CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300160020-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2003
• Sequence Number: 20
• Publication Date: March 16, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

March 16, Y965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
on the forest resources of the Appalachian
region and adjacent areas.
. 2, To determine and test the economic. and
practical feasibility of adopting improved
methods for increasing the efficiency of
timber harvesting,. transporting, processing,
and marketing and leading to improved
market acceptance for wood products.
3, To evaluate the alternative opportun-
ities of developing new or expanded markets
for Appalachian timber products.
4. To determine the need for specific
improvements or changes in the products
to better satsify market needs and to arrange
for the development of these improvements
and changes as necessary.
5. To isolate. and analyze specific market
problems as they occur in the wood-products
industry and to develop measures as needed
for their solution.
6, To investigate different measures of
improving the financial, organizational, and
operational structure of wood-products In-
dustries so that they can become more com-
petitive' with other industries.
7. To, develop and maintain a comprehen-
sive knowledge of the market and production
structure for the principal forest-product
industries for those who might benefit from
this information.
8. To develop and contribute knowledge
about the theory and methodology of forest-
products-marketing research.
nical advice and information needed by other
researchers, technicians, entrepreneurs, and
industrial promoters for the establishment
or operation of forest-product industries.
10. To provide technical assistance to
others in the dissemination of information
leading to advances In the technology of
preparing and marketing forest products.
SCOPE OF RESEARCH PROGRAM
The Princeton Laboratory is charged with
the primary responsibility for all Federal
marketing research in the Appalachian high-
land region of the Eastern United States.
Although centered in West Virginia, most
of the research to be conducted at this loca-
tion will apply throughout the Appalachian
highlands and adjacent areas, and to some
extent in all the hardwood-producing areas
of the Eastern United States. Some timber-
products-marketing problems are primarily
local, but in most cases hardwood timber
products in one State are distributed and sold
throughout a number of States, some far
from the producing areas. Thus most mar-
keting-research projects must necessarily be
regional and interstate in character.
Although primarily concerned with Ap-
palachian hardwoods, the Princeton Labora-
tory Will also be concerned with improving
markets, for all eastern hardwoods and soft-
woods and all other native woods as the need
arises,
OPERATION OF THE RESEARCH PROGRAM
The Princeton'research program Is divided
into four separate but closely related fields of
investigation. One project will work toward
improving markets for primary ' forest prod-
ucts such as saw logs, pulpwood, veneer bolts,
and poles. Another project will be concerned
with markets for primary manufacturers, in-
eluding lumber, veneer, and composition
boards. A third project will concentrate on
improving markets for secondary manufac-
tured wood products such as flooring, furni-
ture, millwork, and pallets. The fourth line
of march will be devoted to improving
mar"ke,ts for wood in construction of all
types-residential, industrial, farm, public,
and other nonresidential construction uses,
Each of these lines of research at first
involves studies in market analyses (fact-
finding studies), followed by more complex
studies of consumer preferences and the pos-
sible de ictencies of wood products or the
ways in which wood products are marketing
that limit their marketability. In general,
the selection of studies will be based on mar-
ket problems of specific wood products or
groups of products.
Research covering each problem area in the
subproject-or a product or group of prod-
ucts within the problem area-will be carried
out in four distinct steps or phases.
The first step will be a problem analysis
encompassing the collection and analysis of
information about the structure of the mar-
kets and production facilities for the prod-
uct or group of products under study. This
initial step will delineate the market proo-
lems of size, Importance, and location, and
will provide information about the trend
in future markets. This is the "what" ap-
proach.
The second step will involve studies to
determine and evaluate the factors that are
responsible for the market losses or are
restricting the markets for the product or
group of products under investigation. In-
formation will be developed to reveal the
specific reasons why the wood products under
investigation are not fully meeting or satis-
fying the consumers' needs or preferences;
or what characteristic of the product, its dis-
tribution system, or its application needs
improvement to better satisfy market needs.
In short, this phase of the research is aimed
to determine what needs to be done to im-
prove the market demand for the products
in question. This is the "why" approach.
Priorities for future research will be estab-
lished at this point.
The third step-and this Is where the pay-
off begins-is the investigation of measures
for correcting the deficiencies that limit
marketability and use. This may Involve
studies aimed at improving or modifying
the product, changing merchandising and
distribution methods, Improving knowledge
of consumers' needs and preferences, im-
proving manufacturing processes to reduce
product cost and market price, or improv-
ing utilization of the available wood ma-
terials. And, in some instances, a need may
be apparent for developing a new or essen-
tially new product to fill the market needs.
This is the stage of hypothesis.
The fourth and final step in the research
operation involves the application and field
testing of the measures proposed for the
solution of the market problems. This can
be accomplished through 'the dissemination
of information in publications and other
written media, explanations before public
and industry agencies and groups, demon-
strations at the methods testing plant, or
by pilot-test operations at the plants of
cooperators.
In general, research efforts will be concen-
trated insufficient force on each of the mar-
keting problems selected for study to have
an appreciable impact on the market prob-
lems. This aim is to conduct research in
depth on selected problems in preference to
the shotgun approach in which research ef-
forts are scattered over the entire range of
program responsibility.
PILOT-PLANT TESTING
Market investigations at the Princeton
Laboratory will frequently point out the
need for further Studies involving the con-
duct of technological research in wood prod-
ucts. Experimentation will be needed to
test the economics and practical feasibility
of new processes, methods, or equipment, or
the quality and utility of new or improved
products. The collection of facts leads to
analyses; the analytical studies lead in turn
to hypotheses that should be Investigated by
physical tests for product improvements.
These prospective improvements may be
pilot-tested at the Laboratory's methods
testing plant, or in industrial plants, or at
other Federal, State, or private research in-
stallations. Whenever possible, these tech-
nological operations will be correlated with
the work and programs of other agencies.
595
In general, physical research operations at
the Laboratory's methods testing plant and
experimental Woodyard will be limited to
.problems, or segments of problems, that
other government or private groups are not
covering or are unwilling or unable to cover
In sufficient detail for the requirements of
the Laboratory program. These pilot tests
will be limited to investigations of the eco-
nomic and practical feasibility of improved
methods for manufacturing, using, or mar-
keting wood products.
The Princeton Laboratory will not con-
duct exploratory or basic research in forest
product technology at the methods testing
plant. Nor will research be conducted to-
ward the development of new wood products,
although new or improved products and
processes may be pilot tested to determine
the economic and physical practicality of
their manufacture.
RESEARCH IN PRIMARY FOREST PRODUCTS
Studies now underway by the Laboratory
in the field of primary forest products in-
clude an analysis of the organization, opera-
tion, and accomplishments of private land-
owners, forest product marketing, and serv-
ice organizations. Another study is deter-
mining the cost and practicality of hardwood
log grading as a marketing tool for forest
landowners. One other short-term investi-
gation is evaluating the supply, price, and
quality factors as they affect the opportuni-
ties for hardwood veneer and plywood manu-
facture in West Virginia.
RESEARCH IN PRIMARY WOOD-PRODUCT
MANUFACTURES
Work now underway in the field of primary
wood-product manufactures includes two
studies that are attempting to improve lum-
ber markets through better seasoning prac-
tices. One involves the determination and
evaluation of commercial air-drying prac-
tices as they affect the quality, value, utility,
and marketability of hardwood lumber; the
other is an economic analysis of forced-air
drying processes.
Other studies now underway in the field
of primary wood-product manufacturers are
aimed at improving market potentials
through better conversion practices. Ex-
amples are: analysis of the trends in the
hardwood log recovery values (lumber prices)
in the Appalachian area; an economic evalu-
ation of factory grade 3 hardwood saw logs as
raw material for Appalachian sawmills; a
determination of the changes in logging and
sawmilling costs in the past 10 years and
their effect on these operations; and an eco-
nomic analysis of the marketability and value
of alternative products cut from low-grade
portions of saw logs.
Another field of Investigation is represented
by a study involving the determination of
preferenecs and specifications for hardwood
lumber by the furniture, pallet, and floor-
ing industries. Recent difficulties of the rail-
road Industry in obtaining an adequate sup-
ply of hardwood railway ties has prompted
the laboratory to begin investigations aimed
at the discovery and elimination, if pos-
sible, of this market problem.
RESEARCH IN SECONDARY WOOD-PRODUCT
MANUFACTURES
Research efforts In the field of secondary
wood-product manufactures have been con-
centrated so far on studies of the markets
and associated problems for hardwood floor-
ing and hardwood pallets. Studies directed
at improving the flooring markets began with
a problem analysis. On the basis of this
analysis, one study is now underway to de-
termine the factors Involved in the use of
hardwood flooring in slab-type construction.
The great increase in on-slab construction
of housing was found to be one of the princi-
pal factors that limited the market for hard-
wood flooring. Another study involves in-
vestigating the comparative difficulty and
cost of maintenance of hardwood and other
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5056 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Marc 16, 1965
competing flooring materials. A third study resume the consideration of Calendar this generation of Americans will exhibit
will be concerned with the relative difficulty No. 114, S. 974. similar determination, courage, perser-
and cost of maintaining wooden floors and The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without verance, imagination, and foresight to
other flooring materials in school buildings. objection, the Chair lays before the Sen- meet problems of simliar gravity and
A problem analysis has also been com-
pleted On ate the unfinished business, which is S. magnitude which are not as well defined
for the wooden pallet industry. O On
the basis of the analysis, plans for investi- 974. today.
gating market problems or uncovering mar- The Senate resumed the consideration To those who -like to consider world
ket opportunities are being prepared. One of the bill (S. 974) to amend the Man- problems as neat little packages which
study deals with the determination of mar- power Development and Training Act can be solved simply, each one to be tied
ket satisfaction and value to the user of of 1962, as amended, and for other pur- with a different colored ribbon, placed
different types of wooden pallets through poses. quietly in the corner and then move on
service tests. Other studies in the planning Mr. McNAMARA. Mr. President, I to the next, South Vietnam offers little
stage will be concerned with determining
and evaluating specific opportunities to in- suggest the absence,
the use of wooden pallets in different The PRESIDINof a quorum. comfort.
OFFICER. The clerk The problems of South Vietnam are
segments of the food-handling Industry and will call the roll. not only complex, but at times seem to
comparing handling systems using wooden The legislative clerk-proceeded to call defy solution. The results of both ac-
pallets with those using nonwood pallets the roll. tion an inactionat times appear equally
or with those systems that do not require Mr. BAYH. Mr. President, I ask un- undesirable, while the consequences to
pallets of any type. animous consent that the order for the mankind of miscalculation are too hor-
RESEARCB IN WOOD FOR CONSTRUCTION quorum. call be rescinded. rible to contemplate. But we will never
Under preparation at the Laboratory, in Tl~e PRESIDING OFFICER. (Mr. improve the situation, let alone remove
the field of marketing wood for construction GoRE the chair). Without objection, it the dangers confronting freemen in
uses, is one study involving the evaluation
of :factors affecting the selection is s0 Or erect. southeast Asia, until we recognize what
and use of
wood materials for different components of the real problems are, the alternative so-
school construction. Another study cover- THE VIETNAM CRISIS lutions to these problems, and the ulti-
ing the opportunities for increasing the use mate effects and consequences of each
of wooden guardrail posts in West Virginia Mr. BAYH. Mr. President, few sub- proposed solution.
highway construction has been completed jects in the past weeks have received as The most oft heard comment concern-
and a report is being prepared for publics- much attention, as much discussion or ing South Vietnam is that: "We should
tion. as much legitimate concern as the sub- never have been there in the first place."
STAFF AND FACILITIES s for a ject of the brewing crisis in southeast This may or may not be the case. But
The Princeton program calls n total
staff of 25 scientists and an equal number Asia. I wish to add my views to those to spend much time and resources ar-
of technicians, clerks, and other supporting who have joined in this discussion. Suing this point does little but confuse
personnel. Approximately one-half of the Unfortunately, I do not possess some the issue. The decision to make U.S. in-
professional and supporting staffhas been positive panacea to this problem. To fluence felt in South Vietnam was made
recruited. The present scientific group in- say that the problems of South Vietnam a decade ago. This decision has been
eludes forest economists, forest-product are complex is in itself an oversimplifi- supported by three Presidents and by
specialists, research foresters, and one agri- cation. But one fact does appear both political parties. Right or wrong,
cultural economist. clear-the American people must be like it or not, we are in South Vietnam
The Laboratory is located on 96 acres of made aware of these complexities. today. This Nation is committed to a
land donated to the Federal Government by
the people of Mercer County, W. Va. The The people of this great land have course of action in southeast Asia. The
land contains two tracts, one of 32 acres and shown resolute willingness to support a question is: Is the present course of ac-
one of 64 acres. The headquarters buildings course of action required to protect the tion still wise? If not, how then do we
occupy the smaller tract, along with a 20- freedoms they cherish. They have change it, or, in fact, if there is no wise
acre exhibit forest. A second large building, repeatedly stood ready to make the action for this country to follow in south-
the methods testing plant, is located on the sacrifices necessary to make this world east Asia, then how do we get out?
larger tract; it will be the central facility a better place in which to live. But this The U.S. Government, as we all recall,
in the Laboratory's experimental Woodyard. resolution in the past has been based on was requested by the legitimately con-
13,T0000 0 square feet headquarters of f air-conditioned o,which contains
floor- a clear understanding of the course stituted Government of South Vietnam space, was completed and occupied in the fall which must be followed to secure our to assist the small nation in its effort to
of 1963. The total cost was approximately national goals. Similar resolution and protect itself against the encroachment
$450,000 for design, construction, and de- determination in support of a course of of communism. During the past several
velopment of the site and utilities. A near- action in South Vietnam today requires years hard core guerrilla fighters have
by garage-shop building includes storage similar understanding on the part of the infiltrated into South Vietnam from
space for vehicles and a carpenter and gen-
eral repair shop used for maintenance work citizenry of, this great land. North Vietnam-its neighbor to the
and the construction of exhibits for the more What it the picture in South Vietnam? north.
than 40 display cases in the headquarters What are the facts that confront Amer- The Vietcong's "hard core" forces now
building and exhibit forest. ica and Americans in that far-off corner number about 35,000, with 60,000 to
'The nearly completed methods testing of the world? First, it should be under- 80,000 local, part-time guerrillas backing
plant is approximately the same size as the stood that the South Vietnamese crisis them up. Moreover, since 1959 at least
headquarters building. It includes a large has no simple, easy solution. It has been 20,000 and perhaps as many as 37,000
testroom with 10,4000 square feet of unob- developing for a number of years and, infiltrators have entered South Vietnam
structed floorspace spanned by 64-foot-long
wooden trusses. The cost for construction, much as we might wish, will not be from the north.
,
when all site and utility developments are wished away overnight. The guerrilla activities have spread.
completed, will run slightly over $200,000. We, as Americans, are at our best when The countryside has been terrorized.
Except for the concrete foundation and the task before us is clear. Under such Three thousand to four thousand village
floors, this building is constructed almost circumstances, we have exhibited an un- leaders have been murdered or kidnaped
exclusively of wood. The plant has been de- limited ability and determination to meet each year. Modern weapons have been
signed so that it can accommodate nearly any call. For example, there was no shipped into South Vietnam in increas-
all types of pilot-plant work in the wood- ingly large numbers from North Viet-
the field. question about the task before us when from Red China, and other Com-
the Kaiser's forces were threatening to nam,
Mr. McNAMARA. Mr. President, is overrun Europe in World War I, when munist nations, as the recent State De-
there further morning business? the Nazis had enslaved Europe in World partment white paper so adequately
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there War II and when the Japanese attacked pointed out.
further morning business? If not, busi- Pearl Harbor. The task and course were In the face of these terrorist tactics
ness is closed. clear. we have attempted to assist South Viet-
The issues confronting the United nam by strengthening that nation eco-
States ACT OF 1965 States in southeast Asia are not as obvi- nomically and militarily. Hundreds of
ous as those of World War I or II, nor millions of dollars-as we all know, hav-
Mr. McNAMARA. Mr. President, I ask are the U.S. interests involved so ap- ing had to appropriate them-have been
unanimous consent that the Senate parent. But let us pray to God that spent in this effort. American fighting
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,VECrch 16, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
men are presently stationed in South struggle in the jungle, the swamps, =and
Vietnam. Each daily headline brings the hamlets of Southeast-Asia. It is a
additional evidence of sacrifice, contri- guerrilla war, not a traditional type of
is making to protect the people of South The history of fighting Communist
Vietnam from enslavement by commu- guerrillas in the Philippines, Malaya, and
nism. Yet, despite the American contri- more recent, now, in South Vietnam indi-
bution, despite the effort we are making, cates that to be successful in such 'a
despite the growing American casualty struggle the struggle the guerrilla forces
list, until recently, American direct mili- must be outmanned approximately 10
tary involvement was small when com- to 1. South Vietnam is presently pre-
pared to that of the South ,Vietnamese. paring to increase the size of its Army
As of January 1, 1965, American military by 100,000 men. But even this increase
forces totaled 23,000 while the South to a total army strength of 340,00 regu-
Vietnam Army numbered 240,000 with lar troops or 629,000 men, including
an additional ,239,000 men comprising para-military forces, appears to be insuf-
part-time, paramilitary forces. As of ficient in the light of increased Commu-
March 8, 303 Americans were killed and nist infiltration from the north.
1,913 Americans were wounded due to Actually winning the war in South
hostilities. Vietnam in the swamps, the jungles, and
South Vietnam losses totaled 26,000. the villages would entail a commitment
I might add the Vietcong lost 85,000 of large numbers of United States
during ,the same period.., troops-troops to fight a land war in
Yet the present course of action has Asia. The commitment of large numbers
not made South Vietnam a safe country. of American fighting troops in South
It has not created conditions upon which Vietnam would in all probability bring
governmental stability can exist. The the North Vietnamese Regular Army into
Communists appear to have increased the struggle. They are not at present
their determination to overrun the in it. The North Vietnam Army numbers
country. approximately 490,000. It is well trained
Despite the adversities that appar- and equipped. In addition, there is the
ently confront us in South Vietnam, dur- possibility that tens or hundreds of thou-
ing that same period Vietcong guerrillas, sands of Chinese volunteers also would
the Communists, lost approximately be committed to the struggle as was the
85,000. case in Korea. This, of course, would en-
Perhaps we should ask ourselves, what tail the commitment of .even larger num-
alternatives. are open to us as a nation? bers of American troops.
Three basic alternatives are suggested To be sure, and to be realistic, there
by those who have expressed their con- is no certainty that North Vietnam or
tern over the South Vietnamese situa- China will become further involved, in
tion. Most Americans who suggest one the future. But there is also no certain-
of these alternatives are undoubtedly ty that they will not. Those who advo-
sincere in feeling that their prescribed cate a land war for United States troops
course of 'action is in the best interest of in Asia had best examine all possible
our country. But, unfortunately, all too ramifications of such a policy.
often those proposing one solution or To those who feel. that this attack-
the other fail to follow it to its final con- and-win theory is the easy solution to
summation or to consider all the even- the South Vietnam problem let me point
tualities of following such a course. Is out that the French were engaged in
there an easy course of action to follow in southeast Asia for approximately 9 years.
South Vietnam? Let us examine the al- During this period they committed over
ternatives. 250,000 French troops to the struggle.
In attempting to answer that question, Total French casualties reached 19,000
I should like for a moment or two to men killed. In the final analysis, the
examine the alternative to which I have French suffered a humiliating defeat.
earlier referred, In Korea, which is of more personal
The first, suggestion is that we should interest to us in America, U.S. forces
attack. We should commit large num- reached a maximum strength of 328,000
bers of?ground troops and unleash our troops. Other nations, including South
air force. We should show the Commu- Korea, committed forces totaling more
nists that we mean business. Propo- than 300,000. During the duration of
nents of this course of action say that the Korean war, 1,789,000 American serv-
America has never lost a war and that icemen served in Korea at one time or
we should not let Communist guerrillas the other. The United States-to look
8,000 miles away push us around. It is at the cold, hard statistics-suffered 33,-
said that since we have more military 629 killed and 103,284 wounded in Ko-
might than the rest of the world com- rea, and the truce which followed was a
bined, we should not tolerate being truce, not a victory. We need to remind
pushed around, I suppose that such a ourselves that there was no victory in
call to arms is a_ natural patriotic re- that war; we are still required to keep
sponse on the part of many, but such thousands of men in Korea to maintain
a call to arms must also accept the reali- the truce.
ties of the present situation in Southeast Are we today willing to wage a simi-
Asia. lar type conflict in .South Vietnam, with
It is difficult to fight a war halfway similar loss of blood and suffering by
around the globe, to fight a war where Americans?
all. supplies, from bullets to bombs and To be sure, we have the capability of
socks to shells, must be shipped 8,000 devastating North Vietnamese and Chi-
.miles. It is difficult to fight a guerrilla nese military installations, industry, and
war and, like it or not, this is the type of cities from the air. This could well de-
5057
ter their full-scale participation in the
South Vietnamese struggle. But it seems
to me there is no magic mathematical
formula to determine if this deterrent
will be sufficient to keep the North Viet-
namese and Chinese from a full-scale
invasion 'of South Vietnam, nor do we
know at what time our attacks on China
would involve Russian retaliation which,
in turn, could involve the entire world in
a nuclear exchange in which there would
be no victory whatsoever-and certainly
no victor.
On the world scene another factor
must be considered. The breach between
Red China ' and Russia appears to be
growing wider. Numerous cracks are
developing in the heretofore impenetra-
ble solidarity of communism. Certainly
this is in the best interest of the United
'States and the rest of the free world.
Would U.S. air attacks on Red China
solidify the Communists? Could they
patch up their differences in the light of
attack by a common enemy? We do not
know for certain. But certainly such a
possibility must be considered.
Another easy solution which is ofttimes
suggested is retreat-that America
should recall her troops and her weapons
and, since we should not have been in
South Vietnam in the first place, nothing
would be lost to retreat now. As I men-
tioned earlier, the initial involvement in
southeast Asia is not now the question.
We are there. The Communists know
we are there. The noncommitted na-
tions, as well as our allies, know we are
there. They are watching to see how
we respond.
Do we treat with little regard the safe-
ty and freedom of the people of South
Vietnam whom we have pledged to help?
Are we willing to subject the entire areas
of southeast Asia, including our friends
and able allies in Thailand, Malaysia,
and the Philippines, to Communist en-
slavement? There can be little question
that, if we are to turn tail and run, the
entire southeast Asia area-South Viet-
nam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Bur-
ma, Indonesia, and even the possibility
that India, Pakistan, and the Philippines,
who are under increasing pressure from
the Huks once again, would come under
Communist domination.
True, southeast Asia is 8,000 miles
away. It is not in our sphere. But, those
who advocate this course of action must
realize that the action which the United
States takes in southeast Asia will have
lasting repercussions in other areas of
the world. Indeed, the developing na-
tions of the world are watching closely
to see if we really mean what we say
about the freedom of mankind and about
our willingness to fight to protect it. I
think it is fair to say that all the nations
of the world with whom we have agree-
ments and contractual relationships are
watching closely. Our neighbors in this
hemisphere are wondering what the
United States will do under pressure. If
we prove by our action or our inaction
in southeast Asia that the United States
can be threatened or. bullies. into submis-
sion, then the "paper tiger's" tail will.
be twisted again and again. Our allies
will desert us and the developing nations
of the world will look to others to chain-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE March 1 x''-1965
pion their cause. The net result will be such means will not sanction concession
that the smoldering embers of commu- or capitulation to the Communists.
nisin will burst into flame throughout Certainly we learned that Communist
the world.
The most often discussed solution to
the South Vietnamese problem is that of
negotiation. And indeed any permanent
and lasting solution to the problems con-
fronting us in this area will require nego-
tiation discussions among all countries
involved. It seems all too realistic that
we shall have to recognize this. But the
United States cannot negotiate with a
Communist foe who is unwilling to nego-
tiate, whq will use the negotiating table
merely as a propaganda camouflage to
hide continued aggression until South
Vietnam has fallen under complete Com-
munist domination. Indeed, it is fair for
us to ask why should the Communists
negotiate if they are free to murder
South Vietnamese village leaders, bomb
and shell American airfields and com-
mand posts, and infiltrate fighters and
weaponry without the slightest reprisal
or risk of damage. Why should the
Communists negotiate if they are free
to murder American boys and the only
admonishment that we express is
"naughty, naughty" in a diplomatic
pouch? Indeed it seems to me the an-
swer to these questions is simple. Under
such circumstances they will not nego-
tiate.
Certainly this country and the entire
world learned following the unfortunate
circumstances at Munich prior to World
War I that negotiation itself does not
solve world problems. Rather, as was the
case in Munich, as we all well remember,
premature and incomplete negotiation
led. to a bloody world conflict.
We are dealing with Communist con-
spirators who frankly make no bones
about the fact that they desire to con-
quer the world. They possess an insati-
able appetite. Merely saying that we de-
sire to negotiate will not satisfy this ap-
petite. Our enemies in South Vietnam
will only negotiate for peace when they
cannot win in battle. The Communists
will not stop their reign of terror and war
until the cost to them of such a continued
course of action is too expensive for them
to bear.
To be successful, negotiation must
come at a time and must be held in a
manner to guarantee a lasting solution
not merely a pause in the chain of con-
flict in that area. I am in favor of ne-
gotiating a peace that will enable
American military might to be with-
drawn from South Vietnam in return for
guaranteed protection for the rights of
the people of the area so that they may
determine what kind of life they want
to live without interference from other
countries. But, in speaking of negotia-
tion, we must realize the dangers 'in-
volved in and the practical prerequisites
necessary to negotiating with tyrants.
Freedom-loving people negotiate out of
a desire for peace, but tyrants negotiate
only out of a necessity for peace.
I, for one, am In favor of finding peace-
ful means to solve the differences of
opinion which exist in South Vietnam,
provided such means protect the terri-
torial and political rights of the South
Vietnamese, and provided further that
promises cannot be taken at face value.
They cannot be trusted. Events in Po-
land, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Greece,
Cuba, as well as southeast Asia, to name
but a few, have given us ample evidence
of Communist treachery. Any agree-
ment with the Communists must contain
adequate safeguard and inspection to in-
sure enforcement.
In determining future U.S. policy,
should we attack, retreat, or negotiate,
and, if so, when? We in the U.S. Sen-
ate and leaders throughout this land
have a responsibility to speak out, to be
heard, to carry our voice to the highest
council of the land, to have our judg-
ments weighed in the balance as such a
decision is being made. This is our re-
sponsibility and the fulfillment of this
responsibility, it seems to me, will assist
In the formulation of the most sound
policy for our country. Just as a ship
on the high seas or a jet airliner in the
sky above can, by necessity, have only
one captain, so the United States of
America can have only one Commander
in Chief, the President. The President
of the United States is in the best posi-
tion to have all of the facts necessary
to make a final judgment on this critical
matter. God help him in his delibera-
tions. It is his responsibility to chart
the foreign policy of this country.
In summary, we were invited to South
Vietnam by its legally constituted gov-
ernment to protect its citizens from
Communist aggression. This goal still
remains. We seek no possession, no
conquest and, indeed, no expansion of
the conflict.
Although the situation in South Viet-
nam is a continually changing one, sub-
ject to continued reevaluation, it seems
to me, if we are to successfully meet the
challenge, we must adhere to certain
basic criteria.
First. We must provide each Amer-
ican fighting man who is called to serve
in that area with the maximum security
practicable and the most modern
weapons available in our arsenal.
Second. We must show the Com-
munists and indeed the entire world that
aggression does not pay. In fact, aggres-
sion must be made sufficiently costly to
deter it. We must make it crystal clear
that the United States will not permit
the existence of a sanctuary in which
aggressors are free from retaliation.
There must be no Yalu Rivers to prohibit
just retribution. Our present air attacks
are designed to accomplish this specific
purpose.
Third. We must continue our efforts
to strengthen and stabilize the govern-
ment of South Vietnam. Indeed, a stable
central government is the foundation of
lasting peace throughout that country.
A lasting government which can provide
for the needs of its people. A popular
government, creating a climate in which
the people of South Vietnam can provide
the everyday essentials of life for them-
selves, is the only permanent deterrent
to Communist aggression. Let us, there-
fore, realize that programs to build
schools, to combat disease and sickness,
to improve agricultural techniques, and
thus provide more adequate nourishment
for the population, to eliminate corrup-
tion which saps the strength of the
entire economic system-these programs
are as important to lasting peace in
South Vietnam as the maintenance of
adequate military protection. We must
increase our efforts to implement these
programs at all levels throughout South
Vietnam. To put it briefly, we must
equip the South Vietnamese with the
schools, the skills, the crops and the
courage to provide for themselves.
Fourth. We must continue to search
for means to accomplish our goals in
South Vietnam which will not necessi-
tate military conflict. We must remain
ready to reason when our adversary's
reason returns.
There are those who, I recognize, have
pointed to the overinvolvement of the
United States in the affairs of other
countries. I respect their judgment.
There are some, including Members of
this body, whose judgment I respect
equally, who point to mistakes which
have been made in our foreign policy.
There are those who say we cannot be
the policeman for the world. Perhaps
this is all true. Certainly we cannot be
the policeman for the world. But make
no mistake about it. The wave of com-
munism which threatens the homes of
South Vietnam, if unchecked today, can
become a tidal wave rushing toward our
own homes tomorrow.
We seek no colonies, no servitude, no
reparations-only the existence of an
atmosphere which will enable the people
of this world to live a better life in peace
and freedom. And in southeast Asia, I
think everyone in this country prays for
the day when the people of South Viet-
nam will be able to provide for their own
basic needs and be able to determine the
type of government under which they
desire to live. We in this country desire
and demand only right and justice for
the people of South Vietnam. When
these goals for South Vietnam can be
accomplished and protected at the bar-
gaining table, I am for it. And I, for
one, believe that the President is right
in his present judgment that this time
has not yet arrived.
RECESS TO 2 P.M.
Mr. BAYH. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the Senate
stand in recess until 2 o'clock p.m. today.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection? The Chair hears none; and
it is so ordered.
Thereupon (at 1 o'clock and 32 min-
utes p.m.) the Senate took a recess until
2 o'clock p.m. today.
On the expiration of the recess, at 2
o'clock p.m. the Senate reassembled, and
was called to order by the Presiding
Officer (Mr. MONTOYA in the chair).
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Chair lays before the Senate the un-
finished business, which will be stated.
The CHIEF CLERK. A bill (S. 974) to
amend the Manpower Development and
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