NATURALIZATION HEARINGS BEFORE SUBCOMMITTEE NO.4 OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NINETIETH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION ON H.R. 2138

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• Publication Date: August 24, 1967
• Content Type: REGULATION

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NATURALIZATION
HEARINGS
BEFORE
SUBCOMMITTEE NO. 1
.COIVIMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
NINETIETH CONGRESS
H.R. 2138
TO AMEND SECTION 319 OF TIIE IMMIGRATION AND NATION-
ALITY ACT TO PERMIT NATURALIZATION FOR CERTAIN
EMPLOYEES OF UNITED STATES NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
ENGAGED IN DISSEMINATING INFORMATION WHICH SIGNIF-
ICANTLY PROMO'TE,S 'UNITED STATES INTERESTS, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
JULY 27, 1967
AUGUST 24, 1967
Printedfor'the use of the Committee on the Judiciary
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
84-948 WASHINGTON : 1967
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COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
EMANUEL CELLER, New York, Chairman
MICHAEL A. FEIGHAN, Ohio
EDWIN E. WILLIS, Louisiana
PETER W. RODINO, JR., New Jersey
BYRON G. ROGERS, Colorado
HAROLD D. DONOHUE, Massachusetts
JACK B. BROOKS, Texas
WILLIAM M. TUCK, Virginia
ROBERT T. ASHMORE, South Carolina
JOHN DOWDY, Texas
BASIL L. WHITENER, North Carolina
ROBERT W. KASTENMEIER, Wisconsin
JAMES C. CORMAN, California
WILLIAM L. ST. ONGE, Connecticut
DON EDWARDS, California
WILLIAM L. HUNGATE, Missouri
HERBERT TENZER, New York
JOHN CONYERS, JR., Michigan
ANDREW JACOBS, JR., Indiana
JOSHUA EILBERG, Pennsylvania
WILLIAM M. MCCULLOCH, Ohio,
RICHARD H. POFF, Virginia
ARCH A, MOORE, JR., West Virginia
WILLIAM T. CAHILL, New Jersey
CLARK MACGREGOR, Minnesota
CHARLES MCC. MATHIAS, JR., Maryland
EDWARD HUTCHINSON, Michigan
ROBERT McCLORY, Illinois
HENRY P. SMITH III, New York
WILLIAM V. ROTH, JR., Delaware
THOMAS J. MESKILL, Connecticut
CHARLES W. SANDMAN, JR., New Jersey
TOM RAILSBACK, Illinois
EDWARD G. BIESTER, JR., Pennsylvania
CHARLES E. WIGGINS, California
BEss E. DICK, Staff Director
WILLIAM R. FOLEY, General Counsel
GARNER J. CLINE, Counsel
HERBERT FUCHS, Counsel
WILLIAM P. SHATTUCK, Counsel
BENJAMIN L. ZELENKO, Counsel
CHARLES J. ZINN, Law Revision Counsel
DONALD G. BENN, Associate Counsel
DONALD E. SANTARELLI, Associate Counsel
FRANKLIN G. POLK, Associate Counsel
SUBCOMMITTEE No. 1
GENERAL JURISDICTION OVER JUDICIARY BILLS AS ASSIGNED
SPECIAL JURISDICTION OVER IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY
MICHAEL A.. FEIGHAN, Ohio, Chairman
PETER W. RODINO, in., New Jersey ARCH A. MOORE, JR., West Virginia
HAROLD D. DONOHUE, Massachusetts WILLIAM T. CAHILL, New Jersey
JOHN DOWDY, Texas CLARK MACGREGOR, Minnesota
GARNER J. CLINE, Counsel
DONALD G. BENN, Associate Counsel
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CONTENTS
Testimony of:
J
h
R
Page
o
n
ichardson, Jr., president, Free Europe, Inc---------------
M
G
3
--
aj.
eri. C. Rodney Smith, vice president, Free Europe, Inc ------
Keith Ki
di
8
nyon,
rector of administration, Free Europe, Inc---------
James C
it
hl
8
r
c
ow, director, Information Division, Radio Liberty
Committee--------------- ---------------
Kendall Bailes, administrative assistant
Office of the Presid
t
R
d
25
,
en
,
a
io
Liberty Committee------------------------------------------
Edward R
d
i
25
u
n
ck, Assistant Commissioner of Naturalization, Immi-
gration and Naturalization Service, Department of Justice-------
Arth
J
Ol
45
ur
.
sen, Public Affairs Adviser, Bureau of European Affairs,
Department of State -----------------------------------------
63
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NATURALIZATION
IIOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
SUBCOMMITTEE No. I OF THE,
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY,
Washington, D.C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:30 a.m.i.ii. room
2237, Rayburn House Office Building, pion. Michael A. Feighan
(Chairman of the subcommittee) presiding.
Present : Representatives Feighan, Rodino, Donohue, Dowdy, Moore,
MacGregor, and Cahill.
Also present : Garner J. Cline, counsel ; and Donald G. Benn, asso-
ciate counsel.
(II.R.2138 follows:)
[Ii.R. 2138, 90th Cong? first sess.]
A BILL To amend section 319 of the Immigration and Nationality Act to permit naturaliza-of United
ch s fi noromotenprUoft ornitedgnStatesnizations
interest Band for isother
ed In tion linfcertain orn information employe
purposes
Be it enacted by the Senate and 110USe of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That (a) section 319 of the Immigration and
Nationality Act (66 Stat. 244) Is amended by adding a new subsection (c) to
read as follows :
"(c) Any person who (1) is employed by a bona fide United States incorporated
nonprofit organization which is principally engaged in conducting abroad through
communications media the dissemination of information which significantly pro-
motes United States interests abroad and which is recognized as such by the
Attorney General, and (2) has been so employed continuously for a period of
not less than five years after a lawful admission for permanent residence, and
(3) who files his petition for naturalization while so employed or within six
months following the termination thereof, and (4) who is in the United States at
the time of naturalization, and (5) who declares before the naturalization court
in good faith an intention to take up residence within the United States im-
mediately upon termination of such employment, may be naturalized upon com-
pliance with all the requirements of this Act, except that no prior residence or
specified period of physical presence within the United States or any State or
within the jurisdiction of the court, or proof thereof, shall be required."
(b) The title preceding section 319 is amended to read as follows: "MARRIED
PERSONS AND EMPLOYEES OF CERTAIN NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS".
(c) The table of contents (Title III-Nationality and Naturalization, ch. 2) of
the Immigration and Nationality Act is amended by changing the designation of
section 319 to read as follows :
"Sec. 319. Married persons and employees of certain nonprofit organizations."
Mr. FEIGITAN. The subcommittee will come to order.
This morning we will consider II.R. 2138, introduced by our very
able and distinguished colleague, Mr. Rodino, which provides that
any person who is employed by a bona fide U.S. incorporated non-
profit organization which is principally engaged in conducting abroad
1
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2 NATURALIZATION
through communications media the dissemination of information
which significantly promotes U.S. interests abroad and which is recog-
nized as such by the Attorney General, and has been so employed
continuously for a period of not less than 5 years after a lawful
admission for permanent residence, and who files his petition for nat-
uralization while so employed or within 6 months following the
termination thereof, and who is in the United States at the time of nat-
uralization, and who declares before the naturalization court in good
faith an intention to take up residence within the United States imme-
diately upon termination of such employment, may be naturalized
upon compliance with all the requirements proposed by `dlr. Rodino's
bill, except that no prior residence or specified period of physical pres-
ence within the United States or any State or within the, jurisdiction of
the court, or proof thereof, shall be. required.
Mr. Rodino.
Mr. Rom,,-o. Mr. Chairman, I wish to thank you for scheduling
this hearing on my bill, H.R. 2138, a bill designed to permit persons
who have fully demonstrated their loyalty and dedication to the
T7nited States to apply for naturalization. U.S. citizenship has been
a goal for the limited number of employees of Radio Liberty and
Radio Free Europe who, by virtue of their employment overseas, are
unable to satisfy the physical presence requirements necessary for
naturalization.
I first introduced this legislation in January 1965, after I had
visited the facilities of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty in
Munich, Germany, in 1964, At, that time, Mr. Chairman, T had an
opportunity to talk with employees of both organizations as well as
an opportunity to evaluate their contributions to the interests of the
United States. With this first-hand, on-the-scene appraisal of what was
being accomplished, I became firmly convinced that legislation which
would consider overseas employment, with these organizations as con-
structive residence for physical presence in the United States would
certainly be worth while and would be in the spirit of recognizing their
service to the United States abroad and in the interest, of the United
States.
Since the introduction of my first bill in 1965,, I have introduced
successor bills designed to accomplish the same purpose but with
minor changes designed to meet certain points that were brought to my
attention. The bill before us today has been carefully reviewed and
analyzed by the appropriate Government agencies and no objection
has been presented.
I might, add that I have been in close contact with employees of
both Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty since my official visit
to Munich in 1964. The people who would be beneficiaries of this
legislation have held important positions in Government and in in-
dustry. They are people who were. formerly diplomats, lawyers, econ-
omists. writers, and editors in their homelands. After escaping from
Communist rule these people directed their skills toward anti-Com-
ninnist endeavors.
I feel that the need for this legislation has been well expressed by
Gen C. Rodney Smith, vice president of Free Europe, Inc., and I
,would like to include in the record at this time a letter written to
mie by General Smith on April 6, 1967.
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Mr. FEIGIJAN. Without objection that letter will be made a part
of the record at this point.
Mr. RODINO. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
(The letter referred to follows:) APRIL 6, 1967.
Han. PETER W. RonuNO, Jr.,
House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. RonlNO : We in Free Europe, Inc., and Radio Free Europe are most
appreciative of your continued interest and efforts in behalf of your bill to
enable certain long-standing employees of RFE serving abroad to obtain U.S.
citizenship.
Speaking in behalf of the senior management and executive staff of Free
Europe, Inc., as well as the key employees concerned, we are anxious to do
anything we can that might be appropriate to assist in furthering the progress
of your proposed 'bill. Its passage means a great deal to continued operational
effectiveness of RFE by helping to ensure the retention of these key employees
who are exiles from their east European homelands.
We feel that passage of your bill this year is important. Because of their
strong motivation, many of the highly deserving employees concerned have
continued at RFE's request their employment overseas despite the urgency
of their wishes to become U.S. citizens. Meanwhile they are deprived of the
benefits U.S. citizenship would bring, especially critical for their children. Year
after year our people have clung to the hope that legislative ,action would solve
their dilemma by finding a way for them to count the years spent at RFE
in Munich in completing their residence requirements for U.S. citizenship. But
as the years go by they continue to remain stateless, and family pressures to
leave RFE and return to the U.S. grow Marc severe each year.
If any further information is needed, we will gladly furnish it. If anyone
on our management staff, or any of our employees for whom we are seeking
citizenship, could be of any assistance by coming to Washington to, meet with
any members of the Committee, we stand ready and willing to do so.
Once again, permit me to express our great thanks and appreciation to you
for the work you are doing in behalf of these outstanding people who are de-
voted to America and have so fully demonstrated it over the years. With
kindest personal regards and high respect,
Sincerely,
C. RODNEY STIITII,
Vice-President,
Major General, U.S. Army (Retired).
Mr. FEIGIIAN. We are very happy to have on this occasion as our first
witness Mr. John Richardson, Jr., who is the president of Free Europe,
Inc., which operates Radio Free Europe. We welcome ,you, Mr.
Richardson. We have your prepared statement which we will include
in the record at this Point, and we would like to have you summarize
your remarks and then we will have questions.
(The prepared statement follows:)
STATEMENT DY JoIIN RICIIARDSON, JR., PRESIDENT or FREE EUROPE, INC.
The exiles from East Europe who serve on the RFE staff as broadcasters,
writers, editors, newsmen, researchers, linguists, actors, announcers and execu-
tives constitute a unique group of highly talented and highly dedicated people
who are serving the causes of freedom and democracy, and the common interests
of the United States and the people of their countries of origin in a most ex-
traordinary way.
These exile employees of Radio Free Europe are anti-communist exiles from
countries now tinder communist rule. They left their countries, many barely
escaping with their lives, because they had stood against the communists who
took over their countries and because they stood for freedom of and in their
countries. Many of these people held positions of prominence and stature in their
countries. All are well educated, talented and cultured. Among them are a former
ambassador and other diplomats, parliamentarians, men who held important
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positions in government and industry, lawyers and other professional people,
economists, writers, editors, and business men. They are people of proven ability
who have made and are continuing to make a notable contribution to -society.
These men and women wish to become American citizens. At some time in the
past, after leaving their homeland, they came to the United States and took first
steps to establish residence. A number lived -here for some time. Employment
with RFE gave them an opportunity to enlist in the cause for freedom of their
fellow countrymen behind the Iron Curtain. Radio Free Europe asked them to
work in Munich, Germany where the bulk of the RF'E operation broadcast in
their native languages, but the framework in which their work is done and
their guidance is American and in the English language. Their children attend
American schools in Munich and speak unaccented, colloquial English, or "Amer-
ican-ese" if you will, and their parents are proud of it. These people want very
strongly to become American citizens, and they would fit quickly and smoothly
into any American community.
I would like to cite a few examples of the kind of person who would be enabled
by this bill to become a U.S. citizen.
Istvan Bede, RFE's Director of Hungarian Broadcasting, was the first Hun-
garian Ambassador to Great Britain immediately after World War H. He re-
signed in 1948 in protest against Hungary's subversion into a satellite of the
Soviet Union. Earlier in his diplomatic career Mr. Bede had been head of the
Hungarian Foreign Ministry's Press Department. He also served in important
assignments in the Political Department of the Foreign Ministry. lie is a superbly
well educated and widely read man, a poised and polished public speaker. His
wife is a daughter of an Ambassador, a lovely and cultured woman. They, like
their associates in RFE, will make very desirable American citizens.
Preda Bunescu, recently transferred to New York as Chief of the Rumanian
Desk, was educated as a lawyer. After leaving Rumania when that country
was overtaken by communism, he first worked in Paris for the Credit Lyonnais
Bank. He also did writing and studied economics at the University of Stras-
bourg. Like so many of his colleagues at RFE he would fit perfectly into American
life and contribute materially to it.
Tadeusz Nowakowski is a well known Polish writer, author of several excel-
lent books. One of his "best-sellers" received a leading German literary award
a few years ago. He is a brilliant and accomplished writer on the political and
cultural scene.
Laslo Feketekuty, Chief of RFE's Hungarian News Desk, was Assistant
Professor in Government at the University of Budapest. He is a solid citizen
with an attractive family, the kind of people anyone would like to have living
next door.
I could go on with many more 'examples, but let me mention only one more.
Kazimierz Wierzhianski, Chief of RFE's Polish News Desk, is a good example
of how employment with RFE in Munich has prevented an individual for many
years from obtaining the U.S. citizenship he would otherwise have attained.
Mr. Wierzbianski was admitted to the United States in 1952 gas a quota immi-
grant, joined RFE, was asked to go to Munich, and has remained there since
in a key position. Throughout the intervening years, he has had to return to
the U.S. every two years to renew and maintain his re-entry permit. His brother
who came to the United States at the same time and remained here has long
since become a U.S. citizen.
These exiles who are working in RFE, are perhaps the best-proven anti-
com'munist:s anywhere. Many were imprisoned by communist governments, many
escaped from their corm-tries at great person nal risk. They are called traitors by
the communist regimes in their home countries. Their return would for some
mean rigged show trials and possible death sentences, They have remained
stateless through all these years that they aspire to U.S. citizenship.
Citizenship and holding a U.S. passport would have tremendous morale value
to these deserving people, and would have important operational value to the
.RFE organization. Anyone who has traveled or lived abroad knows, the vital
importance of a passport. Without it one is without recognized status. The U.S.
re-entry permit is not in itself a travel document. Its acceptance at national
borders in lieu of a passport is not certain. RFE has many needs for its employees
to travel across international borders, as for example to cover important events
in Rome, Paris, Vienna, Brussels. The holder of a U.S. passport can, of course,
snake such trips without hindrance. For stateless people there is always the
chance of delay at borders, or even exclusion.
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Citizenship achieved under the provisions of the proposed bill would make it
more likely that these key exile employees will stay with RFE. As the years
pass by and they grow older, and as their children reach high-school and college
age, they become more and more anxious to acquire citizenship, particularly for
the sake of their families. In the past year one of our best exile political writers
and broadcasters finally, after much soul searching and with great reluctance,
resigned to go to London where he could be assured of continuing employment
in anti-communist political work and at the same time acquire, citizenship. He
wanted to stay at RUE, but family pressures finally became too great.
The exile employees of RFE who would be able to achieve U.S. citizenship
under this proposed bill are devoted to the beliefs and ideals which we as Ameri-
cans hold to be so very important. They are grateful for the opportunity America
has given them to work at RFE for the improvement of the hard lot of their
fellow countrymen who are under communist domination. RFE's exiles, are
highly motivated people, dedicated to the cause of their countrymen's eventual
freedom from communism. They want to continue this work to which they are so
dedicated. They also want to become U.S. citizens. Above all else they want
their children, whom they have raised as Americans in an American-oriented
atmosphere, to become U.S. citizens. They do not want to have to leave RUE to
become U.S. citizens, and only if they felt that they were forced to. move to
America in order to fulfill residence requirements, would they leave RFE. Within
the next few years, however, many may feel it necessary for the sake of their
families, to leave RFE and go to the U.S. unless some way is found for them to
count the years spent at RFE in meeting residence requirements. Their leaving
RUE would be a tremendous and irreparable loss to RFE's effectiveness, for
these people represent a large share of the very heart of RUE's operation.
I earnestly hope, and urge, that you may be able to give favorable con-
sideration to this proposed bill. Its passage would be the finest single action
that could be taken to recognize the dearest wish of the exiles affected by it,
which is to become U.S. citizens and most especially to facilitate their children
becoming U.S. citizens.
'TESTIMONY OF JOHN RICHARDSON, JR., PRESIDENT, FREE
EUROPE, INC.; ACCOMPANIED BY GEN. C. RODNEY SMITH, VICE
PRESIDENT; AND, KEITH KINYON, DIRECTOR OF ADMINISTRA-
TION, FREE EUROPE, INC.
Mr. RIcHARDSON. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.
Let me say at the outset that we also, as expressed by Congressman
Rodino, are very grateful. to you, sir, for permitting us to be heard
on this subject, as we are also grateful to Congressman Rodino for his
interest in the welfare of the employees of Radio Free Europe.
I think it might be helpful if I took a minute or two at the outset to
acquaint the committee with our organization. I think the simplest
way would be to hand you a small report which gives a general picture
of what our organization does and the people associated with it at the
officers' and board of director's level.'
Mr. FEIGIIAN. Thank you. We will be glad to have it.
Mr. RICHARDSON. As you will see from that report, we are a pri-
vately organized and incorporated nonprofit organization, Free Eu-
rope, Inc., with. officers and a board of directors, and an associated orga-
nization, Radio Free Europe Fund, Inc., with officers and a board of
directors. The officers and board of directors are made up of distin-
guished and patriotic Americans. The chairman of the board of Free
Europe, Inc., is John C. IIughes, a business executive and former U.S.
Ambassador to NATO. The chairman of Radio Free Europe Fund,
Inc., is Mr. Michael L. Haider, chairman and chief executive officer
x A brochure, "Toward a Free Europe," was distributed by Mr. Richardson to members
of the committee.
84-948-67-2
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of Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey. We have in our board and mem-
bership and in our associated and contributing organizations some of
the leading citizens of the country in labor, industry, and in patriotic
and civic organizations.
My own job is staff head, full time, of Free Europe, Inc. Prior to
occupying this position I was first in the war for :11/2 years, World War
IT,, in the paratroops, then attended Harvard Law School, was a law-
yer in New York for 6 years, an investment banker in New York for
6 years, and assumed my present responsibility in 1961.
Mr. Chairman, the people who are the exile employees of Free. Europe
to which this bill addresses itself are a unique group of people. Most, of
them came from their countries in the forties or early fifties. They
come from the countries to which Radio Free Europe directs its broad-
casts--IJungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Rumania, and Bulgaria.
They came from their countries because they could not accept the Com-
munist governments imposed on them after World War II. Many of
them escaped at the risk of their lives. So, first, they are characterized
as a group by dedication to the freedom of their own countries from the
Communist rule imposed on those countries and which still persists
so many years later. Secondly, they are characterized by high skills
and high motivation. They are people who are essential to the opera-
tion of Radio Free Europe. They are people who perform the creative,
the artistic, the linguistic, and the many other tasks which go into a
highly sophisticated radio operation designed to provide a substitute
for the free press which does not exist in these five countries in East-
ern Europe. To do that from outside the country is a task which is
extremely difficult and requires unique talents.
Let me describe very briefly why we think it is important to these
people to be given this special and significant exception from the 21/2
years of physical residence in the United States which our naturaliza-
tion Iaws ordinarily require.
These people have all the desires of others who pass the, require-
ments of immigration and naturalization laws to become American
citizens. They have not been able to fulfill those. desires because their
employment in Radio Free Europe requires most, of them to work in
Munich, Germany, and all of them out of this country. About 106 of
these people at present work in Radio Free Europe and maintain
their residence here in the United States and have permission to con-
tinue their U.S. residence, and return here every 2 years at our expense.
These people wish to but cannot become American citizens because
they camiot physically stay here 5 years. Otherwise they are qualified
or would be qualified to be, citizens and wish to be citizens. It is, im-
portant to us to help them become citizens not only because we know
them and think well of them is people and as potential citizens of the
United States. and not only because of their skills and dedication to
freedom, but it is important to their function that they become citizens.
Why? First of all, because they are dedicated people who wish to
becomoS American citizens and it complicates their family situation
seriou4y not to be American citizens. Many of those people who came
to us 1.S years ago now have children of college age and they are increas-
ingly disturbed by the difficulty of their children acquirinan Amer-
ican college educ ation. There is an American high school-in Munich
and most of their children attend it. Their environment is American
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NATURALIZATION
and the children and their parents speak English, but once these chil-
dren complete that high school they would like to go to an American
college and for a stateless young person in Munich it is difficult to
get into American higher education institutions under those circum-
stances. So, from a morale standpoint it is important that these state-
less Radio Free Europe employees become American citizens which
many of them have wanted to be for 10 or 15 years.
Our interest in making this possible has perhaps made the situation'
worse because they have been hoping against hope that soon some ac-
tion would be taken that would permit them to become citizens. Each
year that goes by without fruition of this hope makes the situation
more difficult for these parents and employees.
I think Congressman Rodino, in his introductory remarks, made
many of the basic arguments in my prepared statement, so I would like
at this time to rest my testimony and to ask if you would be willing
to hear my associate, Gen. C. Rodney Smith.
Mr. FEIGIIAN. We will be happy to do so, but first, Mr. Richardson,
you are familiar with the letter I wrote to General Smith?
Mr, iy~ICIIARDSQN, Yes, Sir,
Mr. F4 TIGTIAN. Seeking some information in answer to questions
which would be very helpful to this committee?
You mentioned that about 106 employees would be affected by this
bill. Do you know how many of these people are married and the num-
ber of their children?
Mr. RICIIARDSON. Yes. The figure I gave you of 106 was incorrect
by two. Ther,- are 108. I might say that is out of a total staff in all of
the countries where we operate, in Portugal and Germany and here,
of about 1,600. The number married of the 108 whom we are concerned
with here is 83, and those 83 have a total of 97 dependent children.
Fourteen of these 108 resident alien employees are married to em-
ployees who are also resident aliens, so there is a duplication in effect
in the figure of 83.
Mr. FRIG TAN. You could give us later the present salaries of those?
Mr. RICIIARDSON. Yes. I would be very happy to supply that. There
is a wide variation.
Mr. FEIGHAN. I would like to know how long each person has been
employed by Radio Free Europe.
Mr. RIC-CARDSON. I can supply that in detail, but if I may general-
ize, 31 percent of the total, or about 33 people, started with us in 1951.
Twenty-five percent of the total came in 1952. Ten percent came in
1953. In other words, 65 percent, or almost two-thirds, have been with
us as long as 14 years. The rest have come in each year since then,
most recently in the last 5 years, 3 percent came in 1962; none in 1963;
none in 1964; 2 percent in 1965; 1 percent in 1966; and I percent in
1967. In other words, the bulk of the people we have been talking
about have been with us for many years.
Mr. Moors. Mr. Chairman.
Mr. FEIGTIAN. Mr. Moore.
Mr. MooRE. Likewise, the intent of the bill is to touch the high
percentage. The bill would not have an immediate effect on the last
group you mentioned.
Mr. RICIIARDSON. That is correct, sir.
Mr. FEIGTIAN. Can you tell us in what capacity they now serve?
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Mr. RrcHARDSON. Yes, sir. The largest group of 42 percent are in
what we characterize as editorial work. They are supervising editors,
managing editors, editorial writers, editorial commentators, and so
on. They are the Joseph Alsops and Walter Lippmanns of our radio
stations, as well as news writers and people who help with the output
of our radio product. That is by far the largest group. One of them is
the director of Hungarian broadcasting. He was a former Hungarian
Ambassador to London, is a very distinguished man and a very able
man. He has spoken to hundreds of civic groups in this country.
There is a deputy director and two or three assistant directors. There
is a news chief in the Polish department. Forty-two percent of them
a.re editorial people.
Eight percent are research people engaged in analytical research.
Four percent are in evaluation, which means they report to us what
is corning out of the radio and how effective it is, and, of course, that
is a very highly skilled job. Seven percent are in monitoring. That is
the activity that permits us to follow exactly what every radio station
in the Communist bloc is saying about everything, and that is also a
very skilled job, as you can see.
Ten percent are in clerical, and I would like to say a word about
that. These clerical employees are not clerical in the sense we think of
it here. A Bulgarian secretary working in the Bulgarian news depart-
ment is an irreplaceable person to us. There are not that many Bul-
garians perfect, in English and Bulgarian and probably in German
and French and many other languages. We are all in one building in
Munich. We have five basic languages plus another language in Slovak
and we are in the business all the time of commenting in many lan-
cages. Therefore, the so-called clerical, 10 percent, are highly skilled
and are practically irreplaceable.
Mr. Moors. Of the areas you have mentioned, in what specific area
do you have your highest turnover?
Mr. RICITARDSON. May I turn to one of my associates to answer that?
Could I suggest they join meat the table?
Mr. F l aGJTAX. Yes.
Mr. RICILIRDSON. This is Gen. C. Rodney Smith, vice president of
Free Europe, Inc.; and. this is Mr. Keith Kinyon, our director of ad-
ministration. General Smith has been the director of Radio Free
Europe for the past 5 years.
General S-.Nzrrrr. In this area of this group of people there. is a very,
very small turnover. I think it would be difficult, to single out any given
area where there is a significant turnover in this group. We have more
turnover in the people who are not concerned, who are not this type, of
East European who has the kind of dedication to this work Mr. Rich-
ardson has been speaking of. We have more turnover among the techni-
cal people who are Germans. for example, hired in Germany who
handle our technical work, custodial work, the run-of-the-mill work.
We have some retirements from the editorial group and a few people
have left, which I would like to discuss in connection with this a little
more later, but there hasn't, been a significant turnover in. this group.
Mr. MooRE. In any one specific category?
General SMITH. Yes.
Mr. KINYON. If there was any one group it would probably be the
editorial group.
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General SDxiTxx. We have more in the editorial group who have
left their positions. That is also the largest group.
Mr. FEIGHAN. You can give us a more detailed statement later?
Mr. RICIIARDSON. Yes.
(Turnover record follows:)
TURNOVER, RECORD: RFE Employees Admitted for Permanent Residence Who
Terminated During Past 5 Years (Since Jan. 1, 1962)
Job category:
Editorial----------------------------------------------------------- 0
Monitoring--------------------------------------------------------- 2
Research----------------------------------------------------------- 1
Clerical------------------------------------------------------------ 1
Total number---------------------------------------------------- 10
NOTE.-All of these people terminated more than 6 months ago and would, therefore, not
qualify for naturalization under the proposed bill.
Mr. MOORE. This legislation does confer some benefits on those who
have left Radio Free Europe after 5 years' service provided they
have met the other provisions of the bill. Without suggesting that
this is going to cause any difficulty with us, I think if we could have
you submit a personnel chart that would indicate where your edi-
torial people who have left Radio Free Europe are now directing
their efforts. We would like to see where these individuals are who
would benefit under this legislation and who are not now engaged by
or a part of a U.S. incorporated nonprofit organization which is
principally engaged in conducting abroad through communications
media the dissemination of information which significantly promotes
U.S. interests abroad.
Mr. RoDmNo. Mr. Chairman.
Mr. FEIGI1AN. Under the terms of the bill, those who have severed
their employment would not be covered.
Mr. MOORE+i. The bill provides coverage for any person "who files his
petition for naturalization while so employed or within 6 months fol-
lowing the termination thereof."
General SMITH. It would be within 6 months.
Mr. RoDmNO. Six months, yes; not 5 years.
Mr. MOORE. I still think my question would deserve a response.
General SivMITH. In the past 6 months would there be anyone?
Mr. MOORE. Is there anyone who falls in this category who for some
reason or other in the opinion of Radio Free Europe would
not deserve the benefits this bill would confer? This information
could be transmitted confidentially.
General Sivxrrrl. There probably isn't anyone but we could research
it carefully.
Mr. MooRE. Given the past history of your organization, it is
probably true that there wouldn't be any, but we have to respond to
435 Members of the House.
General SAIITIx. It is a fair question with the 6-month period in
mind.
Mr. FEIGUAN. Mr. Richardson, you do know what was theemploy-
ment of these people during roughly a, 10-year period prior to their
employment with Radio Free Europe?
Mr. RICxARDSON. Yes. Their employment was in a variety of oc-
cupations. Most of them came to work for us in the early 1950's im-
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11 NATURALIZATION
mediately following World War H. Most of them were involved in
one way or another in World War II, and therefore their back rounds
are very mixed. We would be delighted to supply you individual data
on each one, but I can tell you the backgrounds run from accountants,
actors, diplomats, professional and business people, teachers, and so
on. There is a long list.
Mr. lMloour. We might receive that, Mr. Chairman, for the files.
Mr. FEIGITA1y. Send it to us and we will determine whether we will
have it printed.
Of course you can readily supply us with the country of birth of
these people?
Mr. RICIlAR16oN. Yes.
Mr. FEIGHAN. And also when they left, their country of birth?
(The data requested was later submitted and follows:)
List of occupations in countries of origin for RFE employees admitted for
permanent residence in the United States
L Government employment:
Ambassadors or ministers----------------------.---------------
4
Deputies, secretaries, vice consuls and attaches--.---------------
12
Administrative assistants-------------------------------------
8
Clerical workers----------------------------------------------
2
Professional military service----------------------------------
9
II. Non-Government employment :
Executives --------------------------------------------------
6
Professionals (doctors, lawyers, etc.) --------------------------
4
Journalists, editors-------------------------------------------
22
Actors and producers ------------------------------------------
6
Teachers ----------------------------------------------------
4
Farmers -----------------------------------------------------
3
Clerical workers----------------------------------------------
4
Students ----------------------------------------------------
10
Miscellaneous -----------------------------------------------
14
Nara.-14 individuals had military service in their countries of origin.
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30-
RADIO FREE EUROPE EMPLOYEES
Aliens Admitted for Permanent Residence in the U.S.
Date of Departure from Country of Origin
ROt the 5 whose date of departure is unknown,
4 left in childhood for other East European
countries, from which they departed in 1944
(2), 1950, and 1951, respectively.
(Percentages are approximate)
5%
BJ
5% % 5% 5 0 5 59
4~
3
l% l 1~2 1?~ l%1%1% 1%1% 1%2~O
Year of
No. of
Employees:
Country
of Origin:
M -0 --i t 3 ITIO Q` G. (; S C` G~ J Q` O
RADIO FREE EUROPE EMPLOYEES
Aliens Admitted for Permanent Residence in the U.S.
Czecho- France Hungary Latvia) Poland )Rumania Russia
klovaki
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Mr. RICIIARDSON. Yes, sir.
Mr. FEIGHAN. I am interested, as well as the general public, I think,
in what is the policy
Mr. DONOHUE. Will the Chairman yield?
Mr. FEIGHAN. Yes, Mr. Donohue.
Mr. DoNonul. I think we should find out also whether or not they
were, in any way, connected with the governments of the countries
from whence they came.
Mr. RICHARDSON. We will be glad to furnish that, sir.
Mr. FEIGHAN. What is the policy of Radio Free Europe in its broad-
casts? For example, do the broadcasts advocate national independence
for persons subjugated by or under the control of Communist domi-
nation?
Mr. RICIIARDSON. Our basic purpose is to help the people of Eastern
Europe to pursue by nonviolent means efforts to have a free govern-
ment of their own choice.
Mr. FEIGIIAN. I)o you have samples of the broadcasts of Radio Free
Europe?
Mr. RICIIARDSON. Yes. We have brought some scripts illustrating
the kind of broadcasts we make and the kind of editorials. Our broad-
casts begin with news and then we have in addition commentaries
which provide comment and background in enlightenment and inter-
pretation of the developments of the day.
Mr. RODINO. Mr. Chairman, may I interject that while visiting the
facilities of Radio Free Europe I had the opportunity to see many of
the letters that had come in from people who had heard the broad-
casts; this was one of the items with which I was terribly impressed
because they were actual proof of the results. The letters were many
and the letters were varied and they came from many areas to which
Radio Free Europe is targeted.
Mr. l)oNOIJUE. Mr. Richardson used the word "nonviolent." Should
they be less violent than in the United States?
Mr. IiICIIARDSON. As a mass medium we are not in a position to
control people's actions. By "nonviolent" we mean we have never
advocated or tried to bring about violent revolutionary action in East
Europe.
Mr. FEIGIIAN. Do your broadcasts disapprove of communism, and
if so, will you supply us with several copies of such broadcasts as
examples?
Mr. RICH RDSON. Yes, Sir. Our organization was established, and
the people who are in it are in it, because they disapprove of com-
munism and of the Communist regimes of Eastern Europe, and I
would be delighted to supply scripts in which we pursue our objective
of helping these people rid themselves of these unpopular and tyranical
regimes.
Mr. FEIGTTAN. Do you feel this 5-year requirement for residence is
necessary or do you feel it should be repealed or shortened?
Mr. RICHARDSON. I personally think the 5-year requirement seems
like a reasonable time. My only expertise goes back to the time I was
president of a refugee organization, the International Rescue Com-
mittee, and my belief was at that time and still is that the Congress
has done a remarkable job in providing exceptions for refugees and
others, and there is no reason why people in general shouldn't wait
5 years.
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Mr. MooRu-. Mr. Chairman, will you yield?
I should assume from your personnel charts you can tell us which
of the employees would be eligible for immediate naturalization, and
there would be some upon whom this legislation in its present form
would confer that benefit. I think if you furnish us the data on all
your employees, a good many of them have already remained in your
employment for 5 years and it is reasonable to assume they would
move toward finalizing the naturalization process.
Mr. RICTIAP.DSON. We can so indicate in the material we supply, sir.
(The following information was later submitted:)
DATES OF ELIGIBILITY FOR NATURALIZATION OF RFE EMPLOYEES AND DEPENDENTS IF H.R. 2138 WERE ENACTED
IN 1967
1. Heads of households______________________________
82
3
1
3
3
2
94
2. Spouses (includes 14 employees)___________________
65
-----
1
1
1
___-_
68
3. Children under 18________________________________
71
......
2
------
------
------
73
Subtotal-------------------------------------
2
235
4. Less children (includes No. 3) already holding U.S.
passports--------------------------------------
Mr. MooRE. Because in some instances the 5-year requirement does
not affect them prospectively because they have already fulfilled that.
Mr. RICTTARDSON. Yes, sir.
Mr. FRTGITAN. Is the nature of your broadcasts solely to reflect the
way of life in the United States, and if so how do you portray it?
Mr. RICTIARDSON. The nature of our broadcasts is not solely to reflect
the way of life in the United States. In fact, because of the peculiar
nature of our broadcasts we are really more concerned with the direct
interests and concerns of the people of Eastern Europe than we are
with developments in the United States. As I stated before, we try to
provide them with a substitute for the free press they don't have be-
cause of the Communist rule. As in any of our own cities, we are all
usually more interested in what is happening close to us than what is
happening in another country. Therefore, our primary concern is
to provide these people with information about the situation they are
most concerned with. This means that the United States, which is the
country of greatest interest to them-by and large-outside their own,
is covered thoroughly but not as thoroughly as places closer to home.
Mr. FEIGTrAN. What coverage, if any, did you give to the riots of
Watts, and do you have copies of those broadcasts?
Mr. RICITARDSON. Mr. Chairman, we covered the riots in Watts just
as we have covered the riots of this week in our news broadcasts, be-
cause they are things people in Eastern Europe will learn about any-
way from other media, and from Communist media first of all be-
cause the Communists make a tremendous story even bigger than it is
to us, out of this kind of trouble. Therefore, we provide the basic facts
of what is happening currently, and usually ahead of the Communists,
to beat them to the, story in our broadcasts. We frequently beat them
in stories about Eastern Europe as well, because they are so hamstrung
in releasing news that we frequently beat them on news even about
Eastern Europe.
S4-94S-07-3
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14 NATURALIZATION
Unfortunately, these unhappy events in the United States are of
interest to people all over the world, so we have to provide news about
them. In addition, we provide commentary on the news in two forms,
first of all in the form of a selection of editorials from non-Commu-
nist press around the world; and secondly, we provide our own com-
mentary, and this is the means by which we put these very serious
and unhappy events in the perspective that they deserve. That is, we
provide our listeners with an understanding oi~ the background and
the development of rapid progress in this country which has at this
point brought us to this unhappy stage where these disturbances are
taking place. It is in the context of the progress that is taking place, in
other words, that we provide the news of these violent disturbances.
Mr. FEmITAN. You will make available to us the text of these
broadcasts?
Mr. RICIIARDSON. Yes.
(Samples of broadcasts will be found at the end of the testimony.)
Mr. MAcGREOOR. Mr. Chairman, will you yield?
With particular reference to your commentaries on these riots and
placing them in perspective, does your station in Munich have inf or-
mation on, for example, the comparative income of the typical person
in Watts or on the west side of Detroit in relation to other countries?
Mr. RICIIAI.DSON. Yes. We do have that information not only in
Munich but here. We do have the information on comparative eco-
nomic levels and social advantages and political and civil liberties and
so on, and of course we utilize that information so as to offset, in the
first place, the Communist propaganda effort to hide and to confuse
these basic differences.
Mr. MACGREGOR. I thank you for your answer, and I want to apolo-
gize to you and to General Smith because I must leave to attend a meet-
ing of the Rules Committee and with your permission, Mr. Chairman,
I will have to leave at this time, but. I do not wish to do so before stat-
ing that I strongly support H.R. 21.38 and will do my best to bring
about its passage.
Mr. RICIIARDSON. Thank you.
Jr. FEIGIIAN. Mr. Richardson, to your knowledge has there been
any jamming of yourbroadcasts?
Mr. RICIIARDSON. Yes, sir. When we first began they were jammed
regularly all the time. In recent years the jamming has become irregu-
lar. That is, in three of the countries to which we broadcast there, is es-
sentially no jamming. In two countries there is jamming almost all
the time--Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria. We are not jammed in Poland,
Hungary, and Rumania. Poland stopped jamming after the upheaval
in 1956. One of the striking aspects of the upheaval in Poland was that
crowds appearing in the streets in Warsaw and other cities vented their
anger at jamming stations and this eventually resulted in the decision
by the then very weak Polish Government to stop jamming, and they
have never reinstituted it.
Mr. FETGIrAN. The stopping of jamming was not brought about by
.any change in pol icy?
Mr. RICIHARDSON. No. It was the result of the upheaval which had
anti-Soviet overtones. One result was a policy of relaxation toward
the public including cessation of jamming.
Mr. RoDINO. I would like to reiterate what I stated in my prepared
statement about. the need for this legislation. I am very pleased with
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NATURALIZATION 10
the manner in which Mr. Richardson has clearly demonstrated how
important it is to these individuals who are contributing so much to
the interests of the United States and free governments that they be
considered in this special category. I am sure that the testimony of
Mr. Richardson and that which General Smith is going to give cer-
tainly supports this legislation.
Mr. FEIGIIAN. Mr. Mill.
Mr. CAHILL. As I understand it, as of this moment the two or-
ganizations that would benefit from this bill, the employees of these
organizations, would be Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. I
am wondering, as I read the bill, what restrictions there would be
upon other incorporated nonprofit organizations from qualifying
under the bill, or is this an open-end authorization? Do you know
of any other organizations that would qualify and benefit if this legis-
lation were adopted?
Mr. RIOHARDSON. If the question is addressed to me, no; I don't.
Mr. FEIGIIAN. Would you address it to General Smith?
General SMITH. I would give the same answer. I know of no other
organizations personally.
Mr. DoNoilun. Are there any other organizations engaged in similar
objectives as your organization is engaged in, for the benefit of our
country?
Mr. RICIIARDSON. As you well know, there are many civic and
patriotic organizations concerned with international affairs and many
of them are concerned with countries in Eastern Europe in the Com-
munist bloc. I know of no others engaged in the dissemination of in-
formation such as we are engaged in in Eastern Europe.
Mr. FEIGIHAN. You are talking about the manner in which you are
engaged by broadcasting. What about those engaged in communica-
tions through newspapers or pamphlets?
Mr. RICHARDSON. I know of no organizations other than our own
engaged in any mass sense in the provision of information through any
media to Eastern Europe.
Mr. MooRE. If the gentleman will yield, it is conceivable that an
editor of Stars and Stripes, for instance, disseminating information in
Europe, might very well fall in the category and get the benefits of
this bill, because it is a medium of communication.
Mr. RICHARDSON. I think Congressman Rodino is better qualified
to answer that than I am, but I don't believe the bill would cover
Stars and Stripes.
Mr. MooRE. Why not? It is engaged in the dissemination of informa-
tion.
Mr. RODINO. The bill says "which is principally engagea in con-
ducting abroad through communications media * * *" I would think
this bill restricts itself to those organizations that have been so de-
scribed. I know of no others. I have inquired, and I think both Gen-
eral Smith and Mr. Richardson have replied in the affirmative and I
think they are knowledgeable in this area. When you talk about the
Stars and Stripes, I don't think it is principally engaged for this pur-
pose alone, promoting U.S. interests abroad.
Mr. RICHARDSON. I am not sure, but I don't think it is a nonprofit
organization.
Mr. MooRE. I don't know about its corporate structure, but con-
ceivably you could have a nonprofit organization with similar ob-
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16 NATURALIZATION
jectives to your organizations that would fit the category established
here.
Mr. RICHARDSON. Would it be an appropriate comment to make that
the bill does require that the Attorney General make a finding, and
therefore I assume if anybody constructed an organization to take
advantage of this bill or for any purpose that was not suitable, or
if such an organization exists that we don't know about that would
not be suitable, the Attorney General would not make such a finding.
Mr. MOORE. That perhaps is one of the weaknesses of the bill. Ordi-
narily we are very reluctant to give to the executive branch of the
Government power to select and power to make findings because pres-
sure can be brought to bear to bring about a different result than we
contemplate. While this is a method of estoppel, it does have another
edge to the sword.
Mr. FEIGHAN. I might add, Mr. Moore, that on. page 2, the first word
in line 3, "recognize" might be stronger if it had `approved" in lieu
thereof.
Mr. MOORE. I was thinking in terms of a possible amendment in that
respect, Mr. Chairman.
May I ask one further question?
Mr. FEIGHAN. Yes, Mr. Moore.
Mr. MOORE. We have heard of your good experiences and all of us
who have taken it upon ourselves to inquire and to look into the physi-
cal plant of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty Committee's func-
tions in Europe and. around the world know of your good work and
know of the tremendous effect that you have upon the thought proc-
esses of people who do not have available to them all the information
of what is going on around the world.
Tell us of some of your bad experiences with any of the personnel
you have had.
Mr. RICHARDSON. I think the answer to that, first of all, is that we
have the same, but a smaller proportion of that kind of experience as
any other kind of employer. We have people from time to time who
for one reason or another turn out not to be up to the high standards
we try to set for our employees in the performance of their various
functions.
I would guess, however (I would not be able to prove it because I
know of no comparable organization) that our employment experience
is much better than that of any commercial organization, that is, in
terms of maintaining highly motivated and efficient performance of
employees with low turnover.
We do, of course, have the same kinds of experiences other organi-
zations do from time to time.
In addition it is appropriate, I think, to say that we rarely but some-
times do have the problem of the effort to gain employment with us by
people who are doing so for purposes not consistent with our purposes.
This is very understandable. We do everything we can and we have the
cooperation of others to effect our defenses against that kind of infil-
tration. It does happen from time to time that people try this and I
do not think we would be very-well, I would worry about our per-
formance if they didn't try.
Mr. MooRE. I think your answer is a very good one. Not having asked
the question specifically for the same reason that your answer was very
carefully phrased, I appreciate very much the extent of your answer.
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Fully realizing that you are dealing with a type and in an educa-
tional base where professional temperament enters into a lot of in-
dividual decisions where you would have these changes, have you had
any instance in which an individual, that is an employee of Radio
Free Europe, who has gone to the extent of adjusting his statutory
permanent residence in the United States, subsequently found that
that individual who is part of your organization was devoting his best
interest to another power, so that subsequently you had to bring about
his dismissal?
Mr. RICHARDSON. Obviously I ought to research before giving a flat
answer. However, it is my impression that where we have had to take
that kind of action it almost invariably has been very shortly after they
were employed and in the course of informing ourselves to a greater
extent about the individual's background and associations, and things
of that kind.
Mr. MooRE. Can you research the matter and advise us whether or
not this has occurred in the case of any employee of yours?
Mr. RICIIARDSON. Yes, sir.
General SMITIi. Probably Mr. Richardson's answer is correct. There
is also another point. The kind of case you have spoken about has not
occurred very recently.
There had been in the early days of our existence sometimes people
who had to be discharged because they were believed not to be loyal to
our interests and efforts.
Mr. MooRE. Who had gone-
General SMITh . I do not believe they had been in our organization
long enough to have qualified under this but that would require a
specific research.
In recent years the organization has shaken down our screening proc-
esses. Our organization is able to make sure of our people and over
the years testing has occurred so that actually it has been almost neg-
ligible.
Mr. RODINo. But in any event, General, where such an individual
was found to be inimical to the interests and objectives of the organi-
zation he was immediately dismissed?
General SMITH. That is right. Of course, he would not now have
any eligibility under this bill.
Mr. RICHARDSON. It might be of some help to us in giving the Com-
mittee the answer to the Congressman's question if some limit were
put on the time. It occurs to me this is a 16-year-old organization. If
we need to research all the way back to the beginning on every individ-
ual ever employed this is quite a big task.
Mr. MOORE. I think the only thing you need do-you will have a
good weeding out process if you list only those who have requested
permanent residence.
Mr. RICIiARDSoN. All right.
General SMITH. That provides a limitation immediately.
Mr. MooRE. I hope it is specifically understood here, having met
and had conferences with the representatives of Radio Free Europe,
that my questions are only for the purpose of completing this record
and again putting us in the position of being the best informed in
support of this legislation when we go to the floor of the House of
Representatives.
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I feel that the individuals you seek to confer a special benefit upon
are individuals of whom we should take special cognizance, with re-
gard to the contributions they have made to this country of ours and
the very unique position they have in the very unique organization
they serve. That is specifically the purpose of my question and not in
any sense of the word to be derogatory of what has been undertaken.
Mr. FEIcuAN. Mr. Donohue?
Mr. DoxoxuE. Do you know of any other organizations engaged in
similar objectives to yours?
Mr. RICHIARDSON. No, sir; no other organization engaged in this kind
of work on any scale that I know of. I think we and Radio Liberty
are unique.
Mr. DONOFIUE. Is Radio Liberty a private organization?
Mr. RICHHAlRDSON. Yes, sir. I believe they have representatives here
who will testify this morning.
Mr. FEIGHAN. Are there any organizations similar to yours who are
from another country than Germany who are in Munich performing
similar functions for their country or their former country as you
are for the United States?
Mr. RrcfrArnsox. No, sir. I know of no other organizations anywhere
in Europe which are performing the functions we perform.
Mr. DoNOHUE. In other words, Great Britain, France, or Germany
are not so engaged?
Mr. RICHARDSON. No, sir. This was a uniquely American creation.
I think, of course, and I am prejudiced in a way, it is one of the great
contributions America has made to the postwar world, to find a way to
provide this kind of vital service to 80 to 90 million people who were
enslaved by tyranny from the East and who were provided this benefit
through this unique kind of enterprise. I think it is a typical sort of
American ingenuity and inventiveness which made this all possible.
Mr. DONOIIUE. You say your organization is a private organization.
Did you incorporate at the outset within some State?
Mr. RICHARDSON. Yes, sir; Free Europe, Inc., which encompasses
Radio Free Europe-that is our principal operating division-is a
New York membership corporation, private nonprofit, tax exempt.
Mr. DONOIruE. Is Radio Liberty similarly organized?
Mr. FEIGHAN. We have a representative from that organization here.
Mr. DOxor3UE. I thought perhaps this witness might know.
Mr. RICHARDSON. I understand them to be a similarly organized pri-
vate organization.
I do not think they are organized in New York as we are. They are
also a private corporation.
Mr. DONOHUE. Is there some alliance between Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty so you would not be competing or conflicting with
one another?
Mr. RrcnARDSOY. Informal liaison facilitated by the fact that the
principal programing center of Radio Liberty is in Munich as is that
of Radio Free Europe.
Mr. Doxorirrn;. Do you also have liaison between Voice of America
and yourselves?
Mr. RICrlARDSON. 'Similarly on an informal basis we keep in touch
with the Voice of America, but I must add there that because our pur-
poses are different and our areas of interest are really so disparate, the
liaison there does not need to be as close.
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Mr. DoNonur. For my personal benefit, in what way do they differ?
Mr. RICHARDSON. I would describe the Voice of America purpose as
being primarily to provide a voice in the world for the United States;
that is, from the United States to provide the world, 50 or 60 countries
of the world, with basic information about the world but particularly
about the United States in an effort, I assume, to provide a construc-
tive picture of what is happening in the United States and what the
U.S. place is in the world.
Mr. DoNoliuE. Including the countries of Eastern Europe?
Mr. RICIIARDSON. Yes. For example, in Poland I believe the Voice
of America has a daily broadcast which lasts about an hour and a half
a day in Polish, including musical and other programs as well as news.
This is in contrast to the kind of concentrated full substitute for a
daily press which we try to provide, which includes about 18 to 19
hours a day of all sorts of programing to Poland.
Mr. DoNonur. Voice of America is complementing your program
or you are complementing them?
Mr. RICIIARDSON. We feel they are both complementary. I feel the
Voice's programing to our countries is extremely useful and is helpful
to those people as it is to the national interest of the United States.
Mr. DoNoiiuu. In this bill it reads :
Is employed by a bona fide United States, incorporated non-profit organiza-
tion, which is principally engaged in conducting abroad, through communications
media, the dissemination of information which significantly promotes United
.States interests abroad.
What I am concerned about is an organization which, through com-
munications media, is involved. We have other organizations which are
endeavoring to promote the interests of the United States by other
media than communications.
I have in mind such organizations as CARE and Hope.
I assume that they employ people from -foreign countries to assist
them in distributing food and other materials to the people in these
foreign countries with the hope that they will be brought into the
orbit of American thinking or the thinking of free countries.
Would you think that they should be included in the objectives of
this bill?
Mr. RICIIARDSON. Let me say first that I know CARE pretty well and
I have read a great deal about the Hope project. I think both are
extremely beneficial and useful organizations doing a wonderful job
for the people they help as well as for the American people.
However, the distinction, it seems to me, between those organizations
,and ourselves is that we operate through human beings who are pri-
marily stateless people. They are people from Eastern Europe who
have been deprived of any citizenship, and the peculiarity of our
situation is that our key employees are this type of person. I doubt
that would be the case in these other organizations.
Mr. DoNOiiuu. To your knowledge, referring to the Voice of
America, do they employ any stateless people in Europe to carry on
their programs?
Mr. RICHARDSON. I would think they would employ a few people in
Europe. My impression is that the Voice of America's method of
operation brings their primary programing here to the United States,
centers it in the United States, so I would suppose most of their people
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who came from countries as refugees are probably located in the
United States, but I have no firsthand knowledge or statistics on that.
Mr. DoNoauE. They don't have auxiliary stations throughout
Europe?
Mr. RICHARDSON. General Smith can speak to that.
General SMITH. They have relay stations but the programing
basically comes from the United States.
Mr. RICHARDSON. Probably as in our case those technical facilities,
radio bases, and so on, are largely managed by a few Americans at the
W and operated by citizens of the country where they are located.
e have bases in Germany and Portugal, broadcasting facilities
manned by technical personnel who are Germans and Portuguese and
not contemplated to be assisted by this legislation.
I suppose the same would be true of the "Voice of America."
Mr. DONOHUE. Thank you very much.
Mr. DOWDY. I have been trying to follow your statement. A question
has been asked about other organizations which might be affected by
this.
As I followed this, your answers were limited to Eastern Europe.
Is there any other portion of the world or any other organization?
Mr. RICHARDSON. I may have been a little careful in the way I
answered because I do not really know very much about Southeast
Asia, Africa, or somewhere else. I have no knowledge at all of any
other organizations which would come within the purview of this bill.
Mr. DOWDY-. I do not know, either except I have a recollection-it
may be erroneous-there was a Radio Free Asia which operated out
of South Korea: with American aid.
Mr. RICHAI DSON. I think, sir, there now exists a Radio Free Asia
which has transmitters-a transmitter, I believe-in Korea, as you
suggest, and which has an American committee which is endeavoring
to find support for it. I do not know whether it is an American
organization.
Mr. DOWDY. I do not, either.
Mr. RICHARDSON. My impression is that it is a somewhat mixed
organization which is trying to raise funds here.
I do not suppose--at least I would doubt-it would be the kind of
organization we are. At most they have only a few minutes a week of
broadcasting.
Mr. DOWDY. I don't know. I heard of the organization several years
ago. I don't know whether it is still operating. That just struck my
mind.
There may possibly be others.
Mr. MooRE. On that point, the very basis of operation is interesting
to us and the nature of your work is interesting to us.
What we are taking particular cognizance of here is the contribu-
tion of the stateless individual within the framework of your orga-
nization and what he is producing.
We use the term here "U.S. incorporated nonprofit organization".
We have very unique mass communications media in operation in
Europe today in the form of Radio Inside the American sector in
Berlin, called RIAS.
I know nothing of its corporate structure but =[ would assume it is
not a U.S. nonprofit organization. However, it is American in every
way except its personnel are totally German, I understand. Yet they
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are making the same type of contribution as your employees are mak-
ing and they perhaps are in a little different individual character be-
cause they are Germans of free West Germany and not in the stateless
position that most of your employees are.
Do you know anything about that organization and what its cor-
porate character is, if it has any?
Mr. RICIIARDSON. I know only this much-of course, I share your
admiration for the work that is done by this organization. I believe
that your description of it is an accurate one in the way it operates
and with regard to its personnel. I think only one or two people at the
top are Americans and the rest Germans.
My impression is that it is a wholly U.S. Government managed and
organized operation.
Do you know the legal status, General Smith?
General SMITII. 1 am not positive, but it is my understanding that
it does not have corporate structure and that it is a division of the
USIA.
Mr. RICHARDSON. In fact this now comes back to me. Of course it is
because their personnel are U.S. Government personnel.
Mr. MOORE. Thank you.
General SNSITII. Their personnel come fully under U.S. regulations.
Mr. FE, IGHAN. Thank you very much, gentlemen.
Mr. CAIIILL. Assume that this legislation were to pass both Houses
and be signed into law by the end of this year, in your opinion how
many beneficiaries would there be as of January 1 with regard to Radio
Free Europe?
Mr. RICHARDSON. It is clearly less than 108. I would have to guess
how many people would immediately take advantage of the legislation.
Mr. CAHILL. What would be your guess?
Mr. RICIIARDSON. That question was decked by the American News
paper Guild representative in Munich a while ago, a couple years
ago, in the course of endeavoring to find a solution to, this problem.
At that time something like 90 percent-more than that, over 95 per-
cent of the people concerned-indicated their strong desire to take
advantage of such legislation immediately.
I cannot tell you what it would be as of today but my guess would
be over 90 percent.
Mr. CAHILL. Would that estimate of 100 include their dependents
or merely the employees?
Mr. RICIIARDSON. Direct employees.
Mr. CAHILL. How many dependents in your opinion-three or four
times that many?
Mr. RODINO. Eighty three are married and there are 97 dependent
children. The witness does not know their ages.
Mr. RICIIARDSON. Something less than 300 would be about right.
Mr. DOWDY. The reason for my question was that this bill is aroadly
written and we should know how many organizations might be able
to take advantage of this. It could get into a considerable, number.
Mr. FEIGHAN. We will listen to all the information we possibly can.
In behalf of the subcommittee we want to express our appreciation
for your presentation.
You will, of course, supply us with the requested material. If you
will remain we will discuss this matter further.
Mr. RIcHAimsoN. Thank you very much for the opportunity, sir.
84-948-67--4
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Mr. DoNoliua. This is only to take care of employees of your organ-
izations that are stateless.
Mr. MooizF,. No. He does not have to be stateless as I understand it.
Mr. FEIGHAN. He has to have permanent residence in the United
States before he can qualify.
Mr. RICIHARDSON. The criteria is permanent :residence rather than
statelessness.
Mr. RGDINO. And they would have to meet all the other criteria and
requirements under the naturalization laws.
General SMITH. Statelessness is not the condition. The majority are
stateless but that is not the stated requirement.
Mr. FEIGHAN. Thank you very much.
We will next hear from Mr. James Critchlow, director of the In-
formation Division, Radio Liberty Committee, Inc.
It is my understanding that you are accompanied by Mr. Kendall
Bailes, assistant director.
Mr. RICHARDSON. Mr. Chairman, Mr. Smith has a brief statement
he would like to make if there is opportunity. We do not want to crowd
the committee at all.
General SMITH. Most of what I would say has been covered.
Mr. FEIGHAN. We have your prepared statement which can be in-
serted in the record at this point.
(The statement follows:)
STATEMENT BY MAJ. GEN. C. RODNEY SMITII, VICE PRESIDENT of FREE EUROPE, INC.
I appreciate the opportunity you have afforded me to appear before your
Committee this morning in behalf of the proposed Bill, H.R. 2138, and wish to
thank you for the courtesies which your Chairman and other members of the
Committee also have extended to me previously to discuss this Bill.
For those of the Committee to whom I am a new face, may I introduce myself
as Mr. Richardson has done. I am a vice President of Free Europe, Inc., and for
a five-year period from 7.961 to 1966, I was the Director of Radio Free Europe at
its headquarters in Munich, Germany. I spent thirty-five years as an officer of
the Regular Army, retiring in 1957 as a Major General. I was 'then with the
International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation as a Vice President for
three years before joining Free Europe in 1960.
My five years in Munich as Director of Radio Free Europe brought me in
daily contact with the East European exiles who aspire to become U.S. citizens
under this Bill-the executives, editors, producers, newsmen, researchers, an-
alysts, linguists, translators, and writers to whom Mr. Richardson has referred.
I have watched these people year after year at work; I have seen them often at
formal and informal social occasion's; I have had many of them as guests in my,
house ; I have reviewed their broadcast scripts ; I have seen how they reacted and
produced during emergencies such as the Cuban Crisis ; I have discussed their
family and personal problems. My years of daily contact with these people have
given me an unusual opportunity for knowing and understanding them. Most
significantly it has given me detailed insight into the value of their dedicated
anti-Communist work for RFE, their contribution to the cause of freedom for
the people of their countries, the major benefits accruing to the interests of the
United States as a result of their work, and the importance to the United States
of retaining these people in the employ of RFE.
Based on my intimate knowledge of RFE, I regard passage of this Bill this
year as highly important to the continued effective operation of RFE at the
same high level as in past years. As each year goes by, the problems related to
the gaining of U.S. citizenship by these talented and sensitive people become
more and more acute, especially because of the concern that their children gain
citizenship. Years ago they were lawfully admitted to the U.S. for permanent
residence, and were qualified for citizenship except for one thing, the completion
of actual residence requirements. So long as they continue to work for RFE in
Europe they cannot meet this requirement for residence in the United States.
'.Phis Bill would grant constructive residence credit, the only thing needed to
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enable citizenship. Without it the only way they can complete residence require-
ments for citizenship would be to leave RFE and return to the United States.
The pressures on them to do this grow greater each year.
The approximately one hundred RFE employees concerned are highly intelli-
gent, skilled people of wide-ranging abilities, unusually dedicated and devoted.
They would, of course, have liked to have been able some day to return to their
own countries, If free of Communist dominance. But they recognize that this will
not be possible in .the coming years as their children reach and pass through
high school and college age. They face ultimate retirement from RFE with their
families still not citizens of the U.S., read out of their own countries, without
social security or the other benefits of citizenship. It is a hard thing to have to
continue to face this prospect.
These employees want to continue to carry on their RFE work which re-
quires them to be in Europe. We very much need them there. Replacement of
comparable people on a timely basis is not possible. Even with intensive recruit-
ment efforts, the best that is possible is gradual training of younger East Euro-
peans in small numbers, barely sufficient to replace those retiring for age. For
this reason and also to assure these employees an opportunity for eventual
U.S. citizenship, RFE has elected to absorb considerable costs including trans-
portation in returning these individuals and their families to the U.S. every
two years for the renewal of their re-entry permits.
This policy has not been without complications, however. In 1960 and again
in 1965, the West German Government refused to honor these permits for a
period of several weeks. They were concerned that the U.S. Government might
at any time invalidate the permits, thereby placing the responsibility of the
individuals involved upon the German Federal Republic. In both cases the situ-
ation was rectified when it was clearly outlined that the U.S. Government fully
intended to admit all reentry permit holders for citizenship at some future
date.
RFE and the individuals affected are very concerned that if conditions change,
the West German Government may again elect to alter their policy and deny
reentry permit holders free access to West Germany, the effects of which would
be tragic.
This fear coupled with the increased family pressure for citizenship, espe-
cially for their children, has caused an increase in morale problems. For several
years now, the saving grace for these people in this regard has, been their hope
that some such bill, as is before this Committee, would be passed. As each
year goes by without passage of such a bill, the psychological effect upon our
employees worsens, and family pressures increase for them to quit RFE. If
many decide to do so, the adverse effect upon the quality of RFE's operations
would be great.
We have recognized that the Committee is sympathetic to our objectives, of
aiding this select group to gain U.S. citizenship, but is concerned about appro-
priate language and limitations which would prevent opening the door to others
who might unfairly take advantage of the legislation. Last year in cooperation
with Committee members, Counsel, and Immigration liaison personnel, more
limiting language was worked out which still fully satisfies our needs, but should
preclude unintended admissions. As it now stands, all the Bill actually does is
to permit five years of RFE employment to constitute corresponding construe-
tive U.S. residence requirements for persons who have already met lawful
requirements for admission to the U.S. for permanent residence. In fact, the,
requirement for five years' employment with RFE constitutes an additional
severe selection and screening process. RFE employs East European exiles
only for essential positions, which require special skills and backgrounds, and
screens all employments with extreme care. Before five years with RFE is
completed, a further weeding out process occurs. The majority of those for
whom we seek this legislation have been employed by RIPE for more than ten
years, many of them for more than fifteen years. They have proven themselves
through the constant test of close observation of their work and their conduct
in RFE.
To illustrate the kinds of background possessed by the group we are con-
corned with, following is a partial listing. It includes an ambassador and mem-
bers of parliament. By no means were all of such level. Some were still very
young when they left their home countries. But all were strong people, who
took a firm stand against the evils of Communism :
Editors of a variety ,of different publications.
Teachers.
Writers.
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24 NATURALIZATION
-Members of parliament.
Attache of country's embassy in Paris.
In civil service in ministry of schools.
Head of a division in ministry of finance.
Ambassador of his country to Great Britain.
Two legation press attaches.
Established actors in national theater.
Several army officers.
Film and TV producer.
A purchasing agent.
Administrative and executive work in a publishing company.
A radio reporter.
A number of lawyers.
A lecturer at a state university and an executive in the ministry of public
education.
A district court judge.
in civil service of a ministry of justice.
In civil service of a ministry of social welfare.
Several well-established journalists.
In export-import work.
Independent film producer and writer.
Executive in prime minister's office for thirteen years.
In RFE these people now work in essential key positions which include
a broadcast director, three assistant directors, four news chiefs, eighteen pro-
grammers, forty-five editors, nine researchers, four evaluators, eight editorial
monitors, translators, reporters, interviewers, multi-lingual secretarial and cleri-
cal positions.
Finally to summarize : We urge action to report out and achieve passage of
H.R. 2138 because of the essential needs of RFE, the benefits which accrue to
United States interests, and the worthy nature of the persons concerned whom
I would be proud to have as fellow U.S. citizens.
Thank you.
General Sim um. I might add a point or two if you have time.
Mr. FFTGHAN. Something new, I hope, because time is running out.
General SMITH. Let me limit it simply to the point that may be
evident to you. My 5 years in Munich as director of Radio Free Europe
brought me in close contact with the people concerned and who will
benefit from this bill, so I came to know these people very well by my
close contact with them.
I have watched them at work. I have reviewed their work. I have
watched theni in their social activities, participated with them. I have
discussed their family problems and I know pretty well the moods, the
basic kinds of people these people are.
I believe wholeheartedly, as a result of my 5 years of observation
there, that this bill is an extremely important element in the continued
effectiveness and efficiency at the current level of this organization.
These people have been very much concerned because they have not
been able to acquire U.S. citizenship. Their families have been very
much concerned as their children reach high school and college age.
The pressures on these individuals continue, and the morale, psycho-
logical effect of hanging in midair, wanting to remain in this work in
Radio Free Europe but wanting to become U.S. citizens, with their
families pressuring them-"Our son, our daughter, has no citizenship.
Why not go back to America and obtain the citizenship which you
started many years ago ?"
These pressures are mounting and they are serious. They are each
year adding to the morale aspects of the personnel of Radio Free Eu-
rope so that from both points of view, the point of view of the quality
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and type of these people who would make good citizens, who are the
kinds of people that we want to have as citizens of the United States,
a- and from the point of view of, first, eliminating these worries, pres-
sures, and concerns on people who have waited so long for citizenship;
and, secondly, the very real possibility, the very real likelihood in an-
other year or two of losing key personnel
Mr. RODINO. General Smith, I want to ask whether or not if you lose
a number of these key personnel you could effectively carry on the
work of this organization.
General S1rITH. It would reduce progressively as-we lost. each per-
son because it is not possible to immediately replace this kind of person.
We are engaged in a recruiting program. We are developing younger
people gradually over the years, but this barely takes care of the retire-
ment,of people for age and it would not take. care*.of, ? losing the younger
people, so there would be a diminution in our efficiency if we lost these
le
Ar. Feighan. Off the record.
(Discussion held off the record.)
Mr. FEIOHAN. Mr. Critchlow, you have., already been :introduced
in the record.
Will you and your associate, Mr. Bailes, come forward, please?
Mr. CRITCHLOW. I will try to take as little of the committee's time
as ossible, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. FEIGHAN. We have your prepared statement which we shall
insert in the record.
STATEMENT OF JAMES CRITCHLOW, DIRECTOR, INFORMATION
DIVISION, RADIO LIBERTY COMMITTEE
Mr. CRITCHLOW. I am here in behalf of the Radio Liberty Com-
mittee.
We have prepared material in answer to questions. Our statement
itself takes the form of the answer to question No. 12-What is the
justification for Congress to exempt employees of Radio Liberty?
I am here in behalf of the Radio Liberty Committee, Mr. Chairman,
which operates Radio Liberty for the purpose of broadcasting around
the clock to the Soviet Union, principally in Russian, but also in 16
other languages of the country.
The president of the Radio Liberty Committee is Mr. Howland Sar-
gent, former Assistant Secretary of State..
We have on our board of trustees a number of distinguished Amer-
icans. I might mention among others Gen._ Alfred M. Gruenther, the
Honorable Charles Edison, former Governor of New Jersey, and a
number of others equally distinguished.
I am very grateful for this valuable opportunity to come here
and speak on behalf of this legislation. There is very little that I can
add to the very able presentation made by the gentlemen who spoke be-
fore me.
I might say that in the case of Radio Liberty the number of employ-
ees at the present time involved is relatively low, only nine people.
Some of them, however, are in very key areas. Of course, in each and
every one of these nine cases to the person concerned this is a matter of
great importance.
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NATURALIZATION
Mr. FEIGIIAN. Under the terms of this bill, Mr. Rodino, it appears
to me that any person, even if he be a national of West Germany,
would be able to qualify.
Mr. Mooi. Yes, regardless.
Mr. FEIGHAN. In answer to the first question, as to the number em-
ployed by Radio Liberty, you say 982 persons employed, nine of whom
are aliens who hold valid United States reentry permits.
Mr. CRITCHLow. Yes, sir.
Mr. FEIGHAN. How many of the 973 others would be eligible or
close to being eligible to qualify?
Mr. CRITCHLow. I haven't a detailed breakdown on that, Mr. Chair-
man. I believe a substantial number of these people might be eligible
but that in actual fact the number who would apply for the benefits
to be derived from this legislation would be quite low because only nine
persons now on our staff are already in this category.
Mr. RovrNo. Would you be able to supply us with that information?
Mr. CRITCIILOW. Yes, sir.
I know your time is limited here, but that really concludes any pre-
pared information in addition to the written material which we have
submitted to the subcommittee.
I will certainly be happy to try to respond to any questions which
may be asked here.
Mr. RODTNO. Mr. Critchlow, you carry on the same kind of operation
that Radio Free Europe does, do you not?
Mr. rRITCIILOW. Yes, sir.
Mr. RODINO. I have no other questions.
Mr. FEIGHAN. What I would like to know is how we can present
legislation that would confine itself to those persons who are in a, posi-
tion such that they are not easily replaced and are making an excep-
tional contribution to the work.
As an example, I suppose among your employees you may have
a janitor, a typist, or some such person who can be easily replaced.
Mr. CRrrciILow. I think that if we examine the list of nine people
who already have applied and who have reentry permits, eight of these
nine are persons in positions of considerable responsibility. One of
them is a secretary, but she is a multilingual secretary of considerable
skills, beyond the performance of normal secretarial duties.
Mr. FEIGHAN. A person like that would be necessary to the successful
operation of the tasks which you perform.
Mr. MooRE. But that question limits itself to those presently eligible.
You show in response to question No. 5 the nine employees who would
be the immediate beneficiaries.
Do you have any suggestion as to whether we should differentiate
l'et.wveei an individual who is making a major policy contribution to
the, ora-nization as opposed to a janitor, so to speak?
Mr. FEIGHAN. One performing menial tasks.
Mr. CRITCIILOW. I hope I understand your problem. No immediate
solution presents itself to my mind in the form. of a way in which
one might differentiate as between a janitor and a person of consider-
able responsibility.
Mr. RODINO. How many janitors do you have? How many people in
custodial positions do you have? What percentage of the people who
perform really nonessential jobs do you have?
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Mr. CRITCIILOW. Most of the people in these jobs are people who
are nationals of the countries in which the operations are located,
those who have strong roots there, who expect in very rare instances
would have little inclination to give up their homes and other ties in
these countries and come to the United States.
As I understand it, this legislation is directed mainly at those people
who have been uprooted by circumstances, who have no permanent
home abroad now, and who would qualify for American citizenship.
Mr. MooRn. Or who by the nature of their employment can't go back
to where they originally come from.
Mr. CRITCIILOW. Yes, sir.
Mr. MOORE. For fear of reprisal ?
Mr. C'RITCIILOW. Yes, sir.
Mr. MOORE. This brings up an interesting question in my mind, Mr.
Chairman. I would like to propose it to both organizations who are
here.
I would assume that the Lord has seen fit to remove from your
organization by death individuals who have during their lifetimes
made a valuable contribution so that you now have perhaps a widow,
or a son or a daughter, who now are labeled as "a traitor who dam-
aged our cause by working with Radio Liberty, or with Radio Free
Europe," and the individual now is totally stateless. The mother says
to the son "Your Dad gave his whole life to this organization and we
have nothing to show for it. We have no place to go except the United
States."
Of course, the father is gone. You don't have the vehicle to give his
survivors the conduit to citizenship. b
I can imagine you have a few problems in situations like this.
My question was precipitated by the suggestion General Smith
made.
Another set of facts might be a wife saying to her husband, "John,
this is great, but we are living in danger. We have four kids here. We
don't know where we are going. I don't know where I am going if
anything happens to you. You have to get this citizenship question
in the United States straightened out now."
General SMITH. My own reaction is that we cannot do anything
about those few who are already in that.fix with the father gone. How-
ever, it is that fear of the future that hangs like a sword over their
heads. This is the reason why in another 2 or 3 years this can become a
very critical thing.
Mr. MOORE. I assume these people are getting older and older. Ac-
tion is now necessary. If we don't want to compound this situation, this
is another one of the meritorious suggestions that this legislation
carries with it.
Mr. DONOIIUE. Do I understand from your observations that you
have in mind taking care of these people who have found themselves
stateless?
Mr. MOORE. No. I am suggesting that if this is allowed to continue,
with age of those who have been in this organization 15 or 16 years
moving along, we will have a lot more situations which could cause
internal problems within the organization.
General SMrrit. That is right.
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Mr. MOORF.. The legislation itself will provide a partial answer in
giving some peace of mind to those who do not now know what will
happen to them if dad dies.
Mr. DoNOIZUF. That is right, but having in mind the statements
made by the gentleman who is now on the witness stand, there are
some nine that he has in mind that will come within the purview of
this legislation and some 900-plus members of your organization over
there that could become eligible.
Mr. CRITCULOw. That is right.
Mr. DoNouuE. What about the balance of them, having in mind
that, the purpose of this legislation is to remove the requirement of
physical presence?
Mr. MoosE. The 982 employees meeting the criteria of the legisla-
tion could all eventually, if they made up their minds to it, cone
into the United States.
Mr. FEIGHAN. The perplexing problem to me, to state it succinctly
and as briefly as possible., is that the purpose of this legislation is to
reward those who have performed very valuable services to the cause
of the United States.
It seems to me we must find some way to cull out from among the
entire number of employees those who would fit into that category
of having performed such services that we in the United States feel
merits the waiver of this residence requirement because of their
services.
If we get services that can be readily replaced I don't know whether
the Congress would readily approve a carte blanche approval of ally-
one who entered the employ of your organization in a menial capacity.
Mr. ROD1NO. The crux of the problem and the target of the legisla-
tion that I have introduced is this-it is my interest and the. interest
of all here to. see that these organizations continue. These organizations
continue only because they have these people.
If, as an organization, it requires certain types of personnel to keep
them operating who may not be doing a kind of essential function but
still necessary in order that it continue to operate, then I do not know
how you can continue to work this operation and dismember or dis-
associate. It seems to me this is one of the areas we have to recognize.
In order to continue this organization's fine work we have to then
realize that some of the people who may not be as essential as the others
may be also enjoying some of the benefits as a result of the vast con-
tribution made by the many.
Mr. DoNouuF. In the legislation you do not differentiate, do you?
Mr. RODINO. No.
Mr. DONOnUE. It states anyone who has been so employed continu-
ously for a period of not less than 5 years.
Mr. RODINO. Off the record.
(Discussion held off the record.)
Mr. FEIGIIAN. It might be very well if we can get a record of the
turnover of the employees in your organization.
General SMFru. That was asked for and we can provide it.
Our whole purpose is not to encompass at all the German, for ex-
ample, or the Portuguese employees, our local employees. Some of
those are by no means menial. They are technicians, and so on, but they
are employed locally, are national citizens of the country in which we
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employ them, and by no means have we any desire or intention of en-
compassing them in this legislation.
As you have said, sir, the legislation could possibly bring a person
under it as it is now written, but first is there not a considerable auto-
matic screening which limits this tremendously? These people must
have been admitted to the United States. They would have to come in
under all of your immigration rules.
Mr. FE IGIIAN. This bill as written does not envision a cutoff date as
of the time of the enactment of the bill. It would be continuing.
General SMiT .C. The reason we hoped it would not have a cutoff is
because of new recruitment of similar people. As we recruit new people
there again will be a situation continued over the years, so we would
hope those people could be included.
It seems to me there ought to be some way of imposing the control
that would eliminate the local persons whom we have no intention of
bringing into this. They would be partially eliminated in that on a mass
basis they could not enter the United States and acquire residence here
or acquire this valid reentry permit which we speak of in the legisla-
tion.
Mr. Mooiwn. A suggestion comes to me-let benefits be conferred
upon an individual who by reason of such service cannot return to his
country of origin for fear of physical or political persecution.
Mr. DoNonuu.. That is what I had in the back of my mind. Perhaps I
didn't make it clear.
Would "stateless" cover it?
Mr. C'RProhiLOw. In at least one of the nine cases in point for Radio
Liberty, which is the case of a former British subject, or a present
British subject who has shown his intention of becoming an American
citizen, this provision would not count. This would be a shame because
this is a very valuable man who would be a great asset to the United
States.
He has a world reputation as a researcher. His inclination would.
probably then be to seek employment in the United States.
I might suggest for the consideration of the subcommittee such a
criterion as this-that the legislation should not include those per-
sons who are natives of the country in which they are employed.
I don't know how my colleagues from Radio Free Europe feel about
this.
Mr. MOORS. We can take this under consideration, Mr. Chairman.
What we want to elicit from you is this-the chairman has ex-
pressed concern as to whom this legislation touches.. We know we
want to see that this legislation touches those who have made the
greatest contribution and have the greatest personal difficulty. How-
ever, we do not want to make it a broad loophole in the immigration
law.
I suggest we work with some language which might meet sugges-
tions that have been made here and then perhaps have our staff
talk with you about it.
Mr. FriGEEAN. Do you feel you can analyze the status and task of
each employee and cull out those who are really essential to the
successful operation or would it take too fine a line of demarcation
to say that this particular person would come within the purview
of the Act and another not?
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30 NATURALIZATION
Mr. MooRE. I think we put these organizations on the spot, Mr.
Chairman.
Let us put it in the legislation. Let us make the determination our-
selves in the legislation rather than have these witnesses before us
saying to an individual "I don't think you merit consideration as a
U.S. citizen."
Mr. RODINO. On that point the chairman is perhaps correct. 'T'hese
gentlemen know how they most efficiently can operate this organiza-
tion, whether it becomes necessary to include these individuals who are
nonessential or merely the essential individuals.
I think this is the crux of the whole problem. Frankly I am con-
cerned with this legislation because I want to see this kind of op-
eration continue.
Mr. MooRrp. I do, too.
Mr. RODINO. That is why I recognize the worth of these individuals.
Unless these individuals are important to this organization they are
not important as far as I am concerned, notwithstanding the fact they
may be doing a good job.
Mr. MooRE. If we should change this legislation and make one of
the conditions precedent to taking advantage of the legislative bene-
fits conferred, a recommendation must be made from Radio Free
Europe or the organization which employs the individual. I don't
think we want to do that.
Mr. FEIGFIAN. We could not delegate to them the power of naturali-
zation.
Mr. Moors. No, but the power of selection. That is what Mr. Rodino
is talking about.
Mr. FEIGrrAN. If we set up some criteria which the applicants
must meet
Mr. RonmNO. I saw the operation of the organizations which these
gentlemen represent.
They have a good operation which is important to the United States
and to the free world. I would like to see it continue.
It appears to me from all the information we have gotten and from
the urgency of their pleas that unless something is done to retain this
kind of personnel, this operation will not continue.
This is the reason I am interested in this legislation.
Mr. DoNOxm. I would like to have this language clarified.
"Has been so employed continuously for a period of not less than 5
years after a lawful admission for permanent residence."
That would presuppose that at. some time before they were employed
by these organizations, or while they were so employed, they in some
way obtained permanent residence in this country.
Mr. RODINO. The gentleman is correct.
Mr. DoNonui . How does that come about?
Mr. RODINO. They apply for permanent residence and they meet
the requirements.
Mr. DONOEIUE. That would probably be because of their peculiar
skill?
Mr. RODINO. Not insofar as this is concerned.
Mr. DoNOI:CUE. What are the other requirements? I understand
the standard must be that they possess some unusual skills or they
must get clearance from the Labor Department unless they come
within the quotas.
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Mr. FEIGIIAN. They could come under any provision of the Act.
Mr. DONODUE. Lot me ask of the witnesses, then, how did these
people who would benefit under this legislation obtain a permanent
residence in this country?
Mr. RICHARDSON. With the assistance in most cases of our organ-
ization. In other words,, we facilitated, and in most cases provided, the
transportation for them to come to this country and helped them to
acquire that residency.
Mr. DoNOnun. They would have to file an application and then
you would endorse it?
Mr. Rrch AaosoN. They would have to come here to do it, which is a
great problem.
Mr. DONOZZUE. What would be the reason they would assign or
you would give which would entitle them to admission as a. per-
manent resident?
Mr. FEIGIT Arr. The eligibility requirements.
Mr. DoNoirur. I am wondering, Mr. Chairman, what basis they
would gives for their being admitted as a, permanent resident.
I have in mind, with my little knowledge of the Immigration Act,
that they would have to cone within the quota of the country from
whence they had origin, and in these cases these people would be from
behind the Iron Curtain. countries.
Mr. FEIGFHAN. Yes.
Mr. DoNOrruR. They would then have to give the reason that they
possess unusual skills. That would be one, reason.
Off the record.
(Discussion held off the record.)
Mr. MooRP. We have had a number of specific enactments by the
Congress which afford benefits to a wide general group through
which these individuals have qualified over the years such as the
Refugee Act, Displaced Persons Act and any number of different
special acts which have passed the congress and have given them
the benefits.
I suggest the built-in provision of section 2I3(II) of the Immigra-
tion Law enters into it.
Mr. DONOIIUE. Are these people that we have in mind to benefit from
this legislation being recruited in this country after obtaining perma-
nent residence or do they obtain the permanent residence and then
go back to the area of Munich or any other place in Western Europe
and then brought into your organization?
Mr. Moors. Perhaps both ways.
General SMITH. Both ways.
Mr. MOORF.. Mr. Richardson indicated in some cases they come
to the United States under the total paid sponsorship of his
organization.
I would assume in the case of Radio Liberty Committee that would
be the same thing.
I would assume that there could be cases where you have recruited
here in the United States and then asked them to go abroad.
Mr. RICIIARDsoN. That is right.
Mr. RODINO. Those are the people hurt most. They have volunteered
to go abroad and do not fulfill the rest of the requirements for
naturalization.
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Mr. DoNol[UE. Those people are on strong grounds and should be
beneficiaries.
Mr. FF,IGITAN. Anything further?
The meetin will be adjourned.
(Adjourned at 12:30 p.m.)
(Samples of Radio Free Europe broadcasts follow:)
II F + BROADCASTS ExPRESSING 1)I9APPROVAI. OF COMMUNISM
The broadcasts demonstrate day by day the abuses and shortcomings of
the Communist system, in the listeners' own countries and throughout the
Communist world. Communism is so thoroughly discredited in the minds of
nearly all East Europeans-both as an ideology and as a practical system-
most broadcasts concern themselves with pointing out new problems and, in
addition, pointing out new possibilities for specific changes, instead of with
wholesale denunciation.
RADIO FREE EUROPE, MUNICH, GERMANY; BULGARIAN BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT
Program Title : Problems of the day No. 885.
For Air : May 11, 1967.
Author : Angelav.
Translator : H. D. R.
ANN. Here, to begin with, is our commentary on Brezhnev's Sofia visit.
VOICE. I. Dear listeners, the Sofia press and radio have been competing for days
on end, uninterruptedly, and in an increasingly more servile tone, to emphasize
the importance of Soviet-Bulgarian relations and of the visit of the Soviet Party-
Governmental delegation. As on other similar occasions, the visit of the Soviet
delegation in May 1962 headed by Nikita Krushchev, for instance, statesmanlike
reasoning has made way for declarations and statements that are beneath the
national dignity of the Bulgarian people. The "escalation of exaltation", if one
can say so, took such forms which could not by any means fail to disgust the more
sober-minded and cool-headed Bulgarian citizens. In fact, it was made to seem as
if Soviet-Bulgarian relations rested exclusively on emotional feelings, such as
the "eternal recognition and love", the expression again used so often these
days that it has lost all of its meaning and content and at the same time also
completely depreciated the national purpose of these relations. Things have gone
so far, that when appraising economic relations, Bulgaria's imports from the
Soviet Union are treated by Sofia propaganda as if they were some special
Soviet alms or goodwill, as though the Soviet Union received nothing in exchange
for its exports to Bulgaria ! And everyone knows that the Soviet Union's trade
relations with other Communist countries are based on the principle of "mutual
advantage" and that almost 60% of Bulgarian annual exports are northward
bound.
But after the arrival of the Soviet delegation, dear listeners, this servility and
lack of national self-respect, reflected by propaganda, assumed an entirely offi-
cial character. As soon as the visitors landed on Bulgarian territory, the Soviet
delegation and Brezhnev were showered with such compliments by Zhivkov, that
in any a Bulgarian heart must have sunk in shame and bitterness. Zhivkov's speech
at Sofia airport has been printed by all the newspapers and everyone is free
to weigh it up and compare it with the reserved speech of Brezhnev. Moreover,
if we compare yesterday's Zhivkov speech with the one which he made in 1962,
on the arrival of the Soviet delegation which was headed by Nikita Krushchev,
we shall notice an obvious verbal "escalation", just as if nothing had occurred in
Bulgaria or in the minds of the Bulgarian people in the past five years ! I cannot
say whether Brezhnev was bored by the lyrical, school-boy-like, I would call
them, declamations of the Bulgarian First Secretary and Prime Minister, who
raises to a cult and "law" Soviet-Bulgarian friendship and the "warm affection
and attachment the Bulgarian people have for the great Soviet Communist
Party." This friendship and cooperation with the Soviet Union, Zhivkov considers
"'the surest guarantee for the freedom and independence of Bulgaria." Naturally,
this incredible exaggeration is hardly going to serve as an inspiring example for
the efforts of any patriotic circles in the country, set on lifting up the down-trod-
den national self-respect, nor will it restore their faith in their own strength
and the possibilities of the Bulgarian people.
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Further on Zhivkov defined relations between the Soviet union and Bulgaria as
"model relations between two socialist countries, resting on the granite bases of
the principles of Marxism-Leninism and socialist internationalism", thoroughly
ignoring those most essential principles, ensuring independence and sovereignty,
namely-equality and non-interference in internal affairs. When presenting his
credentials and referring to Soviet-Bulgarian relations, the new Soviet ambassa-
dor also failed to mention these two basic principles in international relations. In
his speech at the ceremonial dinner party, Brezhnev referred to this "internation-
alism", a thing which can be interpreted in many different ways, depending on the
circumstances, and which has often constituted interference in the internal affairs
of another country. Brezhnev, according to Sofia Radio, "highly appraised the
sense of internationalism, which is so strongly developed among the Bulgarian
people." He wanted with this, maybe sarcastically, to sum up the verbal. exalta-
tions of Zhivkov and Traikov about "devotion and love, eternal and indestruct-
ible friendship", which did not find their equal In the rather dry and businesslike
speeches of Brezhnev. Without question, the Bulgarian and Soviet statements, to
date are a clear indication of the existing inequality in relations, of the
obvious subordination, underlined with such pains by the Bulgarians. Is such
servility expected by the Soviets, or is it still a political habit dating from the
days of Stalin, which the Bulgarian leaders find so. hard to drop? It is interesting
to observe that at the dinner party, the welcoming speech to the Soviet guests
was made by Traikov, not by Zhivkov. Could it be that Zhivkov wanted to share
with others the responsibility for the so very one-sided development of Soviet-
Bulgarian relations?
The purpose of the Soviet delegation, according to Brezhnev, is to sign a new
bilateral treaty of friendship and mutual assistance. If this is true, then one
cannot help puzzling over its formation. For such a treaty is an important inter-
state act. But instead of the leader of state who is Prime Minister Kosygin, or
Foreign Minister Grolnyko, we rind it includes persons of whom one might u,,ay,
with the exception of Brezhnev, that they belong among the lesser ornaments.
True, the draft of this treaty is already ready, since it was worked out in advance,
and discussions are hardly going to take place over it. Nevertheless, a solemn in-
terstate treaty ought to be signed by the Soviet Prime Minister, together with his
Bulgarian counterpart, as the top representatives of the governments of their
respective countries. Even though to some extent a formal question, it does prove
all the same, that also in this instance inequality exists, which. will once again not
escape the alert eyes of the Bulgarian public.
RADIO FREE EUROPE, MUNICII, GERMANY; CzECIIOSLOVAK BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT
Program. Title : Domestic Block 11-27.
Air Date: 18? June 1967.
Editor : J. Potrovic (Slovak).
Translator : R. Stepan.
Spiritual Thirst: By Dr. Heidler (Czech)
SPEAKER. What young people are lacking is a lasting ideal, a permanent value
that would give there support in every situation of life. They do not have
full confidence in their parents because the system of ideological dictatorship
forces parents incessantly to dissimulate, and children discern hypocrisy. One-
fifth of all 1.9-year-old students are weary of life. And there are two times
more girls than boys who feel that way.
This nihilism, is the result of non-religious and antireligious education, the
product of the anti-theist ideology directly or indirectly imposed on people at
every step. Marxists, too, are beginning to realize that this cannot be enough,
not even from their point of view; humanism, love of man, is of greater im-
portance than hatred for God even so far as they are concerned.
Yet prevalent, for now, are negation, indifference, a spiritual void. Nobody
can deny that therein lies one of the causes of the growing abortion, divorce,
and suicide rate and the catastrophic decrease in the number of newly born
children, to say nothing of the quality of education.
Mounting is the feeling of alienation and loneliness. In the society which, in
comparison with capitalism, purports to liquidate alienation, people are com-
pletely helpless against being treated like matter. The new bureaucratic system
has become so prodigious that man, for whom they claim all this is being
done, has wound up as amere abstract symbol. The real human being is nothing
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at all. It is not being done for the real human being. Real man has been made
into a thing. And that's what generates this feeling of helplessness, this high
suicide rate, this frustration felt particularly by youth.
This experience prompts thinking people in our country to fight for the
recovery of man as a value, for him to make the best of his spiritual life as
an individual. They would like to follow up what is positive in Huss and
Chelcicky-not merely to their concrete historic protest, but to their heroic moral
fervor, even at the cost of self-sacrifice. From Hochhuth they are taking not his
agitation against Pope Pius XII, or against the institution he represented, but
the general question of keeping silence vis-a-vis the lie or evil, the question of
being helpless to do something, say something, take up an attitude. Seeking a
counterbalance to the dictatorship of technology, which has failed to accom-
plish the task of serving man, and to the administrative apparatus absorbing
man, they realize they can find this counterbalance only in their heart, in their
own spiritual and intellectual strength and interests, no doubt also in art,
but in the final analysis solely in religion.
They read Dante translated for us in a masterly manner by Babler; they
are aware that most of our people resemble the shadows the author of "The
Divine Comedy" is finding at the entrance to hell ; those are half-hearted. people
who actually never lived and whom both heaven and hell therefore condemn.
Born of this is the conviction that every easy-going realism ends where one's
own conscience begins to lose. Any discipline the state enjoins on its citizens
or the party on its members has a limit nobody must transcend. It is the limit
of man's conscience. What our people now see again as Huss's fundamental idea
is this most topical requirement : Conscience even at the cost of self-destruction !
Only the truth a man can personally vouch for can be an authentic criterion
for him. If a deed goes beyond the boundary of humaneness, any explanation
such as "I have been ordered to do so, I have acted ill a disciplined manner in
the interest of the whole" is totally unacceptable.
Today all these profoundly human experiences induce Czech and Slovak in-
tellectuals, and plain people capable of thinking independently, to consciously
link up with the major spiritual struggles of our past. Since they could not diffuse
in latitude, those struggles swelled like waves upward. We have no sea, but we
have stars. We are able to live fully only vertically, not horizontally. This is
what our elite feels.
These are the roots of the present animated interest in Christianity and in a
dialogue with believing Christians. And there is not much sense in arguing over
the question whether this or that expression of this interest, or this or that
article we read about in our press, is honestly meant, whether it might be "mere
tactic." Even if, in some instances, it is tactic, it nevertheless is compelled by the
real spiritual thirst of a growing nnmher of our people.
That is one of the brightest phenomena of our otherwise gloomy present. And
important is that the believing Christians set an example of this absolute loyalty
to one's own conscience, which people seeking spiritually have in mind. This
means, inter aria, to insist that it is only in freedom that one can serve in a
Christian way, for otherwise it is truckling. Merely being able to pin down in
the concrete deeds of socialism one's own cipher of man and participate un-
critically in its implementation cannot be enough for Christians. A Christian
must reserve, as a condition of cooperation, the right and duty of moral criticism,
the right and duty to heed his conscience more than seine state discipline, and to
obey God more than people.
RADIO FIiFE EUROPE, MUNICH, CE16RLA.NY; POLISII DESIC
Program Title : Facts and Views N r 2213.
Air Date : 16 May 1967.
Length: 24'4:5".
Editor : T. Podgorski.
Translator : K. Barer-Charnomski.
Item by L. Wierczynski : The Kennedy Round
Voice. "The biggest ilIternational trade negotiations of all times"-that is
how the world press often described the deliberations of the "Kennedy Round",
just ended in Geneva. A fully justified description. For after all, 53 States from
different continents participated in these talks, representing together 4/;,ths of
world trade turnover. And the purpose of this international conference was a
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NATURALIZATION 35
further liberalization of. world trade through a general, as far-reaching as pos-
sible, lowering of Custos' tariffs, and the removal or reduction of other restric-
tions hindering the development of international trade.
The deliberations of the "Kennedy Round" lasted four years altogether. But
the final favorable result of the negotiations was decided by the last days or even
hours of talks. The various groups of problems constituting the subject of dis-
cussion were very closely connected. A compromise obtained in laborious nego-
tiations in one field was at once in question if, in another field, difficulties threat-
ening failure of the talks in this sector developed. The main partners in the
Geneva talks on the question of the liberalization of international trade were
the U.S., and the countries of the EEC, acting in unison. And it was only the
final compromise, achieved in the last, culminating phase of negotiations be-
tween these two greatest commercial Powers in the world, which made possible
the successful conclusion of the deliberations of the "Kennedy Round". An im-
portant role was also played by other States, above all G. Britain and Japan,
but the dialogue between the U.S. and the countries of the EEC was the main
axis of the Geneva negotiations. Here one should perhaps stress this fact with
particular force, because it points very clearly to the position which the EEC
occupies in the world configuration of economic forces, as an equal partner of the
U.S. And let us remember here that the EEC groups together, for the time being,
only six W. European States.
The great international. significance of the agreement reached on the night
from Monday to Tuesday in Geneva is obvious. The countries taking part in the
deliberation of the "Kennedy Round" decided to carry out a general lowering of
Customs' tariffs, on the average by a quarter of their present level. In many
instances this reduction goes much further and reaches 50%O, which-as we
remember-was the initial assumption of the "Kennedy Round" negotiations,
when they were initiated by the US Government years ago. And in other in-
stances the present lowering of duties is more modest, in view of the necessity
of assuring tariff protection to some branches of home industry. The US and
the countries of the BE C here found in the end, among other things, a compro-
mise formula on the question of chemical products, which was a bone of con-
tention almost until the last moment.
Simultaneously, basic steps were taken toward the liberalization of interna-
tional trade in agricultural products. By way of a compromise the basic world
prices of wheat were agreed upon, hence trying to take into account the inter-
ests of the great exporters of grain-such as the U.S., Canada, Argentina, or
Australia-on the one hand, and on the other to take into, consideration the
justified postulates of the traditionally grain-importing countries-such as G.
Britain or Japan.
Separate and important stipulations of the final agreement in the "Kennedy
Round" concern the question of international food aid for countries delayed in
economic development, which are struggling with the tremendous difficulties of
feeding their own populations, and the threat of hunger. As we know, this is a
particularly urgent problem, which can only be solved by properly co-ordluated
efforts on a world scale. The prosperous Western States, having grain surpluses
thanks to the high technology of their agriculture, have now decided in Geneva
to use these surpluses for food aid to the countries of the so-called "third world".
And here also the decisions were made on the basis of a compromise. The US
initially proposed that 10 million tons per annum be allocated for this purpose-
the DEC countries proposed three million. Finally, it was decided to allocate
41/n million tons of grain a year, now, for food aid to the "third world". More
than 40/0 of this aid would be given by the US, more than 20% by the EEC
countries.
The successful conclusion of the Geneva talks on the liberalization of inter-
national trade will entail long-term consequences of world scope. In the last
decade, a seven per cent annual increase, on the average, has been registered in
international trade turnover. The present considerable lowering of Customs'
duties, agreed upon by several dozen States and applicable to goods to the value
of several dozen billion dollars, will create new, powerful stimuli for world
trade, will accelerate the tempo of its development. Such are the prognostications
of the economic experts. And simultaneously the "Kennedy Round" agreement,
by preventing excessive protectionist tendencies of the individual States or eco-
nomic groupings, will tighten economic bonds and collaboration between the
US and Europe. And in this way it will at the same time indirectly strengthen
the political unity of the Western world.
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And in conclusion, a few words concerning our country. For some time now
Poland has been trying to obtain the status of full member of GATT-that is,
the world organization within the framework of which the "Kennedy Round"
negotiations were held. As far as we know, the Polish efforts are meeting with it
positive reception among the other interested countries belonging to GATT.
Though the speedy finalization of these efforts lies in the Polish interest, Warsaw
has not yet made the final decision. And the GATT authorities are being helpful
to Poland. During the protracted "Kennedy Round" negotiations the Polish
delegation was given the opportunity of establishing many-sided contacts with
the representatives of other countries taking part in this conference. The pres-
ent successful outcome of the "Kennedy Round" negotiations should finally in-
duce the Polish Government to abandon its hitherto hesitancy, to break with
the tactics of postponing decisions on fall participation in GATT, which would
open up new prospects to Polish foreign trade, contributing at the same time to
an improvement in supplies to the population.
RIPE COVERAGE OF WATTS RIOTS
RFII reported the Watts riots and other developments in the field of civil
rights, positive and negative, factually and in the context of overall American
progress in this field. Its accurate reporting served to counteract the dis-
tortion and misrepresentation of civil rights and related problems by the press,
radio and other public media of all Communist regimes, and did so all the more
effectively because of its honesty and balance.
RADIO FREE EUROPE, CZECHOSLOVAK DESK. MUNICH, GERMANY
Program Title : Day at Home and Abroad F-79.
Author : Mr. Zizka.
Translator : L. Maixner.
For Air : August 16, 1965.
Theme : Racial Disorders, Meleun
SPEAKER. Frantisek Turek reporting, with comments, on the racial disorders
in Los Angeles, California.
The five-day racial disorders of the Negro, population in one district of the
city of Los Angeles, California, have not yet come to an end. The very sad
balance, which is not yet final, states that in the course of the riots, 31 people
were killed, the number of injured was 762, material damage caused by arson
amounted to 200 million dollars. It has not yet been possible to calculate the
damage caused by the looting of shops. Police arrested 2,255 perpetrators. The
Negro riots took place mostly in the Watts district, which is 98 percent Negro.
One-sixth of the Negro population lives in this part of Los Angeles, a city which
has a population of over 525,000. The density of the population in Watts is
four times higher than that of the rest of the town, and because of this fact, the
district is known as a slum, the periphery of a metropolis. In California, of course,
whose spaciousness is also reflected in its urban areas, the overcrowded peri-
phery looks quite different from the outside than, e.g., Harlem in New York.
Watts, at first sight, looks like a garden town. Detached and semi-detached
houses are surrounded by small gardens and lawns, many houses and lawns are
well-kept. Nearly 90 percent of these small houses, it is true, were built
before the war and some of them are already dilapidated.
The Watts district, nonetheless, cannot be regarded as a periphery by the
way it looks. As to the rest, however, what is hidden from, sight, Watts is a
periphery. The small houses are too crowded and many of their inhabitants
are without work. And those who do work belong entirely to the poorly paid
unskilled workers, and if they work as clerks, they are lowest on the scale.
The average education standards is low, over 60 percent of the population have
neither secondary school education nor any technical or other training. Watts
is also a district of broken marriages and delinquency : in the past three months,
thousands of crimes have been committed, a hundred of which were murder,
rape, and other crimes. The Negro, population of the Watts district and other
Negro parts of Los Angeles have complained of conditions. Not by demonstra-
tions-in this respect Los Angeles and other large towns in the American West
were surprisingly outside the prevailing pattern-but by deputation to authori-
ties, and it was due to their impulse that town committees and institutions were
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established to see to better homes and schools for Negro citizens, to improve-
ment of the employment situation and effective public security. Progress, how-
ever, seemed to be slow and the discontent of the Negro population was not
done away with. Under an apparently calm surface, smoldered a dangerous fire.
Last Wednesday, it broke out. Owing to a trifle. A traffic policeman at 2000
hours stopped an automobile whose driver was apparently intoxicated. Question-
ing was not yet terminated when the driver's mother came and began to
reproach him with drunkenness and made him angry. The policeman drew his
gun and called for help. A crowd of roughly 200 assembled, the drunken driver
was walked to the police station with police assistance, but the crowd did not
disperse and the rumor of another case of police brutality made the rounds
in the district.
The Negroes began to throw stones at policemen, city buses, automobiles with
white drivers, and the white population in general. The small crowd grew larger
and a surge of thousands gradually took control of the whole district. Wherever
it went, there was destruction. Windows were broken, shops looted, and what-
ever was in the way was ruined. On Friday and Saturday, large department
stores were set afire. There were conflagrations in 14 places at once, and
the lives of firemen who tried to intervene were at stake. The mob shot them
down from the roofs. These infringements of the law were led by unknown
people. The local population established the fact that they did not know a single
one of those who headed the mob. Up to Sunday night, the police force of
Los Angeles were not able to control the unrest. Not before the California
National Guard had. been called in and the Watts district surrounded and oc-
cupied by nearly a whole division of policemen and guardsmen was it possible
to reinstate law and order in the course of Sunday. Moreover, as later develop-
ments demonstrated, it did not last. On Monday, race riots broke out again.
The American public is surprised and upset by the events in Los Angeles. Its
feelings were expressed by President Johnson ; he said that it was tragic that
the events were frightful and he warned the perpetrators that they could not
enforce their rights and redress of wrongs by violence. On Sunday, President
Johnson issued another proclamation, in which he offered Governor Brown
of California and the city of Los Angeles all the aid of the federal government
that was required ; the President then went to the root of things and said
that injustice in American rociety could be removed only by peaceful process.
Negroes who took to terror and violence knocked that very weapon from their
own hands, which they strive for in their own emancipation. It will, naturally,
not do to complain of unrest. We must also cope with conditions which are the
origin of most of the unrest. It will not do only to condemn violence, but we
must also take steps to prevent such violence.
The riots in Los Angeles were condemned by all leaders of Negro organizations
in the U.S. Dr. Martin Luther King, who attended a church meeting in
Puerto Rico on Sunday, and who is en route to Los Angeles, expressed his re-
gret that infringements had taken place and agreed that all measures should be
taken to reinstate law and order. He said, however, that police could provide
only a temporary solution. Roy Wilkins, secretary of NAACP, condemned the
riots in Watts and demanded that a neutral committee be established to in-
vestigate the causes. Wilkins stated the riots and looting had to be suppressed
with all the measures required. Whitney Young, representative of another
nation-wide Negro organization in the U.S., also regretted that the riots had
taken place, pointing out, however, that he had indicated to Los Angeles
officials four months ago the discontent of the Negro population and had
warned them that they must not rely on the discipline of discontent Negro
citizens. Secretary Wilkins also pointed out that some of the racist elements
which came to light during the riots, by chanting slogans and in inscriptions
on destroyed buildings, came from the vocabulary-of the Black Muslim
organization. This is an organization of radical Negroes who demand strict
segregation of the Negro and the white population in towns.
The deeper reasons for the rebellion in Watts-and in other towns in the
northern part of the U.S. will still have to be exposed. At'the moment, experts
express many views, which are not in accord. It is a fact that, while Negroes in
the South in the past few weeks, had begun to win their century-old fight for
civil rights, Negroes in the North, who have had civil rights, demand much more:
complete equal rights with the white population in housing, schools, and em-
ployment. Some of the demands can be fulfilled-e.g., in education-others if
the Negroes fulfill the prerequisites. American workers must have technical
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education to be able to hold many positions-and technical education is not
obtained by short school attendance, as is frequently done by young Negroes. The
federal government and the city administration of Los Angeles can give much to
the Negroes-however, they cannot provide the prerequisites for participation
in equal chances for all, which American society grants.
RADIO FREE EUROPE, CZECHOSLOVAK DESK, MUNICH, GERMANY
Program Title : Day at Home and Abroad, F-80.
For Air : August 17, 1965.
Editor : B. Stefanek (Slovak),
'Translator: R. Stepan.
Theme : Negro Riots in Los Angeles, by Lorenc-NY (Czech).
SPEAKER. In the California city of Los Angeles, after five days of the fiercest
rioting in many years, relative quiet has been ensured by, in addition to the
regular police, 15,000 specially called up National Guardsmen. By Tuesday
morning, the racial violence had claimed 33 lives, with 811 people injured and
given hospital treatment, and 2,905 persons arrested.
Most remarkable at this moment is how the America of whites collectively
searches her conscience. This is manifested in statements by President John-
son and other representatives, in press commentaries, in newspapers interview-
ing sociologists and publishing their views. Perhaps it can be said that Amer-
ica is considerably terrified. A so called "long hot summer" had been forecast
in this sector of American life, but it is in these very months that unparalleled
progress has been marked in the emancipation of Negroes, and the riots in Los
Angeles seem paradoxical and are surprising.
What had prodded the demonstrators into attacking officials, looting stores,
setting fire and destroying things was largely the frenzy and excitement that
sometimes overpowers individuals in a crowd when it sets about disturbing
the peace and order malevolently, and simply rages. Thus the riots were,
in a sense, a criminal revolt by the mob against the rule of law. Somewhat more
subtly, but just as truthfully, it can be said they represented a revolt by exas-
perated citizens standing outside the mainstream of American life, into which
they want to enter, but, for the present, cannot enter fast enough-a revolt
against individuals and institutions representing that mainstream, from police-
men and fire-engines to offices, stores and restaurants. To contend that the
disturbances were an expression of the class fight of the poor against the rich
would be oversimplifying the whole affair and only noting some outward
signs. The truth is that the riots were a racial affair-an expression of tension
between Negroes and whites-and that, this time, the string was snapped by
the Negroes in a district of the city of Los Angeles. But to say this is not
enough, either ; basically, the riots were an expression of rebellion against
the heritage of centuries of discrimination and injustice. In America, this
heritage, this tradition is being eliminated at a -speed that is characteristic of
America. And yet, it is a job that takes time. It was started at top levels-by
the passage of new laws and introduction of new government programs, such
as the law providing for the Negroes' right to vote, or the government's anti-
poverty program. For the most part, the Negroes in the Los Angeles district of
Watts have as yet not experienced the promised new advantages and possibilities
and opportunities, and a long wait naturally makes a man nervous and irritable.
What also played a role was the fact that Los Angeles was hit by a heat wave,
which has an irritating effect, too.
Today the district of Watts resembles a desolate scene after a hurricane;
springing up everywhere are first-aid stations, food distribution centers, offices,
of charitable societies, and the like. Efforts of public agencies, and now also of the
majority of the local Negro population, are concentrated on ensuring order and
repairing damage as life returns to normal. The atmosphere there is one of
depression rather than tension. Governor Edmund Brown of California has estab-
lished a special seven member commission which is to find out and analyze the
causes of the riots. In Washington, as everywhere else in the United States,
the Los Angeles events are also regarded as a lesson one must study, so as to
know what to do better, more speedily, or differently. In no place has there
ever been done so much to eliminate discrimination and to correct the many
years of historic wrong as in America in recent years. But the final phases
of this endeavor apparently are more complicated and more difficult than the
initial ones.
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RADIO FREE EUROPE, MUNICH, GERMANY ; POLISH DESK
Program Title : NY Correspondent B.
Air Date : August 18,1965.
Length : 5'
Author: F. Puslowski.
Translator : K. Bauer-Czarnomski.
Opening Announcement.
NARRATOR. Relative calm has settled on Los Angeles after five days of riots
and destruction. The laborious work, not only of repairing the damage but-
what is more important-getting to the sources of the evil and eradicating its
causes, has begun. The Governor of California, Edmund Brown, has decided to
set up a special commission consisting of generally respected citizens whose task
will be to examine the causes and course of the riots impartially. Having
stressed that the first, immediate task is the curbing of those criminal elements
among the Negro population which exploited the situation for their own base
purposes, Governor Brown emphasized that the problem as a whole is ex-
tremely complex and has considerable importance for the whole of society.
Senator Kuchel, a Republican from California, declared that law and order
must be restored, but that it was also essential to raise the living standards of
the underprivileged.
James Farmer, the radical leader of CORE, has condemned the riots in Los
Angeles, calling them suicidal for the Negro cause. But he added that the
conditions of unemployment and hopelessness prevailing in the Negro ghetto
were the basis for the acts of violence.
Calvin Kytle, Director of the Social Relations Service, declared that what
happened in Los Angeles was an outburst of the growing tide of disappointments
caused by differences in the standard of living. In addition-in his opinion-the
minority, in this instance a racial one, always has a, hostile attitude towards the
police. Disturbances usually start with an incident in which juveniles are in-
volved. In the second phase, adults participate in the violence. Finally, in the
third phase, the action passes into the hands of criminal elements. So it was in
Los Angeles.
No one denies that the conditions in which the Negro population lives in the
Watts district, where the riots took place, are inferior to those existing in dis-
tricts inhabited by a white population. Nonetheless, this is in no sense a slum
district-the majority of buildings are small houses with well-kept gardens.
One of the reasons for the underprivileged state of the inhabitants of the
Watts district is the fact that they are an immigrant population. More than
1,000 Negroes arrive in Los Angeles every month from the rural
regions of the Deep South. These are, for the most part, unskilled agri-
cultural laborers, for whom there are no jobs in modern industry. As a
result, they swell the ranks of those living on unemployment assistance. Some
of the new arrivals do, of course, find jobs, and earn more than they did in the
South. It will suffice to say that, over a period of 10 years, the number of
Negroes in Los Angeles earning more than $4,000 has risen from 6,000 to 100,000.
But also, those who earn more meet with all kinds of disappointments. In the
first place, the practical, though not legal, segregation in housing. Next, the
Negroes, especially the young people, are aware that in general they are lower
on the social scale than the whites and thus will have greater difficulties in
climbing this ladder. But that is due not so much to the color of their skins as
to their inferior education. The number of Negroes who drop out before finishing
school is considerably higher. than the corresponding figure for whites. The
sociologists attribute this to the weakness of family bonds. In more than one-
fifth of all Negro families, there, is no father. This is a percentage five times
higher than among white families. From among the children who know no
father, there often grow up young people who have no sense of duty and no
ambition to complete their schooling. These find it more difficult to get jobs.
They live from day to day, in the streets. When a pretext arises, they are in
the forefront of street disturbances and looting.
Closing Announcement.
(Information submitted by Radio Liberty Committee follows :;
How many persons are employed by Radio Liberty?
Radio Liberty employs 982 persons. Nine of these are aliens who hold valid
U.S. re-entry permits.
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How many persons are married and number of children?
Six of the nine persons holding U.S. re-entry permits are married, with six
dependent children.
How long has each person been employed by Radio Liberty?
The length of service of these nine employees extends between 4 years and 15
years. The average length of employment with Radio Liberty is 9 years and 8
months.
In what capacity do these employees now serve?
These nine employees include 3 Program Specialists, 2 Senior Editors, 1 Senior
Research Specialist, 1 Reference Librarian, 1; Circulation Manager, and 1
Secretary.
What was the employment of such persons during the ten year period preceding
their employment by Radio Liberty?
The employment background of these nine persons was quite diverse, though a
number were editors for emigre publications, translators and interpreters, and
military officers. More detailed bio sheets are available for consultation.
What was the country of birth for each employee?
Seven of these persons were born in the USSR; one was born in Egypt; another
in Great Britain.
When (lid each person leave his country of birth?
Two of these employees left their country in 1942; two in 1943; one in 1944;
one in 1947; one in 1948; one in 1957; one in 1961. Those who left during World
War II were taken as POW's or forced laborers from the USSR to Germany.
What is the justification for Congress to exempt employees of Radio Liberty
from the Statutory requirement of five-year residence in the United States
in order to be eligible for citizenship?
The legislation proposed under the Rodino bill (H.R. 2138) would serve the
long-term interests of the United States. The employees of Radio Liberty Com-
mittee who would qualify for citizenship under this legislation have already aided
.American interests abroad by their loyal service to the Committee and have proved
their dedication to the American principles of freedom and democracy which are
the essence of Radio Liberty's information activities. They should not be denied
U.S. citizenship simply because their employment abroad with Radio Liberty has
made it impossible for them to fulfill U.S. residence requirements, Through their
association with Radio Liberty we believe that these individuals have prepared
themselves well, despite residence abroad, to assume the rights and burdens of
U.S. citizenship and would in fact make exemplary citizens. Their day-to-day
contact with American co-workers, who constitute one-quarter of the staff, and
their experiences with other ways of life in the past have made them convinced
defenders of American values and opponents of communist regimes. If natural-
ized under the provisions of the Rodino Bill, their continued service to U.S.
interests abroad, where they are urgently needed, would be assured.
At the present time, nine employees of Radio Liberty Committee would bene-
fit from this legislation. Some idea of their calibre can be obtained from the
following examples :
Krikor Balekdjian, who holds degrees from Cambridge and London Universities,
has been employed by Radio Liberty Committee for ten years as a script writer,
translator and administrator. He has a rare combination of education and
language skills, with fluency in Armenian, Arabic, Russian, Turkish, French, and
English; and he has been characterized by one of his supervisors as "an ex-
traordinary valuable asset," an individual with "good judgment, a quick mind,
and absolute dependability." Both Mr. Balekdjian's mother and brother have been
naturalized American citizens for a number of years; but because of his work
for Radio Liberty Committee, he has so far Leen unable to fulfill residence re-
quirements. After service with the British War Office in World War II, with the
rank of major, Mr. Balekdjian-Armenian by origin-became a naturalized Egyp-
tian citizen in 1950. Because of his association with Radio Liberty Committee,
however, Egyptian authorities now refuse to renew his passport, making his
present position with regard to citizenship extremely difficult.
Mr. Devlet Tagiberli, a Program Specialist on the Turkestan desk at Radio
Liberty for the past twelve years, was captured by the Germans in World War II
and served in a POW camp. A member of one of the Muslim minorities in the
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NATURALIZATION 411
Soviet Union, his decision not to return to the USSR at the close of the war made
him a stateless person. Mr. Tagiberli is one of the few educated Kirghiz in the
West ; and several American universities have shown interest in hiring him to
teach his native language. So far, he has preferred to work for Radio Liberty, but
his failure to obtain U.S. citizenship is a sore point and one which in the future
might persuade him to leave the radio.
Mr. Keith Bush, an acknowledged authority on the Soviet economy, who has
been with the radio's Central Research Department for the past four years, was
a career officer in the British. Army for many years. He holds a graduate degree
from the Russian Research Center at Harvard and has published extensively in
Western journals on the Soviet Union. Because his services are needed by Radio
Liberty in Munich, he has so far been unable to qualify for U.S. citizenship.
What is the policy of Radio Liberty in its broadcasts? Do the broadcasts advocate
national independence for nations subjugated by, or under control of Com-
munist official?
Radio Liberty in all its broadcasts, but particularly in its non-Russian-lan-
guage transmissions, advocates the unhampered right of all Soviet peoples to na-
tional self-determination. As pointed out in Radio Liberty's Policy Position
Statement on "Self-Determination for All Peoples," of March 22, 1962, Radio
Liberty provides its listeners with analyses of Soviet colonialism within its own
borders ; presses for implementation of the right to self-determination outlined in
the Soviet Constitution but never in practice allowed by the Soviet communist
party ; and "insists that all peoples, inside as well as outside the communist
world, should be able freely and without interference from any foreign power
to exercise the right of national self-determination."
Radio Liberty's Policy Manual stresses that all language desks will speak to
their own peoples inside the USSR "in support of their common cause of freedom
from centralized dictatorial rule, the achievement of a truly democratic system,
and the right of each people to freely determine its own fate on the basis of un-
hampered self-determination."
Radio Liberty does not, however, suggest forms for a future political or social
order in the USSR, since such would depend on the free choice of the peoples
concerned. Nor does it seek to set one nationality against another, but rather to
demonstrate the justice of priority for native languages and customs, freedom
from the party's central control over local economic resources, and greater politi-
cal power for non-Russian nationalities in their own areas.
Radio Liberty, in short, insists on the right of each people freely to determine
its own fate. Radio Liberty does not, however, aim to incite group action against
the regime, since such attempts could lead to violence and physical repression of
our audience ; rather, Radio Liberty seeks to stimulate that which Moscow fears
above all-freedom of individual thought and expression
Do the broadcasts disapprove of Communism, and if so-, give several copies of.
such broadcasts as examples.
The broadcasts of Radio Liberty disapprove of Communism and seek to con-
vince listeners that there are practical, democratic political alternatives to the
present authoritarian system ; efficient economic alternatives to a centralized,
planned economy ; and richly rewarding cultural alternatives to the literary and
artistic forms prescribed by the Soviet leadership. Radio Liberty insists that the
only alternative to the rigid thought patterns imposed by Moscow is freedom of
individual thought and expression. Radio Liberty pinpoints, progressive trends
in all these areas of Soviet society and encourages its listeners to support these
trends and press for their extension.
In addition, Radio Liberty aims to undermine the faith of communist ad-
herents in their ideology, to convince them that Marxism-Leninism is not only
bankrupt but dangerous to world peace, and to show them. that history is not
on the side of "class struggle" but rather points toward peaceful development
of societies in freedom under the rule of law.
Radio Liberty seeks to encourage the schism in the communist bloc by, on the
one hand, presenting the chauvinism of Red China as inimical to Soviet na-
tional interest and, on the other, demonstrating that certain East European
countries' vigorous: new policies of independence from Moscow will lead to greater
stability in Europe.
Radio Liberty supports progressive political, economic and cultural move-
ments among East European citizens who seeks greater freedom from their goy-_
ernments' strictures, and uses these to demonstrate to its Soviet audience that
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42 NATURALIZATION
there are many ways in which peoples living under communist rule can demand'
greater flexibility from their governments.
Radio Liberty's position toward Communism is reflected in the comments of
its listeners. The following statements were made by Soviet citizens either in
letters addressed to Radio Liberty or in conversations with Radio Liberty
correspondents:
A former officer in the Red Army in his 50's from Moscow ; a Communist Party
member:
"I find that I am much better informed since I have begun listening to for-
eign broadcasts, and Radio Liberty's programs are the most instructive about
events within our society. I am afraid I have been turned into a bad communist
by my foreign radio listening; I have become critical of several aspects of our
national life."
A writer from Moscow advises Radio Liberty in the following terms :
"Tell the truth directly, without fear, about the shortcomings in the Soviet
Union. Don't do it indirectly and by allusions. Don't believe it when you are
told that Soviet listeners know better about the shortcomings in the USSR than
you do in the West. This is a lie. The importance of Radio Liberty can be summed
up very briefly : a station which provides truthful information and explanation
about the Soviet Union."
Radio Liberty broadcasts two series of programs. The First Program con-
centrates on news and political analysis. The Second Program features "in-
depth" broadcasts on cultural and scientific subjects and other themes of general
interest. A teacher in Kaliningrad replies to a broadcast requesting information,
about listener preferences:
"One of your broadcasts contained a request to give one's views concerning the
First and Second Programs. The First Program is better: 1) It contains more
political news, reviews, analyses, etc. This forces one to be always informed
about the news and to follow the press. 2) The abundance of political informa
Lion and especially its analysis permits one to contradict and enter into dis-
cussions with better arguments and more courage. 3) It helps to invest one's
discontent, doubts, and conjectures with a more concrete form, with exact and
correct names."
A Moscow taxi driver in his twenties :
"Radio Liberty is critical of our system, but one is better informed when one
listens to their commentaries and interviews. The station appears to be voicing
the unanimous protest of the oppressed people in our society.... It is operated
by Russians who are determined to change our society, and this gives us the
feeling that the station is ours in our campaign."
A thirty-five-year-old factory worker in Moscow :
"Listening to Radio Liberty is, a form of political education. Quite recently I
heard a commentary on news reporting in the Soviet Union. The commentator
sought to prove that the Soviet press printed many lies, and that the Soviet
public was fed with distorted information on world events. The case was very
strongly put, and well-known instances which were irrefutable were quoted to
support the case. This left us in no doubt about the truth of the accusation. It is
it generally recognized fact that our newspapers do not report on facts, and this
commentary of Liberty's strengthened our convictions about this. This com-
mnentary provoked a discussion in our factory which lasted for days."
Is the nature of your broadcast solely to reflect the way of life in the United'
States? If so, how do you portray it?
Radio Liberty devotes a good deal of attention to international developments in
order to provide its Soviet audience with the information and ideas denied'
them by Moscow's propaganda media ; in this connection particular and con-
tinuing stress is placed on the democratic alternative represented by the United
States. The radio's character and mission, however, is far broader than those
official broadcasters whose sole aim is to explain their governments' policies:
and their national ways of life. Radio Liberty speaks in the name of the peoples
of the USSR, articulating the thoughts and interests which those peoples would
express if they were freed from the strictures imposed on them ; to this end
the bulk of Radio Liberty broadcasts deal with the domestic and foreign policies
of the Soviet communist party and government.
Radio Liberty's coverage of developments in the non-communist world is gov-
erned by two of Radio Liberty's major objectives: 1) to satisfy Soviet listeners'
hunger for objective and accurate information about the outside world ; and
2) to treat frankly the problems, as well as the achievements, of non-Com-
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munist societies, and to show the necessary and effective role of dissent and
debate in the overcoming of these problems, thus encouraging Soviet citizens
to press for free and open discussion at home of the problems of their own.
society-i.e., for the formation of an active "public opinion."
Radio Liberty recognizes that Soviet listeners take a particular interest in.
the life of the United States and strives to provide them with. adequate cov-
erage of American economic, political and cultural developments. At the same
time, Radio Liberty's coverage of U. S. domestic events cannot be dispropor-
tionate, nor can it be too "American" in tone, inasmuch as (in the words of the
station's Policy Manual), "Radio Liberty's approach to, world events is that of
an enlightened emigre from the Soviet Union. concerned primarily with an
interest of his fellow countrymen at home..."
What coverage, if any, did you give to the riots of Wattsf Please present copies
of such broadcasts?
The normal vehicles for in-depth commentary on U. S. domestic affairs are,
first, the special weekly half-hour feature program "The American Scene," the
principal objective of which is "to make the great evolutionary and dynamic
forces at work in the U. S. meaningful to the listener within his frame of refer-
ence"; and, second, the U. S. Correspondent's Reports, devoted to fast-breaking
news events within the U. S. In these programs Radio Liberty has dealt exten-
sively with civil rights and race relations in the United States. By actual
line count, "The American Scene," since its initial broadcast in June 1963,.
has done more on race relations than on any other "problem" theme (i.e., auto-
mation, unemployment, youth demonstrations and disaffection, war on poverty,.
industry and labor), and even programs devoted to other "problem" themes
invariably touch upon race relations as well. Even before the outbreak of violence
in Los Angeles, more than twenty programs broadcast in 1965 had treated the
racial problem in a way which would make its complexities clear to the Soviet
audience. Some of the major themes treated were changing attitudes, shifting
economic patterns, growing awareness of both white and Negro communities
of their responsibilities to society ; unheralded progress as opposed to front-
page sensation; improving quality of Negro education-the reservoir of future
leaders ; the growing stable Negro middle class, and the apathetic, frustrated
poverty-stricken; migration from rural South to depressed urban centers;
understanding and action on the Federal level ; extremist Negro, groups, and
criticism of them, by other Negro individuals and groups ; peaceful and militant
action groups; the Negro contribution to the enrichment of U. S. culture. All
these themes have been treated against the background of Negro demands
for acceleration of progress now, the middle-class white's pleas for moderation,.
and the Federal Government's commitment to fairness for all. Thus, although
news coverage of Watt's riots during the period August 11-13 (when major
U. S. news' media were not yet aware of the extent and significance of the
violence) was, apparently slight, a regular Radio Liberty listener would have
already gained considerable understanding of the deeper causes of the Watt's
riots by Radio Liberty commentary leading up to and leading away from
the immediately explosive events. Examples of such commentary are included
here.
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THURSDAY, AUGUST 24, 1967
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
SUBCOMMITTEE No. 1 OF THE
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY,
Washington, D.C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10 a.m. in room 2237, Ray-
burn House Office Building, Hon. Michael A. Feighan (chairman of
the subcommittee) presiding.
Present : Representatives Feighan, Rodino, Donohue, and Moore.
Also present : Garner J. Cline, counsel.
Mr. FEIOHAN. The subcommittee will come to order.
This morning we will continue hearings on H.R. 2138, introduced
by our very able and distinguished colleague, Mr. Rodino, which per-
tains to the counting as constructive residence prerequisite for natural-
ization of the time spent abroad by a permanent resident who is em-
ployed by a bona fide U.S. incorporated nonprofit organization, which,
through the utilization of communications media, promotes abroad the
interests of the United States.
During our hearing held Thursday, July 27, 1967, we had the pleas-
ure to have as witnesses representatives from the Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty Committee.
Today, we will receive testimony from the Immigration and Nat-
uralization Service, Department of Justice, and from the Department
of State.
TESTIMONY OF EDWARD RUDNICK, ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER
OF NATURALIZATION, IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION
SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF JUST'IC'E
Mr. FEIOHAN. I am very happy we have as our first witness Mr. Ed-
ward Rudnick, Assistant Commissioner of Naturalization, Immigra-
tion and Naturalization Service, who has been a very able and emi-
nently qualified witness appearing on many, many occasions before
our subcommittee.
We welcome you once again, Mr. Rudnick.
You may proceed with your statement.
Mr. RUDNICK. I do not have a prepared statement, Mr. Chairman.
I am honored to appear before this committee on behalf of the Depart-
ment of Justice in connection with Congressman Rodino's bill and
I shall be pleased to attempt to answer any questions within my com-
petence relating to that bill or furnish any information in connection
with it.
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Mr. FEmGI IAN. Mr. Rudnick, will you explain for us in what respects
this bill would relieve the beneficiaries under it from the general re-
quirements for naturalization?
Mr. RUDNICK. The general requirements for naturalization having
relevancy to this bill are primarily those to be found in section 316(a)
which requires a continuous period of residence in the United States
during the 5 years immediately preceding the data of filing a petition
for naturalization and the further requirement that during at least 30
months in the aggregate of that period the person be physically pres-
ent in the United States.
Section 316 (b) also prohibits a person from remaining outside the
United States during that relevant period for a period of a year
or more, otherwise continuity of residence will be broken. These basic
requirements are touched upon in this bill in that the bill would waive
the 5-year residence requirement, waive the 30-month physical pres-
ence requirement, waive the penalty resulting from an absence of a
year or more, and permit the naturalization of the persons contem-
plated by the bill despite the absence of these prerequisities, or the
fact that the person remained out of the United States for as much
as a year or more which such persons, of course, would be doing.
Mr. FEIGHAN. Mr. Rudnick, can you tell us the classes of persons
to whom the Immigration and Nationality Act gives exemption from
the general naturalization requirements by reason of employment
with an American organization or institution or with the U.S.
Government?
Mr. RUDNzcK. There are a number of sections which grant special
benefits to persons having that relationship. Section 316(b) permits
constructive residence in the cases of persons who are absent from the
United States in certain types of commercial employment. It also
grants residence and physical presence benefits to persons employed
by the U.S. Government.
Section 317 grants special benefits to ministers and priests, nuns,
brothers, sisters, and missionaries connected with certain types of
religious organizations.
Section 330 grants special residence and physical presence benefits
to seamen.
Section 310 (b) grants special naturalization benefits to the alien
spouses of U.S. citizens employed in certain capacities overseas.
Section 323 (c) grants similar naturalization benefits to children of
such persons, and members of the Armed Forces under several sections
of the Act are granted special naturalization benefits.
These are the other sections that allow special exemptions, varying
from case to case, where the prescribed relationship and type of
employment exist.
Mr. FEIGHAN. Mr. Rudnick, in connection with the various classes
of persons you have just identified, will you describe the nature and
extent of the exemptions which the Immigration and Nationality
Act extends to each?
Mr. RUDNICK. The 316 (b) applicant is a person who is employed by
an American firm or corporation engaged in development of foreign
trade and commerce of the United States or by an American institu-
tion of research or by the U.S. Government.
That individual may preserve his residence in the United States if
he is employed abroad in those capacities and at the end of the period
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of absence in such employment may utilize the period of absence to-
ward the residence requirements for naturalization.
He does not, however, obtain any constructive physical presence
by virtue of that provision.
The U.S. Government employee obtains both constructive residence
as well as constructive physical presence if he is abroad on behalf of
the Government of the United States.
The minister and priest and other persons referred to in section 317
who are engaged in religious activities gain both residence and phys-
ical presence benefits, in a constructive way, toward their naturaliza-
tion.
Seamen employed in the capacities indicated in section 330 receive
both residence and physical presence benefits.
The spouse of an American citizen employed in the capacities indi-
cated in section 319 (b) is permitted to be naturalized immediately
following a lawful admission for permanent residence without any
residence or physical presence whatsoever.
The military men are also granted exemptions from both physical
presence and residence requirements. In one section it applies when
they have served for as much as 3 years and in other instances when
they serve during periods prescribed in Section 329. The so-called
Lodge Act enlistees mentioned in section 402 (e) who have served for
a period of 5 years and have received an honorable discharge do not
have to comply with any residence or physical presence requirement.
Mr. RODIN0. Will you yield?
Mr. FinalIAN. Yes, Mr.Rodino.
Mr. RODIN0. Mr. Rudnick, will you give us an example so we may
be able to get clearly in our minds the distinction between gaining
benefits both as to physical presence and constructive residence
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes. A person applying for naturalization is required
to establish not merely that he has resided in the United States for at
least 5 years and has been physically present in the United States for
at least 30 months, but rather that the 5 years of residence and the 30
months of physical presence existed during the last 5 years, the 5 years
immediately preceding the date he applies for citizenship. He may
have lived in the United States for as much as 25 years and have been
present here physically for as much as 25 years, but if the last 5 years
do not have continuity and if the 30 months do not fall within the last 5
years, he is not eligible. Therefore, to preserve that person's eligibility
in the case of an individual employed by the U.S. Government he is
told, in effect, in advance, "You may proceed abroad on behalf of the
Government, you are an employee, you may remain abroad for as
much as 5, years, if you wish, and. upon your return to the United
:States we will consider, as a matter of law that `you have resided in
this country for as much as 5 years and recognize that you have been
physically present here for as much as 30 months'."
That qualifies him. If another person not in that position does that,
,of course, he cannot qualify because in the very first instance he is
going to break continuity of residence by his absence.
Mr. DONoIIur. In other words, a person, to qualify within the 5-
-year period, could be absent from the country 6 months of 3 years,
is that correct?
Mr. RUDNICK. Correct.
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Mr. DONOHUE. Now, how long after a person obtains permanent
residence can he qualify to file a declaration of intention to become a
citizen?
Mr. RUDNICK. A declaration: of intention may be filed immediately
after a lawful admission for permanent residence. Of course, as you
know, it is not a prerequisite for naturalization. It is not required to
be naturalized. It is a document having no relevancy to a person's
qualification for citizenship.
Mr. DoNol-UE. If it is not necessary, why do they have, such pro-
cedure as a declaration of intention?
Mr. RUDNICK. Well, there are many States that require a declara-
tion of intention as a prerequisite for pursuing certain professions or
occupations or obtaining licenses. For that purpose it was permitted to
remain in the law although at one time it was a prerequisite and it
is issued and continues to be issued to persons who apparently need it
for other purposes.
Mr. FE, IGHAN. Is that declaration of intention an affidavit?
Mr. RUDNICK. It is under oath and issued in a court of law, and the
person declares his intention to become a citizen of the United States.
Mr. FEIGHAN. Of course, one always has the right to change one's
intentions without any penalty?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes, sir, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. DoNOHUE. The form used in declaring your intention, is that
a form that is drawn by the Immigration and Naturalization Service?'
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes, sir, it is a formal document. The person exe-
cutes it before the clerk of court and it contains his photograph and
other identifying data and indicates basically that he has been law-
fully admitted to the United States for permanent residence. That
is the prerequisite: for obtaining it, nothing else.
Mr. DoNoIIm.. To your knowledge, have any of the beneficiaries
of the legislation before us filed any declaration?
Mr. RUDNICK. I would have no knowledge of that, sir.
Mr. FEIGHAN. Are you finished?
Mr. DONOIIUE. Yes.
Mr. FEIGIIAN. Mr. Rudnick, what other reasons are there where
persons contemplated by the bill cannot take advantage of the spe-
cial exemptions in existing law and proceed toward naturalization
under one of those exemptions ?
Mr. RUDNICK. Well, of course, they are not in the military service,,
they are not seamen, they are apparently not married to citizen spouses,
and with those eliminated the only other possibility remaining would
be section 316 (b), which is the section that grants constructive resi-
dence to persons absent on behalf of an American institution of re-
search or an American corporation engaged in foreign trade and com-
merce of the United States. ,
Now, in order to qualify for the exemption, an individual, after
entering the United States lawfully for permanent residence, must
remain in this country for an uninterrupted period of at least 1 year,
that is uninterrupted physical presence for 1 year, following which
he is eligible to apply for the benefits of the section.
Now, if these people are abroad and have never spent 1 year of un-
interrupted physical presence in the United States, they cannot, for
that reason alone, qualify for permission to be absent in these various
capacities.
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Mr. RODINO. Will the Chairman yield?
Mr. FEIOHAN. Yes, Mr. Rodino.
Mr. RoviNO. if they have come into the United States and are
physically here but for less than 1 year, they still don't qualify?
Mr. RUDNICK. That is correct. They cannot qualify unless they
have completed 1 full year without interruption.
Mr. DoNoiiun. Would you give us an example of how a person will
qualify under section 316 (b) ? Usually where a person comes over here
and he qualifies as a permanent resident, he remains here for a year,
he then becomes associated with some commercial enterprise, he then
can go abroad. Does the period that he is abroad constitute construc-
tive physical presence in this country?
Mr. RUDNICK. No, just constructive residence, unless he is a Gov-
ernment employee.
Mr. DoNoiiuE. How do you differentiate between constructive pres-
ence and constructive residence?
Mr. RUDNICK. Constructive residence is a legal concept "that permits
an individual under the Immigration and Nationality Act to establish
a residence in the United States and to be absent from the United
States thereafter but nevertheless continue to retain his permanent
residence in the United States. All that the law says to that person
is, "We do not want you to remain out of the United States for as
much as a year, for, if you do, you will break the continuity of your
residence."
That is the 5-year period that is required.
Mr. DoNoliuE. Pardon me, if you will, Mr. Rudnick. In other
words, if a person comes over here, and he establishes residence for
1 year and becomes a permanent resident, and establishes a residency,
if that person becomes connected with an industrial or some com-
mercial enterprise and goes abroad, to prevent the breaking of the
continuity he must return within the year?
Mr. RUDNICK. No, sir. He is the exception to the rule that remain-
ing out of the United States as much as 1 year breaks continuity. The
ordinary individual, who does not have the connection with a com-
mercial organization, and who, after entering for permanent resi-
dence, leaves the United States and returns 13 months later has
broken continuity.
Mr. DoNoHun. In other words, say if they were residents of Eng-
land, came over here and obtained permanent residency and after a
year they went back to England and remained there beyond the year
period it would break their continuity?
Mr. Ilum iol~. Yes. It would break continuity. Now, the individual
employed by the commercial organization can go. We give him advance
permission. He comes to the Immigration and Naturalization Service
first for permission to be absent in this capacity. We approve it and
he is then covered as to residence only. If he remains out for as much
as 30 months and 1 day, he is in trouble, because when he returns he
is going to have a long wait to gain those 30 months of physical pres-
en CO he needs.
If he stays out 1 day beyond the 30 months he is in difficulty insofar
as residence is concerned, even though we protected him.
Mr. DoNoiius. That is as far as residency?
Mr. RUDNICK. Ile will have residency, he will be protected, but he
can't use it because he is in trouble on the 30-month physical presence.
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NATURALIZATION
Mr. DONOIIUE. If he went beyond the 30 months he would be in
trouble ?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes. But if lie does not go beyond the 30 months and
he returns lie will include in his computation of residence the 2'1/2
years or whatever other period of time he was outside the United
States, and it will count toward the 5-year requirement.
Mr. DoNOrIUE. Now, explain something about physical presence,
how do you distinguish residency from the. physical presence?
Mr. RUDNIcic. Well, physical presence requires actual remaining
in the United States for 30 months out of the 5 years.
Mr. DoNOIIUE. I am talking about constructive presence and con-
structive residence.
Mr. RUDNICK. Well, since the statute has two requirements and dis-
till g?uishes between residence and physical presence, 5 years for one
and 30 months for the other, and since it only grants and uses the
term "residence" with respect to the benefits, it grants the individual
going out on behalf of an American concern, then, of course, we have
to look to the statute to determine whether or not it also grants con-
structive physical presence.
It does, except that he must, be a Government employee. lie has
both. The statute says so.
Mr. DoNOrLUiE:. That is the fellow that is working for a commercial
enterprise?
Mr. RUDNICIK. No, the man working for the commercial enterprise is
protected only as to residence and the person working for the IJ.S.
Government is treated differently.
Mr. DoNOI I UE. Why isn't he protected insofar as constructive phys-
ical presence?
Mr. RITDNICIK. The statute does not cover hire. A distinction has
been made between the Government employee and the person employed
by a private organization. It is just a statutory provision.
Mr. FEIGIIAN. Mr. Rudnick, if after, we will say, 30 months less
1 day, a permanent resident comes back to the United States and stays
here a couple of days and then departs from the United States, what
are his requirements then to be naturalized?,
Mr. RUDNICK. Is this the ordinary person?
Mr. FEmIIAN. Yes.
Mr. RuDNIcKC. Well, the ordinary person could not have remained
for 21/2 years because he would break continuity. But the employed
person that we have protected and so advised in advance, as long as
he remains in employment, can go and come as he pleases and is pro-
tected constantly.
Mr. DoNOxvn. He has to come back for a day?
Mr. RuDNICK. He does not have to come back until ready to
be naturalized.
Mr. DONOaUE. What about the 30-month provision?
Mr. RUDNICK. He cannot meet it if he is just a commercial organi-
zation employee. If he is a Government employee he is protected all
the way through. As I said before, he goes out for 30 months and
1 day and gets into difficulty.
Mr. DoNoiiuE. If he comes back 1 day less than 30 months?
Mr. RUDNICK. Well, he had 30 months at the beginning of the 5-
year period when lie went abroad. That is where lie gets the 30 months,,
it is at the beginning of the 5 years.
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Mr. DONOHUE. Notwithstanding he has the 5-year period within
which to qualify-after a year he%ecomes connected with a commer-
cial enterprise and he goes abroad, he is protected because he is given
constructive residence for 30 months?
Mr. RUDNICK. Correct.
Mr. DoNonur. If he went 1 day beyond the 30. months, it would
break the continuity, is that right?
Mr. RUDNICK. No, it does not break the continuity. If he stays be-
yond 30 months and goes into 1 day beyond-he starts cutting into the
physical presence that he had accumulated. When he returns after
30 months and 1 day and tries to make up the 1 day he needs for
physical presence, he gets another day and that would seem to in-
dicate that he now has 30 months. But he does not. He loses it at the
beginning of the 5-year period.
One day drops off as a new day is added and it may take him 21/2
years before he has the 30 months. Every day he accumulates, he loses
a corresponding day at the beginning of the 5-year period; that is
why he is in trouble.
Mr. DONOIIUE? Let us assume that a person remained a week after
the 30 months overseas while connected with a commercial establish-
ment, does he lose the 30 months and does he have to start all over
again accumulating 30 months?
Mr. RUDNICK.. That is correct.
Mr. FP:IGIIAN. Well, assuming that there is a day less than the
30 months he comes back so he is protected on the 30 months?
Mr. RUDNICK. Ile is all right. Ile uses the 30 months that he had
when he left the country ; that plus the protected residence gives him
the 5 years and the 30 months.
Mr. FrIGHIAN. Well, he applied for his permanent residence and
goes away and comes back 1 day less than 30 months and he stays
for the extra day or even a week later so he has then accumulated his
21/2 years.
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes.
Mr. FEIGTIAN. Now if he departs from the United States, what
further requirements are there for him to obtain his naturalization?
Mr. RUDNICK. Well, if he returned' in time, he would have the 30
months residence. He would have to have the 5 years, and he could be
naturalized at that point. If he decides not to apply for naturalization
and goes abroad again, he runs the risk again of remaining out too
long.
Mr. DONOIIUm. If he is here for a year and he goes abroad, he can
remain 21/2 years or 30 months and then to protect that 30 months he
must come back at least 1 day before the 30 months, so then he has
31/2 years?
Mr. RUDNICK. He has to wait to make up 5, sit here and wait.
Mr. DoNOiiUE. No, he doesn't-well, 1 day or a week after he comes.
back he can go overseas again, can't he?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes, he can.
Mr. DoNOIIUE. And constructive residency continues?
Mr. RUDNICIi.. Yes, but not physical presence, because at the end
of 2 more years after he returns abroad and he is ready to come back
he will not have the 30 months within 5 years. He had been out about
two and a half years at the beginning of the period and he stayed a.
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week and went out again. He does not have 30 months. The day he
applies for citizenship he has to go back 60 months on the calendar
and find 30 months that he was physically in this country.
If they are not in there, he cannot be naturalized, even though we
protected residence.
Mr. DONOHUE. If he came back and assume there were only 30 days
in each month, if he came back 29 months and 29, days, he would be
given credit for 30 months by way of constructive residency?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes, sir.
Mr. DONOHUE. That means then he would have 31/2 years toward
the, 5 years?
Mr. RUDNICK. Two and a half.
Mr. DONOHUE. Well, he has to be here a year, doesn't he?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes, all right, that additional year, that is correct,
three and a half years.
Mr. DONOHUE. So he would have to wait another year and a half?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes.
Mr. DONOHUE. That is, before he could qualify for citizenship?
Mr. RUDNICK. He would qualify at the end of another year and a
half. He would have 30 months of physical presence during the total
of 5 years.
Mr. DONOHUE. That is if he went overseas after he completed, say,
30 months?
Mr. RUDNICK. If he stayed only a year and then did what you just
described, all he would have is a year.
Mr. DONOHUE. Let us assume this case : He is here for a year, he
becomes connected with United States Steel and is assigned to their
Paris office. He can remain over there for 3 years and all during the
time that he is over there it will be considered constructive residence
in the United States; is that correct?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes, sir.
Mr. DONOHUE. Well, instead of staying over there 30 months he
is called back to the Pittsburgh office 20 months later and he remains.
He then has 32 months of constructive residence, does he not?
Mr. RuDNIcx. Yes, sir.
Mr. DONOHUE. Meaning he will then have to wait 28 more months
before he will be eligible for citizenship; is that correct?
Mr. RuDNICK. Yes, sir.
Mr. DONOHUE. Assuming further that United States Steel, 6 months
after he is in Pittsburgh, decides to send him to London to represent
them and he remains over there for, say, another year does he get
credit toward the citizenship by way of constructive residence?
Mr. RUDNICK. He gets credit by way of constructive residence, but
it does not do him any good. He also needs 30 months of physical pres-
ence. He is not protected for physical presence.
Mr. DONOHUE. I thought he was by way of constructive
Mr. RUDNICK. Only if he is an American Government employee.
Mr. DONOHUE. Well, then, a person overseas representing a U.S.
commercial establishment is not protected?
Mr. RUDNICK. He is protected up to 30 months. If he gets back
before 30 months, he is protected.
Mr. DONOHUE. Then he can't go overseas again?
Mr. RUDNICK. Without losing or without accumulating the neces-
sary physical presence; that is correct.
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Mr. DONOIIUE. So coming back here for a day or week does not
protect him?
Mr. RUDNICK. It doesn't help ; no.
Mr. DONOT-iuE. At the end of 30 months, he has to come back here
to protect himself on physical presence, and thereafter he cannot go
overseas again and be protected?
Mr. RuDNZCK. That is correct.
Mr. FEIGHAN. Is it not this : Assuming that the man got per-
manent residence, he left the country for 30 months less 1 day and'
comes back-now, if he remained-in other words, from then on he is.
protected for the 30 months?
Mr. RUDNICK. That is right.
Mr. FEIGIIAN. But in order for him to be naturalized henceforth in
the future at some time or other he has to show 30 months' physical
residence present in the United States?
Mr. RUDNICK. That is correct.
Mr. FEIGITAN. It is as simple as that?
Mr. RUDNICK. That is correct. The simplest way I can express it is
to state that on the day that a person applies for citizenship you simply
take a calendar, look back 5 years and calculate whether there is an
aggregate period of 30 months during which he was in this country.
If the answer is "No" he can't make it, and if the answer is "Yes"'
he can apply and be naturalized.
Mr. RoDINO. Ile must have been physically here all of the period
of 30 months?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes, in the aggregate, over the last 5 years; not any
other time.
Mr. RODINO. This applies to a person who, is employed by a
commercial corporation?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes.
Mr. RoDINO. It does not apply to a person who is in the employ of
the U.S. Government?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes, sir.
Mr. RoDINO. Ile acquires constructive physical presence?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes, Sir.
Mr. Doxoiyus. And constructive presence only applies to one that
is part of a Government agency ?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes, sir.
Mr. DoNOIIUE. Well, it is still not clear to me. You say that a person
employed by a commercial establishment is protected as long as he does
not remain out of the country beyond 30 months and he is protected
by the provision in the law which gives him constructive residency?
Mr. RunNiCK. Yes, sir.
Mr. DONOIIUE. Rather than constructive physical presence.?
Mr. RuDNrCK. Yes, sir.
Mr. DONOHUE. But he can use his constructive residency in deter-
mining whether or not he has been physically present in the United
States for the 30 months in order to qualify for citizenship; is that
correct?
Mr. RUDNICK. I don't quite follow you, sir.
Mr. DCNOIIUn. Well, we have this situation.
Mr. RUDNICK. Well, sir, the individual you are talking about gets
nothing under the law or from the Government respecting the require-
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meat in the naturalization laws that a person must have been physically
present in the United States, during the last 5 years, for 30 months. He
gets absolutely nothing. He is just like any other applicant for citi-
zenship and if he has it during the 5-year period he qualifies.
This is what. he gets: Take the ordinary person who leaves the coun-
try, whether he is employed abroad or visiting abroad or whatever
reason there. may be for going abroad.
If he remains out for 15 months and returns to the United States and
attempts to get naturalized, he is going to have to delay it for quite a
while because lie broke continuity of residence, and it is going to take
several more years to accumulate the necessary residence once again.
The person we are concerned with is the one given the right or privilege
to remain for 12 months or longer, up to about 30 months, return,
and not be penalized as would other persons who were, not employed.
That is the protection he is getting. Ile is getting something but it. is
not quite as much as the Government, employee is receiving.
Mr. DONoFu 1 . Assume this case. A person qualifies for permanent
residence in this country, or rather as as a permanent resident, and re-
mains in that status for 3 years, and lives in this country all during that
3-year period, or say it is 21/., years. He then goes overseas as an em-
ployee of TI nited States Steel and he is over there for 2 years, which
added to the. 21/2 years of permanent residence, lie would have 41/2 years,
how long would lie have to wait-is it 6 months?
Mr. RUDNIcIc. That is right. As soon as he gets his 5 years residence,
he is qualified because when he left he had already satisfied part of the
30 months physical presence requirement and he can still use it.
Mr. DoNom E. Say it was only at the end of 2 years that he went
overseas, I think that, was my thought.
Mr. RuDNIOK. If he went over at the end of 2 years and remains out
for a year or so ?
Mr. DONOIIPL. No; let's say he remained out for 2 years.
Mr. RuDNIcIc. For 2 years. Well, he is still missing 12 months.
When he gets back he waits the 12 months.
Mr. I)ONOETUB7. He waits that 1 year?
Mr. RuDNicK. Yes; because while he is waiting those 12 months
the 2 years are still there and are not being lost.
Mr. DoNoirun:. It does not break the continuity?
Mr. RuDN-rcK. No.
Mr. FETGTTAN. Mr. Rudnick, what effect would the enactment of
this bill have upon the eligibility for naturalization of the spouse
and children of the employed person or upon the. automatic acquisition
of citizenship by the children?
Mr. RuDNICIC. Well, if the persons contemplated by this bill are
naturalized and the naturalization occurs while the individual is
still employed, rather than a person who has terminated service and
under the bill has the privilege of applying for the benefits within
a period of 6 months, his wife, if she entered the United States for
permanent residence, would be able to be naturalized immediately
without any residence or physical presence requirements and would
simply, that would be a condition of her naturalization, return abroad
to reside with the husband during his employment there.
If, on the other hand, we have this situation--
Mr. FEJGIIAN. Wait, let me see if I get it straight. You say we
have an employee and lie has had his permanent residence, and ~he is
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still in the employ, and he applies or rather he has to come back to
the United States, of course, to get his citizenship.
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes, sir.
Mr. FETGTI AN. Now, do I understand that the wife can get citizen-
ship immediately?
Mr. RTJDNICTZ. Yes, sir.
Mr. U i.IGIAN. She just has to come to the United States?
Mr. RTrDNicai. She has to enter for permanent residence and declare
an intention to reside abroad with the husband during the time he is
employed and she can be naturalized immediately, section 319(b),. If
on the other hand, this inan has already terminated employment and
is no longer connected with the nonprofit organization, then, of course,
.she cannot take advantage of this section and the best she would get
out of it would be the privilege of being naturalized as the spouse of
a U.S. citizen after she has resided in the country for 3 years.
Mr. FriGIIAN. The same applies for the children?
Mr. RUDNICTi. The child could be naturalized immediately upon
the parent's naturalization, just as the mother could. That child is
eligible immediately. If there is no mother, if she is out of the picture,
or if perhaps she is naturalized, if she has died, if there has been a
legal separation, and this man has custody of the child and the child
is under age 16, the child would automatically become a citizen of the
United States under section 321, by operation of law, no naturaliza-
tion involved.
So that child, if under 16, enters the United States for permanent
residence and has two citizen parents or one and the other, as I said,
is out of the picture, he automatically would become a citizen.
Mr. RODTNO. Under 16?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes, sir.
Mr. FETGTIAN. What about children over 16?
Mr. RUDNICK. The children over 16 could be naturalized on a peti-
tion filed in a court by the naturalized parent provided the naturaliza-
tion occurs before age 18.
Mr. RODINO. What happens-will you yield?
Mr. FEIGTTAN. I think :L asked, what happens
Mr. RoDTNo. Between 16 and 18?
Mr. RUDNICK. Well, between 16 and 18, the father who has been
naturalized files a petition on behalf of the child and naturalizes the
child, at say age 17.
Mr. FrIGIIAN. What if the child is over 18?
Mr. RUDNICK. He is on his own.
Mr.FrIGHAN. He is?
Mr. RUDNICK. He is an ordinary alien who applies like anyone- else.
Mr. FETGTIAN. Mr. Rudnick, what would be the effect upon the de-
pendent under this bill if the employee died before he or she has com-
pleted 5 years of employment or after-well, you mentioned after
completion of 5 years, but before naturalization could be granted-
you have already touched on that?
Mr. RUDNICK. Well., no, I have not touched on it. If the principal
has never been naturalized and dies before he has completed 5 years
of employment or even after he has completed 5 years of employment,
the spouse and the children would gain nothing. They only gain the
advantages that I have indicated if the parent is naturalized, but there
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is no provision that will cover the unfortunate situation of a death
prior to the ability or opportunity to acquire citizenship by the parent
or husband, so they would gain nothing under this bill.
Mr. FEIGJIAN. Mr. Rudnick, in your opinion, would the technical
provisions of the bill relating to-well, it says "recognition" but I
think "approval" would be a better word-"recognition of the organ-
ization by the Attorney General," the requirement for continuous
employment, and lawful admission prior to employment pose any
problem in the administration or interpretation of those provisions?
Mr. RITmNac[~c. Well, the term "recognition" of the organization by
the Attorney General has been in our laws without interruption now
since 1936 and the Attorney General, through the Immigration and
Naturalization Service, has on numerous occasions recognized organ-
izations such as American institutions of research.
That is the terminology that was used in the 1936 act and 1938 act
and Nationality Act of 1940, and is in sections 319(b) and in 316(b).
Mr. FEIGIIAN. Then the word "recognition" is a term of art?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes, it has been there for over 30 years, so it would
pose no problem and has never posed a problem.
Mr. FEIOTIAN. Well, the requirement for continuous employment
and lawful admission prior to the employment, would that pose any
problem in the interpretation or administration of this provision or
provisions?
Mr. RUDNICK. Mr. Chairman, I don't believe it would pose any,prob-
lem, either in. administration or interpretation, except that if we
encountered an individual who, for some valid reason, has interrupted
employment for the shortest period of time during a 5-year period, this
would appear perhaps to disqualify him for the benefits of this section.
He may have 5 years of employment but he was out for a month. I don't
know what the reason might be but there might be any number of
reasons.
The language and the provision here is for continuous employment:
and if there would be any interruption, the person could not possibly
qualify as a, result of the use of this term in this manner.
Mr. FEIG1IA.N. Mr. Rudnick, in your opinion, are the provisions of
the bill prescribing the classes of persons eligible for its benefits broad
enough to include all employees of the designated organizations, with-
out regard to occupation or profession?,
Mr. RUDNICIi. Yes, sir.
Mr. FEIGIIAN. That would include, in other words, persons perform-
ing the most menial tasks ?
Mr. RUDNICIK. Yes, sir, Mr. Chairman. I think this language in
using the term "any person" encompasses anyone who has the relation-
ship to this organization. I might say, however, that this is not new in
the law. It applies to the Government employee and it applies to the
employee employed by an American institution of research or Amer-
ican firm engaged in foreign trade and commerce and who was cov-
ered by sections 316(b), 319(b), and 323(e), the children. They all
gain benefits irrespective of the occupation of the husband/spouse.
This merely carries through with the same principle that is and
has been in the law for many, many years.
Mr. FEIGHAN. Is it in the law now that anyone, we will say, who
sweeps the floors or is a janitor, serving in that capacity, is he pres-
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nently covered under the exemptions of persons working for the U.S.
Government?
Mr. RUDNICit.. The janitor who is hired by the U.S. Government
here, who is a permanent resident and who is being sent overseas in
any capacity whatsoever to work and to continue in the employment
abroad, can be protected against loss of physical presence and resi-
dence just as the scientist or any other professional person employed
by the U.S. Government.
There is no distinction. Nor is there any distinction in allowing the
spouse of such a person under 319(b) to be naturalized immediately
without residence and physical presence, if she is married to a janitor
employed abroad and regularly working abroad on behalf of the U.S.
Government.
Mr. FEIGIIAN. That gives a certain amount of flexibility in power
to the head of an agency in the employ of the United States to hire
sundry persons and blanket them in so they would get citizenship,
isn't that so?
Mr. RUDNICK. Well, the most. that it is doing-of course, experience
indicates that the Government does not normally hire such individuals
and send them abroad. The organizations contemplated by this bill, of
course, would probably be engaging such persons overseas. All this
is doing for that person is rewarding him, if he stays with the orga-
nization for as long as 5 years. If it can be assumed that lie made some
contribution, even though he is in this type of occupation, he is re-
warded by permitting him to be naturalized after that time instead
of coming here and waiting for 5 more years or perhaps 3 years if he
happens to marry a citizen.
So what it is doing, in the final. analysis, is merely moving up the
date the person can qualify for citizenship. It is not giving much more.
He has to meet all of the other requirements of naturalization.
Mr. Moonn. But, there is a condition precedent before he gets the
benefit, he must be a permanent resident?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes ; he, is already a, permanent resident.
Mr. RoDiNo. In other words, Mr. Rudnick, the provision of the
Irnrnigration and Nationality Act granting exemptions to U.S. Gov-
ernment employees makes no exception, makes no distinction at all
as to the Government employee, whether lie is a person performing
custodial services, janitorial services, or whether he is the most dis-
tinguished scientist or distinguished representative of the U.S.
Government working abroad ?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes; it does not make such a distinction. Now, there
is this difference between this individual and your Government, em-
ployee. This man is not a Government employee.
Mr. RODINO. This is correct.
Mr. RI;DNICK. Yes; and what he is receiving that the other em-
ployees are not receiving is the physical presence benefit. He is getting
physical presence.
In other words, lie is on a par, on the same footing with the Gov-
ernment employee insofar as the physical presence requirement is con-
cerned. Otherwise, lie .is not very much different from the section
:316 (b) person, except that you are giving him also the 1 year of un-
interrupted physical presence, which is the difficulty, the problem
that be faces and can't meet, you are giving him that plus the 30
months physical presence. That is the reward he is receiving.
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Mr. RODINO. I don't expect you to make any observation, but I
am just restating something here that the person you referred to is
the one who is now employed by a commercial corporation?
Mr. Rrrn,-ian. Yes.
Mr. RODINO. And he gets some benefits, he gets some privileges, and
he is performing in a commercial atmosphere; the individual to, whom
we refer here is performing in the interests of the U.S. Government
in a particular category ?
Mr. Rz-lNrcn. I would agree that.
Mr. FluoruAN. Assuming that this committee concluded that the
provisions of the bill should be limited in scope and its benefits re-
stricted to those, employees whose contribution to the. organization
were substantial and especially significant, can you suggest a man-
ner in which the bill might be amended to accomplish that purpose?
Mr. RrirNU,r. Abell, there are several possibilities. You could pos-
sibly enumerate types of occupations which are not to he regarded
as included in this-custodial and menial, clerical, which, of course,
runs the risk of disqualifying a worthy candidate for naturalization
who finds himself within one of these excepted occupations but never-
theless has made a substantial contribution and appears prima facie
to be deserving of naturalization under the bill.
That would he the risk involved. You could also possibly use
terminology similar to that which appeared in the former first-pref-
erence visa provisions as to exceptional ability, specialized experience,
and so forth.
,V third possibility is to be found in section .3,54 (12)), which authorizer)
the Secretary of State, in connection with preventing the expatriation
of U.S. citizens to exempt from loss of citizenship those who performed
unique and. unusual services, as determined by the Secretary of State,
which directly and substantially benefited the interests of the United
States. That formula, of course, leaves to the Executive the authority
to determine whether or not an individual made a sufficiently unique
and unusual contribution and, in the final analysis, it would still
be a naturalization court that would have to render the decision as to
whether or not a person did in fact render that type of service.
Mr. Rorwo. Won't that, Mr. Rudnick, then pose the additional
burden on the determining officer to try to distinguish that person
from the person whose case was clear cut?
Mr. Runrnr,ec. Yes; it would require an adjudication in the first in-
stance by the Attorney General acting through the Immigration and
Naturalization Service, and in making recon emendations to the Nat.
uralization Court, that, this person did or did not render the type of
services contemplated, and the Court in turn would have to adjudicate
the question as well, which is a new approach to this type of rela-
tionship, as I have pointed out,, and as you have pointed out, Mr.
Congressman.
No distinction is drawn in other sections involving similar employ-
ment, as to occupation.
M. ROnrNO. Suppose you excepted from the provisions of this bill
custodial workers or others performing menial jobs and then that per-
son, while so engaged actually contributed substantially to the interests
of die United States by the kind of service that this organization
disseminates abroad, would it not then pose an additional problem to
the adjudicating officer?
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Mr. RUDNICK. If those facts were established, it would probably dis-
qualify the person despite the contribution.
Mr. RoDINO. Just so long as he. was designated a custodial worker ?
Mr. RUDNICK. That is right.
Mr. FEIGUAN. Mr. Moore.
Mr. Moors. In order to try to solve the problems we envision here,
what would be the difficulty with language indicating that a beneficiary
of the type of benefit, which is envisioned by this legislation would be
limited to an individual who either was stateless or could not return
to his country of origin because of the fact that he is engaged in known
activities for and on behalf of the United States of America which put
him in a quasi-political position. A clerk in one of these organizations
is not usually a stateless person, lie is not a policymaking fellow, he is
not a person involved in the development of any propaganda pro-
grain. A custodial employee probably already lives in the community
in which the facility is operating. Couldn't we do it some way other
than implying specifically that a person who pushes a broom is not as
well thought of in the United States as a fellow who uses his mind?
Rather than advertise as a rule that we are placing a different em-
phasis upon the contribution that is made regardless of the nature of
that contribution? Couldn't we do it that way ?
Mr. RUDNICiK. That could be done, of course. You can add any quali-
fications that appear fit, but you still run the risk of disqualifying a
very deserving individual who does not quite fit into statelessness, or
whatever. Ile may still have a nationality, he has made substantial con-
tributions, he is important to the operation, and by the language that
you use restricting the individuals, you have left hiin out.
Mr. Moors. If we add further that he is an individual that is not or
does not have the ability to return to his country of origin, would that
not reduce the number of exceptions?
Mr. RUDNICK. It might be difficult, at least in administering that
type of provision, to make a determination he could or could not in
fact return. Some countries might like to get their hands on him.
Mr. Moors. This is true.
Mr. RUDNICK. If anything is to be carved out of this to eliminate
these categories of jaintors, and so on, if that is the objective and is
what is desired, I think the most flexible formula would be the one
that is in section 354 that I mentioned. That allows a determination to
be made by someone that the contributions made by this person,
irrespective of the occupation, are unique, substantial, and unusual
and have been beneficial in promoting the best interests of the United
States.
Mr. Moons. Presently, as the bill is constructed, that decision is
made by the employing organization.
Mr. RuDNICK. Under this bill, that is not a consideration at all.
Mr. Moors. Yes, it is. Yes, indeed, it is, because in the event that
those who are running this organization don't feel that the contribu-
tion is sufficient, they just don't make an arrangement for him to
come to the United States to get his permament residence.
Mr. PUDNICK. They don't have to arrange anything for this
man. If he is through with the organization, he has 5 years and he
would like to come to the United States, he can come like any other
alien. He does not need the organization.
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ATURALIZATION
Mr. MOORE. Is the bill drafted in such a way he must first have had
his permanent residence and then his 5 years?
Mr. RUDNICK. He can get permanent residence in any way he sees
fit.
Mr. MooRE. How is he going to get it sitting in Germany and never
coming to the United States?
Mr. RUDNICK. Ile can get it the day he is fired, 5 years, and 1 day
after being fired, then he comes over within a 6-month period, he gets
a visa and comes over and is qualified.
Mr. MOORE. It says "Has been so employed continuously for a pe-
riod of not less than 5 years, after a lawful admission for permanent
residence."
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes.
Mr. MOORE. In other words, he has to be employed 5 years after he
was lawfully admitted for permanent residence?
Mr. RUDNICK. That is correct.
Mr. MOORE. Well, he could sit over there and work 25 years and
walk into the United States, and if he is no longer employed by the
organization lie does not get benefits under this bill unless he pre-
viously obtained permanent residence.
Mr. RUDNICK. He does.
Mr. MOORE. Tell us why because this is something we don't con-
template.
Mr. RUDNrcK. If he has been lawfully admitted for permanent
residence.
Mr. MooRE. That is the point I made.
Mr. RUDNICK. That is the only person we are talking about, law-
fully admitted permanent residence.
Mr. MooRE. Yes.
Mr. RUDNicic. But he does not need the organization to get him back
to the United States to get naturalized nor can the organization control
his naturalization once lie gets the 5 years. They can, of course, fire
him at the end of 4 years and 11 months.
Mr. MooRE. They can still veto his naturalization opportunity. The
organization has a built-in veto here.
Mr. RUDNrCK. If a janitor knows by continuing in employment
with this organization after he becomes a lawful permanent resident
he can become a citizen in that fashion he might be interested in
getting over here, obtaining admission, and turning around and going
back to work.
Mr. MooRE. That is right, but still the decision is whether or not
he goes back and works with the organization ?
Mr. RUDNICK. Of course.
Mr. MooRE. I am saying they have some control in this area.
Mr. RUDNICK. Absolutely, they have some control, yes.
Mr. FEIGHAN. Mr. Rudnick, you have a copy of the bill here before
you. On line 6 if after the word "person" the following were inserted
"person with technical training, specialized experience, or exceptional
abilities," would that help-how could that be administered?
Mr. RunN1cK. That would in all probability eliminate the classes
of persons that appear to be questionable, the janitors and clerks, and
so on, unless by some strange circumstances and background it could
be said they had exceptional ability, the clerk may be multilingual
and be valuable in that respect.
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Mr. FEIGFIAN. Then the determination of whether a person fitted.
into that category would be determined by the INS?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes, in the first instance, but then ultimately by a,
court. There would be two cracks at it. INS would make a recommendation, one way or the other, and the court could follow or refuse
to follow the interpretation.
Mr. FEIGHAN. Then, in your knowledge, do you know if there have
been any abuses of the privilege of getting the 30 months constructive
residence for employees?
Mr. RUDNICK. Mr. Chairman, I have never encountered any cases
in which there have been any abuses of section 316 (b).
Mr. FEIGHAN. Mr. Donohue.
Mr. DoNoiluE. Simplifying this whole proposition, would it be-
right to say we are endeavoring to cloak Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty, cloak those two organizations and their skilled employees with
the same privileges that are accorded to those employed by a Gov-
ernment agency abroad?
Mr. RUDNICK. They would be almost identical.
Mr. DONOHUE. Identical?
Mr. RunNICK. Yes. In other words, what this is actually doing is
granting constructive physical presence and residence, and when he
returns it is as though he had been residing and been physically present,
and he proceeds to naturalization.
Mr. DONoiIui. We are saying this in the bill here, are we not?
Mr. RUDNICK. Yes.
Mr. FEIGIIAN. Mr. Rudnick, do you. feel that there should be a cut-
off date on the benefits provided in this proposed legislation, or should
it be a continuous operation?
Mr. MooRE. As opposed to an open end?
Mr. RUDNICK. As Congressman Moore pointed out, f 'or practical
purposes this in in complete control of the organizations. If they en-
counter an individual they don't see fit to permit to proceed as far
as becoming a citizen, all they have to do is remove him from the
payroll before the 5 years are acquired, and that is ample time within
which to make a determination as to whether he is a fit prospect for
citizenship.
I don't believe there is risk involved in allowing this to remain, as
you put it, open end, and if next week or next year they have occasion
to engage another individual, this would be an inducement for obtain-
ing qualified people on their payrolls. I think there is complete control
in the law and, for all practical purposes, by the organization.
Mr. MOORS. Will you yield?
Mr. FEIGI CAN. Mr. Moore.
Mr. MooRE. What you are doing here is almost setting up a fiction,
a fiction to the extent that you are substituting the private employer
organization abroad-in this instance Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty-for the judicial process which a citizen must meet, the
requirements he must meet for naturalization in this country if he
were to remain here for 5 years. That is a loose way of saying it, but
substantially that is right.
Mr. RUD.NICK. What you are saying is true but a little more pointed
is the fact you are setting him up in almost the same position as the
person employed by the U.S. Government. That is what you are
giving him.
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NATURALIZATION
Mr. MOOR,E. Yes.
Mr. Rur NICK. "We are going to regard you," is the effect of this
bill, "as though you were a Government employee."
Mr. FEIGHAN. Mr. Rodino.
Mr. Ron[-No. I have no further questions. I think he clearly stated
the case.
Mr. FEIGrTAN. Mr. Donohue.
Mr. DONOR CJE. No questions.
Mr. FEIrxAN. Mr. Moore.
Mr. MVIOORE. May I show an obvious void in my training in this field
and I will ask Mr. Rudnick since he is obviously the exert and every
time he appears before its he never ceases to amaze me in the manner
in which he acquits himself.
Would it be possible and do we administer naturalization of an
individual in some foreign land or must he return to the United States
of America to become a citizen?
Mr. RUDNTCTf. No, we do not grant naturalization, as such, in any
foreign land.
Mr. MoorE. In other words, the individual gets his permanent resi
dence, goes back and remains abroad 5 years and fills that commitment
and then is administered the oath in any one of the foreign lands?
Mr. RimNICIC. Since you state it that way, there is such a thing as
the administration of an oath abroad by an American consul to
repatriate a former citizen, but naturalization in the sense we are
discussing now can only take place in a court within the United States.
Mr. MOOR,E. As you review this legislation, you~feel that we have
reasonably contemplated that he will, at the end of 5 years, return to
the T Tnited States and submit himself to some court of competent
jurisdiction for purposes of entering the naturalization process?
Mr. RTTDNIOrt. Yes, sir.
Mr. MOORE. You don't envision this is the type of naturalization
that, he could avail himself of before any consul or embassy official
throughout the world?
Mr. RuDNICIC. No, sir.
Mr. FEIGIIAN. Mr. Rodino.
Mr. RODTNO. The distinction you made there was, one, repatriation
as against initial naturalization, is that correct?
Mr. Runmcic. A repatriation is a naturalization because the law
says naturalization is the conferring of citizenship upon a person after
birth and if someone becomes a citizen, not at time of birth but after
birth, lie is naturalized. Perhaps different terminology is used, as in
this instance. to describe the situation. It is called repatriation, but
in a technical sense it is naturalization. We are conferring citizenship.
Mr. RODINo. In other words, to further confirm what is in the
mind of Mr. Moore, and I know it certainly was a question in my
mind, there, is no possibility that, the individual referred to here could
acquire citizenslhip,while abroad?
Mr. RrDNTCK. No possibility because this requires him "to comply
with all the provisions of this Act except" and that is not an exception.
Mr. DoNoxin,:. Doesn't, it, also state in the law, on line 8, page 2,
who is in the United States at the, time. of naturalization"?
Mr. R nDNICT:. Yes.
Mr. DoNoi_r-E [reading.
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Who declares before the naturalization court in good faith an intention to take
up residence in the United States immediately upon termination of such em-
ployment.
Mr. RUDNTCK.. That is the identical language of section 319 (b)
and the identical language of section 323 (c) ; no problem as to where
this will occur.
Mr. ROIITNO. I have one further question, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. FETGIIAN. Mr. R odino.
Mr. RODINO. In answer to a question put to you by the chairman
as to the usage of the word "recognition" by the Attorney General as
counter-distinguished from "approval," you say that the word "recog-
nition" has been used as a word of art in the Immigration and Nation-
ality Act and, therefore, it certainly would pose no problem?
Mr RUDNICK. No problem.
Mr. RomNo. As a matter of fact, would it pose the problem
if we were to change the wording and used the word "approved"
instead?
Mr. RUDNTOK. I don't think it would make any difference. We do
actually approve it.
Mr. DoNOiTur. Let, me ask one question.
Mr. Frloaif~ v. Mr. Donohue.
Mr. DoNO