent that
it be printed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the address
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
I am honored to be with you this morning
at the annual meeting of the White House
seminar.
I have had the privilege of meeting with
this group for each of the past 3 years.
First, let me say that we are pleased to
have your services, if only for one summer.
Even in so short a time you can make signif
ioant contributions here in Washington. And
I think you will gain, too-if only from see-
ing just how things work here. I hope you
will put this experience to good use. At the
risk of sounding like a commencement
speaker, I will say that your generation faces
great tasks and that you will need all the
experience and knowledge you can get.
We are surrounded today by a technology
which is still in its infancy.
Information is already running ahead of
our ability to use it.
We have wealth and power to do great
work-or to destroy ourselves.
The point I want to make this morning
may seem self-evident. But it bears repeat-
ing.
The point is this: That this Nation and
world will survive and prosper only if indi-
vidual man can control the great forces
moving about us.
As society becomes increasingly compli-
cated--and, therefore, by necessity, increas-
ingly organized-there is danger of losing
sight of the individual.
It is precisely in such a complex society
that the individual's needs are greatest. And
it is in such a society that we need men and
women able to exercise individual judgment
and to take individual initiative.
That is why this administration is com-
mitted to giving each child entering life full,
equal, and free opportunity for personal ful-
fillment, while at the same time providing
for the general welfare.
We seek to create an environment where
each American can contribute to and share
in the betterment of the human condition.
We seek to create an environment in which
each man may and will be able to do some-
thing for all men. This is the goal of the
Great Society.
But we will not reach that goal by govern-
ment initiative alone. It will only be
reached, finally, by the commitment, involve-
ment, and action of individual Americans,
each working where he Is.
Is our American society today a society of
individual involvement? Or is it, as some
have charged, a society of individual aliena-
tion?
The test is what is happening around us--
by the signs and symptoms. I think the
signs and symptoms are positive. I think
they give us reason for hope and confidence
concerning the fate of Individual man as
well as our society In general.
There is no question, In fact, in my mind
that your generation is indeed a generation
of Involvement.
The best example of this is seen in ac-
tivity and ferment on campuses across our
country. This should not be cause for worry.
What is happening indicates that the excite-
ment of dialog and questioning has returned
to the campus.
It was not so long ago that we had a
college generation of apathy and com-
placency-a generation of people who simply
didn't care about much except their own
comfort and security, a generation moved
by the herd Instinct. But apathy and com-
placency are not the- mark of your genera-
tion.
The fact is that more and more young
Americans are devoting their productive
years to service.
Some people call this "do-goodism." But
let me say that I pray the day never comes
in our country when a man's best efforts
to aid his fellows-to. "do good"-are re-
jected.
Our young people are not selfish. The
young people of America know that life is
better for them than it was for their par-
ents. They know for certain that it is much
better than it was for their grandparents.
But they are not saying to themselves and
others, "Let's just keep it for ourselves."
This generation, the President has said,
may well become known as the volunteer
generation.
More than 10,000 young volunteers are now
serving in the Peace Corps. More than 3,000
have already returned. And more than 100,-
000 have asked to participate in this bold
bor I enlisted in the ,Coast Guard, my
first duty being that of ships' cook. At
the end of the war I held the rank of
lieutenant and have now the honor of be-
ing a captain in the Coast Guard Reserve.
In the State of Rhode Island, we have
long been aware of the beneficent pres-
ence of the Coast Guard. We know of
its unceasing efforts to provide a greater
measure of safety to all who travel on or
over the sea, Its extensive lifesaving
network has saved many thousands of
lives and billions of dollars in property.
Thousands of Rhode Island boatmen
have been the beneficiaries of the Coast
Guard's work. In the past year alone,
the Coast Guard was responsible for sav-
ing or rescuing from peril more than.
130,000 persons and the value of ships
and cargo saved was nearly $1 billion
or approximately two and one-half times
the Coast Guard's annual budget. That
is a, very good return, indeed, for the
American taxpayer's dollar.
Besides serving the noble cause of
safety at sea, the Coast Guard is hard
at work expanding our knowledge of the
sea upon which our future survival may
depend. Its highly trained port security
organization stands ready to protect our
waterfronts and harbors from hostile
action in the event of emergency, and
its approximately 32,000 officers and en-
listed personnel maintain themselves in
a state of constant military readiness to
serve with the Navy should the need
arise.
Several weeks ago, the Coast Guard
demonstrated its readiness to respond to
emergencies by dispatching, at the Navy's
request, 17 of its 82-foot patrol boats to
help counter North Vietnamese efforts to
supply Communist Vietcong units in the
Republic of Vietnam.
As our country's oldest, continuous,
seagoing military service, the Coast
Guard has the distinction of having taken
part in every major war in which our
Nation has been engaged. In World War
II, the Coast Guard's men, ships and
planes gave an excellent account of
International
political crises can develop and idealistic experiment.
and involve the entire world in the time it When VISTA-the volunteers in-service to
used to take for an ambassador to a small America-was launched, more than 3,000 in-
country to draft his longhand report on a quiries were received from young people on
local uprising. the first day of business.
Two-thirds of the world Is poor and seek- These were volunteers for jobs without
ing to break through, by whatever means, to great financial reward, for hard and often
something better. thankless service.
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August 4, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD,--HOUSE
credit on Larry O'Brien and the White
House, Larry ,O'Brien is known to all of
us here in Congress as a skilled tactician
but a most reasonable and understand-
ing man. He has always been willing to
listen to the other man's point of view
while carefully explaining the White
House point of view to Members. Larry
O'Brien always remembers that he is
dealing with elected Members of Con-
gress, sent here by the voters,, and not
appointed government officials. He has
.always understood the responsibilities
that House and Senate members have to
the electorate. This is one of the reasons
why he has been so successful on Capitol
Hill and why he is so genuinely liked and
respected.
Mr. Speaker, I ask permission to have
William S, White's column entitled
"O'Brien's Contribution," printed with
my remarks, at this point in the RECORD:
JOHNSON PROGRAM-O'BRIEN'S CONTRIBUTION
(By William S. White)
There are two incredible realities about
President Johnson's program in Congress, and
it is a close question as to which is the more
improbable.
One Is the profound and unexampled scope
of the legislation that has moved so sedately
and surely through the Senate and House.
What Congress under Mr. Johnson's spur Is
doing In all fields of social legislation is in
depth and total meaning beyond what any
Congress has ever done for any President in
any like period-not excluding Franklin D.
Roosevelt at the top of his power.
The other unreal reality is that all this is
being accomplished with so quiet, so casual,
an air of professional competence that the
country is hardly aware of the immense alter-
ations being made in the whole fabric of its
collective life.
Five enactments of historic significance
have already followed one another in orderly
and ordained sequence, as steadily and
calmly as a trained squad of men filing by in
quickstep. Four of these-aid to the Appa-
lachian region, Federal assistance to educa-
tion in a fundamental way, medicare, and
Negro voting rights-had been in one way
or another sought for decades-for. 2 to 3
decades in some Instances, for 10 decades in
the case of civil rights.
A fifth, the measure not merely to broaden
Government-aided housing but also to pro-
vide Government rent subsidies to tenants, is
so far-reaching as never before to have been
proposed at all. -
In any Congress one had known in the past
any one of these huge bills would have pro-
voked a struggle to shake the very walls of
the Capitol. This time, each one has gone
forward in about the atmosphere of strife
and drama a postman might stir in making
his rounds in the suburbs.
Perhaps history will have to determine the
ultimate degree of wisdom or unwisdom. in
these unprecedented congressional actions.
Some onlookers, including this onlooker, will
not wait so long. They cannot down grave
anxieties as to whether we ought to have
gone so far so quickly in some of these many
directions. Anyhow, we have gone there.
Mr. Kennedy quite as well as the next fellow,
also loved the causes and the country he was
supposed to represent. So those causes and
that country-and President Johnson, too-
he has served with signal loyalty and high
competence. If the record of the first session
of the first Johnson Congress is extraordi-
nary-and all can agree on that much, at
least-extraordinary has been O'Brien's con-
tribution to it.
No man has so ably embodied the transi-
tion from the Kennedy to the Johnson era.
And no man has done his full duty with less
cocktail circuit posturing and self-promo-
tion. The reason is not dreadfully hard to
find. O'Brien is a true professional; he is
concerned with results and not with doctrinal
hairsplitting and ideological hissing matches.
And so nobody has had to draw him a little
map of the trails through that tough terrain
where .the bureaucratic jungle merges with
the legislative jungle up on Capitol Hill.
MILITARY MEN PERFORMING CIVIL-
IAN TYPE WORK IN THE ARMED
SERVICES
(Mr. HENDERSON asked and was
given permission to address the House for
1 minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. HENDERSON, Mr. Speaker,
there are today at least 50,000 active-duty
military men in our armed services per-
forming civilian-type work who could
and should be moved into combat units.
These are in addition to those under-
going training or who have been rotated
from overseas.
The Subcommittee on Manpower has
noted in the past few years an increasing
number of combat-trained military men
working as carpenters, painters, chauf-
feurs, typists, stock clerks, statisticians,
historians, and so forth. We have also
been told by Department of Defense of-
ficials that the military men in these sup-
port jobs are more.expensive than civil
service employees. This is due to the
heavy turnover and training costs of the
military men.
Likewise, in view of the current crisis
in Vietnam, with the need there for addi-
tional military manpower, the subcom-
mittee members join me in urging that
the administration first bolster our com-
bat units by taking the tens of thousands
of seasoned, trained, active-duty military
men out of civilian-type jobs in prefer-
ence to untrained military just out of
civilian life. This move would not only
Insure immediately a stronger military
posture but would also save the taxpay-
ers millions of dollars.
The Assistant Secretary of Defense for
Manpower, Hon. Norman S. Paul, indi-
cated to the subcommittee on July 13,
1965, tentative plans to move military
personnel out of civilian jobs. The sub-
committee plans to closely watch this
important manpower program.
So, how was it all done? Primarily, of President Johnson this week has re-
course, it was done by an occupant of the quested the Secretary of Defense to re-
White House whose skill in leading and prod- view the utilization of active-duty
ding Congress is matchless in our time, But military personnel to insure the maxi-
the-White House shelters more than one man; mum number of well-trained men for our
and the No. 2, man in this performance Is combat forces.
entitled to 'a great share of credit or blame.
This. No. 2. man is Lawrence O'Brien, the Today I sent a letter o Secretary
,President's principal agent in liaison with McNamara offering the cooperation of
Congress, and before that, a member of what our subcommittee in this program and
,the eggheads around President Kennedy were urging that he move ahead.
pleased to call, with a.certeiup. condescension, I recognize that my friend and col-
"Kennedy's Irish Mafia." O'Brien, who loved league, the able chairman of the Armed
18727
Services Committee, the gentleman from
South Carolina, Hon. MENDEL RIVERS, has
final authority in this particular area of
military strength; but may I also add
that the Subcommittee on Manpower for
years has been studying the ratio of
civilian employees to military personnel
in support work. We have and will con-
tinue to work with the Armed Services
Committee.
I am today sending a copy of my letter
to Chairman RIVERS and also a copy to
the chairman of the Senate Armed Serv-
ices Committee, the Honorable RICHARD
RUSSELL.
Mr. Speaker, colleagues, now is a time
for both action and cooperation by all.
GIRLS NATION
(Mr. GLENN ANDREWS asked and
was. given permission to address the
House for 1 minute and to revise and ex-
tend his remarks.)
Mr. GLENN ANDREWS. Mr. Speaker,
Washington today is host to some of the
loveliest ladies in the Nation. Two
members from most States are here to-
day representing the Girls Nation. This
is a project in citizenship sponsored by
the American Legion National Auxiliary
of which my State, Alabama, happens to
have the president, Mrs. Walter Wilde
Andrews and the director of the Girls
Nation also comes from my State, Miss
Dan Waite.
I am Indeed glad to have visiting in
Washington today also a young woman
from my district, Miss Anthony. We are
delighted to have them all, and it is with
great pride that I welcome them to
Washington.
NORTH VIETNAM SHIPPING
(Mr. CHAMBERLAIN asked and was
given permission to address the House
for 1 minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. Mr. Speaker, I
am deeply concerned about the volume of
free world shipping that continues to
supply North Vietnam. On July 22, as
the RECORD will show, I called to the at-
tention of my colleagues that during
1964, 401 ships flying flags of the free
world nations called at North Vietnam
ports and that during the first 6 months
of 1965, 74 additional vessels had carried
cargoes to supply the enemy. I further
pointed out the almost unbelievable fact
that 24 of the vessels that had called at
North Vietnam during 1964 have sailed
into the harbors of this country a total
of 75 times since January 1964.
I have just recently learned that in
addition to these vessels, that have been
trading with North Vietnam and also
using our ports, there are two other ships
that have called at the ports of both
countries this year. Specifically, the
Meiwa Maru, flying the Japanese flag,
arrived in North Vietnam on February
15 and on April 18 was in Tacoma, Wash.;
and the Saronis, flying the Greek flag,
was in North Vietnam on January 25, in
Wilmington, N.C., on April 21, and in
Baltimore on April 26. I might add that
prior to sailing to Vietnam in January,
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August ., 1965
this same ship was in New Orleans on
September 25 of last year.
This shipping to the enemy by our so-
called friends is something that the
American people do not understand.
permitting these ships to use our own
ports is something that can never be
satisfactorily explained.
Again, I want to point out that these
are unclassified figures and that every
Member of this House should take the
time to inform himself of the true extent
of this trade by demanding the classified
reports. Some means must be found to
stop this traffic that is betraying the
American. people.
THE "OTEPKA CASE-PART I"
(Mr. HALL asked and was given per-
mission to address the House for 1 min-
ute, to revise and extend his remarks,
and to Include extraneous matter.)
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, I have re-
cently called our colleagues' 'attention to
the piecemeal release of the other body's
Subcommittee on Internal Security
concerning the "Otepka Case-Part I";
and actually feel that this technique may
be profitable, in that it will keep the
thorn festering in the side of the State
Department, if we will but pay attention.
Many others have joined me, including
members of the House Committee on
Foreign Affairs, for its counterpart in
the other body of the Congress. The
delay of the Otto Otepka case in the
State Department, where it has been
oftentimes postponed on the flimsiest of
excuses by the Secretary himself; and
particularly the appointment to a re-
sponsible foreign service post of the dis-
credited William Weiland in the face
of this injustice, has brought response
from many readers throughout the
country. In the meantime the para-
doxical situation persists, and freedom
weeps.
The second volume of the Senate In-
ternal Security Subcommittee's hear-
ings has now been released, and if one
would but. call upon the Government
of William Weiland," certainly the sac- ington area, whose phone number and
rosanct officials who hide behind execu- address are within my files, and whose
tive privilege would rescind Weiland's permission I have to use this document
order and release him posthaste from which supports my above observations in
the State Department, while restoring a very personal way. She is the sister-in-
Otto Otepka to his deserved and respon- law of a personal friend of mine, a sen-
sible position. eral practitioner in Missouri, who is also
Mr. Speaker, it now evolves that the a true patriot and concerned about our
State Department hearings for Otepka ship of state. I think the expose and
have been delayed an additional 2- arguments are revealing, personal and
months' period-until mid-October 1965. convincing. I commend deep and intro-
This dashes hopes that high authority, spective reflection on these problems to
including the President If necessary, all of our colleagues in the hope that we
would clean up the State Department's will act appropriately and exercise pru-
security mess. Simultaneously, mini- dent judgment on the basis of informa-
mal reading of part 2 of "The Otepka tion now available:
Case-I" shows that security abuses On -0 OTEpaA: THE WAR IN VIETNAM AND Y00
persist in the State Department. Some people in this country have a fleeting
Since when does this Nation punish memory of the Otepka case, others have never
the truth and exonerate a man who heard of it, and still others in Government,
perjures himself under oath, with addi- who are directly involved, wished they'd never
tional reward of a high and responsible heard of it. The August issue of Reader's
office? Digest carried the story "The Ordeal of Otto
Since when does the Attorney General Otepka." How many Americans realize that
the ordeal of Otto Otepka is really theordeal
affirm clearance by a special personnel of the American people? When the State
board in face of additional evidence that Department bureaucrats persecute a man like
a man has testified under oath that in Mrr. Otepka, to cover up their own inadegna-
Meanwhile the Nation feels the loss of a
man J. Edgar Hoover once called one of the
finest and most knowledgeable security of-
ficers in the history of the State Depart-
ment. Only a man who knows he is right
could have stood the harassment meted out
by the "Foggy Bottom" bureaucrats. Harass-
ment Including bugging his phone, changing
locks on his safe in front of his former staff,
and transferring or punishing those who
would dare to testify In his behalf.
Meanwhile back at the house, there have
been men watching the family with binocu-
lars from a car parked across the street. Vio-
lins and strange noise played through their
phone. Even I got calls with one no one there
when I picked up the receiver. My "Mr. No-
body," as Edith and I came to call him,
started ringing me up after I wrote a letter
in Otto's behalf to the Washington Star, in
November 1963 (see enclosure). After I
wrote this letter, Edith and Otto came to my
home to thank me, this was the first time
I met Otto Otepka face to face. He didn't
impress me as a mutilator of documents, a
conspirator, or a man who would exhibit
conduct unbefitting a State Department offi-
cial. I felt my opinion of the hearings and
Otto was justified. Here was a man who
clearly had the best interest of our country
at heart.
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the critical days prior to the Bay of Pigs ties, this country is faced with disasters like
fiasco, he had seen Castro just once China, Cuba, and now Vietnam.
when, in fact, he had seen him six times? I first became acquainted with the Otepka
case when my Republican precinct chairman
Since when does the Department of called me. She said "Myra, I'm offering my
Justice refuse to prosecute a man like resignation; my husband is in trouble in the
Weiland who has committed the above, State Department, and I don't want to in-
plus refusing to state his alias on a Fed- volve the Republican Party in my personal
eral personnel form? problems." Because of the fine work she had
Since when do we engage in politics done, Edith Otepka was kept on as precinct
as usual with a dangerous diplomatic chairman. However our local Republican
halfway around the officeholders from the county chairman to
battle going on our Republican Congressman have done
world? nothing to help the Otepkas. Because of my
Certainly, Mr. Speaker, no Govern- friendship with Edith my involvement In the
went employee should ever again be case became a personal thing.
subjected to the harassment and indig- In the summer of 1963 Edith and Otto
nities suffered by Otto Otepka-and went to St. Louis to enroll their daughter in
others-whose only error was belief that Washington University. The State Depart-
ment brought out charges shortly after they
national interest and straightforward returned. I remember wondering if I
testimony before a committee of this should call Mrs. Otepka to see If there was
Congress was worth while, but purging anything I could do to help them. I called
oneself seems to be the custom in the their neighbor, to see if they had returned
entire daisy chain of State Department home. Marcia said "Yes, they were home and
officials who ganged up to do the bidding everything looked normal over there." I then
of those in charge to protect less worthy called Edith, on the pretext of seeing If she
had contacted my brother-in-law in St. Louis.
individuals, or even an ideal. It must She hadn't had time to reach Barney, but
be the Department of State face-sav- thanked me for calling and offering my help.
ing technique. Such erroneous actions When I asked what the case involved,
include, first, unjust demotion; second, Edith replied, write the U.S. Government
threats of assignment, and reassign- Printing Office and request No. 87265-"The
ment; third, unjust removal of official Case of meeting OI came is how with-
duties, including deprivation cf files, a out even thousand pages Otto, ca Internal Sue-
r
secretarial help and office space; fourth, committee hearings. Maybe it was just a
tapping of telephone lines at home and trick of fate that I am an avid reader and
at the State Department; fifth, the se- also wondered what really happened in Cuba.
cret shadowing of guiltless employees; Or maybe, as Edith feels, because of her
sixth, induced ostracism by fellow em- deep religious convictions, it was the will
ployees ordered not to associate with of God. After reading the hearings, I came
Otepka; seventh, specific prohibition to have the same high regard for Otto that
against communicating with the other I had for Edith. To this day, I consider
them two of the finest people I have ever
body's Internal Security Subcommittee; known. Anyone who reads these hearings
and, eighth, malicious use of administra- or the new hearings on "The Otepka Case,"
tive processes in bringing false charges will see clearly that Otto is a dedicated
against an employee attempting to Carry tAmerican, h awhosetonlymmmtee. What made
out his duties, and making these charges such to pate
public in order to damage the employee's this rut superiors a evadecrime d was answering the some fact that his
questions
reputation. and told downright lies in reply to other
If the administrative branch will not questions.
act, it is indeed high time that the Con- Almost 2 years have passed since the State
gress exercise true surveillance and over- Department brought their charges against
sight, not only in this general area, but Otto Otepka. He has been reported fired,
in this specific instance. pending his appeal. In real language this
 August 4, A ped For Rtl tJ%MRJL QAtMS7B0J ROD X 0190006-3 A4307
cent of Pennsylvania's total production (General Public Utilities Corp. through the transmission and the development of large
in 1964. The prospect is both gratifying Jersey Central Co., is a part owner of the scale generating units. "This has been so,"
and invigorating. Keystone project and Penelec is constructing he said, "both from the standpoint of the
Once again, Mr. Speaker, America is and will own portions of the east-west extra economic Impact of siting 9-mouth plants in
learning that. investor-owned utilities, high voltage transmission lines emanating our State and in the action of Penelec and
ity and i i from Keystone. The general public utilities other investor-owned electric companies to
left to g tr awnvestor
companies' power production operations are pass along the economic advantages to their
tion without. Federal interference or tax- further coordinated with other eastern utili- customers." He noted that while Penelec
subsidized competition, are fully pre- ties through their participation in the Penn- had reduced rates three times in 1965 alone,
pared to provide all the energy that will sylvania-New Jersey-Maryland interconnec- and had initiated reductions totaling over
be needed in the next year, the next tion-the world's oldest and one of the $6 million in the past 5 years, it considered
decade, and the next century. And.in largest power pools.) the substantial investment represented by
the process, the Nation will grow and Mr. Roddis noted that Penelec's forecast today's announcement as: "intended to help
presper: of increased demand for electricity by its us assure our customers that electric service
Asa customers and the planned retirement of old will remain the best bargain in Pennsylvania
jpart of "being remarks, I include the and less efficient generating units would in the years to come."
announcement being made jointly today' require Penelec to have substantial addi- Mr. Roddis and Mr. Bell stated also that,
by these two utilities: tional generating capability and that the "our project illustrates the intention and
THE Erezsey CENTER, OF THE. EAST coordinated installation of a 9-mouth extra ability of investor-owned utilities to meet
Plans for amulti-million-dollar Interstate high voltage program would meet the re- the Nation's growing electric power require-
electric power project, including a $140 mil- quirements of both utilities in 1970. ments and to work toward further reduction
lion mine mouth generating station near Although this project would create the in power costs-and to achieve these ends
'Horner ('.it- he+,nuun T,,.14 ,-., ?,, first transmission tip. of r:ntrz, high
ced today by Pennsylvania Elec -
v t
tricCo. and New York State Electric & Gas
Corp.
The 1,280,000 kilowatt mine mouth power-
plant would be jointly owned by the two
,-utilities. It would consume about 3.5 mil-
lion tons of coal a year, most of which would
be mined adjacent to the plant and delivered
by conveyor belts-with the balance to be
mined within a few miles of the site.
Constriction of the plant would commence
next March with the first 640,000-kilowatt
unit in operation by May 1969 and the sec-
ond unit of the same size to be completed
about 18 months later.
The plant site is in an area rich in bitumi-
nous coal. deposits and about 20, miles north-
west of Johnstown. . it is about 15 miles
southeast of the keystone power project un-
der construction near SheloCta and about 12
miles northwest of the contemplated Cone-
maugh powerplant near New Florence. The
installation of the Penelec-New York State
Electric & Gas Corp. plant would mean, when
all three are In operation in the early 1970's,
that this 30-mile stretch, of central western
Pennsylvania could produce over 5 million
kilowatts, (including Penelec's existing. Sew-
ard station) one of the greatest concentra-
tions of electric power production capacity
in the world.
New York State Electric & Gas Corp.'s
share of the output of the station will be de-
livered .by a 345,000-volt transmission line
that will.run 170 miles from the site to the
Elmira-Binghampton, N.Y., area and would
be the fl;st extra-high voltage line to tie
western Pennsylvania directly with upstate
New Yor) . Penelec'e share.. of the station
output will be taken into its transmission
network near the site.
Agreement to proceed with the joint con-
struction of the plant was announced today
by Penelec President Louis H..1i.oddis, Jr.,
and New York State Electric & Gas Corp.
president Joseph M. Bell, Jr. The scope
of ,the. project was cited by the utility execu-
tives as `Illustrating the continuing com-
mitment and ability of investor-owned elec-
tric companies to finance and build the
efficient large-pcale facilities that will assure
consumers in the northeast of , dependable
and low-cost electric,serivice."
The New York utility serves over a half-
million customers, principally in the south
central portion of that State. Penelec serves
420,000 customers-in about a third of the
Commonwealth and including virtually the
entire northern tier and in the central and
couthwes?t$fn. - Parts of Pennsylvania. The
Johnstown, based utility is an operating
company of General Public, Utilities Corp.
and its generating operations are integrated
with its.sister central public utilities com-
panies; Metropolitan Edison Co, of Pennsyl-
vania; New Jersey Power & Light Co. and
Jersey Central Power & Light Co.
Pennsylvania and upstate New York, Penelec
and New York State Electric & Gas Corp.
have maintained transmission connections at
five points along the States' border for many
years. In addition, New York State Electric &
Gas Corp. has 11 major transmission ties
with 4 other utilities and Penelec is inter-
cOs nected with 7 other companies at 13 other
locations.
Design details for the plant are still to
be developed but would be similar In concept
to the neighboring 9-mouth stations. Cool-
ing water for the plant will be continuously
recycled from huge storage basins outside
the plant, sent in to the station's con-
densors where it will pick up heat, returned
outside and into 350-foot tall hyperbolic con-
crete shell natural draft cooling towers and
dropped back down to the storage basins.
Additional supplies of water to make up
for the amounts being evaporated in the
cooling process will be withdrawn from Two
Lick Creek and pumped uphill to the plant
site about a mile away. The creek's flow
will be maintained at an adequate rate all
year round for this purpose by construction
of a reservoir further upstream with 13,000
acre feet of water storage impounded by a
concrete dam.
The siting of the plant in the central
western Pennsylvania soft coal region will
allow the companies to take advantage of
the substantial economies associated with
using readily recoverable, run-of-the-mine
coal with an average heat rate of 12,000 B.t.u.
per pound and requiring minimal prepara-
tion and transportation. Studies have
shown about 125.million recoverable tons of
coal within a_ few miles of the site. The
officials reported that no contracts have as
yet been entered upon with coal companies.
Part of the economic impact of the project
would lie in the fact that the character of
the coal in the area, while suitable for this
plant, is less in demand for other uses and
much of it might not otherwise ever be
mined. It is predicted that operation of
the plant at full capacity would mean 500
or more mining jobs and a large number of
trucking and other associated jobs. Instal-
lation of the plant will also mean a large
number of temporary jobs and substantial
local purchases of materials, supplies and
services during the construction period-all
of which should inject several million dol-
lars a year of additional purchasing power
into this region's economy.
Another feature evaluated in the economic
analysis of the site is its proximity to Pene-
lee's network of 230,000 volt and 115,000 volt
transmission lines leading to maior local
connections. The Vallejo Times-Herald in my home
Mr. Roddis noted that consumers in Penn- district editorialized on July 27 respon-
sylvania have fast been reaping the benefits lively, and in the national interest as
Vietnam: Facts Seff=EE,ideat.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROBERT L. LEGGETT
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, August 4, 1965
Mr. LEGGETT. Mr. Speaker, Ameri-
can policy in Vietnam is really relatively
simple as far as I see it. We strongly
support self-determination of govern-
ment by people, and whereas the issue
of people popularly supporting Com-
munist causes has never arisen, I am
sure that our policy is such that we would
let any people determine their own fu-
ture by majority vote whether it be Com-
munist, Socialist, or democratic.
The problem comes up wl.en one group
seeks to impose a communist system by
force in a protracted battle with outside
interference. The United States will
equalize by force any situation that so
arises in the world.
Respecting Red China, undoubtedly
she should be a member of the U.N. but
sd also should Nationalist China and
therein lies the current conflict.
The President has again urged the
utilization of the U.N. to terminate the
hostilities in southeast Asia. The Com-
munists have steadfastly refused to
recognize this organization or its func-
tion in any fashion in the danger area.
We have offered to talk to anybody in
the world to bring this matter to a con-
clusion. The Communists have refused
to talk with anybody. We are now in
a situation where we are sending sub-
stantial troops abroad, I hope for the
purpose of maintaining the status quo
allowing our technological superiority to
bring the Communists to the bargaining
table without inflicting innumerable
casualities in a large ground war.
I am pleased to see the American pub-
lic gradually recognizing that the truth
and facts in Vietnam are really self-
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A,1308
EVERYONE IN THE Fsrow Now from London come some reports The way to correct the Court's action is to
which, however incredible they seem to us, write Into the Federal Constitution an
Demands and pleas that the Government
"tell the truth about Vietnam" strike a re- may explain the indifference of Hanoi to.. amendment. This amendment has been
ward negotiations. offered by Senator DIEKSEN, of Illinois. All
spondee chord voiced by per Americans, Reliable observers who have visited the the amendment says is that any State may
pose e the administration's nitrationced's by per actions sons or by who those e North Vietnam capital in recent weeks- set up one house of its legislature on other
p ths some western Communists, some neutrals- than a population basis if-emphasis on the
who support them. have returned shaking their heads in won- if-the people of the State want it that way.
of decided Alahout mwcatatt eh e
us have a one in n matte ans derment over a fixation they have found But the Senators opposing the Dirksen ould of domestic concern, when It o comes o- held by both officials and North Vietnamese amendment don't want the people to decide
si noffais re usually it ready to citizens. for themselves. The plain implication is
and look ready to Not only does North Vietnam expect to that the Senators know better than the
di affairs airs our own jareudgm gment judgment more
abdicate win the war. From Ho on down, the North people of the States what is a proper system
Government experts for answers, even ven to the while Vietnamese are flatly convinced that the for the States. Since many of these Sen-
nat quite trusting thorn. United States is torn asunder by dissension ators have been among the most zealous
This was pointed out recently ve Gunnar on the Vietnamese war and that President champions of civil rights, their Inconsistency
AIyrdic, s astute Swedish observer of the Johnson is on the verge of impeachment be- on the Dirksen issue is beyond comprehen-
Writing ncene. cause of his foreign policy. sion.
Writng in the New York Times magazine, Nothing the visitors could say-many of If the people in the States are not capable
be as di ary t the "tends the fact that the or- them friendly to Ho--could shake that con- of deciding such basic questions as the
Government citizen "tends to assume a that fle t viction. Several of the North Vietnamese manner in which they wish their legislatures
has information general & seer." cited the revolt in U.S. colleges, and said to be organized, then it is valid to question
nature, not available to the public." that such attitudes were always the prelude the capacity of the people to decide other
While it may f to the tactical maintain to revolution. questions-who, for instance, should repre-
p his would make sense of the adamant sent them in the U.S. Senate.
li Government officials to that purely this
military matter s the belief ef outside position of Ho Chi Minh and his followers, Maybe, if these anti-Dirksen Senators are
matters not belief if vasly exalt- even if the conviction upon which they are right, we should go back to the old system
rated is gf;Ordi when it maintains not entirely false." relying is utter nonsense. of having U.S. Senators chosen by State
Ordinarily, edfige e about no a Govern- foreign But the question is, What we can do about legislatures. (We wouldn't favor that for a
ment has more e knowledge How can we convey the truth of condi- minute, .but it is just as logical as the op-
co Is pre sand than s d l terlly available in the tions in the United States-and our determ- position to the Dirksen amendment.)
If and t published literature. inatlon not to pull out of Vietnam-to the There are many arguments favoring the
f so, this carries two significant unpile Hanoi regime? Dirksen amendment. But, regardless of all,
fions-one general and the other particular- - Here the lack of communications between other arguments, the issue now before the us: for all of genera the United States and Red China and its Senate is fundamental-the right of the peo-
In general, it means there can no excuse satellites poses a real and serious problem. plc of the States to decide for themselves.
for shrugging off responsibility world afor rena on what the the Washington has its work cut out in try- Despite all the windy debate, this is the only
Nation does in the e world arena to find an answer to this. And that's issue.
k
grounds that we cannot possibly
now-o one of the main reasons it appears inevi-
learn-as much about the issues as the men table that the next few months will see a
who have to make the decisions. considerable buildup in U.S. military forces
In the particular issue of Vietnam, It in South Vietnam,
means that despite any fond hopes, the Gov-
ernment possesses no secret knowledge but
for the revelation of which we could arrive
at a quick and easy solution to the war
there.
"The truth about Vietnam" is as evident
to the ordinary citizen as it is to the man in
the White House.
It is that the Communists want to swallow
up South Vietnam and we intend to stop
them from doing it.
it is that we face a long and increasingly
costly struggle, with no certain prospect
of victory or even some kind of peace that
is neither victory nor defeat.
There are no hidden truths that will make
these obvious truths go away.
The American resolve is further em-
phasized and articulated by the follow-
ing editorial of Kenneth Leake in the
Woodland Daily Democrat on July 31,
1965:
As WE SEE IT:; HANOI DELUSION
It has been more than a little baffling to
Americans-and we suspect to citizens of a
great many other nations-why Ho Chi
Minh and his associates and advisers in the
North Vietnam Government have shown not
even a glimmer of interest in sitting down
at a conference table to try to end the Viet-
namese war.
The United States has tried about every
diplomatic trick in the book to bring about
such discussions.
President Johnson has offered publicly to
hold unconditional negotiations. Various
and sundry mediators, including one of
British Prime Minister Wilson's ablest far-
left friends, have tried to reason with the
Hanoi regime.
Washington has turned on awesome mili-
tary power in sustained attacks, and then
turned it off. Military establishments and
facilities all over North Vietnam have been
bombed, while Hanoi and other major cities
have been conspicuously left alone.
But nothing has worked.
The People Are the Last Word
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. JACK EDWARDS
Or ALABAMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, August 4, 1965
Mr. EDWARDS of Alabama. Mr.
Speaker, today's Washington Daily News
carries an editorial on the subject of leg-
islative reapportionment and I believe
it merits the attention of all.
The editorial follows:
THE PEOPLE ARE THE LAST WORD
In our system of government, as spelled
out by the Constitution and every other
principle we go by, the people are the final
word.
But a substantial number of Members in
the U.S. Senate, although generally classify-
ing themselves as "liberals," are opposed to
this system.
They demonstrate this opposition by the
bitter manner in which they seek to defeat
the so-called Dirksen amendment to the
Constitution.
Last year, the Supreme Court, in an amaz-
ing ruling, held that both houses of a State
legislature had to be apportioned on a strict
population basis-the so-called one-man,
one-vote proposition. This despite the
State-by-State apportionment of the U.S.
Senate, despite the constitutions of most
States, despite recent and specific approval
by the voters in some States of a different
system.
Nobody wants to rip out the Supreme
Court because of this airy decision, although
the decision had the effect of ripping out
most State legislatures.
Britain Lost in Social Mist
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BOB WILSON
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, August 4, 1965
Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, un-
der leave to extend my remarks in the
RECORD, I include the following article
by Eric Sevareid :
BRITIAN LOST IN SOCIAL MIST-ENCRUSTED OR-
GANIZED LABOR TRYING To GET MORE FOR
LESS
(By Eric Sevareid)
LoNDoN.-When I last departed England
4 years ago, a tired Tory government was in
power. Now the long-frustrated Labor Party
has charge and very little has changed, save
that prices are higher. It is as if the country
were searching and searching for the magic
button that would galvanize the people and
move their potentially first-class industrial
complex off dead center.
It is ironic but not at all surprising that
a Prime Minister ostensibly representing the
working class spends his weekends making
speeches insisting that the workers work
harder. The faults of management are ob-
vious enough to any American businessman
who does business here; but organized labor
has become ever more encrusted, bureauc-
ratized, reactionary, and spiritless. Its en-
ergies remain concentrated on getting more
for less.
POPULAR STORY
In an imaginary but popular story, Frank
Cousins, head of Britain's greatest labor ag-
glomeration and now in the Cabinet, is mak-
ing a speech to his followers: "And in 15
years time," he shouts, "we will work only
1 day a week-Wednesday." Voice from the
gallery: "All day?"
Two hundred atomic submarine fitters quit
work over the question of whether they shall
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August 4, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX
which flayed this gallant bastion of democ- ton, YNSN, is serving aboard the USS
racy, could do little to help. All eyes turned Midway, he is not writing from a com
to America, hope of humanity. It was then fortable home or office In the United
that the Saint again performed another States. At the present time his whole
miracle for his beloved Zante. The venerable
Leonidas Zois, official historian of the island life is centered on serving his country
and for half a century keeper of the munici- regardless of the sacrifice and he is
pal archives, while sorting some singed manu- proud of what he is doing. But his job
scripts retrieved from the flames, came across is being made more difficult by the reali-
the correspondence of Count Theodore Caesar zation that some Americans question
Logothetis who headed a contingent of whether what he is doing is worthwhile.
Zakynthian volunteers in the American Rev- While in Vietnam in June on an as-
olution. At the suggestion of Mr. Zois, signment for the Special House Armed
Count Phokion Logothetis, an hereditary
commander of the order and descendant of Services Subcommittee, I talked with
Count Theodore Logothetis, appealed to Dr. hundreds of men and everywhere I heard
Pericles V'oultsos of New York, scion of the the same thing, our military mission in
Vourtzis family of Kalipado, so closely asso- Vietnam seemed very clear to them.
ciated with the island's history, in a dramatic I urge everyone to read the comments
appeal to help the land of his fathers. Upon of this sailor who sees his duty to protect
yDr., h hee was is' elected acceptance Grand of this Master ad Vilam d Vilresponsibil- of our freedom and intends to do his part this historic Order. Upon his subsequent to keep faith with our ideals. His let-
visit to the island in 1954, he was annointed ter should be an inspiration to all Amer-
and officially installed in a resplendent cere- icans:
moray at the St. Dennis' Cathedral in Zante,
attended by Church, lay dignitaries, heredi-
tary knights of, the Order and Royal Govern-
ment officials.
The new Grand Master sounded, the
clarion call to duty. The Knights of the
Order, aware of their obligation, rose to the
occasion. Girding themselves to the enor-
mous task, they rallied round the unfurled
battle banner of St. Dennis and in the_
humjtle spirit of Christian dedication, ap-
plied themselves to the reconstruction of the
island. The results of the 12-year period of
our endeavor are self-evident. Our deeds are
there for the world to see, for others to fol-
low.
Zante, Pearl of the Ionian, like the mythi-
cal phoenix reborn from the ashes of de-
struction, shines bright under azure Grecian
skies once more. The Order of St. Dennis,
this most ancient and historic order of
Christian compassion and depository of
chivalric heritage, is indeed proud of its
contribution. The knights, heirs to a his-
torical, and sacred tradition have proven their
mettle the humane endeavors of the Sov-
ereign Greek Order of St. Dennis of Zante
are outstanding as an example of compas-
sion and understanding; a source of inspira-
tion to all people in promoting. the brother-
hood of man. Paladins of the forlorn, ever
alert for more vistas of human misery to
conquer, they will always continue to serve
mankind in need. These heroes of charity,
representing, in this day and age, chivalry
and the romantic idealism of medieval
knighthood, in their dignity and extraor-
dinary valor, are content with the good
Samaritan reward and live by the Good
Book, "Love ye therefore the stranger; for
ye were strangers in the land of Egypt."
.e'er
t
-
C-Stand in Vietnam J
HON.. CHARLES E. CHAMBERLAIN
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE-OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, August 4, 1965
Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. Mr. Speaker, to
all those who advocate we back down in
Vietnam,; who believe that the price of
standing up to Communist aggression in
South Vietnam is too high, I commend
for their deep contemplation the words
which appeared in the Williamston,
Mich., Enterprise on July 28, written by
a young man who is actually on the firing
line in this war-torn country. Ron Ea-
DEAR SIR: I realize how busy, and I also
realize that this will probably never see
your paper, but, I don't know how William-
ston is reacting about our actions in Viet-
nam, but I have heard about Michigan State
University and the sit-ins and teach-ins
which have been going on, and it makes
me disgusted as well as the rest of the men
aboard Midway.
I feel that these people just don't realize
what they are doing, or else they are doing
it just to be "part of the gang." I know,
for when I was attending Williamston High
School, from 1959-63, I also did things that
I really didn't have reason to do, just to
be part of the gang. What these people
don't realize is that they are just lowering
the men's morale, who are over here fighting
for a cause that they believe in, and if it's
one thing that we need it is morale.
I for one, and I know that many are with
me, feel that this mission is of great impor-
tance to us and Vietnam. If we were to let
the Communists have Vietnam, then they
would feel that they were obligated to keep
on going and eventually take everything that
they could get their hands on, and we
wouldn't do a thing about it, because they
have seen us pull out, and where would the
United States be placed in the minds of
the people? The people of Vietnam right
now have confidence, which they never had
before, and they are realizing that we are
there to help them, and they are doing
better than ever.
At present Midway has been on the coast
of Vietnam since April 9, 1965. We have
had at-sea periods of better than 39 days
each time. We have hardly had any liberty,
and our morales are low. We have given
air support to the Vietnamese, plus the vari-
ous missions concerning bombing of bridges
that are vital to the Vietcong for transpor-
tation, Communist concentrations, and many
other things that I cannot mention.
So far, we have been successful, but if we
do not have the people behind us, we feel
that we are just doing something that is no
avail, btxt if the people would get behind
us and give us some kind of support and
stop all of this "hogwash" of sit-ins, teach-
ins and so forth, that we could do a better
job and be proud of the fact that we are
the men that are keeping the freedom and
liberty for our loved ones and families in the
great United States of America.
I know that this is not a very well put
together letter,_or,__opinion, but at least I
have got it off my mind. Maybe you can get
A4329
Fortas and the U.S. Navy
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. H. R. GROSS
OF IOWA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, August 4, 1965
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, among the
many things that President - Lyndon
Johnson and Abe.Fortas, the President's
nominee for the U.S. Supreme Court
bench, have in common is an uncom-
monly short period of military service in
World War II.
Lyndon Johnson jumped in and out
of uniform in about 7 months. Fortas
apparently made the change in consider-
ably less time.
The "Inside Washington" newspaper
column, written by the veteran cor-
respondents, Robert S. Allen and Paul
Scott, sheds some interesting light on
the subject. It is reproduced herewith:
INSIDE WASHINGTON
(By Robert S. Allen and Paul Scott)
WASHINGTON, August 4,1965.-Members of
the Senate Judiciary Committee, who will
pass on Abe Fortas' appointment to the Su-
preme Court, are evincing much curiosity
about a singular omission in his lengthy,
self-written biography.
While meticulously listing every public
and private job he has ever held and nu-
merous other details, there is not a single
word about his World War II Navy service.
Similarly, President Johnson, who left Con-
gress to enter the Navy and proudly wears
the Silver Star Decoration on his lapel, also
was mute about the military service of his
choice for a seat on the highest tribunal of
the land. While glowingly acclaiming Fortas
as a "scholar, profound thinker, lawyer of
superior ability, humane and deeply com-
passionate * * * champion of our liberties,"
the President said nothing about his being
a veteran.
In each instance, this remarkable silence
was no oversight. There was very good rea-
son for it.
Fortas' World War II naval service lasted
less than 2 months-29 days of which he
spent as a perambulatory patient in the hoe-
pital of a New York training camp under-
going tests and examinations.
Their verdict was that he had an "ar-
rested case of ocular tuberculosis"-and was
forthwith discharged.
Fortas immediately resumed his office as
Under Secretary of the Interior.
In welcoming him back, the late Secretary
Harold Ickes proclaimed that a recurrence
of Fortas' eye ailment "might have been at-
tended by the most serious permanent
results." In the 22 years since then, there
is no known record of such a recurrence.
In those two decades, Fortas has become
a multimillionaire, the key partner of one
of the largest and most influential law firms
in Washington-and at 55, still does not wear
glasses.
TRANSIENT APPRENTICE SEAMAN
A storm of caustic congressional and press
criticism was largely behind Fortas' enlist-
ment in the Navy on October 29, 1943.
But the 33-year-old married but childless
New Dealer was barely sworn in when he
was out again. On that same dav, he was
I am of a mission of the Petroleum Reserves
Sincerely yours, Corporation to make a study of the Middle
RON EATON, East oil situation.
YNSN U.S. Navy, U.S.S. Midway (CVA- Fortas explained he accepted this assign-
41) meat "because it was of national importance,
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX August ., 1965
and with the understanding that it would
be quickly completed so (he) could enter
the Navy."
A world-known newspaper reported this
remarkable episode as follows
"Abe Fortas, former Under Secretary of the
Interior was in the Navy today=for a few
hours.
"But almost as soon as he reported for
duty as an apprentice seaman, he popped
right out again * * * as the civilian head
of an alphabetical Government mission to
Arabia * * * to study facilities for the pro-
duction and refinement of oil. Upon his
return, for which no date has been set, he
will report to the board of directors of the
Petroleum Reserves Corporation, consisting
of the Secretaries of State, War, Navy, and
Interior, and the head of the Foreign Eco-
nomic Administration.
"Meanwhile, he will swab no decks.
"Announcement of this new assignment
came just after the Navy recruiting station,
asked where Fortas would be sent, had said
that this was a troop movement and could
not be disclosed.
"Government service has been profitable to
the Fortas family. His wife, formerly an at-
torney in the review division of the National
Labor Relations Board, is now an attorney
for the Justice Department at $5,600 a year.
Her husband's induction, presumably, would
cause her little hardship."
Due to transportation difficulties, the
Fortas mission never left the United States.
On November 6, 1943, he again became an
apprentice seaman and was sent to Camp
Sampson, N.Y., for training. There he was
hospitalized for a series of examinations and
tests that led to his discharge December 13
for "an arrested case of ocular tuberculosis."
Upon returning to Washington, Fortas
joined a veterans' organization-from which
he has long since dropped out.
NO CHANGE
Mrs. Fortas (nee Carolyn Agger) has no
intention of giving up her highly lucrative
law practice.
A senior member of her husband's law firm,
Mrs. Fortas, a leading tax specialist, heads the
firm's tax division of some 50 attorneys and
accountants. They occupy an office building
of their own opposite her husband's office.
Says Mrs. Fortas, "I have been in the law
all my life, and I don't expect to give it up
now. Why should I?"
This will make her the first wife in Su-
preme Court history actively practicing law
while her husband is on the august bench-
deciding tax cases, among others.
Mrs. Fortas is a cigar smoker; short thin
ones in public, large rat ones in private.
Small and slim, she enjoys cooking and loves
calorie-rich dishes. But she watches her
weight carefully, and diets frequently to keep
it down.
She and her husband are poodle lovers; now
Through his long and close ties with
President Johnson, Fortas has influenced a
number of key appointments, foremost
among them Attorney General Katsenbach
and Internal Revenue Commissioner Sheldon
Cohen, former member of the Fortas law
firm. Before Fortas was named to the Su-
preme Court, White House insiders were
saying he had been consulted by the Presi-
dent on former Supreme Court Justice Gold-
berg's selection as U.N. Ambassador. If this
is true, he had a hand in opening the way
for his being named to Goldberg's seat on
the bench. .
What Are They Afraid Of?
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CARLETON J. KING
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, August 4,1965
Mr. KING of New York. Mr. Speaker,
one of the issues which disturbs the peo-
ple of this country is the question of
State reapportionment.
We who have tried to have a Constitu-
tional amendment submitted to the peo-
ple have been blocked by the attitude of
the so-called liberals of the Senate.
They, for some reason, are opposed to
letting the people express themselves at
the polls. What are they afraid of?
In an editorial in the Washington
Daily News, our attention is called quite
clearly to the attitude of these Senators.
We should let the people have the last
word. To this end, yesterday I joined
with the gentleman from Ohio, the rank-
ing member of the Committee on the
Judiciary, Mr. MCCULLOCH, in introduc-
ing a revised proposal which I hope the
Congress can and will pass and "let the
people have the last word."
The editorial follows:
(From the Washington Daily News, Aug. 4,
1965]
THE PEOPLE ARE THE LAST WORD
In our system of government, as spelled
out by the Constitution and every other
principle we go by, the people are the final
word.
But a substantial number of Members in
the U.S. Senate, although generally classify-
ing themselves as liberals, are opposed to this
system.
They demonstrate this opposition by the
bitter manner in which they seek to defeat
the so-called Dirksen amendment to the
Constitution.
Last year, the Supreme Court, in an amaz-
A multimillionaire, Fortas is the wealthiest Ing ruling, held that both houses of a State
man ever named to the Supreme Court. In legislature had to be apportioned on a strict
addition to having the principal interest in population basis-the so-called one-man,
very valuable realty holdings in a booming one-vote proposition. This despite the
Washington business section, he is also an State-by-State apportionment of the U.S.
officer and director of a number of large Senate, despite the constitutions of most
corporations, among them Greatamerica States, despite recent and specific approval
Corp., Braniff Airways, Franklin Life Insur- by the voters in some States of a different
once Co., Madison National Bank, Federated system.
Department Stores, Sucrest Corp. Fortas Nobody wants to rip out the Supreme Court
will be the first Justice to own a $28,500 because of this airy decision, although the
Rolls Royce, which be drives himself. Prior decision had the effect of ripping out most
to his appointment, he parked it occasionally State legislatures.
in front of his office building, a one-time The way to correct the Court's action is
mansion a block from Connecticut Avenue. to write into the Federal Constitution an
A week before he was named to the bench, amendment. This amendment has been of-
the Fortases bought a $250,000, 15-room rest- fered by Senator DIRKSEN, of Illinois. All the
Bence in Georgetown opposite historic Dum- amendment says is that any State may set up
barton Oaks, famed estate dating back to one house of its legislature on other than a
colonial times. Their new home is being population basis if-emphasis on the if-the
extensively refurbished.
But the Senators opposing the Dirksen
amendment don't want the people to decide
for themselves.. The plain implication is
that the Senators know better than the
people of the States what is a proper sys-
tem for the States. Since many of these
Senators have been among the most zealous
champions of civil rights, their inconsistency
of the Dirksen issue is beyond comprehension.
If the people in the States are not capable
of deciding such basic questions as the man-
ner in which they wish their legislatures to
be organized, then it is valid to question the
capacity of the people to decide other ques-
tions-who, for instance, should represent
them in the U.S. Senate.
Maybe, if these anti-Dirksen Senators are
right, we should go back to the old system
of having U.S. Senators chosen by State legis-
latures. (We wouldn't favor that for a
minute, but it is just as logical as the op-
position to the Dirksen amendment.)
There are many arguments favoring the
Dirksen amendment. But, regardless of all
other arguments, the issue now before the
Senate is fundamental-the right of the
people of the States to decide for themselves.
Despite all the windy debate, this is the only
issue.
No Surrender, No Retreat-The President
at His Best
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. RICHARD FULTON
OF TENNESSEE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, August 4, 1965
Mr. FULTON of Tennessee. Mr.
Speaker, on July 29, 1965, my hometown
evening newspaper, the Nashville Ban-
ner, published an editorial, "No Surren-
der, No Retreat," which indicates the
wide support the foreign policy of the
President is receiving in Tennessee and,
the Nation. I include it at this point and
commend it to the attention of my
colleagues :
No SURRENDER, No RETREAT-THE PRESIDENT
AT HIS BEST
To the heart and mind of America Presi-
dent Johnson. spoke yesterday-his words
carefully chosen to convey the full message
of unflinching decision where national duty
is concerned, measuring to the challenge of
Communist aggression in and from south-
east Asia.
In a word, the choice is between holding
there the gate against enemies of freedom--
bent on conquest-and surrender. "We will
not surrender," said Mr. Johnson. "We will
not retreat."
It was a responsible assertion of policy
enunciated clearly enough in previous public
discussions, but-strengthened in this reitera-
tion by the gathering weight of muscle readi-
ness to enforce it. It was Washington's re-
sponsibility, with advisory consultations, to
formulate that policy-as it is the responsi-
bility of Armed Forces in the field to carry it
out; the latter needing only the military
wherewithal and the "go" signal clearly given.
In that connection, the President stated
it succinctly:
"I have asked the commanding general-
Gen. William C. Westmoreland-what he
needs to meet a mounting aggression. He
has told me. And we will meet his needs."
The Banner has said that coherent step is
essential to victory; heeding the expert
evaluation of need by the man vested with
that military responsibility, and backing him
with the resources it will take to discharge it.
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August 4,'5~~A~, C:Q SENATE 18691
Nothing sums up this life better than a _ country is following, and he must know that introduced by Senator DODD, I am always
letter written by Robert Rupley, a Peace' his desires and efforts do make a difference. interested in the comments of the press
Corps volunteer killed earlier this year: This generation has reaffirmed the im- on the matter.
`Apathy, ignorance and disorganization portance of the individual in the cooperative
are the things we want to eliminate ^ * * effort of all men to improve our society. The Washington Post made such a
No volunteer can hope for absolute. success, So, as I conclude, let me salute you for comment in an editorial which appeared
nor can he even. expect limited success to your involvement in the future of your coun- last Sunday, August 1, in which it com-
come easily. In many ways the life of the try and the world.' It will be your responsi- mended the bill's author for the care and
volunteer who sincerely seeks to effect prog- bility sooner t you ink. the detail with which he has held the
ress is miserable, That may not seem to be
a very hearty recommendation for the Peace ., hearings On this question. As the edi-
Corps, but if we as enlightened people ignore DRURY DOWN 4 T;9' iERIAL BOMB- aorlai notes, trie bill "is not a cure-
the moral and economic poverty of the unen- all to the dreadful situation in this coun-
lightened, we really slight the challenges and ING IN SOUTH VIETNAM try which makes possible nearly 5,000
needs of the modern world." Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, Drury homicides and 8,000 suicides with guns
The civil rights movement is surely more Brown, editor and publisher of the each year." But Senator DODD certain-
than anything else a product of the courage Blackfoot, Idaho, News, always writes ly focused the national attention on a
and vision of a better America held by the with keen insight on the subject of Viet- problem heretofore generally overlooked,
students who fast .tried to be served in a nam. I ask unanimous consent to have not in any fanatic way but in a spirit of
segregated public facility. his editorial of July It seems a long time ago, but it was only 20 printed at this amity toward our sportsmen and gun
last year at this time that the Congress point in the RECORD. collectors and all who have a legitimate
responded to this moral challenge and passed There being no objection, the editorial use of firearms.
the landi}3ark Civil Rights Act of 1964. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Such signal service deserves the kind
This challenge has not.gone unanswered as follows: of approbation which this editorial, and
here In Washington. [From the Blackfoot News, July 20, 1965] the many with which the Washington
President Johnson, in two memorable Post has r
speeches-first before a joint session of Con- IT'S FOR 'rHr s.. OwN GOOD moos preceded
consent that it, the gives. I editorial ask ma ay ya a e-
gress, and again at Howard University- One of the most disturbing stories to come -
called for the abolition of discrimination in out of war-torn South Vietnam was that pear in the RECORD.
voting, and faced directly the deeper and written by Associated Press Writer John T. There being no objection, the editorial
more profound effects of systematic discrimi- Wheeler and carried on the front page of was ordered to be printed. in the RECORD,
nation on the social and family life of the the Blackfoot News Monday, July 19. as follows:
American Negro. It told of how the noncombatants have SENATOR DODD's HEARINGS
This Congress will shortly respond to the become the victims of the battle that our Senator THOMAS J. DODD has performed
first of the President's calls when the voting Air Force is compelled to wage in that tor- a distinctive service in the lengthy hear-
rights bill becomes law. tured land. ings on ? his bill to limit the mail-order sale
But the burden of guilt and shame-a Ba Gia is a village close to the capital of of firearms. Both advocates of gun control
burden of every American-will not be purged South Vietnam. Theoretically, the people and their opponents had ample opoprtunity
until the dignity and self-respect that is the of the village are on the side of the govern- to expound their views. As a result some
inalienable right of every citizen has been ment in Saigon. modifications have been made, but the bill
returned-returned to those Americans who But the entire populace of the area is in- remains intact and should be promptly
have suffered for so long under second-class filtrated with an element of the guerrilla passed when it comes before the Senate.
citizenship. Vietcong. Perhaps a sizable portion of the
Your generation has taken this cause, has population secretly hopes the Vietcong will dreadful The Sen situa' Is to
s bill in not
this a ourntry w the
accepted it, is fighting for it. win its war of revolution with the Saigon makes possible ne in c homicides which
Now, President Johnson has proposed a Government. makes possible nearly 5,000 hmiciand
Teacher Corps to attract young people to But the run of the mill population un- however, a sensible with guns each year. It in
the crisis areas of education. doubtedly wishes to be left alone. Unfor- the per, a sensible step that Government;
n The Teacher Corps will enable talented tunately, that is impossible. A government a step purview could nos Federal young people and experienced teachers to fort is nearby. in grief- not imagine being blocked
work where they are most desperately When not strongly patrolled by U.S. troops, n ere covered Its PressfPres dident days had when been the murdered areas of chronic unemployment the fort is a pushover for guerrilla attack, cover murdered by
and poverty and the ghettos of our urban The Vietnamese troops flee or are slaughtered, a weapon shipped unquestioningly to a man
centers. The Vietnamese commander of the area calls with a history er mental illness.
Members of the Teacher Corps will offer for help from the U.S. Air Force. Our planes We hope Federal legislation will encourage
hope to those without hope. The Teacher fly over the town and plaster it with bombs local legislation throughout the Nation to
Corps can offer promise that there can be a and napalm jelly to fire the area. achieve registration of all firearms and to
new day-with hard work and enlightened By this time the guerrillas are long gone. limit the ownership of these weapons to
encouragement-such as is now being dem- The only inhabitants are noncombatants. Persons over 21 who have not been convicted
onstrated in Project Read Start, which makes They are the ones that are blown to pieces of a crime and who have passed a test dem-
each young child an experiment into a better or are incinerated by the flaming napalm. onstrating their knowledge of the safeguards
tomorrow. When the Vietnamese commanders are to be observed in using firearms.
Yes, this Americap generation has involved satisfied the area has been Saturated suf- Opponents of gun legislation keep return-
itself in the struggles for world peace, for ficiently, they move in with U.S. advisers, tag to the argument that it will infringe the
equal rights, and equal opportunity, for so- and if he can overcome the handicaps placed rights of citizens in a free society, but it is
cial justice. by the military, a reporter like John Wheeler a hollow claim. When the second amend-
What does this renaissance of involvement or Malcolm Brown. ment was drafted this country was largely
mean? - In his poignant report, Wheeler told of en- unsettled wilderness and for many a gun
Most Importantly I believe that it signals tering the smoldering ruins of a house that was as necessary as is a refrigerator today.
the return. of the American spirit that was contained the remnants of wedding decora- Our crowded urban civilization can no longer
described by John Adams as "one of public tions. On the floor of another gutted house tolerate the indiscriminate proliferation of
happiness"-a spirit, in the words of Adams, was a can of cooking oil with the clasped firearms to satisfy the whims of gun fanciers.
"that possessed the American colonists and hands emblem of the U.S. Aid program.
won the Revolution even before it was fought But the inmates of the village looked at
* * * a spirit which is reflected in the life, the Americans with hate in their eyes. With THIRD ANNIVERSARY OF ESTAB-
in participation of public discussion and the innate decency of most Americans, those LISHMENT -)F U.S. ARMY MATE-
public action. The spirit of public happiness servicemen and observers must have cringed.
Is a joy in American citizenship, in self- How do RIEL COMMAND
government, in self-control, in self-disci- villagers that t you the e battle convince we are people like waging g for these Mr. in dedication." . KENNEDY of Massachusetts.
them is for their own good? Mr. President, August 1 marked the third
The public business ought not to be a
gloomy business. We are talking about the D.R.B. anniversary of the establishment of the
business of a great people essentially optimis- U.S. Army Materiel Command. The
tic, outgoing, idealistic, and enthusiastic. SENATOR DODD'S GUN LAW function of this Command is to perform
The spirit that John Adams talked about HEARINGS the basic logistics mission of the Army,
remains alive today. Including research, development, pro-
For democracy to work, the individual Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, as a curement, production, supply and
must feel a responsibility for the course his cosponsor of S. 1592, the gun control law maintenance. 'his, is a large job and
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18692 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 4, 1965
it has been done well. I ask unanimous ganizations under the international lo- continuing supply of wheat, as our own
conesnt to include in the RECORD a more gistics programs. The AMC has helped Foreign Agricultural service indiitated
thorough description of the Command's with coproduction in both Italy and Ger- some time ago. Their experts, like ours,
activities to date. many. They have sent to these countries see clearly that there will be the con-
Accelerated response to the Army's both tanks and armored personal car- tinuing necessity for a number of years
need for better weapons, equipment and riers, resulting in aid abroad and in- for Russia and the Eastern bloc nations
supplies has become the hallmark of the dustrial production at home. to buy wheat by the millions of tons.
U.S. Army Materiel Command. New The AMC this year established the The Russian trade mission is in Can-
levels of effectiveness and economy have Army industrial material information ada, with no plan to come to the United
been reached from research and develop- liaison office program-AIMILO-to in- States which has an 800 million bushel
ment through procurement and distribu- crease competition for the Army's pro- wheat stock on hand, millions of idle
tion, and streamlining and improving curement dollar through providing in- wheat acres, and economically depressed
both in-house operations and relation- dustry with long-range advance plan- wheat producers. They will ignore
ships with American science and in- ning procurement information-APPI American wheat stocks because if they
dustry. on future Army military needs. seek to buy wheat in this country they
In terms of the Department of Defense AMC's continuing drive to improve the will be confronted with shipping require-
cost reduction program. AMC's dollar quality and reliability of Army weapons ments and excess shipping charges which
savings have far exceeded its established and equipment was highlighted over the make the product of our farmers as much
goal for the third successive year. Al- past year by the widespread application as 10, 11, 12, and even 15 cents per bushel
though final figures have not been com- of the zero defects concept, a program more expensive than Canadian wheat.
piled, Gen. Frank S. Besson, Jr., com- designed to motivate an personnel, from In the wheat marketing year which
manding general of AMC, estimates that executive to shop workers, to be more closed about July 1, Russia and Eastern
AMC will show a savings of more than quality conscious. European nations purchased from Can-
$500 million during fiscal year 1965 Other significant actions during ada, Argentina, Australia, and France an
against a goal of $433,330,000. AMC's third year as the Army's consoli- estimated 5.6 million tons of wheat, or
During fiscal year 1965 AMC total dated source of supplies and equipment better than 200 million bushels, worth
military and civilian manpower de- include: nearly $350 million.
creased 5 percent from 172,500 to 163,000. Development of a lightweight-44 The United States did not get any of
From an original of 278 local and pounds-atomic clock which measures this business for the same reason that
regional facilities taken over from the time down to a ten-billionth of a second, the Russians are now bypassing us: an _
Army's Technical Services in 1962, AMC used for setting frequencies on radios, administration ruling in 1963, that 50
has reduced its nationwide network of tracking of missiles and satellites, and percent of any wheat sold to Soviet bloc
installations and activities to 191. synchronization of radars. countries, even though sold for cash on
Approximately 800 individual orga- Development of a Morse code reader, normal commercial terms, must be moved
nizational consolidations were accom- the size of a cigarette pack, that plugs in American ships.
plished during fiscal year 1965 to reduce into an Army radio and makes Morse shipping charges are con-
ranged support costs. These actions code as easy to read as an. electric sign- U.S.
-
ranged from unifying of maintenance board. siderably U.S. higher woha stof shipping con living
operations on a single installation to the Completion of scheduled overseas de- because calls for our above higher wages standard n our of ig for
placing of two or more installations un- ployment of new family on FM radios, workers.
der a single management. four general purpose vehicles, and the Shipping rates on wheat from the
AMC's ability to react quickly and ef- Sergeant, Pershing, and Hawk missiles.
fectively was 'put to a test, when U.S. In an anniversary message to AMC Gulf of Mexico to Black Sea ports is
troops were dispatched to the Dominican personnel, General Besson, who has $18 per ton on American vessels and
Republic. Initial weapons and equip- headed AMC since its inception in 1962, $9.25 per ton of foreign vessels. This
rnent support for U.S. troops was accom- cogently summed up the aims and ac- amounts to 48 cents per bushel on U.S.-
piished through AMC's automatic supply .complishments of the Army Materiel flag vessels and 25 cents per bushel on
support machinery, based upon predeter- Command: foreign ships--a difference of 23 cents
mined requirements for type and size of our support for the soldier in the field- per bushel.
the force involved. This automatic sup- from Korea to Berlin, from the Dominican This means that on a large cargo,
port was rated effective in all respects. Republic to Vietnam-is on schedule. The shipped 50 percent in American bottoms,
Experience in Vietnam and the recent weapons, equipment, and supplies we are U.S. wheat would cost the Russians or
approval of the Army's first Airmobile providing are worthy of the men who use Eastern European importers 111/2 to 12
Division have given a new sense of ur- them. This is no time, however, to rest cents per bushel more than Canadian or
gency to AMC's development of new upon our laurels., As the pace quickens, other competitors' wheat. This is in a
the mounting demands upon our skills and market on which fractions of a cent per
Army aircraft and aircraft support. In experience must be met by each of us with bushel dethe sale. One cent per
addition to a continuous program to determination, dedication, and with a real 's purchases
adapt and improve existing aircraft and sense of urgency. bushel determines
last year the would Eastern bloc's s
equipment to meet requirements in Viet-
nam, AMC has stepped up its research million. An 11 cent differential would
development and procurement activities THROWING AWAY EXPORT have meant a difference of $16.5 million.
over the past 12 months to meet the MARKETS The Export Control Act to which this
Army's overall air support needs. Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, the 50-percent American shipping ruling has
Among major aircraft actions during commercial news service Comtel, a sub- been administratively attached actually
fiscal year 1965 was the initiation sidiary of Reuters, the English news provides that no restrictions can be put
of multiyear procurement of a new light service with a bureau here in Washing- on the ordinary commercial sale of
observation helicopter. Other aircraft ton, carried a story on Tuesday, August American agricultural commodities ex-
achievements have included two XV-5A 3, that a Russian trade delegation has cept for security or foreign policy rea-
vertical short takeoff and landing lift- arrived in Canada to study two-way sons. Yet, a determination was made
fan research aircraft evaluation; first trade with the Canadians. in 1963 that it was in our national inter-
flight test of the XV-9A experimental hot Significantly, the eight-man delega- est to make wheat sales to Russia.
cycle helicopter, and other aircraft with tion headed by the Deputy Minister for The fact is that the shipping restric-
increased weapon loads to serve as Foreign Trade, includes top Russian tion was concocted for domestic political
escorts for transport helicopters. Other wheat experts and the itinerary of the reasons and is one of the most irrational,
action was taken on both land and sea party includes Montreal, Winnipeg, and self-defeating regulations ever devised.
to increase our advantage militarily in other Canadian wheat centers. It results in our farmers losing an export
Vietnam. The party is said to be studying all market for at least $100 million worth
In addition to supplying U.S. forces at aspects of trade with Canada but it is of wheat annually, and a loss of that
home and abroad, AMC furnished sup- obvious that the central concern is wheat. much in our balance-of-payments effort.
port to 80 nation and international or- The Russians are in the market for a At the same time, it does nothing to
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