CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300140025-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 6, 2003
• Sequence Number: 25
• Publication Date: September 2, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

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September 2, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD --- SENATE 21931
teams which try to patch up the wounds
and repair the damage inflicted by the Reds
on the villagers.
Take the case of Mrs. Le Thi Dap, resident
? of a village 50 miles south of Saigon. She's
. the woman referred to earlier who had her
hand chopped off when she refused to say
where her husband was. The climax of her
story came on May 14.
She had learned to live with the stump
of her arm. A U.S. medical team under Dr.
Orlan C. Oestereich heard about her plight
and visited her.
They asked Walter Reed Hospital in Wash-
ington to send out a couple of sample arti-
ficial hands. Dr. Oestereich visited her again,
made a cast with the help of a hand near-
est her size; sent the cast back to the States;
had a proper size hand made and went back
to give it to her.
This is the sort of thing the United States
is doing in Vietnam, as opposed to the hor-
rendous atrocities of the Vietcong, despite
the distortions bandied as the truth by
Women Strike for Peace.
In my presentation thus far, I have given
a brief background of the Women Strike for
Peace, which explains for a large part their
ideological basis for opposing present U.S.
policy in Vietnam. I have given a summary
Of statements by former Vice President Rich-
ard Nixon refuting common opposition to
that policy and our reason for pursuing it.
And I have given a lengthy refutation of
the Women Strike for Peace allegation that
It is the United States, rather than the Viet-
cong, which is responsible for barbarous and
inhumane atrocities in Vietnam.
Now let's take a short look at the reasons
cited by Women Strike for Peace themselves
for traveling to Djakarta to meet with the
Vietcong women and the delegation of the
National Liberation Front in South Vietnam,
those who sympathize with the Communist
aim in that country.
On July 20, 1965, Women Strike for Peace
sent from its Washington headquarters on
P Street NW, a release entitled "Why Ameri-
can , Women Went Half Way Around the
World To Meet With Vietnamese Women." ,
The first reason cited in this release is:
"To seek areas of possible agreement rather
than to place blame."
Suffice it to say that Women Strike for
Peace has done nothing but blame the
United States for the war in Vietnam, citing
Us as the aggressor, and I have yet to hear
them blame the Communists for any wrong-
doing on their part. As to "seeking areas
of possible agreement," it is not hard for
Women Strike for Peace to find agreement
When the only persons they bothered to con-
sult for the "facts" of the situation were
the Vietcong, the National Liberation Front,
and the prominent opponents of American
policy in Vietnam in the United States.
The second reason given by the women for
going is: "To act upon their conviction that
honorable coexistence will be better devel-
oped by face-to-face meetings than through
military force."
The premise in the first place, that "co-
existence" with the Communists is "honor-
able" (and due to the name of WSP, I as-
sume that they also mean "peaceful"), is
false. According to Dr. Charles H. Malik,
former university professor at the American
University, where I am speaking from now,
and former President of the United Nations
General Assembly, in a speech delivered at
Williamsburg, Va., on June 11, 1960, en-
titled "Can the Future Redeem the Past": 8
"Why American Women Went Half Way
Around the World To Meet With Vietnamese
Women," a Statement released by Women
Strike for Peace, 2016 P Street NW., Wash-
ington, D.C., on July 20,1965.
"Will the Future Redeem the Past," an
address delivered by Dr. Charles H. Malik at
WilliaMsburg, Va., on June 11, 1960. Re-
.
"The Communists never tire of assuring
the rest of the world that peaceful coexis-
tence means only that they will realize their
unalterable aim of communizing the world
without war, and that where they do not
succeed in this, they will keep in mind the
possibility of nonpeaceful means. They are
therefore absolutely determined to dominate
the world with or without war. What they
are saying behind all this jargon is that the
international Communist movement wants
to overthrow every existing government, re-
gime, system, outlook, religion, philosophy,
and bring the whole world, all human
thought, aspiration, action, and organiza-
tion under its absolute control. This is
their declared, unchanged, and unchanging
objective."
Assuming that Women Strike for Peace
is totally in favor of freedom as experienced
in this country, and totally opposed to com-
munism, which is doubtful when the find-
ings presented in this report are consid-
ered, then the falsity and foolishness of
"peaceful coexistence" with communism is
realized. Dr. Malik goes on to say:
"I have yet to hear one Western leader
(remember that this was said in 1960) who,
assured to his face that he is doomed and
will be 'buried," can muster enough cour-
age and conviction, if not to use the, vulgar
phrase 'bury' with respect to communism
itself, at least to use some such civilized
expression as that the days of communism
are numbered and that communism will one
day be completely forgotten. When Mr.
Khrushchev assures Western leaders that
their children or at most their grandchil-
dren will all be Communist, I have, yet to
hear one Western leader who assures Mr.
Khrushchev with the same gusto that his
children or at least his grandchildren will
live to regret and be thoroughly ashamed
of the fact that their fathers or grandfathers
were ever Communist. And whereas. inter-
national communism believes and acts on
the belief the days of everything non-Com-
munist are numbered, my deepest fear is
that Western leadership believes no such
thing with respect to communism. My fear
is that the softening-up process has reached
such an advanced state that all now believe
that communism is here to stay and that
therefore the utmost they can do is to man-
age somehow to 'coexist' with it. The deep-
est crisis of the West is the crisis of faith
in its own values. Whereas communism
believes that non-Communist values must
be eliminated from the face of the earth,
and acts on this belief, the West no ,longer
believes that Communist values themselves
are doomed to utter destruction and oblivion
and therefore no longer acts on this belief.
I am yet to meet (in 1960, remember) or
know of one important Western leader who
entertains a dynamic vision for the Com-
munist realm which includes the certainty
that the children of present-day Commu-
nists will have completely repudiated com-
munism and will have adopted the funda-
mental values of freedom. Let the, West
face up to this advanced state of decay in
its own soul."
In. 1960, this was true. In 1965, Presi-
dent Johnson is facing up to "this advanced
state of decay" in our soul, and has started
by at least preventing another Conununist
takeover of a non-Communist state in Viet-
nam. He may go further, which will be
to his credit and to the extension of free-
dom, a word which Women Strike for Peace
seem, to have forgotten.
As to the second part of the second rea-
son, that of meeting face-to-face with Com-
munist leaders to settle differences, instead
of resorting to military measures, this has
printed and distributed as a public service
by the Virginia Commission on Constitution-
al Government, Travelers Building, Rich-
mond, Va., 20 pp.
been tried and is being tried at this moment
by our Government in Geneva, but has al-
ways failed clue to the dynamic vision that
communism has in store for us, as mentioned
above?that is, the destruction of Western
values, values of freedom, throughout the
world.
The third reason for this mission of peace
by Women Strike for Peace, and the final one,
is: "To seek an alternative to Secretary Mc-
Namara's testimony (to the House Defense
Appropriations Committee) that the United
States stands ready to use any weapons in its
great arsenal ? ? * 'when we believe it is
desirable in our own interest,'"
First, let me say that I stand firmly behind
Secretary McNamara's statement to uphold
this country's best interests through military
means when it is deemed necessary by our
country's leaders. This is the position that
has prevailed throughout American history
since George Washington went to war against
the British in the struggle which created the
United States of America. If the use of
weapons serves the best interests of the Unit-
ed States, and thus the best interests of all
freedom in this world, then the use of weap-
ons, historically as it has been, is justifiable
and proper.
The Women Strikers for Peace obviously,
by their statement, do not agree with this
principle, and obviously have not agreed with
the actions of the leaders of America) since
the inception of this great country. This is
their privilege, but not necessarily a valid
opinion.
It is obvious that Women Strike for Peace
want peace, whatever their definition of it
might be Their proposed objective of arriv-
ing at eternal "world'. peace" seems not to
rid ourselves of all aggression aimed at de-
stroying freedom, but to simply rid our-
selves of military hostilities, arms, and arms
buildup throughout the world?the United
States to start the ball rolling by pulling out
of Vietnam and unilaterally disarming. Rus-
sia, Red China, etc., in the name of "dignity"
and "humaneness" would, of course, follow.
How ridiculous. The proposal that if the
United States disarms, the rest of the world
will also disarm in the name of "peace" is not
one to be viewed intellectually, balancing the
pros and cons. It is to be viewed as one
would consider a comedian's sick joke, for its
naivete renders it completely ridiculous.
It is not arms that create a state of non-
peace in the first place, but aggression. And
if Women Strike for Peace could convince
the Communists, which no one has yet been
able to do, that their aim of communizing
the world and destroying freedom should be
abandoned in favor of true peace, their pro-
posal might have some merit. However,
the Marxist-Leninist doctrine will not be
abandoned by the Communists in favor of
overtures toward true peace, and they will
not disarm as long as that doctrine plays
an important part of their foreign policy.
For us to disarm, then, unilaterally, would
be to turn in the cards before some benefit
had been obtained from the hand.
Peace in Vietnam is a worthy objective.
The United States is working toward this
very end at this moment. However, the type
of peace that is to be instrumented is a
necessary consideration. Let us, then, view
once more the words of Dr. Charles Malik:
"It is interesting to note the sort of quali-
fications that responsible' leaders sometimes
use for 'peace.' The Communist spokesmen
employ peace without qualification; by which
they mean that they should be allowed to
carry out their international proletarian
revolution 'in peace.' But the spokesmen of
the West speak of peace 'with justice and
freedom.' This is a correct qualification
from the Western point of view: peace with-
out justice and freedom is no peace. But
which of the two qualifications do they drop
when they, wish to use only one? They
UsUal,17 drop freedom and leave justice. This
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1932 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE September 2, 1965
to me is wrong. It could betray an un-
conscious readiness to sacrifice freedom for
what is sentimentally called justice. Both
are certainly necessary, but freedom is more
fundamental. Freedom creates justice, but
not conversely; for justice could be some-
thing mechanical without the ultimate free-
dom of the spirit which demands and creates
and recognizes and enforces justice. The
West can only be true to itself if it says,
'I am prepared to settle for peace with free-
dom and justice,' and, if it wants to use only
one of the two, 'I am prepared to settle for
peace with freedom'."
Therefore; if we are to be true to our-
selves, we must settle for peace in Vietnam
only so long as it promises for the people
of all Vietnam freedom and justice?freedom
from Communist tyranny and of the com-
mon heritage which we in the United States
enjoy and which is enjoyed throughout what
little of the world remains free, and justice,
which will ensue from that freedom. As the
situation stands now, an American capitula-
tion would result in exactly what Mr. Nixon
foresaw: a Communist takeover of Vietnam,
and increased activity to communize the
entire Asian Continent. We must fight un-
til communism is gone from Asia forever,
and freedom and justice is secured for all
of its people. Only then will peace be truly
tile condition of Asia, and only then can we
lay down our arms.
It is a tribute to Sir Winston Churchill
and to Douglas MacArthur that those poli-
cies which they advocated from 1935 to 1955
are now part of U.S. policy in Vietnam.
Greatness has as its consequence the fact
that other men, not so great, fail to see the
wisdom of a policy that is good when it is
first presented. It has taken us this long to
achieve a, realistic policy in Asia, and let us
not forsake it now for a sentimental and
unrealistic call to peace, which, unlike an
achievement of true peace, would be capitu-
lation to the Communist enemy.
Churchill said in 1941 to the boys at
Harrow, and would say now, were he able,
to the leaders of the United States:
"Never give in. Never, never, never, never.
Never yield to force and the apparently over-
whelming might of the enemy. Never yield in
any way, great or small, large or petty, ex-
cept to convictions of honor and good sense:"
Let us think of this while we achieve true
peace through our Policy today in Vietnam.
Let us ignore the pa4fists and Olympians in
such as Women Strik for Peace.
COMMUNISTS MISREAD U.S. WILL
Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, one
of the most profound problems facing
the President of the United States as he
Leads this Nation through the thicket of
events in Vietnam is that of convincing
our adversaries of the seriousness of our
purpose while still exercising restraints
against a total and atomic war.
This is not a new problem; it has al-
ways been difficult to persuade our ene-
mies that we, despite our dislike for war
and our propensity for lively domestic
debate, will fight to the finish to defend
our Nation's interest?and to defend the
principles of individual liberty and na-
tional self-determination.
Those principles are under heavy at-
tack now in South Vietnam. Despite
the President's clear, consistent, and
forceful statements of our resolve, how-
ever, the leaders of Communist aggres-
sion in Asia persist in believing, it seems,
that the United States is divided and
unable to pursue its policy consistently.
This is by no means true. A significant
statement on this subject is contained in
an editorial which appeared on August 25
in the Chicago Sun-Times, entitled
"Communists Misread U.S. Will." I
offer this editorial today for entry in the
RECORD, and I encourage all my col-
leagues and all citizens interested in this
problem to read this excellent statement
carefully.
[From the Chicago Sun-Times, Aug. 25, 1965]
COMMUNISTS MISREAD U.S. WILL
The mounting U.S. military pressures
against the Communist Vietcong forces in
South Vietnam and the continuing air raids
against military and civilian targets in North
Vietnam apparently are beginning to show
some results. Rumors out of Moscow quot-
ing the North Vietnam ambassador to Russia
that his nation might be willing to make
some concessions in approaching the confer-
ence table have been vehemently denied by
North Vietnam.
The denial of the rumors, which took some
time, might mean the Hanoi Government
is beginning to realize that it misread the
United States resolve to resist Communist ag-
gression in South Vietnam no matter what
the eost. They have surely misread, if tran-
scripts of radio broadcasts from Hanoi and
Peiping are any indication, the determination
of the American people to bear the bitter
price of war. The Communist broadcasts give
great weight and emphasis to campus pro-
tests and other demonstrations against the
war in Vietnam. The Communists exult in
the fact that all America is against the war
in Vietnam.
They are wrong, of eourse. But it is not
the first time dictators and Communists have
been wrong about the U.S. resolve to stand
back of the principles on which this Nation
was founded. Hitler made the same mistake.
So did Stalin. So did Khruslichey in the
Cuban crisis until he realized the extent of
the cold resolution of the United States to
face his rockets.
Eventually the Asian Communists must
realize, as Ithrushchey did, that the Ameri-
can People unite behind their Presidents.
The demonstrated unity of Congress in back-
ing President Johnson's actions, the white
paper just published by the administration
which details the reasons for the U.S. pres-
ence in Vietnam and the efforts for peace
already made, Cannot be ignored. It is a
hard lesson for Communists to learn, that
free men will pay the price necessary to resist
a threat to liberty. The Hanoi and Peiping
Governments will learn it, as others have.
The amount of damage and destruction to
North Vietnam and the losses their troops
must suffer will be measured by how soon
they learn and how soon they indicate a will-
ingness to come to the conference table.
FORESTRY AS A PROFESSION
Mrs. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, as
a Senator from the State which leads the
timber industry of this Nation in the an-
nual value of forest products, lam par-
ticularly pleased to bring to the atten-
tion of the Senate today an article from
the September issue of American Forests
which describes the rewards of and op-
portunities for becoming a forester.
Oregon has a special interest in en-
couraging young people to go into for-
estry since half its total land area is
classified as forest and more than half of
its industrial employees find labor in the
forest products industry. Management
by competent foresters is an integral part
of Oregon's program of conservation and
sustained use of its timber resources.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD a portion of the
article from American Forests, "So You
Want To Be a Forester."
There being no objection, the excerpt
from the article was ordered to be
printed in the RECORD, as follows:
So You WANT TO BE A FORESTER
(By Charles Edgar Randall)
"Next month I will be 17. My father and I
have been going on hunting and fishing trips
for several years and we have talked about
my becoming a forester. The idea appeals
to me but haw does one decide? I enjoy
camping. I like people. My marks in high
school are pretty good?a B average?and I
could probably make more 'A's' except that
I also like to participate in school affairs.
Of my school subjects. I like biology and
mathematics best. From what I have read,
I think I would enjoy being a forest ranger
but I would like to learn more about it first.
Can you give me some advice on this?
(signed) Robert S. * * *"
Good for you, Bob. Forestry is a wonder-
ful field of work. And there is need for more
good foresters. We will tell you What kind
of work a forester does, how you can pre-
pare for a career in forestry, and what the
opportunities are in this field.
Bob's letter is more or lees typical of
hundreds that come to the American For-
estry Association. Most of these come from
young people of high school age, or from
their parents. Some of them are from per-
sons evidently well informed; others indicate
that the writer knows little about what a
forester really is or does. Nearly all of them
express a strong interest in outdoor activities
and a love for the woods.
Certainly a liking for the outdoors is an
important requisite for a forest worker who
may be called upon to spend much time in
the woods. A forester may have to live and
work in back-country areas far from urban
centers; perha.ps at times he may even have
to be all alone in a remote wilderness area.
Anyone who would be unhappy or uncom-
fortable in such an environ.inent or would
be uninterested in his forest surroundings,
Should not, of course, be a forester.
But it takes more than a liking for the
woods to make a forester. It takes more
than Bob's skill with rod and gun. Some
experience in hunting and fishing may prove
useful in some lines, of forestry work, but it
is not essential.
What is essential is a good background
knowledge of the arts and sciences involved
In forestry: knowledge first in the basic
fields of language, communication, and cul-
ture that enable a forester to deal on equal
terms with other knowledgeable men; and,
secondly, specialized knowledge in the bio-
logical and physical sciences and engineering
skills he will use in his work.
In addition to knowledge, the other es-
sentials for success in a career in forestry
are the same elements of goodCharaciter and
temperament that make for success in any
enterprise?Intelligence, industry, honesty,
reliability, ability to get along with other
people.
WHAT A FORESTER DOES
First of all, let us distinguish between two
main types of forest work. There is pro-
fessional forestry work, and there is non-
professional work. Anyone who is entitled
to be called, correctly, a forester, is a pro-
fessional. Usually he has a college degree
from a school offering professional training
in forestry.
Professional foresters plan, and supervise
the management of forest areas. They may
be called upon to organize and direct systems
of forest fire control, or the control of in-
sect pests and tree diseases. They may de-
termine the needs and locations for re-
forestation projects, or administer the sale
and harvesting of mature timber. Or they
may engage in scientific research to obtain
new knowledge needed for the protection
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oeFueirtber 2, 1965
that their mother was the best long be-
fore the judges proved it to the Nation.
The announcement of her victory de-
serves widespread recognition and I ask
unanimous consent that an article by the
Salt Lake Tribune's Stephanie Smith
interviewing her family after the award
be inserted at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Salt Lake City Tripune,
Aug. 30, 1965]
MRS. AMERICA?OUR "BEST" MOM,
U.S. BEST, Too
(By Stephanie Smith)
"We think she's the best mother in the
whole world," Dale Buehner, 10, said Sunday
after a phone call from dad telling him that
his mother, Mrs. Don L. (Alice) Buehner,
had been chosen Mrs. America, Saturday
evening.
When Dad relayed the message, Dale said,
"I think I'm going to faint."
Seven-year-old Gary, who catches squir-
rels and chipmunks near home in the Mount
Olympus wooded area, said only, "Hey, dad,
I've got a new trap."
ONLY GIRL
Lisa, 3 year old, the only girl among the
family of six children, said, "Daddy called
us because mom was too busy having her
picture taken.
"He talked to all of us except Jeff because
I hung up. I thought Jeff already had
talked to him."
Mrs. Walter (Jeanne) Welti, Mrs.
Buehner's mother, said, "I think she deserves
the title, but we certainly didn't expect her
to win."
WHOLE FAMILY
And the whole Buehner family is con-
vinced their mother is the best, Jeff, 5, re-
ported that the only time she ever became
cross was when he hurt someone. "And that
isn't very often."
Dale commented that "She isn't grouchy
with us, keeps a house neat and is a pretty
good cook. Her meatloaf is really good." He
added, "She sings and paints a lot, too."
Gary said he watched the contest on tele-
vision, "But mown was on for just a minute.
Dad was on longer."
SWIM LESSONS
"MOM is special," Lisa said, "because she
takes me swimming at my friend's all the
time. I'm taking swimming lessons, too,"
she remarked.
The 2-year-old, Bobby, when asked where
his mommy was, replied, "She's gone."
The baby of the family, 8-month-old
Donnie, went on eating his canned vege-
tables as if nothing at all had happened.
FOREIGN AID
Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President,
many years ago it became a cliche to
say that foreign aid has no constitu-
ents?to assert that because the benefits
of foreign aid are dissipated beyond our
national borders, support for foreign aid
appropriations was difficult to justify.
I am one who believes deeply in the
justice and the necessity of foreign aid.
I believe our national interest re-
quires this aid?and I believe our na-
tional honor demands it. As President
Johnson said not long ago, "We did not
choose to be the guardian at the gate."
No, we did not choose to be the guard-
ian?but history has chosen us. And
If we_are to live up to the demands of
history, we must be willing to appor-
tion a small part of our vast resources
so that other nationsmay be assisted in
achieving internal development, mili-
tary security, and a better life for all.
I was impressed recently by an ex-
cellent editorial in the Des Moines Reg-
ister. I commend to my colleagues, and
I ask unanimous consent to insert in the
RECORD, this editorial, published Monday,
August 23: "Foreign Aid Continued."
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Des Moines (Iowa) Register,
Aug. 23, 1965]
FOREIGN AID CONTINUED
Differences In Congress over foreign aid
usually center around the amount to vote
for foreign military and economic assist-
ance. This time President Johnson sub-
mitted the lowest request in the history of
the foreign aid program?for $3.38 billion?
and both houses voted to authorize close to
this amount. Nevertheless, the foreign aid
bill remained tied up in a bitterly deadlocked
House-Senate conference corrunittee for 2
months before agreement was reached last
week on a compromise, which was approved
Thursday in the House.
The deadlock developed over the Sen-
ate's determination to bring about funda-
mental overhaul of the foreign aid program.
The Senate sought to achieve this by au-
thorizing foreign aid funds for a 2-year pe-
riod but stipulating that aid under the pro-
gram should terminate as of June 30, 1967.
The President was directed by the Senate
in the interim to bring in plans by July 1,
1966, for a new program in accordance With
guidelines contained in the Senate authoriza-
tion bill. Provision was also made for a
16-member "Foreign Aid Planning Commit-
tee," to be made up mostly of Congressmen,
to advise and assist the President and to
make its own report by January 3, 1967.
The House conferees objected to the 2-
year authorization, terminating the exist-
ing program and requiring the proposed
studies. Senate Members gave up the 2-
month battle after extracting a face-saving
compromise in which the President was
merely urged "to inaugurate a review of
the aid program as presently constituted."
The Senate-passed authorization meas-
ure would have required the President to
submit proposals for separating economic
and, military aid programs and providing
for administration of nonmilitary assist-
ance under a single agency. This would
have constituted a valuable reform.
But more harm than good could well
have come from the Senate's insistence that
the entire aid program be scrapped and
started over afresh. One of the major weak-
nesses of the foreign add program has been
the instability and uncertainty caused by
the succession of overhauls and reorganiza-
tions inflicted by Congress on the adminis-
tering agency.
The authorization measure must still clear
the Senate, and bills providing the actual
appropriations have to be acted on. by both
Houses. But the major hurdles have been
cleared, providing assurance that the United
States again fully intends to honor the for-
eign economic and military assistance com-
mitments it has been responsibly assuming
since the end of World War II in the interest
of world peace and economic progress.
JAMES V. BENNETT, FORMER DI-
RECTOR OF BUREAU OF PRISONS,
SUPPORTS BILL TO COMPENSATE
VICTIMS OF CRIMES
Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President,
one of the great public servants which
this country has had during this gen-
eration is James V. Bennett. For 27
years he served as Director of the U.S.
Bureau of Prisons. In his years of serv-
ice in this post, prisoners, lawyers, Rep-
resentatives, Senators, judges, and just
plain citizens grew to admire and respect
this man for his compassion and firm
will.
Last August, when he retired, speeches.
in his praise echoed both in this Cham-
ber and the House. Many of us felt that
his retirement would mean that the
country would, henceforth, be deprived
of his counsel, advice, and wisdom; but,
fortunately, he is still concerning him-
self with problems and issues at the very
forefront of criminal law.
The other day, I was greatly pleased
to receive a letter from him, congratu-
lating me on my introduction of a bill to
compensate the victims of violent crimes.
He has even gone so far as to offer to ap-
pear at hearings on the bill when they
are held. I can think of few men either
in the United States or in the world at
large who would be more qualified to
testify on such a plan. I hope that such
hearings are held soon and I look for-
ward to hearing Mr. Bennett's testimony.
I ask unanimous consent to have Mr.
Bennett's letter printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the letter was
ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as
follows:
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
BUREAU OF' PRISONS,
Washington, July 14, 1965.
Hon. RALPH YARBOROUGH,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR: I was delighted at the intro-
duction of your bill to compensate the vic-
thns of certain crimes. It is a proposal that
has been discussed frequently here, in the
United Nations meetings on crime and del-
Unquency, and at a number of judicial con-
ferences during my tenure as Director of the
U.S. Bureau of Prisons. It has also been dis-
cussed from time to time by the section on
criminal law of the American Bar Associa-
tion, on which I have served as an officer for
a good many years. I am sure you are also
aware that Justice Goldberg has propounded
the idea.
I am confident that the introduction of
your bill will crystallize the tremendous sup-
port that I know exists for it. In the event
hearings are scheduled, I would like very
much to appear. The bill is well drafted,
but I may have some further suggestions as
to details.
With kind persomil regards.
Sincerely,
JAMES V. BENNEIT.
Consultant.
THE FREEDOM ACADEMY IS
NEEDED
Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, from far
and near across the land, there is a ris-
ing crescendo of support for enactment
of the so-called Freedom Academy bill,
once passed by the Senate, and recently
unanimously approved by the appropri-
ate legislative committee of the House.
All that now delays House action is the
need to get a rule from the House Rules
Committee which will clear the legisla-
tion for action on the House floor.
Recently, Henry Mayers, chairman of
the Cold War Council, headquartered at
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September 2, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 21919
cult for most white people to know the feel-
ing of rejection, of being on the very periph-
ery of life, that must be the pervasive force
in the lives of the untrained and unskilled
Negro. He has been uprooted from a simpler
environment, and lives for the most part
as a rootless and unproductive unit in a large
city. It is not at all strange that strong
emotions, including hatred and revenge, rise
to the surface. It will not be an easy job,
but these people musts be trained so that
they too can become p rt of the productive
world.
?
WHY WE ARE'TN VIETNAM TODAY
Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, dur-
ing the Korean war, Adlai Stevenson
told the story of an American soldier?
from Indianapolis, I believe?who ex-
plained our Nation's presence in Korea
in this way: "Dear Mom, we are fight-
ing today in Korea so that we won't
have to fight tomorrow in Indianapolis."
This helps to explain, I believe, why
we are in Vietnam today. I believe
strongly that the greater number of
Americans accept this and support our
presence tri Vietnam, despite the tragedy
of wasted life which war inevitably
brings.
I think it_is important for the Nation
to be reminded often of this fact. I ask
unanimous consent to have printed in
the RECORD this editorial from the Balti-
more News American of August 13.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Baltimore (Md.) News American,
Aug. 13,19651
? KNOWING THE ENEMY
President Johnson is correct in stating
that "there is no substantial division in this
country ? " ? and no substantial division
in Congress" over his Vietnam policy.
The American people, in fact, would be
aghast at anything even resembling a sur-
render, a pull-out, a sell-out.
There is a deep national consciousness of
the meaning of the Vietnam struggle. There
is a broad understanding that if aggressive
communism is not halted in Vietnam it will
have to be faced elsewhere?and possibly
closer to home.
This does not imply that there is no dis-
sent in the Nation over Vietnam. There is,
and in this free society it would be surpris-
ing if there were not.
Such dissent was expressed the other day
by protesting marchers who illegally invaded
the Capitol grounds in Washington. They
were, of course, arrested?with consid-
erable mistreatment on the part of police,
aq eye-witnessed by a reporter?and their
demonstration collapsed.
The marchers included persons of high
intellectual attainment, as well as those of
the Beatnik and unwashed variety. Can
they not realize that the war in Vietnam is
being fought precisely to preserve their right
to march, to protest, to dissent?
A PROFLIGATE CONGRESS
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. President, the
Omaha, Nebr., World-Herald on August
28 published an editorial in which the
Congress is taken to task for appro-
priating more money, than some of the
executive agencies have required.
We have left ourselves open to this
justifiable criticism by one of the Mid-
west's great newspapers, and I feel it is
time that we do something about it.
With increasingly heavy defense re-
quirements and a never-ending series of
requests from the administration for
funds to finance Great Society programs,
it is imperative that we face up to the
fact that someday the well will run
dry. We must give more attention to
fiscal responsibility and abandon the idea
that deficit financing is not dangerous.
It is dangerous if this country is to re-
main strong and free.
Much has been said in recent weeks,
Mr. President, about having both guns
and butter. I believe we have come to
the fork in the road where we must make
a decision. The national best interest
must be given first consideration, and
part of that consideration must be the
determination to keep the United States
solvent. If this country falls apart at
the seams financially, the whole free
world will suffer along with us.
Last January 19, I introduced again
a Senate joint resolution which I have
been sponsoring for several years, de-
signed to force an end to deficit spend-
ing.
My proposal is Senate Joint Resolution
30. I have been joined as cosponsors
by Senators I3YRD of Virginia, FIRUSKA of
Nebraska, THURMOND of South Carolina,
and LAI:1'9CM of Ohio.
Senate Joint Resolution 30 would re-
quire that Congress remain in session
until provision has been made for a bal-
anced budget during the next fiscal year,
and at the same time make a minimum
payment of $500 million toward our, na-
tional debt.
I know, Mr. President, that my col-
leagues are as concerned as I about
maintaining the United States in its
present position of strength and free-
dom. I firmly believe that keeping our
country financially sound is a major fac-
tor in this. I hope that Senators serv-
ing on the Judiciary Committee will heed
my plea to bring Senate Joint Resolu-
tion 30 to the Senate floor for considera-
tion.
The rank and file of the country's citi-
zens bear by far the greater share of the
tax burden, Mr. President. It is in the
Interest of these millions of Americans
that I feel so strongly we must put a
brake on spending and start reducing
our national debt.
One of our illustrious former col-
leagues said just a few days ago, in an
entirely different connection, that the
clock is ticking away. It is ticking away,
too, Mr. President, toward the hour that
we must make a determined effort to cut
back Federal spending and start Paying
the bill we now are running up for future
generations.
I ask unanimous consent that the
Omaha World-Herald editorial published
August 28, 1965, be inserted in the REC-
ORD at this point.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
A PROFLIGATE CONGRESS
This is an extraordinarily pliant Congress,
as its record has made plain. What Mr.
Johnson wants, Mr. Johnson gets.
As for appropriations, Mr. Johnson in fact
has ben getting more than he asked for in a
number of instances.
When the President requested $1,500 mil-
lion for his antipoverty program, the House
increased that figure by $400 million.
When Mr. Johnson asked for a military
pay increase averaging about 5 percent, the
Congress doubled it.
The White House asked for a little less
than $6 billion for public housing; the House
voted a little more than $6 billion; the Senate
raised the figure to $7,500 million, and the
figure finally agreed on was even more, $7,800
million.
Spending for medicare and increased social
securitr was originally set at $6 billion. The
House increased this by $200 million. The
Senate made the total $7,600 million, and
the conference committee cut it back to
$0,500 million.
With the Congress acting in such irre-
sponsible fashion. Mr. Johnson was in a po-
sition to play the role of a fiscal conservative.
And this he might have done quite convinc-
ingly if he had announced that the Senators
and Representatives were overreaching
themselves on spending and that he had no
intention of using all the money voted.
But no such word has come from Mr.
Johnson, nor is it expected. The 'associate
architects of the Great Society are openly
gleeful because Congress has been so gen-
erous, and there is no reason to suppose that
the chief architect, Mr. Johnson, is desolated
by such generosity.
The Tulsa Tribune recently referred to the
lawmakers as "a runaway Congress" that
doesn't have to balance a budget, and seems
to act as if it had a mandate to outspend the
biggest spender in White House history,
namely Mr. Johnson.
All of which makes for a fine political po-
sition for the President, but stores up a lot
of inflationary trouble for the rest of the
country. It also raises some questions about
future Congresses and whether there ever
will be a serious effort by the legislative
branch to hold down spending.
The American Congress is unusual among
legislative bodies in the free world, in that
it has the power to increase spending esti-
mates submitted to it by the executive
department.
In Britain and the Western European
countries, the legislature can grant the
amount asked, can cut it, or can refuse to
appropriate any funds at all, but the legis-
lature cannot appropriate more than the
spenders ask for.
With the present Congress acting so irre-
sponsibly on spending, and with the Presi-
dent permitting such profligacy, it may be
time to give some serious thought to a con-
stitutional change that would forbid Con-
gress to vote more money than the President
asks.
MRS. AMERICA?UTAH WINS AGAIN
Mr. BENNETT. Mr. President, 911 of
us from Utah have known for years
that our mothers are the best in the
Nation and that consistently oar Utah
girls will always be at the top of most
beauty and talent contests.
Earlier this year Mrs. Harvey Fletcher
of Provo, Utah, was named the 1965
"Mother of the Year." Just 10 years ago
another Utahan, also was named
"Mother of the Year." I could go on
and list Miss America, Miss Universe, and
any other " number of contest winners
down through the years as well.
Now, Utah Is honored to have in its
ranks Mrs. America for 1965. She is
Mrs. Don L.?Alice?Buehner, who won
the contest over the last weekend in San
Diego, Calif. She is the mother of six
lovely children?all who were convinced
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE . September 2, 1965
native languages."?Dr. Richard Seddon, offi-
cial of the South Pacific Commission.
PROGRAMS FOR SIO A CMZENS
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, I
was very pleased and gratified by the
President's recent announcement of new
programs in the Office of Economic Op-
portunity directed to some of the prob-
lems of the aged poor in our Nation.
Comments often are heard, and some-
times in critical tones, that our war on
poverty is concentrating on the young to
the exclusion of other groups. I cer-
tainly do not minimize the vital impor-
tance of programs to improve the skills,
broaden the horizons, and enhance the
opportunities of youth in any concerted
attack on the roots of poverty. Nor do
I wish to second-guess the judgment of
those who in launching a new program
placed initial emphasis in this area. But
I do say, and I have said it Ven in the
past several months, that we must recog-
nize the widespread poverty among
America's senior citizens. This is a
group for which opportunities to improve
their economic condition are especially
limited. It is a group whose needs must
be given major attention if we are to
make real inroads against the blight of
poverty.
As chairman of the Special Committee
on Aging, I am delighted that 0E0 is
now taking positive steps in that direc-
tion. I am pleased, too, that the Senate
has indicated its recognition of the ne-
cessity for such programs by including
In the Economic Opportunity Act
Amendments, which have just been
passed, a section calling for programs of
assistance to the elderly.
Mr. President, President Johnson has
announced a program which will utilize
the talents of older people to provide
love and guidance to small children who
are homeless and? abandoned. The
foster grandparent program is an in-
spired conception; a program which
opens up to thousands of unfortunate
children the beneficial influence of con-
cerned and mature contact, and at the
same time it enables older people to im-
prove their living standard as a result of
real contribution to the betterment of
their communities. Other projects will
utilize the elderly as home health aids
and in child care in the slums and with
the retarded.
Our senior citizens represent a group
who are mature and skilled, who want to
be a useful part of the community life
about them. Our society has not yet
learned how to fit them into its affairs,
to find their place in the pooling of ef-
forts toward a more civilied, more sat-
isfactory community life. The foster
grandparent program which has been
developed by the 0E0 is a step in this
direction.
In addition to the section I have men-
tioned, amending the Economic Oppor-
tunity Act to assert the intention of Con-
gress that programs for senior citizens
should share in the war on poverty, I
advocated the establishment of a senior
service corps. Members of the Special
Committee on Aging will recall that dur-
ing the hearings of the committee on
poverty and the elderly held last June,
Director Shriver describe and discussed
with us the foster grandparent program
which has just been announced. We re-
ceived this idea with enthusiasm, but it
is just one facet of a far broader oppor-
tunity which lies before us.
There is a multitude of necessary and
productive work to be done in every com-
munity, some of which can best be done
by older people who can bring to it the
perspectives and the wisdom of age, and
who by doing so would 'be filling their
natural role in the community structure.
At the same time this work is of such
nature that it warrants compensation
which would enable these older people
to live in more comfort and dignity.
The foster grandparent program is one
example of the kind Of work contem-
plated by my senior service corps pro-
posal. It is my hope that this modest
test will prove so successful that it will
lead directly to the development of com-
munity organizations through which re-
tired people can constructivley and
profitably employ tl-nir time in many
different ways.
The Special Committee on Aging will
continue its studies and efforts to find
ways in which older people can improve
their financial situations through con-
structive outlets for their ideas and en-
ergies; and we shall continue to advo-
cate measures on the part of the War on
Poverty which can transform these pos-
sibilities into realities.
We have been receiving a number of
outstanding suggestions from senior citi-
zens all over the Nation. And I call
attention to one idea in particular, sug-
gested by Burt Oarnett of Key West, Fla.,
who is a senior citizen himself and an
outstanding commentator on the prob-
lems of the elderly.
Mr. Garnett has suggested that what
is needed in communities around the
country is something in the nature of a
senior citizens workshop?where retirees
can perform useful work for themselves
and for one another.
Repairs to furniture, small appliances
and the like?which are so hard to ob-
tain even for those who can well afford
to pay for the work?could be provided in
such shops, which could be established
so they do not compete with industry.
Such shops, however, could provide
manual, clerical, and other tasks for
many senior citizens and serve a useful
public purpose.
This is an idea which our aging com-
mitee is seriously studying and one of
many paths which can be explored.
Therefore, Mr. President, it is with
great pleasure that I welcome the news
announced from Austin, Tex., on August
28?that $41 million in four projects will
be made available toj help 1ght poverty
among senior citize
VIETNAM
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, it has been
charged by some that the United States
Is embarked on a military crusade
against Communist nations.
This is most certainly not the case, as
the facts most emphatically show.
The effort of the United States in
South Vietnam is only part of a substan-
tial U.S. program to enlarge the eco-
nomic, social, and political future of the
Vietnamese people.
Aggression against South Vietnam
disguised as liberating war must be suc-
cessfully resisted, or more aggression and
more war will follow.
These observations are contained in a
most impressive statement advanced re-
cently by the trustees of Freedom House
in New York and endorsed by 130 dis-
tinguished faculty members from col-
leges and universities all oyer the Nation.
I am highly gratified to learn of this
statement and of the impressive support
which has been rallied behind it. I com-
mend this eloquent statement to my col-
leagues, and I ask unanimous consent to
have it printed in the RECORD at the con-
clusion of my remarks.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
(See exhibit 1.)
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, this state-
ment will do much, I believe, to put the
national dialog on Vietnam in proper
perspective. It is lucid, informative, and
thoroughly praiseworthy.
And most importantly, it indicates
that, despite a vocal and highly inflam-
matory minority, steady voices of reason
all across this great Nation are ready to
rise in support of a policy which is nec-
essary and which demands the continu-
ing support of our citizens.
EXHIBIT 1
STATEMENT OF TRUSTEE OF FREEDOM HOUSE
More than 130 members of the American
academic community have publicly backed
the position of the U.S. Government in South
Vietnam. Their action Was taken in endors-
ing a Freedom House statement, which de-
clares that the present policy of the United
States deserves the wholehearted support of
the American people.
Faculty members at 70 colleges, universi-
ties, and other institutions of higher educa-
tion in the United States are among those
expressing their agreement. Although a ma-
jority are in the fields of political science and
international relations, the group includes
scholars from a wide range of academic disci-
plines. A professor of economics at Cornell
University, however, withheld his signature,
although he agreed with the statement and
has written various public officials to this
effect. He expressed the feeling that it is
inappropriate for individuals with expertise
in one field to use their position to attempt
to influence the public.
The endorsements are in response to a let-
ter mailed to a selected list of persons in
academic life by Leo Cherne, chairman of
the Freedom House executive committee.
Writing on behalf of Freedom House, Mr.
Cherne declared: "Too long, we feel, those
with opposing views have been left a clear
field to present themselves to the world as
the single voice of American intellectuals."
In addition to the faculty members, hun-
dreds of Americans in all walks of life have
written to declare their agreement with the
Freedom House statement on Vietnam. Most
of them backed up their declaration with a
contribution to permit the statement to be
disseminated more widely. They overwhelm-
ingly endorsed the view that if the "aggres-
sion against South Vietnam?disguised as a
war of liberation?is not successfully resist-
ed, more aggression and perhaps even larger
scale war will follow."
The Freedom House statement included a
credo of support, which declared that with-
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September 2, 1965
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 21943
A native of the Marshalls, Dwight Heine,
has just been named deputy administrator
of the Trust Territory in charge of the gov-
ernment of Ithe Marshalls.
Another island man, Pe4,2 Coleman. Peet
governed his native Samoa, then shifted to a
key role in the Trust Territory when a change
of administrations in Washington gave the
Samoa governorship to a Democrat.
Heine Is succeeding Coleman in the Mar-
shells. Coleman will shift to take charge of
the larger Marianas group.
Several Guamanians were important fig-
ures at the Lae conference.
NO. 1 PROBLEM: NOW TO acme A VIABLE
STONONLIC BASE
To all the observers of the area, the politi-
cal problems are matched or exceeded by the
ecorioreic problems.
The age of rising expectations has been
fueled often only on cash injections from the
big powers.
The $20 million or so that America puts
into its areas each year May seem paltry
alongside vents to other areas more remote
and less strategic.
But on a per capita basis and compared
to past standards in the Pacific, this still is a
Stun that is working dramatic changes,
Copra, trochus shells, some timber indus-
try, a few mineral deposits, Sugar in Fiji and
coffee in New Guinea?things like these give
the area its economic base. irregularly dis-
tributed.
But they are not enough to feed the rising
wants of the residents., ancleparticularey not
enough to feed the fastest growing pepula-
lams in the world.
Simple famine is a possible threat to the
area, Dr. Spoehr believes.
Population control is one answer?but a
strong Catholic Church presence in the
area handicaps efforts to move to the most
Obvious solutions.
American Samoa sustains itself maiely be-
Use several thousand people a year migrate
Ant of the area, Spoehr paints out.
One of the concerns of the South Pacific
Conference is with finding new economic
bases.
'Hawaii's example in tourism has not been
lost on the islanders. Some areas might draw
travelers as South Sea paradises?others on
elle strength of World War II memories (to
elepenese as well as the Allied nations).
leisharies also have sparked a general
bitterest,
Military activity by the United States and
Prance also throws dollars into the area--
She French with their nuclear bomb test
base in Polynesia, the United States with its
ike-X base at Kwajalei.
Russia tests missiles in the Pacific but so
tar Without a land base.
Ibtany ielanders have lived happily in a
Subsistence economy, picking fruits and coco-
nuts and catching the fish they need to live
Without thought or need of money. The
growing population and growing urbanize-
%Ion defeat this. Growing expectations chal-
lenge the lack. of motivation to compete that
has marked many afeas.
Students of the area like Dr. Spoehr and
Dr. Roland Force, who succeeded Spoehr as
direetor of Bishop Museum, agree on the need
ter education and training. They have no
tear of any lack of raw talent.
Force found a great respect for Hawaii's
East-West Center araceig delegates to the July
conference in Lae, and Coto agreed on the
spot that the Center would undertake several
additional training programs involving is-
landpeople.
Spoehr, who was the first chancellor of
the East-West Center, sees one of the first
requisites for education as the elimination
et pidgin languages.
"The pidgin languages are no geode he
says. ?They are essentially a trade jereon,
einapie means of ceinmunecation. Around
the world they are going out. People emer-
gent need a meaningful language."
English and French are the languages being
offered the Pacific Islanders as second lan-
guage vehicles to 20th century education.
There Is a Gallic rivalry over Which will pre-
vail?though the odds both numerically and
in terms of usefulness seem to be with
English.
PETER COLEMAN: LAND STARS ARE A BARRIER
To PROGRESS
America's Peter Coleman sees the land
problem as a barrier to economic develop-
ment and progress.
"The greatest fear of the island people,"
he says, "is loss of land. This is the greatest
barrier to political development.
"Hawaii is a good example to the island
people in many ways, but they see it as a
bad example in land. Some steps will have
to be taken to insure the security of the
land."
Coleman himself is a symbol of both the
Pacific's promise and problems.
He is the first native-born governor of
American Samoa.
His parents sent him up from Samoa to
Honolulu before World War II to get an edu-
cation here. Be went to St. Louis High
School and then into the Army where he
rose from private to captain.
Atter the war and because of the GI Bill
of Rights he was able to go to college and
earn a law degree from Georgetown Univer-
sity, the first Samoan to reach so high.
He found, though, when he went home in
1952, that his own wants and aspirations had
risen considerably beyond the thatched hut
economy he had known and left.
As Governor, from 1956 to 1961, he could
Anti fulfillment but governorships won't be
waiting for all college graduates. Yet Cole-
man's example has inspired many Samoans
to seek college for their children.
Currently the U.S. Trust Territory admin-
letration of which Coleman is xiow a part
fazes the same problem of satisfying island-
ers who had gone off to college and returned.
So far, it has managed to use them in gov-
ernment jobs and provide them government
housing.
But this, too, will not prove an inexhausti-
ble source of challenge for men of raised
expectations.
What then?
This is one of the problems of the emer-
gent paradise.
One of the awful truths is that, whatever
the difficulties ahead, there is no turning
back.
The South Pacific can't go home again to
the storybook days of old.
Islands of the Pacific
U.S. areas: Population
American Samoa (76 square
miles) 20, 850
Guam (209 square miles) 75, 000
Trust Territory of the Pa-
cific 1 (700 square miles)__.._ 85, 000
Independent, but affiliated:
Tonga (with United Kingdom)
(269 square miles) 62,000
Western Samoa (with New Zea-
land) (1,133 square miles) 115,000
United Kingdom areas:
British Solomon Islands Pro-
tectorate (11,500 square
miles) 130, 000
Fiji (7,095 square miles) 428, 000
Gilbert and Ellice Islands
(375 square miles) 47, 000
Pitcairn (2 square miles) 115
Australian area:
Nauru (8 square miles) 4, 800
Papua-New Guinea (183,640
miles) 2, 100, 000
Norfolk /eland (13 square
miles) 900
New Zealand area:
Cook Islands (99 square miles) _ 400
Niue (94 square miles) 4,900
Tokelau (4 square miles) 6,950
Islands of the Pacific--Continued
French area: Population
French Polynesia (1,514 square
miles) 80, 000
New Caledonia (7,335 square
miles) 80, 000
Wallis and Futuna Islands (106
square miles) 10, 000
British-French condominium:
New Hebrides (5,700 square
miles) 60, 374
United Nations trusteeship areas.
U.S. Trust Territory administrative
districts
[700 square miles]
Population
Palau (179 square miles) 10,280
Marianas (183 square miles) 10,082
Ponape (176 square miles) 17,707
Marshalls (70 square miles) 17, 363
Yap (46 square miles) 6.021
Truk (46 square miles) 23,344
Total
84, 777
SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS FACE HOST OF
PROBLEMS
(Prom interviews in Honolulu and from the
South Pacific Conference at Lae, New
Guinea, as reported by Pacific Islands
Monthly, published in Sydney, Australia)
"We can't have our cake and eat it at the
same time. If we want to be a part of the
world, we have to take part in it."---Ratti
Mara, of Fiji (on the assault of outside influ-
ences on island cultures).
"One thing that has interested and sur-
prised me about this conference (of the
South Pacific (iommissian areas) Is that we
know so little about each other, but have so
much in common."?Carlos Taltance Guam.
"In the Gilbert and Ellice Islands we lose
expatriate officers just when they are begin-
ning to understand local conditions."?Buren
Ratieta.
"Citizenship will not spell eqality. The
island people also need education and eco-
immix training and development. They need
to be able to compete."?Peter Coleman, for-
mer Governor of American Samoa, now an
administrator of the Trust Territory.
"Things are moving quickly in this part
of the world and our people are not trained in
some of the new business methods. They
must be educated to know that they will be
dealing more and more with businessmen
from the more sophisticated areas. One of
the greatest complaints about our area is that,
our businessmen are unreliable."?Carlos Tai-
tano, Guam.
"I wonder if we are aware of the fact that
nuclear explosives will ruin our fish in the
Pacific? I wonder if this conference will pass
a resolution to ask a nation which is going
to explode a nuclear weapon in our area to
think twice or to have pity on the people of
the South Pacific?"?Apenera Short, Cook
Islands. (No resolution was passed.)
"I wish I could believe entirely and im-
plicitly in the idea of democracy that the
vote will bring people together."--Ratu Mara,
of Fiji (discussing the maintenance of sepa-
rate racial voting rolls in Fiji, which he
favors.)
"The
,h
American dollars now circulating in
the Trust Territory, principally in the form
of wages and salaries in the areas of logistics,
give a false sense of prosperity. With the
removal of U.S. sponsorship of the Territory,
these funds would be withdrawn."?Drs. Ro-
land and Maryanne Force, of the Bishop
Museum.
"There is a very real problem in the teach-
ing of native languages. There can be no
doubt that literacy in the native language
as a prerequisite to learning an introduced
language is pedagogically sound. But it is
very difficult to achieve in practice. Here
in this territory of Papua, New Guinea, you
will have to first train instructors in 600
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September 2, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?,SENATE
drawal from Vietnam under present circum-
stances would be morally indefensible and
that the decision to halt Communist aggres-
sion is clearly in the interest of the free
world nations. At the same time the state-
ment noted that the United States is "not
embarked on a military crusade against Com-
munist nations" and that American military
operations are "only part of the substantial
U.S. program to enlarge the economic, so-
cial, and political future of the Vietnamese
people."
The Freedom House effort to enlist support
for our Government's Vietnam Policy was
welcomed by President Johnson in a letter
to the organization's Public Affairs Commit-
tee, dated July 19, as follows:
"I believe your statement in support of the
policy of the United States toward Vietnam
reflects the strong opinion of most Ameri-
cans. What you say takes increased im-
portance from your long and courageous rec-
ord of opposition to all forms of tyranny.
"I am grateful for the position stated in
your credo of support and I hope that others
Who feel as you do may be willing to join
in this expression. Effective public support
of our national purpose in Vietnam will
hasten the coming of the peace which is our
common purpose."
The members of the academic community
who have endorsed the administration's pol-
icy in Vietnam are part of a growing list of
faculty members who are communicating
their views to Freedom House. New spon-
sors are adding their names daily; the list to
date follows:
SPONSORS OF FREEDOM HOUSE STATEMENT
American International Co/lege: C. S.
Bamra.
The American University: Ernest S. Grif-
fith, dean, School of International Service;
Loy W. Henderson, director, Center for Diplo-
macy and Foreign Relations.
Bowling Green State University: Emanuel
'Solon, department of chemistry.
Brandeis University: Max Lerner, professor
of American civilization.
Brooklyn College: Harry D. Gideonse,
president; Hyman Kublin, department of
history; Ivan D. London, department of
psychology.
Brown University: William T. Hastings,
professor of English emeritus.
, Bryn Mawr College: Angeline H. Lograsso.
Carleton College: Reginald D. Lang, de-
partment of government and international
relations.
? The Catholic University of America: B. S.
Browzin.
Claremont Graduate School: George S.
Blair.
Claremont Men's College: William S.
Stokes, senior professor of comparative po-
litical institutions.
The College of Idaho: George V. Wolfe,
professor of political science.
Columbia University: Daniel Bell, profes-
sor of sociology; Zbygniew Brzezinski, direc-
tor, Research Institute on Communist
Affairs;William K. Jones, professor of law;
Willis L. M. Reese, director, Parker School
of Foreign and Comparative Law; Joseph H.
Smith, professor of law.
Cornell University: Charles Acerman, de-
partment of sociology; George H. Hildebrand,
department of economics; Jacob Wolfowitz,
department of mathematics.
? Dartmouth College: John W. Masland,
department of government.
Drew University: Will Herberg.
Elmhurst College: Royal J. Schmidt, pro-
fessor, of political science and history.
Fairfield University: John Norman, de-
partment of history.
Gallaudet College: Kurt Beermann, pro-
fessor of history and political science.
George Washington University: Franz
Michael, associate director, Institute for Sino-
Soviet Studies.
Georgetown University: James D. Atkinson,
department of government; Walter W. Wil-
kinson, department of history; Rev. Gerard
F. Yates, S.J., international student pro-
grams.
Harvard University: Robert Braucher, pro-
fessor of law; Carl J. Friedrich, professor of
government, Littauer Center; Morton H.
Halperin, Center for International Affairs;
George C. Homans, department of social re-
lations; Samuel P. Huntington, professor of
government; William L. Langer, professor of
history; Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr., department
of government; George H. Quester, Center
for International Affairs; George C. Shattuck,
medical school; Roland W. Thorwaldsen,
Center for the Study of World Religions.
Hofstra University: Robert A. Christie;
John C. Moore, department of history.
Hollins College: Victor Zitta.
Indiana University: Robert F. Byrnes, di-
rector, Russian and East European Institute;
John E. Stoner, department of government.
Lehigh University: H. S. Braddick, depart-
ment of international relations; Aurie N.
Dunlap, department of international rela-
tions; A. Roy Eckardt, department of re-
ligion.
Macalester College: Arthur Upgren, depart-
ment of economics.
Marquette University: Arthur C. Marlow,
chairman, political science; Quentin L.
Quade, department of political science; and
Eric Waldman, department of political sci-
ence.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology:
Lincoln P. Bloomfield, department of politi-
cal science; Ithiel de Sole Pool, department
of political science; and Lucian W. Pye, de-
partment of political science.
Miami University: Dan N. Jacobs, professor
of government.
Michigan State University: Charles R.
Adrian, chairman, department of political
science; Wesley H. Fishel, department of po-
litical science; and J. Oliver Hall, department
of social science.
New York University: Sidney Hook, de-
partment of philosophy; and Frank N.
Trager, professor of international affairs.
Ohio State University: James A. Robinson.
Princeton University: Rowland Egger,
Woodrow Wilson School of Public and In-
ternational Affairs; Brooks Emeny, advisory
council, Woodrow Wilson School of Public
and International Affairs; and William W.
Lockwood, Woodrow Wilson School of Pub-
lic and International Affairs.
Ripon College: William Fleming, chair-
man, department of political science.
Rutgers?The State University: Donald G.
Herzberg, executive director, The Eagleton
Institute of Politics.
Sacramento State College; George Tok-
makoff, department of history.
Saint Louis University: Frances J. Corley,
department of history.
Smith College: M. Salvador', department
of history.
Southern Illinois University: William
Goodman, chairman, faculty of government.
Stanford University: Stefan T. Possony, di-
rector, international political studies pro-
gram, Hoover Institution.
State College, Shippensburg, Pa.: Benja-
min Nispel, dean of arts and sciences.
Texas A. & M. University: Daniel Russell,
professor emeritus of sociology.
Texas Christian University: Charles W.
Procter, department of government. ?
Texas Western College: S. D. Myre,s, de-
partment of government; and Roland I.
Perusse, department of government.
Tulane University: Henry L. Mason, pro-
fessor of political science.
University of Bridgeport: Victor E. Muniec;
and Justus M. van der Kroef, department of
political science.
University of California, Berkeley: Eric C.
Bellquist, department of political science;
21945
Joseph P. Harris, department of political
science; Seymour Martin Upset, director,
Institute of International Studies; Frederick
C. Mosher, department of political science;
William Petersen, depai (anent of sociology;
Robert A. Scalapino, department of political
science; Raymond J. Sontag, department of
history; and Aaron Wlldavsky, department
of political science.
University of California, Los Angeles: J. A.
C. Grant; and Robert G. Neumann, depart-
ment of political science.
University of Chicago: Morton A. Kaplan.
University of Cincinnati: Paul F. Power,
department of political science.
University of Colorado: James L. Busey,
department of political science; and Edward
J. Rozek, department of political science.
University of Connecticut: Arthur Bron-
well, deal of engineering.
University of Maryland: Walter Darnell
Jacobs, department of government and poli-
tics.
University of Michigan: Russell Fifield, de-
partment of political science.
University of Minnesota: Carl A. Auerbach,
professor of law; Harold C. Deutsch, chair-
man, department of history; Samuel Krislov;
C. H. McLaughlin, department of political
science; Arnold M. Rose, professor of soci-
ology.
University of Montana: Thomas Payne.
University of Pennsylvania: William R.
Kintner, deputy director, Foreign Policy Re-
search Institute; Robert Strausz-Hupe, direc-
tor, Foreign Policy Research Institute.
University of Pittsburgh: Daniel S. Che-
ever, graduate school of public and interna-
tional affairs; John 0. Hall, director, over-
seas programs, graduate school of public and
international affairs; Donald C. Stone, dean,
graduate school of public and international
affairs.
University of Richmond: Spencer D. Al-
bright.
University of South Carolina: Robert W.
Foster, professor of law; James E. Larson,
professor of political science.
University of Tennessee: Douglas Carlisle,
department of political science.
University of Texas: Page Keeton, dean,
school of law.
University of Washington: Imre Boba, Far
Eastern and Russian Institute; Karl A. Witt-
fogel.
Upper Iowa University: Charles B. Clark.
Utah State University: Jay M. Bagley,
civil engineering department; Carlton Culm-
see, dean, college of humanities and arts;
Elliot Rich, civil engineering department.
Wabash College: George A. Lipsky, politi-
cal science and geography department; War-
ren W. Shearer, economics department.
Western Washington State College: Man-
fred C. Vernon, department of political
science.
Yale University: Eugene V. Rostow, pro-
fessor of law; Walter R. Sharp, professor
emeritus of international relations; Alex-
ander von Graevenitz, department of micro-
biology.
Yeshiva University: Joseph Dunner; Ro-
man Vishniac, professor of biology.
Additional listings. Robert A. Goldwin, di-
rector, Public Affairs Conference Center,
University of Chicago; William V. O'Brien,
chairman, institute of world polity, George-
town University; Robert Sobel, department
of history, Hofstra University.
DEATHS LINKED TO CIGARETTES
Mrs. NEU33ERGER. Mr. President,
the incidence of death from diseases of
the thoracic system has increased nine-
fold since 1945, according to the U.S.
Public Health Service.
In spite of the efforts of the American
tobacco industry to gloss over the rela-
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21946 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE September 2, 1965
tion between cigarette smoking and dis-
ease, the deaths continue and emphy-
sema victims are coughing away their
declining days.
I ask unanimous consent that the arti-
cle from the Washington, D.C., Star be
printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
U.S. CELE.S FATALITY RISE: LUNG DISEASE
DEATHS LINKED TO CIGARETTES
(By William Grigg)
The U.S. Public Health Service today la-
beled cigarette smoking the most likely ex-
planation for vastly increased deaths from
two lung-crippling diseases?chronic bron-
chitis and emphysema.
, Emphysema has become second only to
heart disease as a cause of disability. Un-
like cigarette-linked lung cancer which
quickly kills most of those it strikes em-
physema allows many of its victims to live?
with a greatly decreased capacity to work or
enjoy life.
A progressive disease it weakens the bellows
action of the lungs. This robs the body of
its ability to exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide effleiently. A mild exertion in a nor-
mal person become a major chore to an em-
physema victim.
Chronic bronchitis is a recurring inflamma-
tion of the lining of the air tubes. It causes
thick mucus, difficulty in breathing, and deep
coughing.
Together, the diseases caused only 2,300 re-
ported deaths in 1945. By 1963, deaths had
increased ninefold to 19,443.
The Social Security Administration pays
more than $60 million a year to workers dis-
abled by emphysema.
The new report by the PHS, a carefully
prepared leaflet for the general public, calls
"something inhaled into the lungs?some-
things not common before this century"?
the most likely explanation for the increases
In the two diseases
BUSINESS SUPPORT FOR AN EASING
OF AMERICAN MONETARY POLICY
AT HOME AND ABROAD
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, one of
the great strengths of the American po-
litical economy is the continuous and in-
formed communication that exists be-
tween responsible leaders of the business
and financial communities and the Con-
gress. On the difficult questions of pub-
lic policy in economic and financial mat-
ters, there is no substitute for the expe-
rience and expertise of the men who are
devoting all their efforts to making this
system work?and who are making it
generate ever higher wages, ever greater
profits, and ever increased productivity.
In recent weeks, I have been privileged
to receive the support and encourage-
ment of a number of experts in our finan-
cial community for our continued urg-
ings that American monetary policy be
eased?both at home and abroad. The
Position which we have consistently
espoused is that the proper approach to
defending and encouraging the growth of
the American economy is not to shackle?
through restrictive credit and monetary
policies?the private sector which is the
real engine of economic growth. And
this position, I am proud to report, has
received the enthusiastic backing of Mr.
E. Bates McKee, vice president and di-
rector of Bache & Co.; Mr. Sam B. Lyons,
Washington consultant to the Associ-
ation of Stock Exchange Firms; and Mr.
Milton A. Manley, senior partner in the
stock exchange firm of Manley, Bennett,
McDonald & Co. of Detroit, and others.
I ask unanimous consent that their let-
ters be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the letters
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
BACHE & CO., INC.,
Washington, D.C., August 26, 1965.
Hon. VANCE HART,
U.S., Senator from Indiana,
U.S. Senate,
Washingtcm, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR HARTKE : Thank you very
much for your letter of August 20. I read
with great interest the joint statement which
you and Senator McCsirrns presented to the
Senate Banking and Currency Committee on
the subject a "Balance-of-Payments Pri-
orities" and consider that this is a brilliant
presentation on a rather complex subject
and that the conclusions that you have
drawn definitely are in the best interests of
this country.
I shall consider it a great privilege to meet
with you and some of your colleagues at such
time as it is convenient for you to arrange
such a meeting.
Very truly yours,
E. BATES McKss,
Vice President and Director.
WASHINGTON, D.C.,
July 19, 1965.
Hon. VANCE HARTKE,
U.S. Senate, Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR HARTKE : My associates and
I were pleased and heartened to read (in
the CONGRESsIONAL RECORD of July 14) your
forthright comments on your recent letter
from Keith Funston. Earlier, I believe, you
had a similar letter from one of our ASEF
Governors, Milton Manley, of Detroit.
The all-important consideration of mar-
ket liquidity Is frequently lost in (or, at
least, overShadowed by) more dramatic eco-
ncrmic factors. Your continuing interest,
beyond the merits of your argument, serves
to bring the liquidity problem into increas-
ingly sharp focus. And this has to be all
to the good.
Apart from the good wishes, this is O.
friendly reminder that I am both handy and
pleased to answer?or expedite the answers
to?any questions you may have concerning
the exchange community. By the same
token, it goes without saying that we will
be?as always?grateful for your continuing
suggestions.
Betimes, strength to your good right arm.
Cordially and sincerely,
SAM B. LYONS.
MANLEY, BENNETT, MCDONALD & CO.,
Detroit, Mich., July 30, 1965.
Hon. VANCE. HARTKE,
U.S. 'Senate,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
MY Diass SENATOR HART: Your letter of
July 26 enclosing a copy of your Senate ad-
dress of July 20 has been received, and I as-
sure you it is greatly appreciated.
While I am not a student of international
finance, your addreim regarding the necessity
of reforming the world monetary system, and
meanwhile maintaining a reasonable bal-
ance in our payments equilibrium, sounds
like good commonsense to me.
I am, however, very much interested in
your comments regarding the stock market.
It is the primary barometer of public con-
fidence, and the deterioration of that con-
fidence is very apparent in recent weeks. We
brokers notice it in our dealings with the
investing public. If the margin require-
ments were reduced by the Federal Reserve
authorities, I am of the opinion that the
market would react favorably, and induce
many people to reinstate their market selec-
tions with confidence.
I sincerely hope that the able Senate
Committee on Finance will continue with
the thoughts outlined in your recent letters
to me.
Respectfully,
MILTON A. MANLEY.
FARM PRODUCTS?WEAPONS FOR
PEACE
Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President, the
informative Kiplinger letter of August
27 has some interesting predictions with
respect to the future of the agriculture
policies of the United States.
Speaking for myself and the farmers
of Missouri, I hope much of the letter
is right, because these thoughts em-
brace what we have urged for years,
namely, substitution in the AID pro-
gram of our increasing food and fiber
surpluses in place of our decreasing
dollars.
The letter asserts that the Govern-
ment plans to use food, with the re-
cipient countries agreeing to expand
their own internal food production, to
that end purchasing from the United
States such items as agricultural ma-
chinery, processing plants, machinery,
and so forth.
In other words, we would substitute
food for dollars in the AID program; and
at the same time develop trade.
The letter states this would bring in
billions of dollars of business, to those
involved in food production and distri-
bution.
These changes, so the letter adds,
would be predicated on the serious world
famine predicted for the 1970's, which
would be worst in Latin America, Africa,
and Asia; and therefore, in effect, this
food would be worth more than money.
Food would be considered a weapon
for peace, having some deterrent capac-
ity comparable to military power.
For years we have recommended that
the base of this idea be tried. In follow-
ing the theory, more trade?less aid, food
and fiber might well be utilized in the
interest of halting among nations the
proliferation of nuclear Weapons.
PRIZE-WINNING ESSAY: "MY RE-
SPONSIBILITY TO AMERICA"
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, Miss Ro-
berta Fish, of High Street, Ashaway,
RI., recently visited my office in Wash-
ington, while she was participating in the
teen forum sessions here in the District
of Columbia. Miss Fish wrote a prize-
winning essay entitled "My Responsi-
bility to America."
Because of the excellence of this essay,
I ask unanimous consent to insert the
essay into the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the essay
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
MY RESPONSIBILITY TO AMERICA
Being a custodian of a precious, yet vul-
nerable way of life obligates me to develop
a deep-rooted approach to life, its people and
its problems. I must know and meet the
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22038 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE September 2, 1965
constructing additional classrooms without
the aid of Youth Corps, those the youths are
building will get their share of use.
The classrooms are wooden structures, left
with cedar exterior and built entirely by
Youth Corps members supervised by car-
penters. In this part of the program, parti-
pants actually learned how to erect a struc-
ture.
Low-rent housing areas being built in the
district have given officials problems. One
side which is an example of this is Emma
Frey Elementary School, nestled next to a
formidable low-rent housing project which
Steinhauser said "came up overnight." The
Youth Corps-built classrooms are expected
to alleviate problems caused by influx of
school-aged youngsters from the housing
area.
One district elementary school made of
asbestos siding was constantly being dam-
aged by mischievous small fry breaking
shingles near ground level. Solution to this
problem also came in the Youth Corps pro-
gram. The youths replaced shingles up to
about the 5-foot level with a cement cover-
ing to ward off the playful children.
Painting of existing, classrooms was badly
needed, so the Youth Corps went to work and
by end of August it is hoped will have re-
done 450 rooms. "These classrooms hadn't
been painted in 18 years," said Steinhauser
considering one elementary school, adding,
"you can see it's a real professional job."
One paint-spattered youngster with a brush
grinned broadly. "Another month and we
could have had them all painted," added the
administrator.
The corps also painted all district mainte-
nance trucks alike, the first time such stand-
ardization had been accomplished.
There are 14 miles of sidewalks in the dis-
trict which during the school year daily serve
as travel arteries for children. Neglect had
resulted in the walkways becoming over-
grown with weeds, creating hazardous con-
ditions. This has now been remedied by the
weed-cutting members of Edgewood's Youth
Corps, with another group laying an addi-
tional 16,000 square feet of sidewalk, some
finely pebbled.
Another group was busy refinishing desks,
and Steinhauser said the program calls for
10,000 units being refinished by the end of
August.
Considering the district's student popula-
tion, the school administrator noted that
Edgewood, San Antonio's second largest dis-
trict, has 20,000 youngsters enrolled in its
schools. Showing the need for Youth Corps
Is that the last census showed 3,000 came
from families of less than $2,000 a year in-
come and between 6,000 and 8,000 are from
families of less than $3,000 income, the Fed-
eral Government's definition of poverty,
noted Steinhauser.
Attesting to the student's desire to earn
money is that of the 412 beginning work in
the summer project in June, only 3 have
been released for disciplinary problems. "We
have problems," admitted Steinhauser, but
added many are minor and can be solved by
the four counseling sessions each student is
given by district personnel during the sum-
mer.
UNITED STATES PAYS 90 PERCENT
In the program, the Federal Government
pays 90 percent of the Youth Corps grant,
with the district the other 10 percent. The
district, however, can contribute its share in
personnel and equipment services, which has
been done at Edgewood.
"The labor isn't as efficient as other labor,"
said Steinhauser, "but under the circum-
stances it's working well." Asked about the
students being able to find summer jobs at
$1.25 an hour without Youth Corps, he said:
"Never, a few might have done it, but '75
percent would have made nothing, there's
few jobs."
But through the Youth Corps the students
did have jobs, and got actual working ex-
perience in a trade. The Edgewood program
also went one step further: It touched the
school dropout and Steinhauser told of hopes
to bring 40 exstudents back to school to
complete their education this fall.
The 40 were allowed to have Edgewood
jobs, working beside actual students, but on
condition that they go back to school in,
September. It's just a verbal agreement, but
the administrator is confident the plan will
work. "Some may not enroll, but we think
the vast majority will," he said.
And Youth Corps has even helped the dis-
trict in its tax collections. Steinhauser ex-
plained that with the clerical help made
available to the tax office, a concentrated
effort was made to bring in delinquent taxes,
and more than $15,000 had been collected
by early August.
MR. U.S. SAVINGS BOND: WILLIAM
N. CERVINO
(Mr. JOELSON (at the request of Mr.
WELTNER) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD, and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. JOELSON. Mr. Speaker, my at-
tention has been called to the story of
William N. Cervino, of Paterson, N.J.,
who is employed by the U.S. Govern-
ment as a research scientist.
Under the payroll savings plan, em-
ployees of Government and industry are
given the opportunity to purchase U.S.
savings bonds to help their country and
also to help themselves financially.
For 27 years William Cervino has pur-
chased 'U.S. bonds under the payroll sav-
ings plan. I have just received a letter
from him in which he informs me that he
intends to continue this practice until his
retirement at which time he intends to
turn over the funds to a college or uni-
versity in order to provide an educa-
tion for a deserving youth.
This is a demonstration of public
spirit of the highest order. I am proud
to have as a constituent a person of his
caliber. He is truly Mr. U.S. Savings
Bonds.
NEW YORK-NEW JERSEY SHIPYARD
DISTRESS
(Mr. HELSTOSKI (at the request of
Mr. WELTNER) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in
the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. HELSTOSKI. Mr. Speaker, I
would like to associate myself with the
remarks made by my colleague from New
Jersey [Mr. DANIELS] on the distress
which our private shipyards are encoun-
tering due to the directive of the Mari-
time Administration to award repair
work on ships reactivated from the Jones
Point "mothball fleet" by shipyards out-
side the port of New York.
This directive indicates the utter lack
of proper consideration for the New Jer-
sey-New York area shipyards by the Navy
Department and the Maritime Adminis-
tration. This attitude is a clear indi-
cation that the Maritime Adminis-
tration and the Navy Department did
not consider the overall qualifications of
the shipyard personnel to undertake this
refitting project, which approximates
about $300,000 per vessel.
I am of the opinion that nowhere in
the United States can one find a better
facility than those located in the New
York-New Jersey area to perform this
Operation which is being stepped up be-
cause of the Vietnamese crisis.
This is the time when the Government
should take into consideration the fact
that if the private yards of our area are
to remain in operation, they must be
given Government contracts, either for
new shipbuilding or the refitting of re-
activated ships, such as in this particular
Instance.
It is the announced intention of the
Government to close down the Brooklyn
Navy Yard. Here we have the man-
power, the experience, the facilities to
refit these "mothball" ships; and yet,
where does the Navy go to have this work
performed? One of these ships is already
at Chester, and where will the other five
wind up no one knows. They should
be assigned to the New Jersey-New York
area shipyards.
The attitude of the Martitime Admin-
istration appears that it is desirious to
make our New Jersey-New York ship-
yard facilities an economic disaster area.
From the drop in employment figures of
the shipyards we can readily see that
this is what it actually happening Dur-
ing the peak war year of 1944 the em-
ployment figures indicated the employ-
ment of approximately 46,000 persons in
the shipbuilding, repair and refitting in-
stallations. The 1949 peacetime employ-
ment level dropped down to 6,000 men
and the decline continued to a point
where only 2,500 men are so employed at
the present time. When will this de-
cline stop, if the Government does not
award any contracts to our shipbuilders?
I commend my distinguished colleague
[Mr. DANIELS] for his leadership n bring-
ing this critical situation to the Members
of this House, the Maritime Adminstra-
ton and the Department of the Navy.
I hope that this decision will be recon-
sidered and a new evaluation of the prob-
lem will be given to it by the executive
department, and the work of repairing
these ships will be granted to the New
Jersey-New York area shipyards, where
the economic life of the labor force de-
pends upon and has always depended
upon in a great part upon the shipbuild-
ing and ship repair in ustry.
SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ARMORY?
ITS CRUCIAL ROLE IN DEVELOP-
ING THE FINEST WEAPONS IN
THE VIETNAM WAR
(Mr. BOLAND (at the request of Mr.
WELTNER) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. BOLAND. Mr. Speaker, the
Springfield, Mass., Armory was founded
on April 2, 1794. It was born by an act
of the 3d Congress. In its 171 years of
being and from the 3d Congress to this
89th Congress, it has been the Nation's
center for th development and produc-
tion of small arms weapons.
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SeprArmAyr 2, .1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
country and made us a nation of homeown-
ers. All these things you khow, and much
more besides. f would onlf say That the
cold war veteran could make the proposal be-
fore us work fully as well, and that he In
his millions is looking to us to give him the
opportnuity to prove it.
The author of "HaiTack-Rom Ballads" is
held in bad odor today by many for some
of his ideas and policies. /it spite of this,
It is difficult to deny that klpling knew, as
few others have.known, the he and thoughts
of the soldier. Though I hate even to say It,
I am afraid our Nation has been guilty of the
same kind of dichotomized thinking about
its soldiers as Kipling reflected in his "Tom-
my";
"For it's Tommy this, an' rommy that, an'
'Chuck him out, the brute!'
But it's 'Saviour of 'is country' when the
guns begin to shoot;
Tommy, though perhaps simple, was not a
fool:
An' it's Tommy this, an' Tommy that, an'
anything you please;
An' Tommy ain't a bloomin` fool?you bet
that Tommy sees!"
Mr. Chairman, the American GI is certain-
ly no less sharpsighted than Tommy; his
eyes are on us. I think we have let him down
long enough. By reporting out a bill like
H.R. 5051 and S. 9, this committee would be
rendering yeoman's service in the just cause
of American servicemen, and in the cause of
all America as well.
I thank you.
CONTRIBUTION OF THE ECONOMIC
OPPORTUNITY ACT
(Mr. GONZALEZ (at the request of
Mr. Wrimms) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in
the R,scoaa and to include extraneolls
matter.)
Mr. GONZALEZ. Mr. Speaker, re-
cently we debated in this House the
expansion and modificatiop of the Eco-
nomic Opportunity Act or, as it is popu-
larly called, the war on poverty.
Many of the critics were loud and vo-
ciferous in denouncing the things they
say have gone wrong with the program.
I am very proud to report to this
House that in my district, the 20th Con-
gressional District of Texas, the Eco-
nomic Opportunity Act has made a sig-
nificant and most worthy contribution,
Recently I was a guest of the Edgewood
Independent School District and visited,
project by project, such inspiring and
redeeming programs as the Head Start
program with 1,120 youngsters benefit-
ing from the Economic Opportunity Act;
the Youth Corps program, and related
programs under the purview and by vir-
tue a the Economic Opportunity Act.
For those of us who have endured the
criticism and the opposition that the
espousal of these programs has engen-
dered, I want to say to this House that
it was, a tremendous and rewarding ex-
perience to have geen the good that this
legislation has done in my district,
offer at this time for the Rscos,u aal
article from the San Antonio Express of
August 29, 1969, by Mr. Mike Cantu, that
very dramatically points this out:
No. 162---31.
YOUTH CORPS DOES A JOB--EDGEWOOD SCHOOLS
Ger IMPROVEMENTS, 412 BOYS, GIRLS BARN
NEEDED MONEY
(By Mike Cantu)
When a San Antonio school district with
a third of its students coming from families
with incomes of less than $3,000 and faced
with problems of increasing enrollment and
limited tax resources became a war on pov-
erty battleground things began to happen.
And they've been happening since April,
when the first neighborhood Youth Corps
program was launched at Edgewood Inde-
pendent School District.
Through skillful managing by school offi-
cials, the summer Youth Corps grant of
$172,000 to the district has provided jobs for
412 youths, each working 32 hours a week for
$1.25 an hour. That means each of the
youngsters will have earned $440 by end of
the 11-week program on August 31.
But it didn't end there at Edgewood. The
students were not lust being paid for doing
small, meaningless odd jobs around the
school campuses.
A careful plan drawn up by school officials
has resulted in the district realizing a return
of nearly 1,000 percent on its own invest-
mentln the program.
"I would say that actual and enduring
value of work done for the district by Youth
Corps members would be well over 6200,000,"
said District Superintendent Bennie F. Stein-
hauser in appraising the program. That
work included Youth Corps members con-
structing a 50,000 square foot vocational edu-
cation shop building at Edgewood High'
School, building temporary classrooms faster
than 1 a week, painting 12 classrooms a day,
refinishing 300 desks a day, and manicuring
all campuses of schools in the district, to
name a few of the projects.
YOUTH AND DISTRICT BENEFIT
"It is filled with tremendous opportunity
for youth both in earning money and val-
uable work experience; it also provides a serv-
ice for 'thedistrict," said Steinhauser in gen-
eralizing about Youth Corps.
Officials at Edgewood began laying the
groundwork for their Youth Corps program
In November 1964. At that time, screening
began for students to participate, with in-
terviewers determining who actually needed
the work most. By February, nearly 300
students were ready to begin work, but had
to wait until April when the district was
given final go-ahead.
First work started on a $37,500 grant which -?
covered work during April and May. Early
June saw beginning of the larger summer
project, which will continue until the end
of August.
Steinhauser explained the Edgewood pro-
gram was tailored to meet three basic aims:
(1) To allow the students to earn money,
(2) to enable them to learn the work they
were doing under supervision and (3) to
have them contribute something useful to
their community. Near summer's end he
rated the project successful on all three
counts.
Youths were divided into two main classes,
those under is and those over. This division
was primarily Intended for those working in
classroom construction and renovation. The
older youths are allowed to operate power
tools while those younger are kept from
hazardous work.
Workers were divided into those going
into construction, recreation, landscaping,
painting, furniture refinishing, survey, cleri-
cal work and janitorial projects. Organiza-
tion was the key, as a program with 112
22037
unskilled workers could easily have been
reduced to chaos.
Groups of eight students were placed un-
der an adult supervisor. The adult then
chose a leader to take charge of the other
seven.
"Aside from helping the students, It was
a gold mine for doing things that needed to
be done," said Steinhauser about district
work being done.
TRIBUTE TO PRESIDENT JOHNSON
Incidentally, headquarters for the Edge-
wood Youth Corps was set up at the district's
new Lyndon B. Johnson Elementary School.
"We thought it would be fitting," explained
Steinhauser when it was noted the President
initiated the war on poverty giving birth to
Youth Corps.
Headquarters abounded with girl Youth
Corps members doing clerical work for the
program, and Steinhauser explained "they
keep their (Youth Corps) own records."
Such items as payroll records, however, are
kept by the adult supervisors.
An important service which Steinhauser
noted the clerical helpers are also doing is
an up-to-date survey of the district's student
population coming from low income fam-
ilies. He explained the district will also
submit a program under Public Law 89-10,
the Elementary and Secondary School Act of
1965, and such records will bring about
proper money apportionment to the district
in the fall.
Touring construction of the mammoth,
50,000 square foot shop building at Edge-
wood High School, Steinhauser explained
"the plumbers (referring to adults helping
in construction) of course are licensed pro-
fessionals, the helpers are our boys." Trained
supervision is given the Youth Corps workers
on the construction sites at the rate of one
carpenter for every 16 boys.
"We're getting something here we couldn't
have afforded otherwise," added the super-
intendent, standing on the broad concrete
base of the future shop building. Pointing
to the tall steel columns jutting from the
vast slab, he added, "you'll probably 'recog-
nize that, it's Government surplus."
Surplus Government materials have
played a big part in construction of the new
addition. Paying cost of hauling, the dis-
trict obtained items such as surplus railroad
tracks which will become the door frames.
Chugging noisly at one end of the slab was
a bright yellow, 6,000-pound capacity port-
able crane which still had "U.S. Air Force"
markings. Used to install the steel columns,
the district obtained the surplus machine
for $50 and "the first day's rent on it would
have cost us more," said Steinhauser. A hole
in the crane's gas tank was no problem for
district maintenance crews,
COST OF STRUL.1 uxE SLASHED
Steinhauser estimated the structure would
have cost the district $300,000 if built with-
out Youth Corps and surplus items, an im-
possible sum in a district which collects
$350,000 a year in property taxes. He esti-
mated that its cost this .way will be about
$120,000, less than half. Youth workers will
not complete the structure, however, the su-
perintendent explained, as trained plumbers
and electricians will have to enter for the
finer work.
Youth Corps classroom builders are ex-
pected to complete 26 temporary units by
the end of August, and the administrator
saw this a particularly valuable aid to the
district. Crowded conditions have come
about in the wake of the rapidly expanding
student population, and while the district is
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September 2, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
In all of the conflicts in which this
country has been involved, the Spring-
field Armory has played a magnificent
and important role. Today, in the war
in Vietnam, the technical skill and
? knowledge of the employees of this great
arsenal have contributed and are con-
tributing to placing in the hands of the
Armed Forces the finest weapons con-
ceived by the mind of man.
Mr. Speaker, as the tactics of war have
changed, the personnel of the Spring-
field Armory has risen to the challenges
posed by new fighting concepts. This
Nation can point with pride to this Gov-
ernment owned and operated arsenal as
it constantly seeks to develop and im-
prove more and better weapons. I point
with pride to the present role it is taking
in Vietnam.
The helicopter with its armament sub-
system and the M-75 grenade launcher
have become some of the most effective
implements of war in our effort in Viet-
nam.
I commend to the Members of this
House, an 'article from the Journal of
the Armed Forces of August 28, 1965,
written by Col. William Durrenberger,
the commanding officer of the Spring-
field Armory:
NEW TEETH FOR COPTERS IN VIETNAM
(By Col. William J. Durrenberger, USA)
(Norn?Colonel Durrenberger is CO of
Springfield armory, Mass. A pioneer in Army
guided missile weapons development, he is a
veteran of 23 years service, much of it in
research and development and production
assignment. In this report, he tells how Bell
UH-1B helicopters in Vietnam have been
given a powerful new punch.)
The ever-increasing need for greater mo-
bility coupled with more firepower has given
birth to the armed helicopter. Included in
the family of weapons for the helicopter is
the M5 Armament Subsystem which was de-
signed to fulfill the requirement for an area
, fire weapon. The system, which utilizes the
Springfield armory developed M75 40mm
grenade launcher, provides Bell UH-1B heli-
copters with defense or suppressive fire capa-
bility while enabling the helicopter to ac-
complish its utility or troop carrying mis-
sions.
Task for the design of both launcher and
system was assigned to the Springfield arm-
ory in February 1958. Concurrently, Pica-
tinny Arsenal developed the ammunition.
The weapon was designed and fabricated in
house at Springfield armory. At a later date
in the program, the Ford Motor Co. under
contract contributed to weapon manfactur-
ability. General Electric designed the sys-
tem under the technical supervision of no
? Springfield armory.
The weapon, which is powered by a %-
horsepower motor, weighs only 35 pounds in-
cluding the motor and recoil adapters. It
? fires a 40mm grenade cartridge from a linked
file-bailie belt at a rate of fire of 220 shots per
minute. The motor drives the drum cam
through a sprocket and belt drive. The
drum cam encloses the planetary gear train
which reduces the high motor speed to the
desired gun rate. The drum is the prin-
cipal weapon control element containing
three synchronized cams, a peripheral or
barrel cam and two face plate cams, the lock
cam and the feed cam. All phases of the
weapon operation cycle are positively con-
trolled by these cams.
The barrel actuating cam is wound on the
periphery of the drum. A revolution of the
drum reciprocates the barrel rearward and
forward. On the rearward movement the
round is chambered, the link is pushed to the
rear of the cartridge case and, simultane-
ously, is disengaged from the rest of the
belt. Near the end of the stroke the barrel
engages the cocking rod and cocks the firing
mechanism. Here, we see a unique feature
of the weapon when the barrel slides over
the cartridge, rather than the cartridge being
fed into the chamber.
When the barrel reaches the rearward or
battery position, the lock cam moves the bar-
rel lock into a recess in the barrel. This
action secures the barrel during firing. The
lock cam also cams the sear release; this
carnming of the lock releases the striker and
fires the weapon. After a 40-degree drum
cam dwell rotation, the barrel is unlocked.
While the barrel moves forward, the cartridge
rim is held by the fixed T-slot in the receiver
and cartridge extraction is effected.
Feeding of the next cartridge occurs when
the feed cam causes the feed arm assembly
to feed the next cartridge from the feed tray
into the receiver and into alinement with
the open barrel. This action also pushes the
spent cartridge case and the link out of aline-
ment with the open barrel, and from the
weapon.
The M5 Armament Subsystem consists of a
servo power driven gun turret, a sighting sta-
tion, a control panel, a servo-amplifier and
a control unit, an ammunition booster,
chuting and ammunition storage unit. The
turret is mounted on the nose of the 111118
helicopter and is directed by the copilot-
gunner through the use of a sight. It is
flexible in elevation, depression and azimuth
providing up coverage of 15 degrees, down
coverage of 35 degrees and left and right cov-
erage of 60 degrees. The turret may also be
stowed at a predetermined fixed position and
fired as a fixed installation by the pilot. The
turret, which is 21 inches in diameter, con-
tains the M75 grenade launcher, the mount-
ing elements, and the azimuth and elevation
drive motors. The weapon is positioned at
a 45-degree angle to the vertical. It is fed
from above and the spent cases and links are
ejected downward, away from the aircraft.
The ammunition container is located in
the cargo compartment and is held in posi-
tion by nylon tie-down straps attached to the
standard cargo tie-down points. The box
has a capacity of 85 rounds. The ammuni-
tion is delivered to the gun through flexible
feed chuting routed internally between the
pilot and the copilot, and then forward
through the radio compartment to the tur-
ret. The length of chuting is approximately
8 feet and it is here that the additional 65
rounds are stored to make up the 150-round
system ammunition complement. An am-
munition booster is provided to assist the
weapon in pulling the ammunition thFough
the flexible feed chuting. It is located inside
the radio compartment and performs the
major work required to pull the ammunition
from the storage box through the chuting.
The booster, which operates on a demand
basis, automatically supplies the ammuni-
tion to the launcher slightly faster than the
weapons consumption rate.
The sighting station provides the means
for remotely directing and firing the
launcher. The mounting pivot axis is the
same azimuth-elevation coordinate design
used on the turret, so that the correct rela-
tionship between the gunner's line of sight
and gun line of fire is maintained through-
out the field of fire. The sight is mounted
to the ceiling of the aircraft and is stowed
on the ceiling, out of the way of the gun-
ner's head, when not in use. When used it
is rotated downward. Height adjustment for
ease of use is provided by two telescoping
arms.
The sight consists of an illuminated reticle
in the left-hand telescoping arm, the image
of which is projected to and reflected by a
spherical mirror mounted on the right tele-
scoping arm. The reflected collimated im-
age is displayed on a fiat reflector at 45? to
22039
the gunner's line of sight. The structure is
open on both sides so that the gunner has
a clear view of the target area. The reticle
is presented as a collimated image to the
gunner's eye. A pistol grip control handle
on the sight contains the action switch?and
trigger switch.
The servoamplifier assembly, more com-
monly known as the black box, is located in
the aft section of the ship in the baggage
compartment. The box contains a pair of
servoamplifiers, subsystem relay switching
and control elements. The azimuth and ele-
vation servoamplifiers are interchangeable,
transistorized units, the final stage of which
are power transistors to drive the turret
motors.
The control panel is mounted in the
pedestal console between the pilot and co-
pilot. It contains a power on-off switch,
which supplies the AC and DC power to the
system and a gun power switch for hot or
safe condition. A control dial is located in
the panel to position the turret at a presset
angle of elevation or depression with the
turret in the stowed position.
Development of the M-75 grenade launcher
and the M-5 system was conducted concur-
rently in a two-cycle development program.
Design studies were started by Springfield
Armory in June 1958 of various launching
mechanisms to deliver the 40-mm. grenade on
target. Approximately a year later the
motorized launcher we know today as the
M-75 was selected as the design to meet the
military requirements with a high degree of
performance and reliability. At this time
an intensive development program on both
weapon and system was launched with the
initial prototypes delivered for system dem-
onstration at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.,
in August 1961.
Fire testing of the system demonstrated
the accuracy, mobility, and overall perform-
ance to the user and the system received the
nod of approval. The redesign study was
completed in September of that year and the
second stage of the development cycle initi-
ated culminating in delivery of engineering
test units in December 1963. Comprehen-
sive engineering and service testing evalua-
tion pointed out areas requiring refinement
and improvements were fed into the system
during the next year.
The final engineering test/service test
was conducted in the spring of 1964 and the
system with weapon and ammunition was
type classified standard A in June 1964.
The M-5 armament subsystem will con-
tribute materially to the success of the UH-
1B helicopter mission. In addition, it will
become a formidable force for delivering fire
support where greater mobility is desired.
ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS
(Mr. SCHEUER (at the request of Mr.
WELTNER) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. SCHEUER. Mr. Speaker, noth-
ing could be plainer than President
Johnson's determination to help the
Alliance for Progress achieve to the full-
est its economic and social development
goals.
The ceremony in the White House on
August 17, was a tangible reaffirmation of
U.S. concern for the well-being of its
Latin neighbors which received the
warm applause of the Latin American
Ambassadors who were there and the
writing press.
A good example of this kind of favor-
able reaction is the August 21 editorial
in the Cincinnati Enquirer.
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'22040 OCINGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE September 2, 1965
1From the Cincinnati Enquirer, Aug. 21,
1965]
A HEMISPHERE COMMON MARICET
President Johnson's pledge that the United
States intends to support to the fullest the
economic and social development goal's Of
the Alliance for Progress deserved the warm
applause it received from his audience Of
Latin American Ambassadors. To all the
people of the hemisphere, it was a welcome
reaffirmation of U.S. concern for the well-
being of its neighbors.
Despite widespread dissatisfaction both
here at home, and throughout Latin America
with the way the Alliance has worked so
far, it does have many real achievements to
its credit. One problem has been an overall
drop in world prices of the basic commodities
Latin Americans depend on for a large part
of their foreign earnings.
This has meant that even in countries
where increases in gross national product
have been achieved, these have barely kept
ahead of the growth in population. Conse-
quently, a good part of the funds advanced
by the United States have had to be used to
plug this gap rather than to promote the
goals of the Alliance.
Latin American doubts as to the adminis-
tration's commitment to the objective of the
Alliance as enunciated by President Kennedy
have grown since our involvement in the
Dominican conflict. Mr. Johnson's proposal
for the economic integration of the hemis-
phere, involving a "common Market" for the
Americas, and his support for commodity
price stabilization should allay fears as to
Washington's intentions.
The organization of a common market for
the Americas is an ambitious aim. There will
be many complications along the road. Yet
we believe they must be met and overcome,
for, as the President truly said:
"We will shape the future through the
principles of our alliance or we will find it
swallowed up in violence that is bred of des-
peration."
ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS
(Mr. SCHEUER (at the request of Mr.
WELTNER) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to Include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. SCHEUER. Mr. Speaker, the dis-
tinguished newspaper columnist Mar-
quis Childs recently wrote an excellent
analysis of President Johnson's salute to
the Alliance for Progress upon its fourth
anniversary.
On that occasion the President not
only praised the Alliance and its high
Promise for the future of Latin America;
he made concrete proposals which auger
well for the destiny of the Alliance.
I rise to praise the President for his
memorable tribute to the Alliance?and
for the new promise which he gave to
this great enterprise. And I take this
opportunity to praise Mr. Childs for his
commentary.
The article, "Johnson's Salute to Al-
liance Not Only Rhetoric" appeared in
the Newark Evening News on August 22.
REALITY TEMPERS PROMISES?JOHNSON'S
SALUTE TO ALLIANCE NOT ONLY RHETORIC
(By Marquis Childs)
Wasinwcrox.---President Johnson's elo-
quent salute to the Alliance for Progress on
the 4th birthday of the alliance VMS a Mix-
ture of promises ternpered by a dash od'
reality. However much the speech to the
Latin American Ambassadors may be dis-
counted as rhetoric, it will help to make up
for the silence in Washington that the
Americas to the south have deeply felt.
The observer traveling even briefly in the
southern half of the hemisphere is imme-
diately aware of a struggle for survival. In
the struggle, the U.S. aid program in all its
phases plays an important part.
For the short term it may be decisive in
helping to check inflation and make up for
budgetary deficits. A wide variety of aid
projects?housing, schools, health?are ex-
amples of what can be done, given the will
and the resources.
PAINFULLY EVIDENT
But for the long pull the inadequacies of
the alliance?for that matter any program
so far contemplated?are painfully evident.
So many of the elements of a modern society
are lacking. These basic lacks make reform
and change difficult if not impossible. This
observer would put several at the head of a
long list.
First is the difficulty of communication,
both within individual countries and from
country to .country. Telephone systems are
inadequate and inefficient. Communication
by telegraph is almost equally limited and
rates are very high. This presents serious
problems for Government and business.
Transportation, both rail and highway, is
equally deficient. The vast distances, the
snow covered mountain ranges, the jungle,
the far reaches of the interior have never
been mastered. A coastal civilization is
only beginning to push out into the empty
spaces. This is a costly effort requiring capi-
tal investment and administrative skills in
pitifully short supply.,
?Although there are variations from coun-
try to country, there is a desperate need for
managerial capability. In Chili, where the
the level is higher, President Eduardo Frei
spoke feelingly to this reporter of how many
tasks he had to perform himself because
no one else could do them. This means not
just rudimentary education but training in
management.
START MADE
Fortunately some of the big American
foundations have begun to recognize this
need. A start has been made, and a younger
generation is coming along that could fill
the management gap.
What this Suggests is that the U.S. aid pro-
gram is buying time. It may also suggest
that the aid program might better have con-
centrated on basic needs.
The Monroe Doctrine kept out European
exploiters. The Good Neighbor policy of
Franklin Raosevelt was a valuable exercise
in friendship.
The Alliance for Progress began with a
rush of enthusiasm. It has fallen away
to a piecemeal program that is hopefully a
stop gap. If it is recognized as just that,
then possibly a larger and bolder formula-
tion may be forthcoming even though the
hour is late.
(Mr. PEPPER (at the request of Mr.
WELTNER) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
[Mr. PEPPER'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
(Mr. PEPPER (at the request of Mr.
WELTNER) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
LMr. PEPPER'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
GREAT MYTHS OF AGRICULTURAL
POLICY: WE NO LONGER NEED
FARM PROGRAMS
(Mr. PURCELL (at the request of Mr.
WELTNER) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. PURCELL. Mr. Speaker, on Au-
gust 3, I placed in the CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD the first in a series of articles
from Successful Farming magazine on
"Great Myths of Agricultural Policy."
That article dealt with the theory that
farm prices are made in Washington.
The September issue of this magazine
carries the second article in the series,
attempting to explode the myth that
"We No Longer Need Farm Programs."
While this article does not necessarily
express my views on the subject in all
respects, I feel that it, like the first ar-
ticle in the series, is a most thoughtful
article which I commend to my col-
leagues. The article follows:
GREAT MYTHS OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY- -MYTH
No. 2: WE No LONGER r,IEED FARM PRO-
GRAMS
(By Don Paarlberg)
This myth, which says in effect that we
ought to "get Government out of agricul-
ture," arises from the irrefutable fact that
some farm programs have been harmful to
agriculture. It ignores the equally irre-
futable fact that some farm programs have
been helpful.
Quotation of this myth will draw applause
from most conservative audiences, particu-
larly nonfarm groups. But the myth ignores
some real difficulties. It ignores rural pov-
erty, perhaps the most serious problem of all.
It ignores the problem of adjusting to a tech-
nological revolution in agriculture.
Are free markets the answer? Further-
more, this myth assumes that Government,
having supported certain farm prices for 30
years, could pull these props out overnight
and walk off, leaving agriculture to make the
necessary adjustments on its own. This
would not be a fair test of the free market
system.
The free market would be doing well
enough if it handled the current production
of corn, wheat, and cotton in a satisfactory
manner, something the Government pro-
grams have not done.
To ask that the free market handle not
only current production but also the backlog
of unresolved problems accumulated by the
Government programs and that it suddenly
acquire the capacity to do this after the loss
and injury caused by a quarter century of
disuse and attack?this is a preposterous pro-
posal. One does not indict the market sys-
tem if he is reluctant to put it to such a
test.
Should Government get out? This idea,
that farm problems would be solved if the
Government would get out of agriculture,
is a myth fostered by those called conserva-
tives, advocates of the free market.
But advocates of the market system should
not renounce every act of Government during
the past quarter century. They should ac-
cept as part of their system all developments
which improve the functioning of the
market.
This includes supervision of grades and
standards, the work of the Commodity Ex-
change authority, accurate price reporting,
and good outlook information. It includes
marketing orders, wisely administered for
appropriate commodities, and it includes
price supports at levels which permit prices
to fluctuate freely most of the time. It in-
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