CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300160012-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2003
• Sequence Number: 12
• Publication Date: March 25, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

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March ; 25, ~' TAL RECORD T OU$J
who were the first to practice democracy ures to legislative groups at State and
and independence in ancient times de- National levels In ord t
e
o
r canvass the
claredjheir independence of Turkish rule opinion and thinking of a major business
on March 25, 1821, out did not emerge as
a sovereign state until 11 years later,
when their freedom was assured by the
Convention of London.
Since that tjme Greece has become a
valued member, of the community of free
nations and is one of our stanchest allies
in the free world struggle against com-
munism.. We should be proud of the
effectiveness of, the cooperation that has
existed between Greece and the United
States in the entire history of our rela-
tions and which is especially strong at
the present time.
In conformance with the historic
friendship between the Greek and Amer-
ican people, the United States should
certainly develop a practical foreign
policy position on the question of Cyprus.
The lack of leadership by the Johnson
administration in this field is an inter-
national tragedy. Truly responsible
leadership on the part of the United
States should have produced by now
Enosis of the island of Cyprus with
Greece, while safeguarding the rights of
all residents of the island.
Greece, which developed Western civil-
ization as we know it, continues to pro-
vide an ever-increasing role of leadership
in the preservation of our modern
society.
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that all Members
may have 5 legislative days in which to
include their remarks in tribute to this
anniversary of Greek Independence Day.
The SPEAKER. Without objection, it
is so ordered.
There was no objection.
The SPEAKER. Under previous order
of the House, the gentleman from In-
diana [Mr. BRAY] is recognized for 10
minutes..
State's 849 bankers to give their views
on procedures for improving the farm
economy and on a broad range of public
policies.
So far there has been an unbelieveable
50-percent response from the bankers,
most of it from those of the smaller
towns of the State where bankers are
closest to people of the farms and have
quick, continuing communication with
them. I also feel this was indeed an
excellent group to survey since all of us
are most aware of the part financial'in-
stitutions play in our economic stability.
I, of course, am deeply interested in this
activity and have more than a casual
interest in the opinions of the bankers
of Iowa, being. a member of the House
Banking and Currency Committee.
Even more important, I represent the
Seventh Congressional District in which
68 percent of the people live in the
rural areas. This is why I am so vitally
interested in what the bankers think
about farm policy.
Certainly you need not be reminded of
the depressed conditions of our family
farmers as a result of the continuing
downward trend in farm income. There
is, of course, a growing appreciation of
the relationship between income oppor-
tunities for the family farmers of our
Nation and the economic well-being of
people who live and work in the towns
of our rural areas. I must admit that
it was a pleasant surprise to find the
degree of understanding that was ex-
pressed by bankers of Iowa in this vital
survey.
At this particular time, as all of us
anxiously 'await the President's farm
bill, I think it is most appropriate that
we carefully solicit the opinions of every-
one and heed the needs of our family
farmers which have such a great impact
[Mr, BRAY addressed the Douse. His
remarks will appear hereafter in the Ap-
pendix,]
PtM POLICY
The SPEAKER. Under previous or-
der of the House, the gentleman from
Iowa [Mr. HANsEN] is recognized for 30
minutes.
Mr. HANSEN, Mr. Speaker, I have
here in}ny hand the results of an in-
dependent survey which was conducted
by a group of leaders in my home State
of Iowa. I would like to share with my
colleagues the results of this survey
which is one of the clearest and most
definitive statements for the direction of
farm policy by a nonfarm group that I
,have ever seen.
The group which conducted the survey
is an organization known as the "Iowa
99. Legislative and Advisory Group."
This group is composed of one rural
leader from each of the 99 counties in
the State. They were, assisted by the
;Statistical Department at Iowa State
Univergit,y in Ames.
Their objective is to spotlight and em-
phasize the problems of our.rural econ-
omy and recommend necessary meas-
on the economic conditions of our main
street businesses. I want to take this
opportunity to commend the Iowa com-
mittee of 99 for their efforts in collect-
ing these opinions. After reading them,
all of you will, I am sure, agree that
these were not leading but were most ex-
plicite and left no doubt as to the in-
tentions of the individual answering
them.
The failure of the great majoriy of our
family farmers to receive parity of in-
come equal to the incomes of other seg-
ments of our economy is being reflected
in the unfavorable business conditions
in the towns which provide farm families
with goods and services. I want to point
out and emphasize to both my rural and
nonrural colleagues that unless action
is taken soon to further improve the
farm income situation the pinch will be
felt in cities large and small across our
Great Nation. They are directly or in-
farm rural customers for the products of 11. What method would you favor to keep
their factories, plants, and mills. I am farm production prices in balance? More
sure, therefore, that the opinions ex- effective controls, , 20; increased exports, 42;
pressed by these Iowa bankers in this present system, 15; no response, 23.
12 Should there timely questionnaire will be of great in- 'Major t fa p a concerted join oe s effort gain
terest to each of you. This is especially more effective log-run benefits foragrlccul-
true since Congress will. consider action ture? Yes, 85; no, 9.
58.83
this session on a broad range of farm and
food legislation..
Asked if they would favor a 4-year ex-
tension of the present or similar farm
program, more than three-fourths of the
bankers responding to the questionnaire,
specifically, 77 percent answered "Yes."
In response to the question "will ter-
mination of all farm commodity price
supports have a favorable or unfavorable
effect upon your community," 63 percent
said such termination would have an un-
favorable effect-27 percent said "fa-
vorable."
Sixty-eight percent of the bankers re-
sponding to the questionnaire are against
elimination of farm price supports, and
55 percent say that farmers cannot solve
their problems without Government
help.
In response to the question as to
whether or not businessmen in their
communities are doing better now than
in the previous 4 years, 40 percent said
business conditions had" worsened this
year, 26 percent said the situation is un-
changed, and 30 percent said business
was better.
The majority of the bankers respond-
ing to the questionnaire-namely, 60
percent-feel that farmers in their areas
are now making some financial progress,
In view of the answers to farm program
questions, I. think it only fair to con-
clude that farmer-Government coopera-
tion is contributing to the modest prog-
ress that has been made since the start
of the current feed grains program.
With figures reflecting percentages, a
summary of the gestionna?ire returns are
as follows:
1. Do you think farm price supports should
be, eliminated? Yes, 26; no, 68, no response,
6.
2. Can farmers solve their problems with-
out Government help? Yes, 33; no, 55; no
response, 12.
3. The Kiplinger letter stated that within
5 years most, if not all, commodity farm
supports will be gone. If so, will it affect
your community? Favorably, 27; unfavor-
ably, 61; no response, 10.
4. In 1964, President Johnson sent a mis-
sion to Europe to promote high quality meat
trade. Would you favor that our Congres-
sional Agricultural Committee should fur-
ther this type of meat promotion in major
foreign cities? Yes, 96; no, 4.
5. As agricultural exports are the largest
U.B. dollar earner, do you favor feed grain
and soybean exports to Russia and satellites?
Yes, 69; no. 30.
6. Do you favor agricultural exports to
China. Yes, 34; no, 53.
7. Would you favor credit selling to ex-
pand our agricultural exports? Yes, 34; no,
60.
8. Would you favor helping shipowners
so that we can equally compete with other
grain exporting nations who have lower op-
erating costs? Yes, 52; no, 41.
9. Would you recommend using foreign
ships at lower cost? Yes, 35; no, 58.
10. Would you favor the present or similar
farm program extension of 4 years? Yes, 77;
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 5884 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE March 25, 1965
13. Are businessmen doing better, worse, or from the air or by shelling with artillery in a bad light. My response to this
the same as during the last 4 years? Better, or mortar fire. This is virtually the same charge then, and it is most relevant to
39; worse, 40; same, 36: no response, 4. situation faced day after day in the war the situation we find ourselves in today,
14. Do businessmen in your area feel their, Vietnam. In this case gas was used. was that we must reaffirm our longstand-
income is directly tied to agricultural in- The gas incapacitated all within the vii- ing position against the use of these
come. Yes, 92; no, 5. Inge permitting the South Vietnamese to weapons unless they are used against us
gress last February 4, the President of
the United States said:
Farm policy is not something separate. It
is part of an overall effort to serve our na-
tional interest, at home and, around the
world.
I am hopeful that when the major
items of farm and food legislation come
before the Congress the President's ac-
curate observation of the widespread im-
pact of agricultural policy will be remem-
bered.
The family farms of the United States
do far more than keep millions of Amer-
icans supplied with an abundance of top-
quality foods at fair prices. They are
customers for billions of dollars worth of
goods and services that move out to the
countryside from cities and towns. They
can continue their fine record of produc-
tion, and be'increasingly good customers,
only if Government gives them the coop-
eration essential to their achievement of
earning opportunities comparable to
those experienced by the other segments
of our economy.
Finally, Mr. Speaker, I commend to my
colleagues for careful study the survey
results contained herein, and call your
particular attention to the understanding
and sympathetic concern that has devel-
oped in the banking fraternity for the
agriculturist and his problems.
It is my hope that this material will
assist this Congress in developing an an-
swer that will serve the best interests of
our Nation through the improvement and
continuation of a program that has
proven its value during the past several
years.
(Mr. HANSEN of Iowa asked and was
given permission to revise and extend his
remarks and include extraneous matter.)
USE OF CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL,
N USE
RADIOLOGICAL WEAPONS prove of it in advance.
Science and Astronautics, dated August
Li The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Pu- It is not clear from information avail- 10, 1959, on "Research in CBR Warfare,"
CINSKI). Under previous order of the able to me whether the South Vietnamese commented on this aspect of the use of
House, the gentleman from Wisconsin initiated the request for gas to use in these weapons:
[Mr. KASTENMEIER] is recognized for 30 such situations or whether our military It must be made perfectly clear that the
minutes. authorities if the field pressed its use United states does not seek to find any op-
(Mr, KASTENMEIER asked and was upon the South Vietnamese. portunities for using these or other forms of
given permission to revise and extend his on September 3, 1959, in the face of warfare. The natural revulsion against the
remarks and include extraneous matter.) growing interest then being shown by our bizarre effects of both old and new CBR
Mr. KASTENMEIER. Mr. Speaker, I military iri the development of chemical, agents make them ready targets for inter-
rise today to address the House of Repre- bacteriological, and radiological warfare national propaganda campaigns.
sentatives to discuss the subject of the weapons and techniques, I introduced a The great body of public opinion still
use of chemical, biological and radiologi- resolution, House Joint Concurrent Reso- adheres to this view of gas warfare. The
cal weapons. Much has been said here lution 433, which reads as follows: New York Times in an editorial on Wed-
and abroad in the last 72 hours as a re- Resolved by the House of Representatives nesday which ended with the sentence,
sult of the use of American-supplied (the Senate concurring), That the Congress "Gas is a wretched means to achieve even
tear gas-type chemical weapons by the hereby reaffirms the longstanding policy of the most valid ends," begins with the fol-
South Vietnamese. the United States that in the event of war lowing two paragraphs:
The facts reported in the press are the United States shall under no clrcum- The United States, in steady escalation of
these: On January 27, 1965, the South stances resort to the use of biological weap- the Vietnamese conflict, is now revealed to
Vietnamese encountered a village in Phu ons or the use of poisonous or obnoxious have employed a nonlethal gas. It is pos-
Yen Province on the southern tip of the gases unless they are first used by our sible to argue, as American military and
Vietnam peninsula that had been infll- enemies. civilian spokesmen do, that military objec-
trated by the Vietcong. The mission of At that time my efforts were attacked tives can be achieved with fewer casualties
the South Vietnamese was to capture as providing the Communist world with by using a gas that does not kill.
the village. They had the choice of at- an opportunity to twist my words to their This argument overlooks one vital factor;
tacking the village on .foot, by bombing advantage and to place the United States and it displays, at the very least, a lack of
gaining control of the village. The gas er's supporting statement against first
used is characterized by the Defense De- use gave all the support necessary on this
partment as a riot-control-type gas simi- issue.
lar to tear gas, having no residual effect. Such has been our policy ever since
As the Secretary of Defense has said, the President Delano Roosevelt first enunci-
gas was used for the purpose of saving ated the policy in 1943 when he said:
lives. Use of such weapons has been outlawed
Statements released by our headquar- by the general opinion of mankind. This
ters in Saigon on Tuesday confirmed that country has not used them, and I hope
gas was used by the South Vietnamese, that we never will be compelled to use them.
that the gas was provided by the United I state categorically that we shall under no
States and that it was released from dis- circumstances resort to the use of such
pensers in helicopters provided by the weapons unless they are first used by our
enemies.
United States.
Subsequent Defense and State Depart- Furthermore, the tone of all corre-
ment statements confirm that three types spondence which I had with the State
of gases have been available to the South Department with regard to the concur-
Vietnamese from our supplies and that rent resolution mentioned earlier con-
these gases include the following three firmed that our capabiltiy was designed
agents: as a defensive effort and not for the first
DM, a pepperlike irritant that causes use. I read now from a letter from the
sneezing, coughing, headaches, tightness Department of State dated January 15,
in the chest, nausea and vomiting. It in- 1960, which concludes with the quote
capacitates a victim for a half hour to 2 from President Eisenhower:
hours. With respect to U.S. policy governing the
CS, a recently developed tear-inducing use of biological and chemical weapons in
agent that irritates eyes, nose and res- war, this is a matter in which any policy
piratory tract and causes chest pains, decision involving their use rests solely with
choking and vomiting. Its effects last 5 the President of the United States. At his
news conference of January 13, 1960, the
to 10 minutes. President responded to a question bearing di-
CN, a tear-inducing irritant that also rectly on this matter. When asked about
causes irritation to the skin. Its effects U.S. policy with respect to being the first
last about 3 minutes. to use these agents in war, the President
The Defense and State Department said in part that, "So far as my own instinct
statements further indicate that the au- is concerned, is to not start such a thing as
thority to use these riot-control-type that first."
I hope you will find the foregoing infor-
gases had been delegated to area com- mation of assistance.
manders, presumably for that purpose- Sincerely yours,
riot control, and that the decision to use WILLIAM B. MACOMBER, Jr.,
the gas had not previously been cleared Assistant Secretary.
with either the Pentagon or the White Both Houses have studied the question
House. According to news reports, Secre- of the use of CBR weapons in warfare.
tary McNamara and Secretary Rusk first A fine report was made by the Senate
heard of its use in combat in news stories. Subcommittee on Disarmament of the
The White House has stated that the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
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March 2 , p ~$ ZeO1NC~RESSIQNAL RECORD-, DOUSE 5885
imagination somewhere in the top echelons blister, but can cause blindness and at- celerator, and are disseminated by means
of the armed ;foxces. People-ordinary peo- tack many internal organs, including the similar to chemical or biological agents
pie ple everywhere-have a strong psychological
rovilis'
evion, if not horror, at the idea of any lungs, bloodstream, and digestive tract. and those which are deliberately created
kind of poisonous gas, even a temporarily Choking agents: Principally phosgene, by the explosion of a nuclear or thermo-
disabling type that only causes extreme dis- it attacks the lungs so that the victim nuclear device at the combat location.
,comfort, including nausea and diarrhea when progressively moves from coughing to A fourth category testifying to the
used against ordinarily healthy adults, But drowning in the liquid which accumu- capability of laboratories to widen the
even this kind, of gas can be fatal to, the very lates in his own lungs. It also brings range of these heinous weapons includes
yi noun n ailments very old and those ill of heart and on nausea and vomiting and the victim the psychochemicais. These agents or
goes into shock. With this gas and its incapacitating agents as they are known
The Washington Post in a ,similar vein attendant, symptoms in the background, fall into two groups: first, those which
commented bitterly in its lead editorial it is not surprising to have world opinion produce temporary physical disability
on Wednesday as follows: respond witl'i,indignation. at the intro- such as paralysis, blindness, or deafness;
The, argument that the nontoxic gas is duction of the use of gases, blithely dis- and second, those which produce tempo-
more nerci#;ul than antipersonnel weapons missed as merely causing nausea. rary mental abberation. Unlike the
has some merit, but not much, The trouble Blood gases: These include hydrogen lethal war gases or the more virulent bio-
is thatalthough the gas may not be poison, cyanide, cyanogen, chloride and arsine. logical agents, these incapaoitants can
the word is, and all the propagada resources These, in concentration, are very deadly. produce purely temporary effects with-
in the world cannot explain away its employ- They travel via the lungs to the blood- out permanent damage. In this respect
ment as.-an act of, Christian charity and
humanitarian mercy. stream to stop the transfer of oxygen in they more nearly resemble the riot-con-
the blood with consequent severe effects, trol gases or some biological agents which
Two principal arguments. echoed in particularly on the central nervous are deliberately not killers. But in an-
these ecits?raJs'are made. with some ef- system.
fect ing favor of using nonlethal gases in Tear gas and vomiting agents: These other respect, they are quite differeny
a war of this kind. The first contention are considered harassing agents and their not They heralded aldedy, and their n arrival ex-
Is Is that the use, of gas is a. humane means effects, while acute, pass in ordinary cir- not as to the by any human senses ex-
of accom lis also cept The to the effects realizen.
P ham tactical missions which cumstances. Vomiting agents also may
are oiherwise.very costly in terms of the be used in combat in the hope of making The discussion of incapacitating
lives of e vil aps as Well as military. The men remove their protective masks to be- agents brings us back to the use of gas
second Is that since the gas is nonlethal come vulnerable to more deadly attacks. there the South Vietnamese. The gas used
and without prolonged, effect, it is a de- Nerve gases: These constitute the real there is described as a form of tear gas
sirable, weapon to use in guerrilla-type significant change in weaponry in this the victms gas used o i ear gas to
war where the guerrillas are Inter- field. They cause casualties before they thvictims. The step from tear gas to
mingled with noncombatants. can be detected by the human senses. 'ice the use of the incapacitating most agent, n closose echem-
The
The humaneness argument rings a Less than a minute of exposure is lethal. s , on steps anal-
little hollow since we are supporting the As gases, they travel via the lungs, al- oth, is s a short h r, The too, to the
South Vietnamese at the same time though a liquid droplet will penetrate the other gases are short ones, too, and not
with napalm and white phosphorous skin. They disrupt nerve signals to the wathin our eontrol, once the weapons
which are, in themselves inhumane muscles. Symptoms begin with respira- have been used.
weapons.. Horrible as these weapons tort troubles, salivation and perspire- It must be remembered that nonlethal
are, however, they are an accepted part tied, vomiting, cramps, involuntary gases were used by both the French and
of the standard military arsenal. They elimination and leading through convul- Germans in World War I. With the
were used in World War 'II and Korea. sions to death. precedent of the use of such gases estab-
Whether they ought to be or not, they i next turn to biological agents: Five lished, it was not long before the lethal
are not part of the forbidden CBR classes of micro-organisms represent the gases were employed with such long-
family. primary classifications from which bio- lasting and anguished effects.
More Important, however, the hu- logical warfare agents can be drawn: The use of gas in Vietnam is of grave
maneness and nonlethal arguments used First. Fungi are most commonly usa- concern to me, particularly in the light
in favor of these gases are beside the ble against plants, although San Joaquin of a recent. statement by our Ambassador
point,. Valley fever is a fungus infection which to Vietnam, Maxwell D. Taylor. General
This is the central issue. The use of attacks man. Taylor, in a speech to the Saigon Lions
gas by any nation creates a precedent Second. Protozoa are a possibility, but Club on March 22, 1965, is quoted with
for later use by other countries of other are difficult to grow and transmit. Ma- reference to American employment of
gases. Its use represents the first open- laria and amebic dysentery are diseases weapons in the area in an AP dispatch in
lag of the box in which humanity has of this type. the Washington Post, Tuesday, March
kept the arsenal of these weapons sealed Third. Few bacteria are harmful, but 23, as follows:
since the. First World War. Any use of some important disease types exist. Po- What has been done thus far is public
these weapons opens the door to the use tential biological warfare agents are is knowledge. something for What will Hanoi to done worry in abo but tuture
be the
of other more lethal and inhumane weap- anthrax, brucellosis, glanders, tularemia, .
ons. The questions we must ask before plague, bacillary dysentery, and cholera. The significance of this statement, it
using these weapons are: Are we to uni- Fourth. Another group are the rick- seems to me, is not only that it portends
laterally open up. this box of horror ettsiae, including typhus, Rocky Moun- a willingness on our part to use weapons
weapons before, all mankind? Are we to tain spotted fever and Q fever. and tactics which may or may not em-
reverse our past, policy of so long stand- Fifth. The next category consists of brace the CBR arsenal--and I trust and
'ing In such an offhand fashion? I be- the viruses, such as influenza, psittacosis, hope it does not-but it also makes quite
lieve our answer is and should be a re- and Venezuelan equine encephalitis. clear that these steps will be taken in
sounding "No." In past wars, epidemics among men secret, on the premise that these meas-
Let us look at some of the weapons or have often taken as many lives as the ures have been given the silent assent
agents which have stayed locked up in a battlefield, even though the diseases were of the American people. This entire sit-
sort of Pandora's box. The agents avail- spread by natural rather than artificial uation also emphasizes the risks involved
able to us are presumably available to means. The artificial introduction of in allowing our military commanders to
others including the Communist world, diseases to populations not used to them take actions which may effect changes
I will first consider some of the chemi- can have a powerful effect. There is also in policy. Of course, when we rely
cal agents available today-others may the possibility some laboratory will come heavily on military action, this is one
now be, available with other more bizarre up with a new mutant strain which is .of the ever-present dangers that must be
effects; more virulent than the normal forms, guarded against.
Blister agents : These are cumulative . Radiological agents are a less well- I feel the time has come to let the
poisons, such as mustard, nitrogen mus- known and understood matter. They are President know how we feel about these
tard and,lewisfte.. They are rapidly ab- classed in two groups: Those whi
sorbed
h
c
may and other steps taken in the name of
through the skin. They not only derive from a controlled reactor or ac- national necessity. I can recall the fate
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 25, 1965
of another great nation which accepted Mr. FLYNT to revise and extend re-
the morally repulsive as a national marks to be made by himin Committee
necessity. of the Whole today and to include ex-
I personally feel there is time to take traneous matter.
the action necessary to reaffirm otir? com- Mr. LINDSAY during general debate on
mitment to the traditional standards HR. 2362.
governing the conduct of war. - wars. GREEN of Oregon and to include
From all reports I have seen, includ- extraneous matter in the remarks she
ing Secretary McNamara's statement de- made earlier today.
scribing the agents used, the decision to Mr. GOODELL and to include extraneous
provide gas to the South Vietnamese for matter at the conclusion of the debate
use in combat was made by our military in the Committee of the Whole today.
commanders in Vietnam without con- Mr. VIVIAN and to include extraneous
sultation with the Defense Department, matter.
the State Department or the President. (The following Members (at the re-
I believe an investigation is needed to quest of Mr. CLEVELAND) and to include
determine how our military commanders extraneous matter:)
are able to violate what is established na- Mr. DERWINSKI.
tional policy of long standing. I and Mr. MORSE in two instances.
several other Members of Congress have Mr. AYRES.
addressed a letter to the President con- Mr. SAYLOR,
taining a request for such an investiga- Mr. DON H. CLAUSEN in six instances.
tion. We have also called upon him to Mr. REID of New York.
restore exclusive control and direction Mr. ADAIR.
over the use of chemical, -biological and .Mr. GROSS.
radiological weapons to the Presidency Mr. FINDLEY.
and, in the light of prior Executive pro- Mr. BRAY in two instances.
nouncements of policy against our first Mr. BROOMFIELD in three instances.
use of such weapons, to provide the world Mr. MACGREGOR.
with a statement of this administration's Mr. HORTON.
Mr. JOELSON in two instances. 809. A letter from the Secretary of Com-
Mr. PATTEN in two instances. merce, transmitting a copy of the annual re-
Mr, RYAN in two instances. port of the Maritime Administration for fiscal
Mr. McVICKER in two instances. year 1964; to the Committee on Merchant
Mr. BRADEMAS in six instances. Marine and Fisheries.
Mr. FASCELL in two instances. 810. A letter from the Administrator, Small
Mr. MACHEN in six instances. Business Administration, transmitting a
Mr. HELSTOSKI. draft of proposed legislation entitled "A bill
Mr. CALLAN in two instances. to amend the Small Business Act to authorize
Mr. COHELAN in three instances. issuance and sale of participation interests
based on certain pools of loans held by the
Mr. PURCELL in two instances. Small Business Administration, and for other
Mr. EDWARDS of California in two in- - purposes"; to the Committee on Banking and.
Current -
stances. Mr. ICKLE, 811. A letter from the Secretary of the In-
Mr. DULSKI. terior, transmitting a report of the Governor
Mr. PUCINSKI in six instances. of Guam for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1964, pursuant to section 6(b) of the Organic
I t for
n er
policy in this area. - Mr. COLLIER In two instances. Government Operations.
In this way what clearly appears to be Mr. HELSTOSKI (at the request of 806. A letter from the Comptroller General
a unilateral violation of our policy of no- Mr. WILLIAM D. FORD) to extend his re- of the United States, transmitting a report of
first-use can be rejected as a viola- marks during debate on H.R. 2362. weaknesses in negotiation and administra-
lation of policy rather than accepted as (The following Members (at the re- tion of contracts for resettlement of Cuban
a reversal of policy. In this way our na- quest of Mr. WILLIAM D. FORD) and to refugees, Welfare Administration, Depart-
tional prestige and moral standing can include extraneous matter:) ment of Health, Education, and Welfare; to
be maintained. Mr. MULTER in three instances, the Committee on Government Operations.
Mr. TODD in two instances. 807. A letter from the Archivist of the
Mr. DINGELL in two instances. United States, General Services Administra-
Ihe SPEAKER pro tempore. Under Mr. DELANEY. tion, transmitting a report of records pro-
posed for disposal pursuant to 63 Stat. 377;
previous order of the House, the gentle- Mr. FRASER. to the Committee on House Administration.
man from New York [Mr. RYAN] is Mr. POWELL in three instances. 808. A letter from the president and na-
recognized for 15 minutes. Mr. ALBERT. tional director, Boys' Club of America, trans-
[Mr. RYAN addressed the House. His Mr. DANIELS. matting an audited financial report of the
remarks will appear hereafter in the Mr. BANDSTRA. club for calendar year 1964, pursuant to Pub-
Appendix.] Mr. HANLEY in two instances. lic Law 84-988; to the Committee on the
Judiciary.
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous consent, permission to
address the House, following the legisla-
lative program and any special orders
heretofore entered, was granted to,
MT. KASTENMETER, for 30 minutes, to-
day.
Mr. RYAN, for 15 minutes, today ; to
revise and extend his remarks, and in-
clude extraneous matter.
Mr. FEIGHAN, for 15 minutes, on to-
morrow; and to revise and extend his
remarks and include extraneous matter.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
By unanimous consent, permission to
extend remarks in the Appendix of the
RECORD, or to revise and extend remarks,
was granted to:
Mr. AsPINALL and to include pertinent
extraneous material.
Mr. TODD and to include extraneous
matter.
Mr. DULSKI and to include an editorial.
Mr. GRAY in two instances.
Mr. FIND.
Mr. CORBETT in two instances.
Mr. PHILBIN in eight instances and to
include extraneous material.
ADJOURNMENT
Mr. WILLIAM D. FORD. Mr. Speaker,
I move that the House do now adjourn.
The motion was agreed to; according-
ly (at 6 o'clock and 46 minutes p.m.) the
House adjourned until tomorrow, Fri-
day, March 26, 1965, at 12 o'clock noon.
EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS,
ETC.
Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, executiv
801. A letter from the Comptroller General
of the United States, transmitting a report
on the audits of Government Services, Inc..
and its employee retirement and benefit trust
fund and supplemental pension planfor the
year ended December 31, 1964; to the Com-
mittee on Government Operations.
802. A letter from the Comptroller General
of the United States, transmitting a report
of unnecessary costs incurred for commercial
protective service used for shipments of clas-
sified material, Department of the Army; to
the Committee on Government Operations.
803. A letter from the Comptroller General
of the United States, transmitting a review
of financial condition and operations, for fis-
cal years 1962 and 1963, U.S. Section, Inter-
national Boundary and Water Commission,
United States and Mexico; to the Committee
on Government Operations.
804. A letter from the Comptroller General
of the United States, transmitting a report
of unnecessary costs incurred in the reloca-
tion of highways at the Amistad Dam project,
U.S. Section, International Boundary and
Water Commission, United States and Mex-
ico; to the Committee on Government Oper-
ations.
805. A letter from the Comptroller General
of the United States, transmitting a report
of unnecessary costs resulting from inade-
quacies in the administration of the Inter-
American highway program in the Republic
of Panama, Bureau of Public Roads, Depart-
ment of Commerce; to the Committee on
Act of Guam; to the Committee on
and Insular Affairs.
REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUB-
LIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
'Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports of
committees were delivered to the Clerk
for printing and reference to the proper
communications were taken from thee'
Speaker's table and referred as follows:
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 Mcirel~ 25, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
There is, of course, no indoor plumbing.
Until 2 weeks ago, she was able to draw
water for cooklpg and washing from a well
on her property.
But the pump broke and she can't afford to
have it repaired.
Mrs., Moshoquit said that her nearest
neighbors refuse to allow her to use their
.well unless she pays $1 per bucket of water.
Her monthly income is $58 from social se-
curity benefits.
She requires only one bucket of water a
day. But the nearest neighbor who will let
her have the water free of charge lives one-
quarter of a mile away.
This can be an agonizing journey in the
winter.
Several times last month, Mrs. Moshoquit
said, it, was so, cold inside her house that
water she had stored overnight froze into
ice by morning.
She doesn't own an automobile, and this
adds to her hardship. There is no public
transportation in Menominee County.
The closest store is 2 miles from her house.
Unless she is willing to pay someone to drive
her, she must hike to the store.
Several times a month, Father Marcellus
Cabo, pastor of St. Anthony's Catholic
Church in Neopit, stops by and serves as
chauffeur,
The priest transports her to Keshena, 12
miler, distant, to pick up her skimpy allot-
ment of commodities from the food surplus
depot.
"The hardest thing, though, is chopping
the wood," she said. "After I chop the wood,
I'm no good for the rest of the day."
The $56 a week that Edward Kauquatosh,
41, earns .as a laborer in the Menominee lum-
ber mill doesn't .stretch very far. It has
to support his wife, Mary, 45, and their 10
children, ages 8 and 18.
"Last week," he said, "I had to spend my
whole paycheck on shoes for the kids."
Edward doesn't smoke or drink. He can't
afford such pleasures.
The family's diet mainly revolves around
their food, surplus allotments. Fresh meat
on the table is rare.
The Kauquatoshes usually have to pay a
neighbor, $5 to drive them to Keshena to
pick up their monthly food rations.
'heir borne is 2 miles from the lumber
mill. To save money, Edward eats lunch
at home. This means he has to walk to
and from work four times a day.
The medium-size framhouse in which
Laura Wayka and Harriet Waukau live is
bursting with humanity. It is home to 22
people.
The girls, sisters, each with three childen,
are supported by welfare aid.
The house, owned by their parents, is
occupied by their grandfather, brothers and
sisters, and acres of assorted children.
The youngest member of the clan is
Laura's 1-month-old baby. The oldest is
their 75-year-old grandfather.
The sour fragrance of cabbage and un-
washed diapers permeates the house.
Laura, 23, was abandoned by her husband.
She has no idea where he is.
Harriet, 24, divorced her husband.
The women tried living by themselves for
awhile, but soon learned that their anemic
welfare checks made such an arrangement
practically impossible.
Because the family owns no car, they
rarely go out. There are no movie theaters
or any type of commercial entertainment in
Menominee'Volinty. (There aren't even any
doctors in-thy county-)
Entertainment consists of. watching, in
-staggered shifts, the one television set.
' William La Rock, Jr., 30, and his wife,
Mary, 32,_ live with their three small children
(ages 3, 2, and 1) in a shabby two-room
shack which contains running insects instead
of running water.
Each day La Rock drives to a small stream
8 miles from his, house to fill a bucket
with water. Often there are others at the
stream with similar purposes.
La Rock was laid off from his job at the
lumbermill last year and has been on welfare
since. He occasionally works part time with
the highway department,
The La Rocks said they were planning to
leave Menominee this fall and move to Mil-
waukee.
"This is my home and I'll always love it,
but there's nothing here for me anymore."
he said. "At least I'll be able to find work
in Milwaukee."
La Rock said that in the last year, 15 of
his relatives moved to other cities in the
Midwest.
More and more, the young Indians of
Menominee County are leaving the land of
their ancestors in order to survive.
BELOIT DAILY NEWS PRAISES
SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY OF
AMERICAN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, the
Beloit Daily News, which is an outstand-
ing Wisconsin newspaper, has com-
mented on the sense of responsibility
of the Nation's students. In view of all
the criticism that has been leveled at the
students of the Nation, this kind of
thoughtful and objective praise by a
highly respected newspaper should be
called to the Nation's attention. It reads:
GOOD WORD FOR STUDENTS
Much is being said and written about
young people going to the dogs in a hand-
basket, especially on college campuses. Per-
haps college presidents are in the best posi-
tion to know how college students are be-
having, and one of them thinks he detects
"an increasing maturity in the Nation's stu-
dents." He is Vernon R. Alden, president of
Ohio University at Athens.
"Today's students," he says, "regard col-
lege not as a haven from responsibility but
as a training ground for citizenship. They
see themselves as the conscience of the Na-
tion; they are supplying the energy for
needed social change."
One thing is certain, stresses Alden: More
students are going into teaching, social work
and politics, fewer into business. The reason
is that they can live comfortably In almost
any career they choose. Satisfaction, then,
not money, becomes the deciding factor.
"As I look at today's students," says Alden,
"I am deeply moved by their maturity. It
is fortunate that they are accepting respon-
sibility at such an early age, for already the
torch of leadership is being passed to them."
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will
the Senator from Vermont yield to me,
without losing his right to the floor?
THE SITUATION" INL/ VIETNAM-
THOUGHTFUL CO1ClMENTS BY
STUDENTS OF THE HISTORY
CLASS OF CUSTER COUNTY HIGH
SCHOOL IN MILES CITY, MONT.,
AND REPLY BY SENATOR MANS-
FIELD
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, the
members of Mr. Gray's junior year
American history class in Custer County
High School, Miles City, Mont., have
written me recently to present their views
on the situation in Vietnam and to ask
me to state mine. These young men and
women and their teacher, Mr. Gray, are
to be commended for encouraging serious
discussion and analysis of this issue.
5735
Their thoughtful comments in these let-
ters give reassuring evidence that as the
years go by Montana and the United
States will continue to be blessed with
an informed and responsible citizenry.
My reply to their request may be of
some interest to others, and I therefore
read it, as follows:
U.S. SENATE,
OFFICE OF THE MAJORITY LEADER,
Washington, D.C., March 10, 1965.
DEAR -: I have received your letter
and a number of other letters from your
classmates concerning Vietnam, You ex-
press your views and you ask me to express
mine on this very serious question.
First, I want to commend your teacher,
Mr. Gray, for encouraging this discussion and
I want to compliment you.for participating
in it in a most intelligent and mature way.
I have gained a great deal in understanding
from reading your letters.
Now let me state my views to you on Viet-
nam, as you requested.
The war in Vietnam is a war among Viet-
namese but Americans are becoming more
and more involved in the fighting. Scarcely
a week goes by without a report of several
American soldiers being killed or wounded.
Each life is precious and each death a
tragedy. But if we look at this situation
fully, we will see that we are still not in-
volved in the kind of conflict which we ex-
perienced in World War H or even in Korea.
The casualties among Americans in those
other conflicts would sometimes equal or sur-
pass in 1 day what we have borne in Vietnam
over the past several years.
In other words, the American involvement
in the conflict in Vietnam is still far short of
what it was in those other recent wars with
which you are familiar, I am sure, from your
class studies or the experiences of your own
families.
Yet, the fighting in Vietnam could grow
into another Korea or another world war.
Some people say: "Well, why not? Let's go
in and get it over with quickly," The answer
is that that is not an answer at all. A war
in Asia could last for many years, spread
further and further and bring millions of
casualties and cause widespread devastation
and destruction. In my view, we owe it, not
only to the rest of the world, but to our own
people to do whatever can honorably be done
to prevent that kind of tragedy and suffering.
But it is going to take two sides to prevent
a larger war from developing out of Vietnam.
And it is going to take two sides to bring to
an end even the small war which is now in
progress in Vietnam. If it is going to be an
honorable end, it means that the people who
live in South Vietnam have got to have rea-
sonable security and a reasonable opportunity
to decide what they want for themselves.
That is the reason why Americans were
sent into Vietnam in the first place-to help
the Vietnamese people. It is their country
and it is still their war and I hope that it
can be kept that way. I would not like to
see the United States involved in Vietnam
any longer than it takes to help bring about
a just solution which secures the freedom of
South Vietnam. I would want to see the
fighting, not extended, but ended just as soon
as possible on that basis.
That Is the way the situation looks to me.
Once again, I would like to compliment you
and your classmates and your teacher for
pursuing this discussion and to thank you
for bringing me into it by your letters.
With best personal wishes, I am
Sincerely yours,
MIKE MANSFIELD.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that there be printed in the RECORD
at this point a list of the Custer County
High School students who wrote letters
to me on the situation in South Vietnam.
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 5736
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-, SENATE March 25, 1965
There being no objection, the list of
students was ordered to be printed in
the RECORD, as follows:
Jim Beardsley, Custer County High School,
Miles City, Mont.
Linda Bergerson, Custer County High
School, Miles City, Mont.
Jerianne Chezum, Box 119, Miles City,
Mont.
Virginia Clendenen, 809 - South Sewell,
Miles City, Mont.
Susan Enghusen, Custer County High
School, Miles City, Mont.
Bill Hildenbrand, 216 North Eighth, Miles
City, Mont.
Laura Jan Huntzicker, 412 South Center,
Miles City, Mont.
Robert J. Kelley, 908 Woodbury, Miles City,
Mont.
Rick Kouba, Custer County High School,
Miles City. Mont.
Pat Mackenzie, Custer County High School,
Miles City, Mont.
Barbie Petersohn, 1910 North Jordan, Miles
City, Mont.
Lynn Ronning, Custer County High School,
Miles City, Mont.
Carol Shook, 713 South Cottage Grove
Ave., Miles City, Mont.
Linda Sterling, Route 1, Box 274, Miles
City, Mont.
Anita Strub, 811 Wells, Miles City, Mont.
Jack Whitten, 2115 Main, Miles City,
Mont.
AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED
STATES AND MEXICO ON THE
COLORADO SALINITY PROBLEM
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, the
friendly and sympathetic atmosphere
which` exists between the Republic of
Mexico and the United States has helped
to make it possible to work out a solution
to another long-standing irritant in our
relations. It has just been announced
that an agreement between the two na-?
tions covering the Colorado salinity prob-
lem has been achieved. It follows a
1963 treaty on the El Chamizal and ranks
with it as an outstanding example of a
solution to a complex and long-standing
international difficulty worked out by the
processes of reason in a setting of mutual
accommodation and mutual respect.
The `water salinity problem on the
Colorado River has caused considerable
economic hardship to Mexican farmers
who live near the border areas in the
Mexicali Valley and who depend on the
waters of the Colorado to irrigate their
fiefs. And, of course, the utilization
of the river is of immense importance in
the agriculture and other -activities of
the Southwest region of ourown Nation.
The new agreement is an equitable
answer to the difficulty. It is expected
to make sufficient fresh water available
to both Mexicans and Americans living
in the area served by the Colorado River.
Many months of hard work by Mexi-
can and United States negotiators have
gone -into completing this settlement.
The Governors of seven American States
were consulted at every step of the ne-
gotiations and each gave their coopera-
tion in making a solution possible. Sec-
retary of Interior Stewart Udall, Under
Secretary of` State Thomas Mann, U.S.
Ambassador Anthony Freeman, U.S.
Border Commissioner Joseph Freidkin
and his staff, Terrance 0. Leonhardy
and T. R. Martin of the Department of
State, and Robert Sayre of the White
House staff, represented the United
States in the protracted negotiations.
The main burden of the Mexican point
of view was carried by former Ambassa-
dor Antonio Carrillo Flores, now Min-
ister of Foreign Affairs, and Commis-
sioner David Herrera Jordan. All of
these men labored long and hard in
working out a compromise. They have
made a great contribution in the spirit
of good neighborliness embodied in the
Charter of Punta del Este. The Mexi-
can-United States parliamentary meet-
ings of the past several years have also
made a profound contribution to this
achievement not only by increasing the
mutual understanding of the problem of
Colorado salinity through discussions
among the legislators of both countries
but also by developing a high degree of
reciprocal sympathy with respect to the
whole range of relations between Mex-
ico and the United States. The work of
the distinguished Senator from Alabama
[Mr. SPARKMAN1, who has headed the
Senate group of the U.S. delegation, the
senior Senator from Vermont 1Mr.
A1xsNl, the ranking Republican in the
U.S. Senate, the senior Senator from
Oregon [Mr. MORSE], the Chairman of
the Latin American Affairs subcommit-
tee, and all the others on the delega-
tion has been outstanding in this con-
nection.
Still other problems exist between
Mexico and the United States but the
augury for their friendly and mutually
beneficial settlement is encouraging.
Needless to say if a similar spirit of rea-
sonable amicability characterized our
relations all over the world, the goal of
world peace would be furthered immeas-
urably.
I ask unanimous consent that an ar-
ticle entitled "United States, Mexico
Reach Pact on River Water," published
in the New York Herald Tribune on
March 23, 1965, be printed in the RECORD
at this point.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
SALT IN THE COLORADO: UNITED STATES, MEX-
ICO REACH PACT ON RIVER WATER
(By Barnard L. Collier, Latin-American
correspondent)
WASHINGTON.-The United States and Mex-
ico reached final agreement yesterday on the
touchy problem posed by the claim that the
United States was pouring crop-killing salt
water into Mexico's part of the Colorado
River.
In a White House statement yesterday,
President Johnson announced that he had
approved an agreement worked out by the
International Boundary and Water Commis-
sion. It will allow Mexico to control the
salinity of the water flowing into irrigation
ditches in the Mexicali Valley.
The agreement provides for a US.-built ex-
tension of an existing drainage canal which
will divert salt-laden water from a U.B. Irri-
gation project east of Yuma, Ariz., away from
the Mexican irrigation system when the Mex-
icans choose to do so.
"The agreement has been considered by
the Governors of the Colorado River Basin
States and by the chairmen of the appropri-
ate congressional committees," said the Presi-
dent, "and all have agreed to it."
The diversion. project Is expected to cost
the United States about $5 million. If Con-
gress speeds additional appropriations, the
project will he finished by next October-
the period when the Colorado flows least and
saltiest into Mexico.
Among the nearly 300,000 Mexicans in the
rich Mexicali Valley just below the California
border, the angry cry of "sal"-salt-has
long signified anti-Yankeeism. In the last
5 years, Leftists and Communists rallied
peasants and farmers to protest and riot.
The dispute dates to shortly after the 1944
treaty between the United States and Mex-
ico, which guarantees Mexico at least 1.5
million acre feet of the Colorado River's wa-
ter each year. (An acre-foot is the amount
of water needed to cover 1 acre of land to
the depth of 1 foot.)
That quantity, the negotiators knew, was
sufficient for future irrigation purposes in
the cotton-growing valley. But even then
they realized the quality of the water would
some day become a sticky issue.
The Colorado River water that flowed
across the border into Mexico then contained
approximately 900 parts of salt per million
parts of water-a little more than is tasty,
but usable nonetheless. Then more and
more irrigation projects using the Colorado's
water were started on the U.S. side.
The project that caused most of the trou-
ble was the Wellton-Mohawk farm develop-
ment near Yurna. There the irrigation wa-
ters from the Colorado turned desert into
lush farmland. But the relatively pure wa-
ter that made crops grow in Yuma area was
drained back into the Colorado via the Gila
River and crossed the border into Mexico
laden with leached out salt.
On occasion, the Mexicans insisted, the
water flowing back out of the Yuma area
contained up to 20,000 parts of salt per mil-
lion parts of water. (Sea water contains
about 35,000 parts per million.) The Mexi-
cans were furious.
The salt crisis finally brought a joint
United States-Mexican communique in the
early summer of 1962, in which President
Kennedy and Mexico's President Adolfo Lopez
Mateos promised to reach a permanent solu-
tion by October 1963.
Meanwhile, the U.S. Bureau of Reclama-
tion opened 12 fresh-water wells that
pumped clear water into the Gila and diluted
the Yuma waste water down to 4,000 parts
of salt per million. By the time it mixed
with the Colorado water again the salt level
dropped to about 1,800 parts per million.
Still Mexico claimed that the wells alone
were no permanent solution.
The Bureau of Reclamation, however, con-
tended that the water going to Mexico was
usable. If the Mexicans would lay tiles along
their irrigation ditches, keeping much of the
water from draining through salty soil and
getting even saltier, the farms at the end of
their Irrigation network would have little to
complain about, the Bureau said.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
thank the distinguished Senator from
Vermont.
Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, I should.
like to comment briefly on what has beer.,
said by the distinguished majority leader.
One of the plus signs that we can pu,
against our foreign relations these days--
and we have had too few of them--i:>
the relationship which now exists be-
tween the United States and the Re-
public of Mexico. At no time in history
has the relationship between these two
countries been more amicable and more
understanding than it is today. That is
because the officials of our executive
branch of the Government and the rep-
resentatives of our legislative branch of
Government and their counterpart of the
Mexican Government have been consid-
erate and understanding in dealing with
the problems which have confronted u:s.
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March 25, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
I submit today a plan for reorganiza-
tion in the Bureau of Customs of the De-
partment of the Treasury.
At present the Bureau maintains 113
Independent field offices, each reporting
directly to Customs headquarters, in
Washington, D.C. Under a moderniza-
tion program of which this reorganiza-
tion plan is an integral part, the Secre-
tary of the Treasury proposes to estab-
lish six regional offices to supervise all
Customs field activities. The tightened
management controls achieved from
these improvements will make possible
a net annual saving of $9 million within
a few years.
An essential feature will be the aboli-
tion' of the offices of all Presidential ap-
pointees in the. Customs Service. The
program cannot be effectively carried out
without this step.
The following offices, therefore, would
be eliminated: collectors of customs,
comptrollers of customs, surveyors of
customs, and appraisers of merchandise,
to which appointments are now required
to be made by the President by and with
the advice and consent of the Senate.
Incumbents of abolished offices will be
given consideration for suitable employ-
ment under the civil service laws in. any
positions in Customs for which they may
be qualified.
When this reorganization is completed,
all officials and employees of the Bureau
of Customs will be appointed under the
civil service laws.
All of the functions of the offices
which will. be abolished are presently
vested in the Secretary of the Treasury
.by Reorganization Plan No. 26 of 1950
which gives the Secretary power to re-
delegate these functions. He will exer-
cise this, power as the existing offices are
abolished.
The estimate of savings that will be
achieved by the program of Customs
modernization and improvement, of
which this reorganization plan is a part,
is based on present enforcement levels,
business volume, and salary scales. Of
the amounts saved, approximately $1
million a year will be from salaries no
longer paid because of the abolition of
offices.
The proposed new organizational
framework looks to the establishment of
new offices at both headquarters and field
levels and abolition of present offices.
This results in a net reduction of more
than 50 separate principal field offices by
concentration of supervisory respon-
sibilities in fewer officials in charge of
regional and district activities. In addi-
tion to the 6 offices of regional commis-
sioner, about 25 offices of district direc-
tor will be established. The regional
commissioners and district directors will
assume the overall principal supervisory
responsibilities and functions of collec-
tors of customs, appraisers of merchan-
dise, comptrollers of customs, labora-
tories, and supervising customs agents.
At the headquarters level, four new
offices will be established to replace seven
divisions, A new position of Special As-
s1stant t,Si the Commissioner will be cre-
at~d and charged with responsibility for
insuring that all customs employees con-
duct themselves in strict compliance with
all applicable laws and regulations. Up
to now this function has been one of a
number lodged with an existing division.
After investigation I have found and
hereby declare that each reorganization
included in Reorganization Plan No. 1
of 1965 is necessary to accomplish one
or more of the purposes set forth in
section 2(a) of the Reorganization Act
of 1949, as amended.
It should be emphasized that aboli-
tion by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of
1965 of the offices of collector of customs,
comptroller of customs, surveyor of cus-
toms, and .appraiser of merchandise will
in no way prejudice any right of any per-
son affected by the laws administered by
the Bureau of Customs. The rights of
importers and others, for example, be-
fore the customs court, arising out of the
administration of such functions will re-
main unaffected. In addition it should
be emphasized that all essential serv-
ices to the importing, exporting, and
traveling public will continue to be per-
formed.
This reorganization plan will permit a
needed modernization of the organiza-
tion and procedure of the Bureau of Cus-
toms. It will permit a more effective ad-
ministration of the customs laws.
I urge the Congress to permit Reorga-
nization Plan No. 1 of 1965 to become
effective.
LYNDON B. JOHNSON.
THE "WHITE HOUSE, March 25, 1965.
ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTI-
CLES, ETC., PRINTED IN THE
APPENDIX
On request, and by unanimous con-
sent, addresses, editorials, articles, etc.,
.were ordered to be printed in the Appen-
dix, as follows:
By Mr. KUCHEL:
Transcript of Interview of Senator Dmx-
sEN by Joseph F. McCaffery over WMAL-
ABC-TV, February 7, 1965.
By Mr. METCALF:
Address entitled "The Liberal Spirit and
the Liberal Task," delivered by Dr. John
Kenneth Galbraith at the biennial conven-
tion of the National Farmers Union in
Chicago.
By Mr. MUNDT:
Address delivered by Dr. James K. Pollock,
professor of political science at the Univer-
sity of Michigan, before the Cleveland Wel-
fare Federation on March 2, 1965, on the sub-
ject of public welfare and intergovernmental
relations.
Address entitled "The Great Plains Wheat
Organization," delivered by Andrew Brakke,
chairman of the board of directors of Great
Plains Wheat Organization, at Denver, Colo,,
on February 25, 1965.
By Mr. BYRD of Virginia:
Address of the future of the United States
and what its citizens can do to influence it,
delivered by Don L. Jordan to the Halifax
County Chamber of Commerce, at South
Boston, Va., on March 18, 1965.
Editorial tribute to Robert A. Taft, "The
Missing Man," published in the Wall Street
Journal of March 25, 1965.
Article entitled "Voting Rights Bill Con-
stitutes a Revolution in American Law,"
written by David Lawrence.
By Mr. McINTYRE:
Editorial on abandoned automobiles along
the highways, published in the Concord
(N.H.) Shoppers News, for March 11, 1965,
5667
By Mr. THURMOND:
Article entitled "Seriousness of Gold Sit-
uation Made Clear by Martin," written by
Henry J. Taylor, and published in the Nash-
ville Banner of March 12, 1965.
Article entitled "Johnson Arts Bill Lacks
Limits," written by James J. Kilpatrick, and
published in the Washington Evening Star
of March 18, 1965.
By Mr. INOUYE:
Article entitled "Foreign Trade-Exporter
To Use Trade Zone in 3-Way Transactions,"
published in Hawaii Business and Industry
for March 1965.
Resolution in support of voting rights for
all citizens, adopted by board of directors
of Hawaii Education Association.
By Mr. SIMPSON:
Prize-winning essays on the Bill of Rights,
by sixth-grade students of Cheyenne, Wyo.
THEJSIE OF GAS IN SOUTH
11**~v~~ VIETNAM
Mr. RIBICOFF. Mr. President, the
use of even a nonlethal gas in South
Vietnam is shocking. It cannot be justi-
fied-despite all the protestations of Sec-
retary McNamara and Secretary Rusk-
on moral or practical grounds.
Morally, the use of any gas rests on
extremely tenuous ground. As the Gene-
va Protocol of 1925 pointed out, "the use
of asphyxiating, poisonous or other
gases" has been "justly condemned by
the general opinion of the civilized
world."
The protocol made no distinction be-
tween lethal and nonlethal gases. Nor,
for that matter, have we. During World
War 11-the most widespread and dead-
ly war in history-and all of the Korean
action we refrained from chemical war-
fare. Recently, there have been increas-
ing reports of the use of chemical war-
fare by the Egyptians in Yemen. Will we
now condone such actions on the basis
of our own?
We cannot escape the consequences of
our actions by legal sophistries. We may
not have ratified the 1925 protocol, but
we have effectively bound ourselves to
its terms by our actions. There is no
question but that the use of gas is wrong.
More than that, it is just plain stupid.
The use of gas in South Vietnam has
accomplished nothing, at a very great
risk to our interests. This is scarcely a
sound rule of conduct in international
affairs.
The gas was used three times. Twice
there were no Vietcong in the area. On
the third occasion, a strong wind pre-
vented the gas from being effective, and
the "people were not very ill."
It is claimed that the gas is a humane
weapon for use when the Vietcong have
mingled with the civilian population and
we cannot tell friend from foe. If we
cannot tell before we use the gas, I fail
to see how we can tell after the victims
have recovered from its effects.
Moreover, I understand that we have
even failed to provide effective protec-
tion to the South Vietnamese troops who
use the gas. We have issued them gas
masks designed for the bigger boned and
larger stature American soldiers, and the
loose fitting masks present a real hazard
to the South Vietnamese.
Still another tragedy of the use of gas
in Vietnam is the effect on our allies.
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5668
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE March 25, 1965
President Johnson has painstakingly put
together a growing consensus of world
opinion that he is right in resisting ag-
gression. His policies have been receiv-
ing overwhelming support at home and
increased understanding abroad.
Now that support has been placed in
jeopardy. A constituent of mine sent
me a telegram today which asks a very
appropriate question: "Do we not take
diplomatic soundings beforehand?"
From what information I can gather,
the answer is "No." Expressions of shock
and outrage have come from around the
world.
We have opened Pandora's box. We
have begun an action which never should
have started. Let us end the use of gas
in South Vietnam now.
Mr. President, in yesterday's New York
Times Mr. James Reston discussed the
use of gas in Vietnam. I think every-
one should read this article carefully
and ask unanimous consent that it be
printed at this point In the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
WASHINGTON: JUST A LITTLE OLD "BENEVOLENT
INcsaAcrrATOs"
(By James Reston)
WASHINGTON, March 23: -The Pentagon's
main argument for using nauseous gas in
Vietnam Is that it is better in some cases
to gas the Communists than to maim or
kill them. The officers here even have a won-
derful phrase to describe the new instru-
ments of chemical warfare: "benevolent in-
capacitators."
This, of course, was the defense for using
poison gas In the First World War. It wasn't
very benevolent and it often incapacitated
a man for life, and it sent such a shudder
through the world that even in so savage
a conflict as the Second World War it wasn't
used.
Secretary McNamara was careful to explain
that he was not supplying poison gas to the
South Vietnamese Army. He almost sounded
as if he was doing the Communists a favor
by treating them like rowdy race rioters in
Rochester, but the thing is not quite as
innocent as he made it sound.
WHAT NEXT?
The trouble with reverting to the use of
any kind of gas in war is that it opens up
so many other possibilities of chemical war-
fare. The use of gas on the battlefield has
almost stopped in the last two generations,
but the art of chemical warfare has not.
There is now a whole new'arsenal of gases
that not only nauseate, but stun and paralyze
the enemy. The military correspondent of
the Evening Star in Washington, Richard
Fryklund, for example, recently reported on
the latest and best-a gas called BZ by the
U.S. Army.
He tells of recent tests of BZ at the Army's
G'lenitcal Warfare Proving Grounds at Dug-
Way, Utah. Volunteer soldiers were submit-
ted to the effects of BZ while they were
executing simple battlefield operations.
"In one case," he reports, "a soldier on
guard duty was gassed. He was approached
by a strange soldier who said he did not
know the password. The guard tried to
remember what to do about it, couldn't, got
tired of the whole problem and sat down and
went to sleep.
Secretary McNamara, emphasized that the
only gas that was used in Vietnam was the
same as the gas than can be purchased at a
store. But the same argument made for
nauseous gas could also be made for BZ
or even for some of the paralyzing gases.
After all, it is more benevolent to paralyze
aman than to kill him with a machinegun.
Where do you draw the line on the Me-
Namara argument? And even if you draw it
at nauseous gas, how do you know what gas
the enemy will use after you start this devil-
ish business?
The national policy on the use of all chem-
ical weapons has been that the United States
would consider using them only If the enemy
used them, but the Pentagon's reaction to
the criticism of using nauseous gas was
merely to express surprise that anybody
would be disturbed.
Nobody concerned has even claimed that
the use of the gas was effective. The military
spokesman in Saigon said It proved of little
value on the three occasions it was used. In
two cases, according to United Press Inter-
national in Saigon, it was discovered that no
Reds were in the area. In a third, a few
Communists may have been "demoralized,"
but "there was a fair wind that day and the
people were not very Ill."
The main effect was merely to nauseate
a lot of people all over the world with the
thought that gas could be used merely on the
authority of the South Vietnamese soldiers
concerned.
One unfortunate aspect of the incident
was that it occurred precisely at the moment
when the United States was beginning to
gain a little more understanding in the
world for its policy in Vietnam.
Ever since the United States started bomb-
ing North Vietnam and dropping napalm
firebombs on Communists targets, there has
been a considerable outcry for negotiations
to end the war. President Johnson has in-
sisted from the start, as he told 42 State
Governors at the White House this week,
that he would go anywhere at any time if he
thought he could serve the cause of peace,
but that there was simply no evidence that
the Communists were interested in negotiat-
ing a settlement in Vietnam.
This view is now being confirmed by the
principal foreign offices of the world. The
British Foreign Secretary underscored the
point at the White House today. He told the
President that the Soviet Foreign Minister,
Andrei Gromyko, had said in London a few
days ago that it was useless to talk about
negotiations.
REBUFFED ON TALKS
The French, who have been the principal
agitators for a negotiated settlement, now
concede that their explorations in Peiping
and Hanoi have been rebuffed, and the Ca-
nadians report that their official on the Inter-
national Control Commission in Vietnam
was not even given the opportunity to discuss
negotiations with the North Vietnamese
Communists.
Accordingly, the propaganda over Vietnam
was beginning to turn a little to the American
side, when the gas incident was disclosed, in-
capitating our own propagandists, and not
very benevolently either.
GREEK INDEPENDENCE DAY
Mr. SALTONSTALL. -- Mr. President,
today, March 25, 1965, marks the 144th
observance of Greek Independence Day.
Throughout history, the Greeks have
been leaders in man's endless quest to se-
cure for himself the blessings of liberty.
It is to their courage and indomitable
spirit that all those who value freedom
pay tribute on this occasion.
Few people in history have had to
undergo the hardships which the Greeks
have endured for the sake of freedom.
From the age of the city-state when
they stood fast against the Persian in-
vasions, through their 6-year long battle
against Ottoman domination, the victo-
rious outcome of which we observe today,
until the present when Greece stands as
a proud bulwark of democracy on the
very threshold of a nation dedicated to
the eradication of popular government,
their fight has been long and often bitter.
But seldom in history has the noble cause
of liberty had as determined an
adherent.
The concept of democracy which lay
at the foundation of the government at
Athens more than 2,000 years ago has
had a most profound effect on the devel-
opment of Western political theory and
practice. The Greeks' emphasis on the
dignity and rights of the individual, and
on the rule of law, are the most basic and
important components of democratic
governments today.
A year ago our feelings of joy on this
occasion were saddened by the news of
the death of King Paul. The loss of
this man, so strongly committed to the
lofty principles of his Greek heritage,
was keenly felt. Today, however, more
than a year after the reins of govern-
ment passed into the capable hands of
his son and successor, King Constantine,
people of Greek ancestry have even more
reason to take pride in their nation's
history and accomplishments. Today
Greece continues as living, positive proof
of a people's dedication to democracy.
I have long valued the friendship and
counsel of the large Greek community in
Massachusetts. I also value my friend-
ship and associations with the Greek
Ambassador here in Washington, Mr.
Alexander Matsas, who has served his
country well.
To these friends, and to their Hellenic
brothers throughout the world, I extend
my sincere best wishes on this important
anniversary.
RETIREMENT OF HON. DOUGLAS
DILLON AS SECRETARY OF THE
TREASURY
Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, I think
this is an appropriate time to speak of
the retiring Secretary of the Treasury.
the Honorable Douglas Dillon. I should;
like to read from an editorial entitled
"Changing Guard at Treasury," pub--
lished in the Washington Post of March
20, 1965, in which the following statemen v
is made about the retiring Secretary:
In embracing the modern theory of fiscrl
policy, in reforming the depreciation guide-
lines, in dealing vigorously and imaging:
tively with vexing balance-of-payments del -
icits, Douglas Dillon wrote a brilliant rec-
ord at the Treasury. He was by far the best
Treasury Secretary of the postwar period,
and it is, indeed, doubtful whether he his
a peer in this century.
The judgment expressed by the Wash-
ington Post is held by many in the Con-
gress and the country, and I cannot add
to it. In every post that Douglas Dill n,
has held, whether it has been Ambassa-
dor to France, Under Secretary of State
in the administration of President Eisen-
hower, or Secretary of the Treasury, Ln-
der President Kennedy and President
Johnson, he has brought to all of these
important positions unusual ability,
courage, the sense of duty, a patriotic de-
sire to serve his country, and an unfail-
ing sense of humor. He is uniquely fit-
ted for public service, and I have n-)
doubt that in the future he will be cai'e:i
upon again to serve our country. He -
 Mare 25, `?ffoved For Re&MW, (8/NOA~Cj RDPD BO SENATE 300160012-9
Mr. CARLSON. Yes; as the Senator strong United Nations. If the great pow-
has said, there will be a great debate all ers get together we can do so. I am in-
over the world. I have no doubt about it. clined to think that that is entirely pos-
I had the privilege of serving as a dele- sible. Those of us who make the appro-
gate to the United Nations in the 19th. priations must decide whether we shall
session of the United Nations, which was appropriate money to sustain a growing
the last session. I am somewhat familiar concern or whether we shall appropriate
with the problem which the distin- money to sustain a growing rathole.
guished Senator,from Vermont has men- Mr. CARLSON. And also whether we
tioned. The problem of financing is a shall appropriate money to support an
difficult one. While my service at the ineffective organization.
United Nations was most interesting, it Mr. AIKEN. The Senator is correct.
was also frustrating.. The problem of Mr. CARLSON. There has been some
financing must be solved. It will be talk about sending the problem of Viet-
solved, as I see it, through the future nam to the United Nations. What could
actions of the Congress, particularly the the United Nations do in relation to that
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, problem when they will not even pay for
of which, the distinguished; Senator from the peacekeeping operations in the
New York [Mr. JAVITS] is a member.. Congo? In that respect if has been
Of th
ne oe privileges of serving on the ineffectual.
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Mr. AIKEN. My major reason for
is to sit next to the Senator from Ver- speaking as I have today is to put the
mont. There I have the privilege of United Nations in such shape that we
enjoying his sound and constructive ad- can look hopefully toward a cessation of
vice time and time again. He has again bloodshed in Asia and get away from the
demonstrated to the Senate and to the fear that some day, before too long, we
country the problem which is confront- might be engaged in total war.
ing us. in the United Nations. I thoroughly agree with the Senator
Very frankly, as one who spent the en- that this is the time when the United
tire month of December at the United Nations will become a strong interna-
Nations, to which we contribute $29.3 tional agency or fall by the wayside.
million-32 percent of the. cost of the Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, if the
United Nations aside from the special Senator from Vermont will indulge me a
fund-I should like to say very frankly moment before I start on my own ad-
that we shall either have to increase that dress, I too would like to congratulate
amount or we shall have to decide what the Senator for a magnificently provoca-
the future of the United Nations shall be. tive address. I not only consider the
In my opinion, the answer to that ques- Senator my senior in the Senate, but I
tion will be determined in this very body. honor and love him as a great American
The groundwork has been laid this after- and a great friend. When he shows his
noon for weeks of discussion of that ques- eternal youth, as he did today, in so pro-
tion., We should get at it. vocative a statement, it is a great joy
I agree that we must have some inter- to those like myself who are interested
national organization where nations can in these subjects. I should like, if I
meet and discuss world problems. Such may, to clarify the point because I think
an organization is necessary in an age I know the Senator's mind on this sub-
in which the world has shrunk so in size, ject very well. It seems to me that
both in communications and in trans- what the Senator has said in effect is
portation, so that it is important that this: No matter what we do about the
we act. It is best that we get underway money, the important thing is the au-
soon, thority. In other words, the United Na-
The proposal may not be the best way tions, having shown a certain capability
to handle the problem. But the deter- through the General Assembly to do
mining factor will be the financing. I something about peacekeeping, is now
well remenber the occasion on which the denuded of a valuable authority because
Senator discussed the $100 million bond it handles its money business unwisely.
Issue. Having served in the United Na- This would be a great loss to the world,
Lions, I should like to say, if I remember and even if we begin to recognize that
correctly, that $85 million of those bonds article 19 is a nullity and, in reality, if
have been invested, used, and the funds we are to have money for peacekeeping
carried into gther countries. operations it must be contributed vol-
Mr. AIKEN. We have put in approx- untarily-even if we got to that point-
imately $80 million. preserving the authority of the General
Mr. CARLSON. $80 million? Assembly so it could authorize peace-
Mr. AIKEN. About that. keeping operations, even if financed vol-
Mr. CARLSON, If I remember cor- untarily, is extremely valuable.
rectly, the indebtedness of the United It seems to me that the Senator has
Nations for peacekeeping operations is separated the wheat from the chaff. It
around $154 million at the present time. is the authority that we wish to pre-
Mr. AIKEN. The amount is not insur- serve. We do not desire that to go down
mountable if we get at it now. the drain because of the fact that the
I have Purposely refrained from saying money equation has been badly handled.
today how I would do it., That is the Mr. AIKEN. As I said, I have some
business of the executive branch. The ideas, and, I know that the Senator from
members of the executive branch have New York has some as to h t
w
l
5743
grateful to the Senator from Vermont
for his magnificent address today.
I ask unanimous consent that I may
call for a quorum without losing my right
to the floor.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I sug-
gest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for the
quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
HARRIS in the chair). Without objection,
it is so ordered.
V IV
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I have in
mind making a statement on Vietnam
today. Before I address myself to that
subject, I should like to say a word about
the flurry over the use of so-called riot
gas in Vietnam, which has dominated the
news for the past few days.
It happens that on this particular sub-
ject I have a slight amount of expertness,
because during World War II I served
as an officer in the Chemical Warfare
Service of the U.S. Army. I can attest
to Senators that the gas used-and I
have checked it-is a riot gas. It is not
a lethal or asphyxiating or poison gas, as
described in the Geneva convention, with
which I had a great deal to do when I
was in the Army, because I was Secretary
of the Inter-Allied Committee on Chemi-
cal Warfare. So I can assure Senators
that we are not involved in any under-
taking which concerns the use of gas as
described in the Geneva convention, even
though we are not a party to that
convention.
Second, the type of gas being used has
been used in emergencies for many years
in riot situations and, therefore, it is not
a new or unusual preparation for this
situation.
It may be that our officials all the way
down the line, including those who did
not inform the President, should have
foreseen the propaganda outcries and
should have avoided the use of this gas or
not allowed others to have it for use.
This would have been much wiser in the
interests of our Nation, a more sound de-
cision, and stronger evidence of responsi-
bility.
But I do not see that this incident is
more than a flurry. I hope we shall not
be diverted from the main point by the
commotion which is taking place and
which is especially being boomed by
Communist propagandists. I am quite
confident that the gas clouds will shortly
blow away. We should put the issue in
focus and not allow it to divert us from
the basic Vietnamese situation, which
is so critical, and to which I shall now
address myself.
a cou
d be
enough brains to do it. It remains to be done. First, before it can be done, we
seen whether they have enough wisdom must get away from obstinacy. If we THE WAR IN VIETNAM
and determination to do it. wish to put the U.N. on the road as a go- Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, in order 11 But if those in authority desire a ing concern, I think we can do it. to incorporate in a definitive way my
strong United Nations, we can have a Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I am views on the subject of the war in Viet
-
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5744 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE arc , 1965
nam, I submit a concurrent resolution U.S. ships in the Bay of Tonkin, and to I speak of the danger caused by an
and ask that it be received and referred. express what I believe should be our pol- erosion of support among the American
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The icy in South Vietnam, I have today sub- people themselves for the effort in South
concurrent resolution will be received mitted a concurrent resolution concern- Vietnam 1 whic so eeessential to to peace.
and appropriately referred. ing this issue. tional interest,
gage of to the gravity this danger
The concurrent resolution (S. Con. I should like to read the operative part congressional mail, and a recent sur-
the 29) was received and referred to of it:
the Committee on Foreign Relations, Resolved by the Senate (the House of vey by U.S. News & World Report among
as follows: Representatives concurring), That it is the the Senators of both parties and all
S. Cox. RES. 29 , sense of the Congress (1) that the United political colorations shows this mail run-
Whereas the Congress by joint resolution States is determined to assist in ending ag- ning heavily against our military action
approved August 10, 1964, declared that it gression against South Vietnam by the Com- in Vietnam. For months, though it may
"approves and supports the determination of munist regime in North Vietnam; and the sound extreme, my own mail has been
the President, as Commander in Chief, to Congress approves and supports the actions running in some weeks as high as 50 to
take all necessary measures to repel any of the President, including the use of the 1 against our Vietnam operation, and
armed attack against the forces of the United Armed Forces, in the defense of the territori- contacts with other sources of con-
States and to prevent further aggression" al integrity and political independence of
and further declared that "the United States South Vietnam, as being in the national in- stituent opinion bear out the fact that
is, therefore, prepared, as the President de- terest; (2) that the objectives of the Unit- much misunderstanding exists on this
termines, to take all necessary steps, includ- ed States are to bring about the cessation issue.
ing the use of armed forces, to assist any of hostilities and the restoration of peace. One factor which contributes to mis-
member or protocol state of the southeast tranquility, and security in South Vietnam; understanding is the lack of authori-
Asia Collective Defense Treaty requesting and to assist South Vietnam in obtaining a tative information concerning the will of
assistance in defense of its freedom," and full opportunity for self-determination, re- the South Vietnamese people. More and
the President has exercised authority under ligious freedom, economic and social prog-
ress, the establishment and strengthening more, in recent weeks, the desire of the
such ereas the Comn; and of free institutions, and the enjoyment of South Vietnamese to carry on the strug-+
etn.ams the Co continues m its munist deliberate regime in North friendly relations with its neighbors; and (3) gle and continue to receive our assistance
Vietnam genand against its syts that the United States is ready, whenever has been questioned.
teighb campaign
and the of joined them there is any willingness by the other appro- How can we find out what the South
in the ors and collective e nations defense ons of oined their with freedom; m priate parties to do so, to undertake hon- Vietnamese people really want? I cer-
and orable negotiation to attain these objectives,
and tainly am not suggesting a Gallup poll in
Whereas the United States is continuing Mr. President, the concurrent reso- South Vietnam. I am suggesting an
to assist the peoples of southeast Asia to lution first confirms our determination to examination of all the evidence avail-
protect their freedom and has no territorial, continue to help South Vietnam put an able, including evidence from areas un-
military, or political ambitions in that area, end to aggression from the North. In der Government control, areas under
but desires only that these peoples should be this, there must be no doubt that the Vietcong control, performance of the
left t their own peace to way; work and out their own destinies Congress is behind the President. South Vietnam forces, ability or inabil-
-
i
wliereas questions have been raised at Next, the concurrent resolution ap- ity of tivities the with the Vietcong aid to or carry on consent of their ac-
home home and abroad as to the willingness of the proves and supports the President's ac-
United States to join in negotiations for an tions to date in defending the territorial people, the demonstrated ability or in-
end to hostilities in Vietnam: Now, therefore, integrity and political independence of ability of nonregular, so-called militia
be it South Vietnam. forces to defend villages and hamlets Resol
House
(the
enate
o res ntatives concu ri ng) , That it is the se se Third, the concurrent resolution ex- against Vietcong attack, reports of U.S.
presses our desire to restore peace. forces in the field, and reports of cor-
respondents and others who have tray-
is determined to assist in ending aggression Fourth, it states our interest in the sled in the countryside and been able to
against South Vietnam by the Communist self-determination of South Vietnam observe the people and communicate
regime in North Vietnam; and the Congress as well as in its religious freedom, eco- with them.
approves and supports the actions of the nomic and social progress, free institu- I am sure the President has access to
President, including the use of the Armed tions, and friendly international rela-
Forces, in the defense of the territorial lions. more facts and more reliable information
integrity and political independence of South than the rest of us, and can, therefore,
Vietnam, as being in the national interest; Finally, and most importantly, the come to a more considered and more ac-
(2) that the objectives of the United States concurrent resolution asserts our will- curate conclusion. I am also sure that
aer to bring about the cessation of hos- ingness to enter into honorable negoti- the American people would like to hear
tilities and the restoration of peace, tran- ations. that conclusion and the reasons for it,
to as y, sist and south security in Vietnam in South obtaining Vietnam; a full and It in no way alters or supersedes the They would take his word for it, but they
to as joint resolution of August 10, 1964; it is want to hear it from him.
freedom, , opportunity for economic self-determination, and social cial progress , the religious he in the nature of a needed supplement If the President concludes that a ma-
establishment and strengthening of free in- to it. It is a supplement because if an jority of the people are determined to re-
stitutions, and the enjoyment of friendly honorable peace is not obtainable by sist and want our help-as I assume is
relations with its neighbors; and (3) that negotiations-and let our fellow coun- implicit in the continuance of our pres-
the United States is ready, whenever there is trymen know this well-if an honorable ence there-the announcement of this
any willingness by the other appropriate peace is not obtainable by negotiation, conclusion and the evidence on which it is
parties to do so, to undertake honorable the United States is committed to con- based would serve to gain further sup-
negotiation to attain these objectives. tinue in the struggle with all that this port for our policy.
Mr. INOUYE. Mr. President, I ask implies. I say this with the greatest re- But the principal cause of the danger
unanimous consent to be listed as a co- sponsibility as a Senator of the United of loss of support for our policy is that
sponsor of the concurrent resolution. States who represents nearly 18 million many Americans are worried and con-
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With- people. We cannot pull out as we stand fused over our aims and our plans in
out objection, it is so ordered. now. We can only honorably perform South Vietnam. In short, they need re-
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, for many our commitments, unless the ground is assurance that we do, in fact, have an at-
weeks now, along with other Senators, washed out from under us and it becomes tainable goal and are taking all proper
I have backed the President in the use absolutely clear that there is no will to measures to attain it.
of airpower against North Vietnam, resist in South Vietnam. This danger of erosion of American
while at the same time requesting that My added purpose in submitting the support can be met, in my judgment, if
the President advance the general prin- concurrent resolution stems from an the President deals with this question:
ciples on which we are willing to nego- acute awareness of a grave danger that Since our aim is not unconditional sur-
tiate for a cease-fire and peace in Viet- we face in our efforts to contain Com- render, what are the general principles on
nam. As a logical sequel to the resolu- munist expansion in southeast Asia, a which we are willing to negotiate a set-
tion adopted August 10, 1964, to reflect danger that is too seldom mentioned, tlement of the Vietnamese situation?
subsequent events and a new phase of perhaps because it is the one that should The President, in his press conference
the situation following the attack on most readily be dealt with. last Saturday, again restated the will of
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Marc` 25, X965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE
the United States to assist the South
Vietnamese people in fighting aggression
from Communist North Vietnam and to
do all necessary to stop this aggression.
He has the support of Congress-and he
certainly has my support-for the actions
taken so far to make good this commit-
ment, includixtg the air attacks against
military targets in North Vietnam. But
we all know that the retaliatory use of
airpower alone is not a policy in a com-
plex political and, social, as well as mili-
tary, situation. It is only a means to an
end, and the more the people and the
world know. about that end, the greater
the liikelihood of attaining it.
It is clear.that the political problems
of the south will not be resolved only
by military pressure on the north. It is
also clear that we are not engaged in
South. Vietnam for an "unconditional
surrender," which, as everyone knows,
would be impossible at this time. And
let us remember that historically we have
made declarations to deal with this im-
plication in World War I and II and
Korea. The declarations at the time of
World War I were contained in Presi-
dent Wilson's famous 14 points. In
World War II, there were declarations
of intent by President Roosevelt and
Prime Minister Churchill. In the Ko-
rean war, the general principles involved
In achieving a settlement were declared.
In my view, the general principles for
honorable negotiations-and I state
these specifically because we must get
down to cases so that the American
people are assured that we have an at-
tainable objective in taking the tremen-
dous risk which we are taking in South
Vietnam-should include:
First. A cease-fire halting both the
fighting in South Vietnam and the air
strikes against North Vietnam.
Second. Establishment of an Inter-
national Commission on Vietnam to
supervise the cease-fire, a prohibition
against infiltration of arms or insurgent
personnel Into South Vietnam or any
compromise of the territorial or admin-
istrative integrity either of North or
South Vietnam, withdrawal of North
Vietnamese military and paramilitary
personnel from South Vietnam with
.implementation guaranteed by a peace-
keeping force of the International Com-
mission or a composite force of the type
utilized in the settlement in Korea, and
withdrawal of such United States and
allied forces as will suit the type of set-
tlement arrived at.
Third. Establishment of a government
in South Vietnam with free institutions,
perhaps guaranteed by the United Na-
tions or otherwise internationally guar-
anteed, and with provisions for imple-
menting a program of social and eco-
nomic reform, which is crucial to the
peace and prosperity of South Vietnam.
Fourth. Normalization of trade and
other economic relations between North
and South Vietnam.
I point out with respect to this fourth
point that South Vietnam is the tradi-
tional granary for North Vietnam and
that there is a tremendous potential in
the economic development of the Mekong
Delta. What could be done by interna-
tional financing of the Mekong project
could be of enormous value to both parts
of Vietnam.
Of course, the give and take of real
negotiations would temper any plan of
this kind-elements would be added, sub-
tracted, and modified. Nor do I assert
that this is the only--or even the best-
settlement plan. I put it forth merely
as the kind of result which might be
sought by negotiation.
The purpose of the concurrent resolu-
tion is to show our willingness to under-
take negotiations. But it takes two to
negotiate, and one side may have to be
convinced by the firmness and determi-
nation of the other that the bargaining
table is the best solution. This is why I,
and other Senators, backed the firmness
and determination manifested by the
United States in recent weeks in our
positive response to North Vietnamese
belligerency. Coupled with this response,
however, must be an indication that we
are ready to negotiate.
There are dangers in such a course as
there are dangers in every course. The
world is not a safe and easy place, and
we cannot act at all if we are unwilling
to act boldly and wisely, with ultimate
faith in our own strength and purpose.
The Korean settlement reached with
the Communists after 2 long years of
negotiation at Panmunjom was not, as
was true of Laos-though we took a risk
in both cases-a settlement we made
only to have our hopes dashed.
A settlement in South Vietnam is, in
itself, not contrary to our interests so
long as it is not just the first step toward
a Communist state. We have not had
total success with such solutions, but we
have not had total failure either.
Such a plan may contain disadvan-
tages quickly evident to those who pos-
sess information not available to all, not
the least of which may be that it is just
not feasible. But it is not enough to
respond to aggression, although that is
required. It is not enough to express our
determination to prevent the Commu-
nists from taking over South Vietnam,
although that is our goal. We must also
determine what kind of negotiated set-
tlement we are prepared to consider and,
without necessarily supplying the de-
tails, state its general principles to the
world and, most important of all, to the
American People.
I close as I began, on the proposition
that the greatest danger which faces us
with respect to our policy, Is a dangerous
erosion of the support of the American
people because they are unclear as to
our objectives and how our policy should
be working to attain them. I believe-
and I have suggested the way in which
this can be done-that if we state our
objectives, and they are limited and
reasonable objectives, this will consoli-
date the American people behind the ef-
forts of our Government, which I am
convinced are right.
Certain historic confrontations have
taken place in the recent history of our
country. There was one In Berlin.
There was one in Cuba. Today there is
one in Vietnam. Each of these was tre-
mendously portentous, containing the
potential of a great world conflagration
which, nonetheless, must be risked in the
interest of freedom.
If we are running great risks-and
they are great indeed-the least we can
do is solidify the support of our own
people, and of the people of the world,
by outlining limited objectives and stick-
ing to them, even if we do not have com-
plete and final success. Certainly we
should stick to them as the basis of a
settlement which we all know must be
made to bring to a conclusion the trying
situation in Vietnam.
I hope that these ideas will be consid-
ered by the administration and that we
may soon clarify the issue and the devel-
opment of our policy.
ORDER OF BUSINESS
Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, I sug-
gest the absence of a quorum.
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, is
the Senator preparing ready to make a
speech?
Mr. COOPER. I am.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the
Senator withdraw his request?
Mr. COOPER. Yes.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
dent, will the Senator from Kentucky
yield?
Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, I am
glad to yield to the Senator from Louisi-
ana, with the understanding that in
doing so I shall not lose my right to the
floor. I should also like to state that I
Intend to make a statement today on
South Vietnam. It is not a long one.
However, I have already yielded to many
Senators, and I know that the Senator
from Louisiana must make his claim, so
I am glad to yield to him; but then I wish
to make my statement.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. MoN-
TOYA in the chair). The Senator from
Louisiana is recognized.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
dent, I am grateful to the Senator from
Kentucky for yielding to me at this time.
Last week, Louisiana lost one of its
truly great citizens. I refer to my pred-
ecessor in this body, the Honorable Wil-
liam C. Feazel.
My admiration for Bill Feazel has been
such that his picture has hung alongside
my desk from the day I took the oath
of office in 1948. Bill Feazel was of
humble birth in Union Parish in North
Louisiana. He knew what it was to want
for the necessities of life. Yet he came
up the hard way to become a member
of the State legislature and an extremely
successful businessman in the oil and
gas industry. The thing that so much
impressed me about Bill Feazel was that
his successes in life never turned his
head and his heart never ceased to beat
in sympathy and understanding for
those less fortunate than he.
Senator Feazel possessed a lifetime in-
terest in State and national affairs. It
seemed to many of us that he felt he
could render a greater contribution to
his fellow, nan by spending his money
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE March 2,f, 1965
supporting people whom he deemed
worthy of public office than in almost
any other way. He was a lifelong
Democrat and he supported people
whom he believed to be sincere in serv-
ing the interest of all the people, re-
gardless of the cost to him personally.
I recall early in the year 1948 that Bill
Feazel had been the principal financial
backed of my uncle, the late Gov. Earl
K. Long. His contribution during his
campaign ran into the hundreds of
thousands of dollars. At that time, he
assured persons interested in the oil and
gas business that Earl Long would be
fair to the oil and gas industry.
When Earl Long became Governor of
Louisiana, he was confronted with
promises he had made which would re-
quire an increase in State taxes of a
figure that exceeded $60 million an-
nually, to pay the cost of welfare pay-
ments to the aged, a veterans' bonus,
free school lunches, and a major pay
raise for all school teachers. Several of
us advised the then Governor that it
would be virtually impossible to finance
such a program without an extremely
heavy increase in taxes on the oil and
gas industry, which accounted for about
40 percent of the industrial activity of
Louisiana.
On that occasion, a number of out-
standing representatives of the oil indus-
try went to Bill Feazel, pointing out that
the Governor's program would virtually
treble the taxes they were paying. They
contended that this constituted a breach
of faith, particularly insofar as Bill Fea-
zel was concerned. It was pointed out
to him that the increase in taxes would
cost him several millions of dollars. On
that occasion, Bill Feazel told those good
men that the new Governor should never
have made such promises if he had not
Intended to keep them. He said that if
the Governor thought it was necessary
to levy such heavy taxes on the oil in-
dustry in order to keep his promises, he
was prepared to pay his share of it.
That is exactly what happened.
It was my privilege to enjoy the friend-
ship and support of Bill Feazel through-
out my entire political career. He had a
great deal number of friends whom he
had also favored with his friendship-.nd
loyalty. It was my experience that he
never let any of them down. Nor did he
ever turn his back an any friend, no mat-
ter what humiliation or misfortune they
might have suffered. No man that I have
met In my lifetime so consistently urged
me to do what my conscience told me
was right about public affairs, regardless
of the consequences it might entail.
Bill Feazel Is mourned by his widow,
Cynthia Day Feazel, his loyal and de-
voted helpmate throughout life, and his
two daughters, Lallage Feazel and Ger-
trude Feazel Anderson. He leaves be-
hind him two fine grandsons, Hank, An-
derson and Bill Anderson, whom we hope
to see continue In the tradition of their
grandfather. To all the members of his
family we extend our deepest sympathy.
In. our. moment of sadness in the loss
of a dear friend and a good public serv-
ant, it is comforting for those of us who
believe in the Almighty, to know that
there is a reward beyond this place of
toil where the good deeds of men like Bill conditions, there is little chance of nego-
Feazel are not overlooked., tiation.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will
the Senator from Kentucky yield, with-
out losing his right to the floor?
Mr. COOPER. I yield.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, I rise
today to speak about the situation in
Vietnam and to make one chief point:
That the President make it clear to the
people of the United States, and to the
nations of the world, that the United
States is willing to determine through
negotiations if a peaceful, just, and hon-
orable settlement of.the war In Vietnam
is possible.
Let me emphasize the single point that
I desire to make. It is that the Presi-
dent make it clear again that the United
States is willing to enter into negotia-
tions. I am sure that this is the Presi-
dent's intention, but I believe that many
people in this country, many of our allies,
and many other nations, are not certain.
I give my reasons for believing this to
be true. I believe that our Government
is prescribing conditions as a prerequisite
to negotiations which will not be ac-
cepted.
The Communist Chinese and the North
Vietnamese have announced as a condi-
tion of negotiation that the United
States must withdraw from South Viet-
nam. This is a condition which the
President rightfully says cannot, and will
not be accepted. But our Government
has imposed its own condition-that it is
not prepared to enter into negotiations
until the intervention and aggression of
North Vietnam ceases. This is the ob-
ject of our presence in Vietnam, but I
think it unlikely that the Communists
will agree to this condition for negotia-
tions, as we will not agree to their con-
dition that the United States withdraw.
It is a kind of demand from both sides
for unconditional surrender. I believe it
more reasonable to say that we are pre-
pared to enter into true negotiations, for
in the course of negotiation, the United
States could marshal its arguments and
influence against the intervention of the
Communists, and seek a settlement con-
sistent with our objectives in South Viet-
nam.
We will remember that in Korea, and
in Vietnam in 1954 and 1955, no such
conditions were imposed by either side
prior to negotiations, but a cease-fire was
sought; then through negotiations, the
effort was made to attain the objectives
that we still seek today. We can never
accept the conditions now imposed by the
Communists, and it is reasonable to say
that they will not accept ours. The re-
sult is that as long as both hold to these
IS U11WU U11GJ' WILL 2461 GC Ull -.y 90001611.-.
which would end their support of the
so-called "war of national liberation"
which they have initiated. The support
of wars of national liberation has be-
come a declared policy of the Communist
world. Nevertheless, I make my pro-
posal for a clearer statement of the will-
ingness of the United States to negoti-
ate, for two reasons.
First, it is my view that the strong
action taken by the President of the
United States has given notice to the
Communists that we do not intend to be
driven out, which I doubt can be made
clearer. If our bombing is accelerated, it
could reach a point where the resistance
and intransigence of the Communists
will be hardened, and the intervention of
the Communist Chinese and Russia made
more likely. And I must say that the
use of harmless gas, while it could be
justified in defense of our ultimate se-
curity, is wrong in the present situation.
and is more likely to harden the position
of the Communists.
My second reason for urging a clearer
United States position with regard to
negotiation is that it is the tradition o
the United States, and one consonant
with our system of government, that we
take every reasonable step to reach a
peaceful settlement without resort t3
war. We do differentiate our system of
government from that of Communist
China, the Soviet Union and other Com-
munist countries in our willingness to
make this effort.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. COOPER. I yield.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, it is con-
stantly interesting and exciting to me
that at times men's minds "zero in" in
the same way. I did not in any way
consult with the Senator from Kentucky.
I did not know that he would speak today
on the subject of Vietnam.
Mr. COOPER. I have had the same
feeling about the Senator's statesman-
like speech. I did not know that he
would speak today on this subject.
Mr. JAVITS. It gives one almost a
creepy feeling to read words which ex-
press essentially the basic idea that there
is something lacking; namely, our decla-
ration that we are truly ready to nego-
tiate-not on grounds of unconditional
surrender, not on the basis of "You get
out, or we will not get out; but let us
stay where we are, and negotiate"-
truly ready to negotiate.
I am grateful to the Senator from Ken-
tucky. It is typical of the extraordinary
qualities that he brings to the Senate.
It is interesting to know that men who
are charged with this great responsibil-
ity, as we are, should come to the same
conclusion; and this is an extraordinary
example of it.
Mr. COOPER. I appreciate the gener-
ous remarks of the Senator from New
York. It is rather interesting to cote
that without any consultation we are
expressing similar ideas. I am very
grateful to the Senator.
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c.V~KSSi~NAL RECORD
SENATE .5747
I'do not know that there is any sub- tions in southeast Asia in which, under in- United Nations and in accordance with its
stance to the statements that are heard, ternational control and international super- obligations under the Southeast Asia Col-
that we intend to accelerate our action in vision and effective international policing, lective Defense Treaty, the United States is,
North Vietnam. states in that area can work out their own therefore, prepared, as the President deter-
At times tare rumors also, of the affairs and conduct their own policies with- mines, to take all necessary steps, including
old theory there
preventive war. Knowing out interference from any neighbor or any the use of armed force, to assist any member
the her of re a man a outside power. or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Col-
nt of and If out of the present awful risk of escala- lective Defense Treaty requesting assistance
honor, I say categorically that it is not tion, we can move to such an international in defense of its freedom.
his theory or purpose. But there may be settlement, then the United States can be
Some who hold to this theory. I do not spared the onerous and ungrateful task of South Vietnam along with Cambodia
believe it is consistent with the tradition acting alone against aggression, and the and Laos are protocol states.
of
our country, or with our system of world will have taken one more step toward It was my view at the time of the de-
free go
of our vernmrnt. effective and impartial organization of in- bate last August-and I said so in the
When I speak of a clearer statement ternational peace. debate-as it is my view today, that
of willingness to negotiate, I hope that the diplomatic
hai have just outlined, then r sump through the adoption of this resolution,
Our country will make it clear that we tion of the Geneva Conference of 1954 would the Congress supported the constitu-
are willing to accept the offices of the be well worthwhile. tional authority of the President, and ex-
Geneva Conference, of the United Na- We must seize this opportunity, from the tended to him any additional authority
tions, or _ perhaps a "community" of danger we face, before it is too late. that he might need in order to take such
concerned nations, of which the Prime I am sure that we could consider steps as he might believe proper to de-
Minister of Canada, the Honorable Les- seriously the suggestion of the Govern- fend the security of the United States
ter B. Pearson, spoke in New York City, ment of Canada, a good friend, and one and to halt the aggression against South
on March 5, 1965. which supports our basic purposes in Vietnam.
I believe that Mr. Pearson's sugges- southeast Asia. I believe that last August we expressed
tion, that a community of responsible Only a few weeks ago, February 13, the act through its the Congress processes,
should
and concerned nations might be orga- Canadian delegation of the Internation- act through ts constitutional p
nized to participate in a settlement, and al Control Commission in Vietnam, filed and we confirmed to the President the
to police it, is worthy of the most serious a dissenting statement to the majority authority that he is using today.
consideration. I quote from his speech: report of the Commission. Stating ex- The statement that I make today is
We need cool heads to assess the meaning illicitly that recent events, including consistent with the position that I have
of the struggle in southeast Asia. We need American action, were the result of the held for years.
hard reason to guide our reactions and deci- intensification of the aggressive policy of It has been a long time ago, but in
sions. We should not permit either anger the Government of North Vietnam. I 1954 I spoke in the Senate urging that
or anxiety to sway our judgment. t ego roblem be undertaken respecting
The first principle is surely that mankind ask unanimous consent to have this re- can no longer afford war in the atomic age. Port printed in the body of the RECORD, the of our own troops. rather than the
This statement might seem a truism were it at the conclusion of my remarks. use of our own tmpd
not for the fact that some Communist gov- The PRESIDING OFFICER. With- Last April, I made the statement in
ernments make an explicit reservation-that out objection, it is so ordered. the Senate that I thought it was time for
so-called "wars of national liberation" are Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, I do negotiations. Last year, I supported the
exceptions and must be tolerated by human not believe that we would have anything resolution which reinforced the author-
society as a permissible form of state action. to lose if the President of the United ity of the President of the United States.
We have to scotch this dangerous Illusion. States were to say clearly again, and I was glad that I did so. But in a speech
Assistance given across frontiers in support
of local revolts is as great a violation of basic without the condition of which I have in the a that hate the a August 6, I ee
rights of nations and basic concepts of inter- spoken, that the United States is willing my hop e President of the
nited
United
national law as invasion by any other means. to undertake negotiations. We do not States would use all of the great powers
Every form of outside interference by force have to enter into negotiations if the of his office and of our country to find a
is aggression. Unchecked, it will lead by Communists 'impose the conditions Of nemeful and just solution in South Viet-
escalation to general war. Today, we can- our withdrawal, and of course, if nego- n
not afford any "permissible" kinds ,of inter-
national violence. All must be ,of Inter-
national tiations were undertaken, we would not The Problem of Vietnam is one of long
standing. The United States has been
be required to accept any settlement un-
Mr. President. this I- very Qigniff-- I --- x,
because it indicates the support of Can- 1Css 1'' were consonant with the objet- engaged in vietnam since 1954, and for
Lives of our country and with standards 8 years before, we were providing assist-
ada for our basic aims in southeast Asia. of international decency and law, ance to the French. Today, except for
I quote further from Mr. Pearson's In making this statement, I wish to the consideration of similar problems
address: make it clear that I am not recommend- little that might point aofrise in talking the about future, the there
is
As I see it, the struggle in southeast Asia ing or suggesting that the United States
today Is basically an attempt to establish the g
past.
principle that armed assistance from outside withdraw from its commitments in We are required to deal with the existing
to "wars of national liberation" constitutes South Vietnam. The SEATO treaty, situation.
aggression and must be checked. approved by the Senate in 1955, com- I think it just and fair to say that the
How to do this IS the concern of the whole mitted the United States and all signa- situation in Vietnam is one which Presi-
international community. It follows, there- tories to extend protection to South dent Johnson inherited. We have con-
fors, that the whole community has a re- Vietnam upon the request of its govern- fidence in him. We know that he speaks
sponsibility to see that such situations are ment and upon approval of the signatory truly when he says that it is not his in-
brought under control. If a single power governments through their constitu- tention, or the intention of our Govern-
has to,undertake this task, there arises the ment or its
danger of widening the struggle into general tional processes. In August 1964, after people to expand the war, and
war. So the nations of the world must be the attack on American naval vessels in that we seek only to deter, and if neces-
ready to produce an alternative. the Bay of Tonkin, Congress adopted by sary to prevent, the wrongful action of Inte
almost
us vote a na a1 community itcoul selfd takinglie in the lution approving and supporting he de- con Communists, which contravenes all
concepts of international law. But it is
responsibility of sealing off frontiers against termination of the President: "to repel right to continue to make every effort
guerrilla infiltration and massively and ef- a ,
and enforcing international agreements that
^^e- United States and to prevent further ?rthe settlement of the situation in
raided for supervision and ~' r?~ "" in~a?zuuy ru consla- ~? voiunu-, r. summarize the point
policing and en- eration of the present situation: of my talk. I recognize that it is dif-
forcement in this way, the infiltration of SEc. 2. The United States regards as vital ficult to find any avenue toward nego-
Laos and South Vietnam from the outside to its national interest and to world peace tiations. I believe that it is necessary
could have ,been checked in time. the maintenance of international peace and for the President to make it clear that
Today, therefore, the aim of the interna- security in Southeast Asia. Consonant with we are willing to-enter true negotiations
tional community must be to secure tonal- the Constitution and the Charter 01, the without conditions imposed upon us by
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Ma-,cch 25, 1965
the Communists. On our part, I do not
believe that we can reach negotiations by
imposing as a prerequisite that the Com-
munist cease their intervention, rightful
as our position is. For then we stand
in confrontation, with a position of un-
conditional surrender and with the pos-
sibility of war as the only arbiter.
Finally, If negotiations are possible-
and no one can say whether they will be,
it appears to me that the proposal of Mr.
Pearson, Prime Minister of Canada, a
friend, and the leader of one of our best
friends-Canada-that it might be pos-
sible to organize a community of con-
cerned and responsible nations which
would undertake responsibility toward
negotiations and policing a just settle-
ment.
I close by saying that, like many other
Members of this body, I have had some
experience in war-an experience which
does not compare to that of those who
were constantly in combat, but an ex-
perience which I value above all others.
Anyone who has had such an experience
knows, awesome as it is, that it does not
make one less afraid or less courageous.
It makes one determined to protect the
security and honor of his country. But
it makes one also more determined and
thoughtful about seeking out every hon-
orable course to avoid the possibility of
war, perhaps the awful eventuality of a
nuclear war, with all of the sorrow and
disaster it would bring to our country
and to humanity. If we cannot reach
such a peaceful and honorable settle-
ment in Vietnam, we stand together,
supporting the President as we do now, to
defend, at whatever cost, our security
and our freedom.
STATEMENT OF THE CANADIAN DELEGATION TO
THE INTERNATIONAL CONTROL COMMISSION-
VIETNAM
The Canadian delegation considers it nec-
essary to append a minority statement to
the foregoing majority report.
2. The Canadian delegation agrees that the
situation in Vietnam continues to be dan-
gerously unstable, and events since February
7 In North and South Vietnam have provided
a dramatic demonstration of this continuing
condition. The delegation believes, however,
that the causes of this situation must be
seen in context and, therefore, reviewed in
the framework of the Commission's full
range of responsibilities under the Geneva
Agreement. By concentrating on a very
limited aspect of the situation in Vietnam,
the majority report runs the serious risk of
giving the members of the Geneva Confer-
ence a distorted picture of the nature of
the problem in Vietnam and its underlying
causes.
3. In reporting on the events in North and
South Vietnam since February 7, the
Canadian delegation, therefore, deems it nec-
essary to set these events in their proper
perspective. In the view of the Canadian
delegation, they do not stem from any es-
sentially new factors in the situation in Viet-
nam, nor can they be seen in isolation;
rather, they are dramatic manifestations of
a continuing instability which has, as its
most important cause, the deliberate and
persistent pursuit of aggressive but largely
covert policies by North Vietnam directed
against South Vietnam. The Commission's
specialreport of 1962 drew attention to the
fact that "armed and unarmed personnel,
arms, munitions, and other supplies have
been sent from the zone in the North to the
zone in the South with the object of support-
ing, organizing, and carrying out hostile ac-
tivity". and that "the PAVN has allowed the
zone in the North to be used for inciting,
encouraging, and supporting hostile activi-
ties in the zone in the South aimed at the
overthrow of the administration in the
South," thus showing, beyond reasonable
doubt, violation of various articles of the
Geneva Agreement by the People's Army of
North Vietnam. This judgment by the
Commission was based on conclusions
reached by the Commission's Legal Commit-
tee after exhaustive examination of allega-
tions and evidence pertaining to this prob-
lem. The final paragraphs of those conclu-
sions read as follows:
"The legal committee concludes (refer-
ence paragraphs 742 to 746 and paragraph
754 in section VI) that it is the aim of the
Vietnam Lao Dong Party (the ruling party
in the zone in the North) to bring about the
overthrow of the administration in the
South. In September 1960, the third con-
gress of the Vietnam Lao Dong Party held in
Hanoi (in the zone In the North) passed a
resolution calling for the organization of a
`front' under the leadership of the Vietnam
Lao Dong Party for the overthrow of the ad-
ministration in the South. Such a 'Front
for Liberation of the South' was, in fact,
constituted under the sponsorship of the
Vietnam Lao Dong Party. There are present
and functioning in the zone in the South,
branches of the Vietnam :Lao Dong Party and
the Front for Liberation of the South along
with its armed branches, namely, the `Forces
for Liberation of the South' and the 'Peo-
ple's Self-Defence Armed Forces: The Viet-
nam Lao Dong Party and the Front for Lib-
eration of the South have the identical aim
of overthrowing the administration in the
South. The Vietnam Lao Dong Party, the
Front for Liberation of the South, the Forces
for Liberation of the South and the People's
Self-Defence Armed Forces have dissemi-
nated in the zone in the South propaganda
seeking to incite the people to oppose and
overthrow the administration in the South.
There exists and functions a 'voice' of the
Front for Liberation of the South and a
'Liberation Press Agency' which assist in the
above-mentioned activities. It is probable
that Hanoi Radio also has assisted in the said
activities. Propaganda literature of the
Front for the Liberation of the South and in
favour of the activities of the Front has been
published in the zone in the North and has
been distributed abroad by the official rep-
resentatives of the DRVN.
"The Legal Committee further concludes
that:
1. The Vietnam Lao Dong Party in the
zone in the North, the various branches of
the Vietnam Lao Dong Party in the zone in
the South, the Front for Liberation of the
South, the Forces for Liberation of the South
and the People's Self-Defence Armed Forces
have incited various sections of the people
residing in the zone in the South, Including
members of the Armed Forces of the South,
to oppose the administration in the South
to overthrow it by violent means and have
indicated to them various means of doing so.
2. Those who ignored their exhortation
and continued to support the administra-
tion in the South have been threatened
with punishment and in certain cases such
punishment has been effected by the carry-
ing out of death sentences.
3. The aim and function of the Front for
Liberation of the South, the Forces for
Liberation of the South, and the People's
Self-Defense Armed Forces are to organize
and to carry out -under the leadership of the
Vietnam Lao Dong Party, hostile activities
against the armed forces and the adminis-
tration of the South by violent means aimed
at the overthrow of the administration of
the South.
. "The legal committee concludes also that
the PAVN has allowed the zone in the North
to be used as a base for the organization of
hostile activities in the zone in the South,
including armed attacks, aimed at the over-
throw of the administration in the South
in violation of its obligations under the
agreement on the cessation of hostilities In
Vietnam."
4. Since the date of its special report, the
Commission has continued to receive from
the South Vietnamese liaison mission com-
plaints of an increasingly serious nature,
alleging an intensification of aggression from
the North. In these communications, the
liaison mission has brought to the Commis-
sion's attention mounting evidence to show
that the Government of North Vietnam has
expanded its aggressive activities directed
against the Government of South Vietnam
and has infiltrated growing numbers of
armed personnel and increasing amounts of
military equipment Into South Vietnam for
the purpose of overthrowing the Govern-
ment of South Vietnam by force. The liai-
son mission has informed the Commission
that, as a result, the Government of South
Vietnam has been obliged to request in-
creased foreign aid for self-defense.
5. In its letter No. 383/PDVN/ CT/TD/2
dated January 27, 1965 (attached as app. I)
for example, the liaison mission has provided
the Commission with details of secret base:
and related Installations established in South
Vietnam with the support of the Government:
of North Vietnam and other Communis;
countries. In the same letter, the liaison
mission has provided the Commission with
a recapitulatory list of arms, munitions, and
equipment of Communist origin, the seizure,
of which has been reported to the Cominis-
sion since the date of the Commission's Spe-
cial Report of June 2, 1962.
6. In letter No. 539/PDVN/CT/TD/2 dated
February 12, 1965 (attached as app. II), the
liaison mission has reported to the CommiF.-
sion that, during the period 1959 to 1961
more than 39,000 men have been introduces
into South Vietnam from North Vietnam
in violation of the Geneva agreement on. tl<
cessation of hostilities in Vietnam. Tlu
liaison mission has provided details of the
selection, training, infiltration routes, arm:
and equipment of these men, based on de.,
larations obtained from prisoners of war, d=.
fectors, and captured documents,
RESOLUTION ON VIETNAM
Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, I d.esirt
to make a supplemental statement.
wish to make two modest suggestion:
supplementing what I have said toda3
about the situation in Vietnam. To in-
troduce my discussion of the first sug-
gestion, I submit a resolution and ash
that it be appropriately referred.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr
MONTOYA in the chair). The resolution
will be received and appropriately re-
ferred.
The resolution (S. Res. 93) was re-
ferred to the Committee on Foreign
Relations.
Mr, COOPER. I shall read the resolu-
tion:
That It is the sense of the Senate that the:
majority and minority leaders, together with
the chairmen and ranking members of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the
Senate Armed Services Committee, should
use their good offices to arrange for meetings
of Senators who are not members of the two
committees to be briefed fully by the .3ec-
retary of State and Secretary of Defense con-
cerning the situation in Vietnam, gush
groups to approximate 20 in number.
In past years I have urged this kind of
procedure on the floor of the Senate in.
connection with defense matters before
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 the Committee on Armed Services; for Prior to this time, many Members of
because, of the complexity of modern the Senate and of the House of Repre-
weapons systems and the limitations of sentatives were members of those units
security, it has become almost impossible and were receiving regular weekly in-
for those who are not members of the telligence reports from the respective
Committee on Armed Services to obtain units to which we were attached. We
much information about matters of have now been denied those reports by
Anfo oa _ . _
To the suggestion that we can always I recently wrote to the Secretary of
attend hearings and read the RECORD, I the Air Force, suggesting that even
should like to say that it is not always though we had been placed on the in-
practical to do so. If we do go, we can- active list, he should supply us with the
not question those who testify, I have briefs, so that we, as Members of Con-
also found that often many portions of gress, might know what was taking place,
the transcripts of hearings are deleted by means of a weekly, current reportorial
on grounds of security. I remember that style of briefing. I received an un-
when I went to the Committee on For- equivocal answer that this could not be
eign Relations to read the record of the done within the reserve program, and
first Cuban episode, it was impossible, that the Department was not organized
from reading it, to have any clear indi- to act in any other way.
cation of what had happened because of I have just finished sending the same
deletions. type of request to the Secretary of De-
So I have submitted the resolution re- fense, hoping that all three services to-
spectfully, but yet with the determination gether could give us briefings on a weekly
to call
tt
ti
t
t
a
en
o
on
his problem and as a
means to urge the majority leader and
the minority leader, and the chairmen
and ranking members of the Committee
on Foreign Relations and the Committee
,on Armed Services-whom we respect
and in whom we have confidence, to use
their offices to urge the Secretary of
State and the Secretary of Defense to
brief Senators who are not members of
the two committees, in small groups not
exceeding 20, in number. I believe we
have the right and the duty to ask for
this assistance because, as I have said,
Congress has its responsibility concern-
ing the most important situation that our
country faces today.
My second suggestion concerns the
Committee on Foreign Relations. The
committee is made up of outstanding
Members of the Senate-Members who,
by reason of their experience, access to
wide and detailed information, and their
personal stature, have the best oppor-
tunity to advise Congress and, indeed,
give. counsel to the executive branch of
the Government. I know that they have
met many times with the Secretary of
State, the Secretary of Defense, and
perhaps with the President, and that they
are deeply conscious of their responsibil-
ity. Nevertheless, because Vietnam is
presumably the most important, critical crisis occurs, it is the one which is most
problem relating to our security, and be- dangerous and most important. But I
cause it is interrel-ted with
have thought that Vietnam is one of
h
l
our po
t
e
icy
ill over, the world, and because it holds most difficult crises that this country has
Ithe danger of war, I take the liberty of faced because its many factors have not
urging the Committee on Foreign Rela- obtained in other situations.
Lions to devote its time and its knowledge We know what our commitments are
to continued discussions of this problem, in Berlin. We know that there is a wide
to asp ertain if, as a committee it can source of support from some of the NATO
make helpful, constructive suggestions to countries and certainly from the people
the executive branch and to give greater and government of West Germany.
advice to the Senate, There are other situations in the world
Mr. DOMINICK, Mr. President, will where we have made our position clear,
the Senator yield? and where the conditions are favorable
Mr. COOPER. I yield. to our support.
Mr. DOMINICK, I thought the Sen- But considering the instability of gov-
ator from Kentucky might be interested ernment in Vietnam, its distance away,
to lnow? that the Secretary of Defense and the activity of Communist China, I
recently issued. an order that all persons believe Vietnam to be one of the most
who are serving in ke positions in the difficult situations our country has faced
federal Government, including Members since World War II.
of Congress, are no longer eligible to be It is for that reason that I have made
in the Reserve program, Particularly the these suggestions. The first would pro-
Ready Reserve program, vide fuller information to the Senate.
basis, so as to keep us-up to date,
In my opinion, it is absolutely unrea-
sonable for the State Department to
expect us to deal with the extremely im-
portant matters that we have before us
all the time, as the Senator from Ken-
tucky has made explicitly clear in his ex-
cellent speech, but at the same time say
that we will not be given the information
on which to base logical judgments. It
seems to me to be the height of irra-
tionality for the executive branch to take
this stand; but it is one that, up to date,
the Department of Defense has been
taking.
Mr. COOPER. I appreciate the
comments of the distinguished Senator
from Colorado. I understand he is
talking about information which would
ordinarily be given the members of the
Committee on Armed Services. I ap-
preciate his statement. What I am dis-
cussing is an issue that I believe is
larger.
We are here as representatives of our
States and, in a larger sense, representa-
tives of our country in the discussion of
and consideration of questions which are
larger than the concerns of any State.
I know that crisis after crisis has oc-
curred since World War II. When a
5749
The second is a respectful suggestion that
there is no more important duty for our
Committee on Foreign Relations than to
apply its great abilities and great in-
telligence to continued study and discus-
sion of this problem in the quiet of its
executive session, in an effort to assist
the President and the executive branch
in the solution of the problem and give
the Serlate its leadership.
In saying that, I do not want to divert
attention from the chief point that I have
wanted to make in my statement today.
That point is that I believe it is incum-
bent upon our administration to remove
impossible preconditions of negotiation
as we reject the impossible conditions
set by North Vietnam and Communist
China and make the clearest signal pos-
sible that we are willing to enter true
negotiations-to determine if a peaceful
settlement, consistent with Our honorable
commitments and our security, is pos-
sible.
Mr. GORE. Mr. President, I suggest
the absence of a quorum.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will
the Senator withhold that request?
Mr. GORE. Yes.
COMMITTEE MEETING DURING
SENATE SESSION ON MONDAY
NEXT
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, this
request has been cleared with the minor-
ity leader. I ask unanimous consent
that the Committee on Agriculture and
Forestry be permitted to sit during the
session of the Senate on Monday next.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. GORE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President, will
the Senator yield?
Mr. GORE. I yield.
FARM UNION SEEKS DISTRICTING
STAY
Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President, there.
came to my desk recently an article from
the New York Times of Thursday, March
18, 1965, reporting that the Farmers'
Union has just had a national meeting
and supported the proposed constitu-
tional amendment on legislative reappor-
tionment.
I ask unanimous consent that this
article may be printed at this point in
the RECORD, it being pertinent not only
to the Senator who is now occupying the
chair, but also being in conformity with
my own opinion that it should be passed
as soon as possible.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
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 5750
Approved For Release 2003/10/10 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000300160012-9 ch 25, 1965
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE ~MV1
[From the New York Times, Mar. 18, 19651
FARM UNION SEEKS DISTRICTING STAY-
BACKS A MODIFIED VERSION OF POPULATION
FORMULA
(By Donald Janson)
CHICAGO, March 17.-The National Farmers
Union adopted today a policy of opposition
to the Supreme Court ruling requiring re-
apportionment of State legislatures on the
basis of population alone.
The vote, taken after more than an hour
of spirited debate at the Organization's an-
nual convention represented a repudiation
of the leadership in the Farmers Union.
The vote, weighted to reflect membership
strength in the various States, was 112,540
to 89,947.
BATTLE FOR DOMINATION
Thus the Farmers Union joined the other
major general farm organizations, the Na-
tional Grange and the American Farm Bu-
reau Federation, in the battle by rural inter-
ests to retain a dominant role in State
legislatures despite declining farm popu-
lation.
The legislative pattern in most States hag
long been for representation based on popu-
lation In one house and such considerations
as area in the other.
This has made it possible for rural inter-
ests to continue to dominate one house in
many States in the face of a population shift
to the cities.
Of the farm groups, only the Farmers
Union has been sharply divided on the issue.
James G. Patton, Farmers Union president,
has publicly supported the Supreme court
decision of equal representation for all as
consistent with democratic principles. He
and Glenn J. Talbott, vice president, voted
with the minority today.`
During the debate in the Grand Ballroom
of the Sherman House, a director of the
Oklahoma Farmers Union, Leland Stanford,
shouted from the floor that "if Jim Patton
and these other leaders of ours don't have
the guts to speak up for farmers let's get
them out of here."
MODIFICATION I.3 ASBSD
nomic expansion we have experienced in Tennessee, this statement has been
recent decades. Technological progress statistically confirmed by information
in aviation has been achieved through supplied to me at my request by the
the combined efforts of aircraft manu- Civil Aeronautics Board.
facturers, the airline industry, and the I asked the CAB to compile for me the
Federal Government. Cooperation of in- scheduled flights from the airports of
dividual cities has contributed also. It Memphis, Nashville, Chattanooga, and
has been generally recognized that such Knoxville for the past 10 years. The
development is so affected with the pub- CAB has furnished comprehensive in-
lic interest as to Justify the expenditure formation listing all scheduled flights at
of public funds. each of these airports to and from each
Each year we spend millions of dollars of the 10 cities constituting the given air-
of tax funds for the construction of air- port's top-ranked origin and destination
ports and for the development and oper- markets. Generally, this data confirms
ation of safety equipment and control of that the number of flights has declined
the airways. Developmental costs for substantially, notwithstanding the fact
new aircraft are subsidized indirectly that the number of passengers has
through the defense program, and we
are now proposing the direct subsidiza-
tion of development of a supersonic air-
liner for commercial application. In the
area of operational costs the Federal
Government has, through the direct sub-
sidy program, in effect, guaranteed prof-
itability of our certificated carriers, all
in the interest of insuring service ade-
quate for the public convenience and
necessity.
We hear a great deal these days about
the necessity of maintaining U.S. lead-
ership in international air travel. It ap-
pears that we seek to maintain this lead-
ership by concentrating our efforts on
the development of bigger and bigger
planes that will fly higher and faster and
can stay aloft for longer and longer dis-
tances without having to land to refuel,
or to serve passengers. '
Much is made of new speed records
between the east and west coasts and
between continents-with the elapsed
time always measured, of course, from
takeoff to landing rather than in terms
of the total elapsed time from departure
from residence or office to arrival at des-
it is true that larger planes, with more
spaces, provide the same number of seats
as do a larger number of planes with
fewer spaces. But one flight a day to and
from a given point simply does not pro-
vide service as adequate as would three
flights even if the one flight were by a
plane three times as large. The public
convenience and necessity is better
served by the wider choice of departure
and arrival times.
Moreover, the larger planes at faster
speeds do not necessarily cut down on
travel time on intermediate range flights,
for the simple reason that the large jets
require larger runways at airports fur-
ther removed from the actual points of
departure and destination. I am not
here suggesting that we should turn back
the clock and scrap large jetplanes or
such airports as Dulles International
built to accommodate them. But in
traveling from Washington to Nashville,
Tenn., one does not save time by driving
to Dulles to use a jetplane. Nor Is Nash-
,
tination. Nashville at 20,000 or perhaps 35,000
Our major trunk carriers are oper- feet, to land at Memphis, or Dallas, or
ating in the black and, for the most part, some place else.
are no longer dependent upon operating To determine the degree to which
subsidies. This is a development which service has declined at Tennessee air-
is naturally pleasing to the taxpayers. ports I shall now refer to certain of the
This has been achieved despite such in-
novations as statistical data supplied by the CAB.
Generally, the number first-run movies in flight of flights from the
Other speakers said opposition to the "one
man, one vote" principle enunciated by the
Supreme Court would not square with the
Farmers Union policy of support of the Con-
stitution and might alienate friendly Con-
gressmen and labor unions.
The policy statement adopted by the
Farmers Union calls for a constitutional
amendment permitting States to apportion
one house without primary regard to popu-
lation.
It expresses the fear that urban-dominated
legislatures might ignore the interests of
farmers in tax, school and other legislation.
Adoption of the policy puts the Farmers
Union in a rare alinement with its much
more conservative rival, the Farm Bureau.
The Farm Bureau is conducting a drive to
encourage State legislatures to petition Con-
gress to call a constitutional convention to
draw up an amendment that would set aside
the Supreme Court ruling.
Thirty-four such State petitions are
needed to force congressional action. Then,
to become law, the amendment drawn would
have to be approved by three-fourths of the
States.
President Johnson sent the convention a
message of concern "that there is such a
disproportionate share M poverty in rural
America." He pledged to strive to "recapi-
talize rural America and strengthen our
family farm system of agriculture."
and other extras which, according to the named Tennessee to and from
advertisements of at least one carrier, their major markets increased from 1954
make air travel so plush that passengers to 1957. But 1957 seems to have been the
refuse to get off the plane when it high water mark as far as the number of
lands. available flights is concerned. Since
This is called progress. And, in a way, then, with some exceptions to which I
it is progress. The difficulty is that un- shall refer, the trend has been steadily
less one is flying from coast to coast or downward.
from one of the Nation's largest met- MEMPHIS
ropolitan areas to another, he is likely Memphis is the largest city in Tenn.es-
to find that there is less air service avail- see and is often called the hub of the
able today than there was 8 or 10 years midsouth area. With a population of
ago. approprimately 600,000 and growing
For the passenger from New York to rapidly, Memphis is a transportation and
Los Angeles or to Miami a flight is trade center for a large area, drawing
usually available at Justabout any time from Arkansas, Mississippi, and Ten-
of the day he may wish to depart, many nessee. -
of the flights being nonstop. Un- Memphis' major air passenger mar-
fortunately, the same Is not true if one kets, as measured by total number or
wishes to go from Little Rock to Louis- origin and destination passengers are
ville. New Lork, Chicago, Nashville, Atlanta,
The fact Is that most of our State St. Louis, New Orleans, Dallas, Wash-
capitals and other cities in the Nation, ington, Little Rock, and Birmingham.
exception of the very largest Total passengers to and from these cities
ith th
e
w
AIRLINE SERVICE metropolitan areas, are serviced by fewer increased from 161,000 in 1954 to 206,00)
Mr. GORE. Mr. President, the de- and fewer flights as our planes get bigger in 1957, and to 300,000 in 1963. Its heav-
velopment of air transportation has and faster. With respect to the major lest traffic is with New York. In 1957
been one of the key factors in the eco- population centers In the State of there were 14 daily flights from Memphis
ville served by the jet which departs from
or New York and passes over
Dulles
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