ANTI-AMERICAN SENTIMENT IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000500110014-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
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• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 29, 2003
• Sequence Number: 14
• Publication Date: November 8, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

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November 8, 1.965 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD -APPENDIX
tensior! of the area redevelopment pro- tan areas, such as the Missouri-Illinois
gram, the extension of the so-called Eco- bistate authority for the St. Louis me-
nomic opportunities, Act-the poverty tropolis but only with the involvement
program, th'& so-calf Economic Devel- of the State governments.
opment Act-accelerated Public Works
Act-for several reasons.:. First, all are
poorly drafted; second, they are dupli-
cating; third., they are heavily involved
in spoils ,politics and logrolling; fourth,
they badly weaken instead of encourage
local and State governments and private
and chur.Ch welfare programs; fifth, they
miss .their -mark by keeping people on
welfare. or putting them in "make work"
issues instead of Putting them on their
own feet; and sixth, .their cast-benefit
ratios are excessive. Note, however, the
Republicans supported the further devel-
a~snent of thi+ Manpower Training Act
wklicl}, they originally conceived, and vo-
cational and,technical,training and most
features. of the extension of the Federal
educat~.on and research .programs. The
Republicans, .joined by some congres-
si0nal Democrats, proposed .tax credit
programs iu lieu of direct Federal spend-
ing. programs to accomplish these de-
sired goals, However, the administration
has taken a .negative ,position on these
,proposals,
- MEDIC88E ,
The Republicans opposed the medicare
paY?t of the SRcial, Sedurity Amendment
Act while strongly supporting most of its
other. features. The .Republicans had
helped to develop and pass the Kerr-Mills
Act. axid stood.,readY to improve it as a
sounder method of meeting the problems
of the. aged...
aousll~
The Republicans opposed the moderate
income housi~ subsidy bill. far obvious
rLlas9na-moderate income people can do
a bettor job of getting good housing for
theajnselyes tl~~n can,.tl~e .Federal Gov-
~-? ern~tient. The Republicans point out
the mess,tl}at 11as been made in the ad-
ministration. of public housing for low
income people..-.. It is regrettable that the
urban renewal..program which they de-
veloped h,a~ been perverted through un-
believably poor administration into a
program ~hickl, itself is now subject to
much legitimate criticism.
The Republicans opposed the creation
of a Cabinet-leXel Department of Hous-
ing and. Urban, Affairs. The title is a
misnomer becauuse it does not bring to-
gether under.one department all Federal
activities in housing or in urban affairs
which was the. primary justification ad-
vanced by its promoters. Furthermore,
if the President. was doing an adequate
adlnixustrative_.fob, much of the ineffi-
ciencies, redtape, and duplications could
>1e :eliminated.e without .congressional
action. Congress, indeed, has been re-
miss. in its-.lack of .oversight and not
calling the .President to task for the
inefficiencies that .exist. Finally, the
creation of .this Department was de-
~ne?~ kly_ some to deliberately bypass the
tat ~ goy~xnme~ts. Municipalities are
crea~izres of the States. Where ametro-
polto,n area covers several States, bistate
or tr~tate agencies can be created-by
Act of Congress under the constitutional
powers specifically granted for this pur-
pose?,_,,'>ehiS.. Power.. has been exercised
" in the past foi',,~e, beet of. metropoli-
EDUCATION
Most education measures were devel-
oped and passed with bipartisan support.
The Republicans did seek to substitute
their tax credit education programs far
the administration's direct expenditure
programs, but when their efforts were
unsuccessful they supported the modified
administration bill. However, they op-
posed and sought to eliminate the crea-
tion of a National Teacher Corps. Most
of the education measures passed by
this Congress were not innovations, but
extensions and developments of existing
programs.
THE VOTING RIGHTS BILL
This measure was developed with hi-
partisa_n support and would have been
proposed and passed whoever was Presi-
dent and whichever party controlled the
Congress. However, the Republicans did
seek to have their proposal adopted. I
think it was a stronger measure than that
of the administration. Certainly it was
a much fairer measure and,' therefore,
one which would have received much
more cooperation from the southern com-
munities which were primarily affected.
A Republican sponsored. measure to ex-
tend the bill to include vote frauds was
adopted in spite of opposition from many
big city Democrats in the north.
IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY BILL
Again, here was a measure which
would have been proposed and passed
whoever was President and whichever
party controlled the Congress. Like the
voting rights bill, it had been under con-
gressional study for sometime and was
ripe for legislative action. The primary
matter reaching an issue on a recorded
vote was the so-called McGregor amend-
ment, which applied quotas to the West-
ern Hemisphere in a manner comparable
to the quotas set up for the rest. of the
world. In my judgment, this act has
been much overstated and misrepre-
sent. It is not the liberalizing bill that
has been advertised. If anything, the
control of immigration has been turned
over to our national labor leaders as the
administration is presently setup. How-
ever, something had to be done to correct
the erroneous impressions held abroad
about our immigration laws, and the new
law is a workable one.
ELIMINATING SECTION 14 (b) FROM THE TAFT-
HARTLEY ACT
This passed the House by a very close
vote, 221 ayes to .203 nays. As a result
of the House studies and debate, the
matter has been held up in the Senate.
I have written extensively on the issues
involved here, so I will not discuss it fur-
ther. Obviously many congressional
Democrats had to join the Republicans
to have such a high negative vote.
AGRICULTURE
The Republicans opposed the omnibus
agriculture bill for many reasons, the
inclusion of the bread. tax being one of
the most publicized. Very few people fail
to agree that our agricultural programs
need. major ,overhauling. This major
A6339
overhaul still awaits action and, regret-
tably, Congress has not been studying
the issues with assiduity.
Republicans opposed the Tobacco
Price Support Extension Act. Tobacco
agriculture is probably more controlled
by Government than any segment of ag-
riculture. For many years it was pointed
to as the ideal of farm programs. Now
the long range ill effects of the political
decisionmaking process being substituted
for the marketplace process is being
spelled out for all of us to see, even the
tobacco grower.
There was a mixed vote by parties on
the Federal Cigarette Advertising and
Labeling Act. I think a very poor job
was done in this matter by both the Con-
gress and the President.
MISCELLANEOUS
An interesting issue developed in the
extension of the Atomic Energy Act in
respect to the rights of a small commu-
nity government dealing with a big pow-
erful agency of the Federal Government.
This, although becoming an issue of rec-
ord vote, was not developed along party
lines.
The Republicans largely opposed both
th National Arts and Cultural Develop-
ment Act as well as the act creating the
National Foundation on Arts and Hu-
manities. We are well aware of the fact
that those who differ with us would have
the people believe we are against art and
culture. From our standpoint we op-
posed these two pieces of legislation be-
cause we are f~lr art and culture. We
do not believe the intervention of the
Federal political mechanism into these
areas benefit art and culture in the long
run.
HOME RULE FOR DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
.This bill serves as a good example of
the Congress in opposition to the Presi-
dent, rather than Republicans against
Democrats. Of course, the proponents
of the President's bill sought to have the
people believe this was a case of Repub-
licans and southern Democrats alining
to defeat the President's proposals,
However, as in most of the cases where
this allegation is made, the record vote
serves to point up the inaccuracy. In ad-
dition, in this instance Congressman
Sisx, of California, a well established lib-
eral, offered the congressional substitute
which passed the House in lieu of the
President's proposal.
Congressional reapportionment and
the Highway Beautification. Act are other
measures which did not have the dis-
agreement centered on differences be-
tween the two parties, but, rather, differ-
ences between segments of both parties,
although, because of what was felt to be
improper pressures interfering with
proper study and deliberation by the
President, most Republicans opposed his
version of how to get our highways
beautified. The Federal pay raise
was another example of disagreement
between the President and the Con-
gress, rather than disagreement be-
tween the two parties. In this in-
stance I supported the President. I
thought it important to hold to the
President's wage-price guidelines, al-
though Ihave been very critical over
the. years of the failure to get Federal
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CONORES ~IONAL RECORD - A~P~N~IX ~~~~E'r 8, 1965
wages increased, particularly in a high- and t;ie Voting Rights Act. The debas-
Cost area like. St. Louis. We still do not ing of our .currency and coinage and the
have a good system of Federal job re- restriotion of private investment abroad
Glassiflcation and increased remunera- are innovations all right but the result of
tion for Federal employees who work in temporizing, rather than of deliberation.
Ijigh-cost areas. We are way behind the The cirift toward further inflation and
employment prac`fiees of many of our international economic difficulties will
private companies. continue as the trend to increase and
,Four procedural points came to a rec- extend Federal programs, not so much
ord vote which require some comment. from introducing new ones, continues.
First. To increase the salaries of the Media:are, it is true, will sorely test the
Federal court judges. I thought the payroll tax on which all social security,
House.. behaved badly in making-an ~ s- unem ployrnent insurance, and workmen's
- tion are based
nsa
of 'the recent controversial Supreme
Court decisions.
The Congress waived two statutory re-
gliirements which Republicans opposed,
I thought, with very good reason.
Second. To permit General McKee to
maintain his military position and yet
be head of the Federal Aviation Author-
ity. The law requires 'the FAA be
headed by a civilian.
Third. To permit a film prepared by
the U:S. Information Service for foreign
propaganda to be shown in the United
States. The law governing the USIS
specifically states that no `films or other
m8terials prepared for foreign propa-
ge,nda `be released for domestic propa-
ganda.
'Fourth. Whether the Post Office De-
partment should be required to give to
compe
Thy differences between the two polit-
ical ;)attics and between the President
and the Congress are primarily differ-
encec~ of degree. Ail are interested in ad-
vanc.ng peace, prosperity, freedom, and
justioe. The arguments lie aver how we
best do this for the long pull. No one is
surely all right or all wrong. Through
stud: and debate we can best give us the
right: decisions over the long pull. This is
what representative government can pro-
vide, but to provide it the people as well
as tY eir representatives must take part in
the i tudy and debate and not be diverted
frolr. this difficult task by either arm
twis ing or demogoguery.
I dope this little summary will assist
to SIIme degree in furthering the study
and deliberative process.
Lou'~iana State University Medical Center
EXTENSION OF REMARKS ..~-
the Congress the names of the temporary
postal employees supposedly to be se-
lected from the -lower income groups to
assist in fighting the war on poverty.
This. was a matter I was amazed to find
the administration opposing, including
Democratic leaders of Congress. Quite
Clearly. Congress, as wen' as the public,
should have this information and all in-
formation like it. To do otherwise in-
vites corruption and other improper ac-
tion on the part of the executive. This
iS an example of what I: meant when I
referred"to the Congress Failing in its
oversight function, and actually pamper-
ing, instead of disciplining, the executive:
branch of Government.
Finally, there was the procedural prob-?
lem involved in the issue of unseating the
looked ivery badgtaking up a matteruin
September which should have been de--
aided ill February. Whatever one might
-feel about the issue itself, the failure to
grant a timely and thorough hearing to
those who felt they had a grievance hits
at the heart of representative govern-
l~rient. If the Congress does not maintain
itself as a forum for people with griev-
'ances to be heard, then indeed it is difH-
Cult to complain if the people take to the
street with these grievances. However,
such action means that law and order it,-
aelf have broken down; and this spells the
failure of government itself, that is, gov-
' ermm~t bylaws, not government by men.
Naw I would conclude with this obser-
vation. If you will look' over the legisIa,-
tion which has become 1'aw this year, you
will note that in spite of the propaganda
to the contrary, most Taws are extensions
f
i
'
`
ons o
modificat
or
oif existing programs
bem. The only real innovations wexe
thr culmination of years of study;
Ilamely, medicare,' the Immigration Act,
HON. HALE BOGGS
Costa Rica to assist therm in the development
of the teaching pragranz at their new medi-
cal school. T'he first class of the new medical
school will be graduated in January 1986.
President Hunter and several members of the
board of supervisors have been invited to
attend.
Our third,-and major collaborative under-
taking, is the LSU International Center for
Medical Research and Training in Costa Rica,
Central America (LSU--IC112ItT). This cen-
ter is supported largely by funds awarded to
LSU by the Public Health Service through
the Office of` International :Research of the
National Ins~ti.tutes of Health.
One remarkable flnciing of the research
programs of t;he LSU-:[CMRT has been the
demonstration of a significant association
between ceri:ain viruses and diarrhea. Thus,
a group of viruses in association with diar-
rhea has exr~erged from these studies which
may well assume a major role in the causa-
tion of endemic diarrhea and thus lead to its
control. In many are:zs of the world, diar-
rhea) diseases represent then major cause Gf
death in the- lroung age groups. You will also
remember i;h.at diarrhea) diseases are ex-
tremely important to the military. These
findings have not Bern published yet and
thus are not subject to genrral release.
Studies o:c a wide range, e.g., cancer of the
stomach, infectious hepatitis, parasitic dis-
eases and others, are included 1n the scope
of the research and tr;zinlni; activities of the
LSU-ICMR'.r. These centers offer remarkable
opportunities for collaborative research and
research training in diseases of mutual im-
portance tG the United Stetes and the host
countries.
An#i .Americas Seetiment in the
Dominican Re}~ublic
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HORN. CLAUDE PEPPER
OF LOIIIBIANA
III THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, October 22, 1965
Air. BOGGS. Mr, Speaker, I want to
take this opportunity to pay tribute to
the great work being done by the Louisi-
anf; State University Medical Center in
its successful collaborative scientific pro-
grams, particularly in Latin America, for
many years.
I am indebted to Dr. William W. Frye,
chiislcellor of the medical center, for fur-
nishing me detailed reports of the prog-
ress in these programs. He has also
summarized the work and I would like
to nclude that summary in the Appendix
of the RECORD, as follows:
SUMMARY OF PROGRAM
'.'lIe first program which was initiated is a
training program in tropical medicine, in-
fectious diseases, and public health. This
is :financed by a training grant from the Na-
tional Institutes of Health. It is designed
fol the staff members and for advanced stu-
de:Its o2 medical schools throughout the
co intry, and for advanced graduate students.
Tl1s program has been in progress for more
than 10 years. Remarkable collaboration has
been received in this endeavor from Latin
American medical scientists. Out of the pro-
gram have evolved two other inter-American
collaborative projects.
Since 1959, the LSU School of Medicine has
bean assisting the University of Costa Rica
School of Medicine, through an AID. grant,
in she development of a school of medicine.
Mist of their staff members have come to our
school of medicine for training. Conversely,
a Large number of the LSU staff have gone to
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REP7:~ESENTATIVES
Friday, October 22, 1965
Mr. PEEPPER. 'Mr. Speaker, under
leave to extend lny :remarks in the
RECORD, :I include the following letter
which I received recently from a close
friend a:nd constituent regarding the
political. sentiment in the Dominican
MIAMI, FLA.,
October 6, T965.
HOn. CLAC'DE PEPPER,
Horese of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR C1,A"UDE: For several years I have kept
in close i:ouch with the political situation
in the Dominican Republic through respon-
sible American and Dominican citizens who
live and have their businesses there.
When the Johnson administration sent
American troops into-San Domingo to quell
the Comxnunist revolution I received noth-
ing but words of gratitude to the United
States fGr having quickly stepped in and
saved the Dominicans from. the slavery of
communism. They had rejoiced when they
threw off the yoke of Trujillo and now they
were rejoicing once ag:~in that President
Johnson-had saved them from the tyranny
of .communism.
But today-only a few months later-l
hear nothing but scorn and contempt for the
OAS and o ur bungling State Department who
have turned victory into defeat by handing
over the Ilominiean Republic to the Com-
munist revolutionists.
The S1;ate Department put a gun in Gen.
Weissin ;q Weissin's back. and hijacked him.
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 eauld rally but thanks to our State De art-
ment they forced hilli to leave, turned t1~e
Dominican Government oyei tv the`Com-
muniats, ousted the true patrio#s, and prob-
ebly will comply with 'the revolutionists de-
mends foliose of payy suffered as a result of
theiF unemployment brought on by the rev-
olution they started.
Is it any wonder thaw now most American
and.. Dominisa~ citJz@ns-anti-Comg}unieta
end Communists, alike-now say, "Yankees
go home."
Neither I, nor my friends in the Dominican
$epublic, can be classified as alarmists,
but this is one time that We are alarmed.
With kind personal regards, I am
~~-?~~QILLIAbI (i. MARTIN,
A6341
have loomed so large. Much disillusion-
ment could have been avoided. And. fewer
today would be the voices attracted to that
mindle_ss chant: "Get the United States out
of the U.N., and the U.N, out of the United
States." For once the United Nations is
seen in its proper light, the wonder Ss not
that it has accomplished so little, but that
1t has accomplished so much.
First of all, it somehow managed to sur-
vive the precipitous breakup of the wartime
allian_ ce which had. pasted it_ together. As
cold war enmity divided the victors into two
camps, the Security Council was quickly
manacled by the use of the veto. But most
of the member countries werg determined
that the U.rT. should not be rendered impo-
tent so quickly, and they found a way, within
the charter, to upgrade the role of the Gen-
eral Assembly. The U.N. remained relevant
after all, as a sentinel for peace.
Nevertheless, it seemed, fora time, that
the cold war might limit the United Nations
to the function of a sounding hoard for the
smaller countries, and a convenient meeting
place where the channels of communication
could be kept open for the use of the major
powers in periods of crisis. Indeed, the U.N.
has played a most useful role in this respect.
I recall, in 1949, while we were airlifting sup-
plies into blockaded Berlin, how informal
talks began between our U.N. representative,
Philip Jessup, and the Soviet's_Jacob Malik,
in the U.N. diplomats' lounge. In this cas-
ual setting, Malik first hinted that Moscow
might be willing to end the blockade, and
here the talks were pursued which eventu-
ally led to that result.
Even more dramatic was the mediating
role of the U.N. during the dread Cuban mis-
sile showdown of 1962. The Russian veto
could not prevent the Security Council from
serving as a stage on which the- United
States could tellingly present, before the
assembled nations of the world, indisputable
evidence of Soviet mendacity, thus helping
to galvanize world opinion behind the
audacious action President Kennedy had
announced. The good offices of the U.N.
then served to bring our former Ambassador,
the late Adlai Stevenson, and John J.
McCloy, into continuing contact with Soviet
envoy Kuznetzov, for negotiations in which
the Secretary General of the United Nations,
U Thant, played a vital part. Ambassador
Stevenson once summed it up this way:
"At a critical moment, when the nuclear
powers seemed to be set on a collision course,
the Secretary General's intervention led to
the diversion of the Soviet ships headed for
Cuba and Interception by our Navy. This
was an Indispensable first step in the peace-
ful resolution of the Cuban crisis. The mere
existence of an impartial onnce which could
perform such a service in the middle of the
night at such a time, is no small asset to the
human race."
So it has happened that the United Na-
tions, while not performing its intended role
as policeman for the victors, has served as
their mediator instead, helping in this way
to keep the cold war from turning hot.
Though nuclear suicide has thus far been
averted, the brushfire wars have not, and
these peripheral struggles will continue to
endanger the uncertain stability which tenu-
ously rests upon the present nuclear stale-
mate. In dealing with these flareups, the
U.N. has developed a role, not confined to
mediation, but extending to active Involve-
ment as a kind of fire brigade.
It started in Korea in 1950, where force
was invoked under the U.N, flag to defend a
member state against invasion from without.
To be sure, most of the troops were American
and South Korean, and all were under U.S.
command, but the fact that the operation
was carried out in the name of the United
Nations, and did entail token forces from a
host of other countries, undoubtedly helped
to keep the Soviet Union away Prom a direct
confrontation with the Urllted States,
The United Natiotgs ,After 20 Years
EXTENSION C)F RIrMARKS
OF
AON. FRA,N~ CHURCI~
OS IC1AH0
Friday, October 22, 1965
Mr. CI~URCH. 1VIr. President, I re-
oently had the honor of addressing the
convocation of the college of Idaho at
Gald~vell, Idaho. This gathering of con-
cerned faculty members and, students
shared our interest ~n international ~o-
oper'atian expressed.~n congressional sup-
port for the International Cooperation
`Year and the continued development of
the United Nations,
. In my remarks, I attempted to review
the silent stren~tlis of -the United Na-
bons in its 2U years of existence, and our
hopes for the future role of the U.N.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the Appendix of the RECORD
the text of my address.
There being no objection, the address
was ordered to be printed in the REgoxn,
as follows:
THE UNITED NATIONS A>'I'E& 2O YEARS
(Address by Senator CHUacH)
This year marks the 20th anniversary of
the birth of the United. Nations. ~ As if 3n
celebration, the U.N. has. presented the world
With a very special birthday gift-a truce
in the dangerous war between Pakistan and
India.
Such accomplishments account for the
continuing respect which most Americans
hold for the United Notions. We thought it
Wholly appropriate, for example, that so emi-
IIent acitizen as Adlai.fltevenson, twice a
candidate for President of the United States,
should serve as our Ambassador at the U.N.
And we found ourselves in general agree-
ment with Arthur Goldberg, when he gave up
a coveted seat on the Supreme Court, in order
to become Stevgnson's successor.
' Fortunately, this esteem for the United Na-
tions is widely shared by the foremost figures
oY the world. The recent visit to -the U.N.
by Pope Paul VT is indicative. As the first
Catholic.~;p~e ever to journey to the New
World, Paul s mission was the cause c~,,,ppe~a~ce,
1?ut his commitment. was to toe , UI13t@ti
Nations. _ .
brltige between peoples" helping "to hasten
their economic and social progress."
The dream of an international organization
that wo?lsl.;unction as global guardian of
the, peace, was first envisioned by a great
American President. Surveyirig the senseless
carnage of the First World War, Woodrow
Wilson recognized how desperately mankind
needed to put an end to the anarchy among
nations. For this purpose, he .proposed that
the, victors ghould establish a League of Na-
tions, to which the vanquished might also
repair, where all sovereign states would act
in concert to keep -the peace.
But the victors of the First World War fell
apart almost ae soon. as the guns fell silent.
Wilson's dream was subverted, not so much
by the AIlied Governments with whom we
fought, as by our own, when the U.S. Senate
refused , to sanctign American participation
in the LeaRUe.
leans, under the leadership of another great
President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, to
fashion from the wreckage of the Second
World War a successor to the League that
was finally to secure the participation and
support of our own Government.
Originally, at San Francisco in 1945, we
eo2lstructed the United Nations upon the
great alliance which was winning the Sec-
ond World War. In the mistaken belief that
the victors, united in war by a common
enemy, would remain united afterward, we
entrusted the peacekeeping power, not to
the General Assembly where all countries
were to be equally represented, but to the
Security Council, where the Big Five would
have permanent seats; each equipped with a
built-in veto. Our vision was of a Pax Vic-
torum, where peace would be maintained. by
the United States, acting in concert with
her allies, the United Kingdom, France,
China, and the_Soviet Union. The veto was
to guarantee that no policeman's club would
be raised to enforce the peace, except by the
common consent of the Big Five. ,
Looking back on those euphoric days, one
wonders how so infirm an infant as the
United Nations could ever have received so
auspicious a christening. We supporters of
the U.N., then and now, bear a responsibility
for having oversold It to the American peo-
ple. From the outset, we should have
stressed that the U.N. itself lacked the
polder to preserve world peace, having neither
the means to finance its own operation nor
to impose its will; that the Security Council
could only act with the unanimous consent
of its permanent members, the Big Five; that
the GeneralAssembly could pass resolutions,
but could not enforce them; that the U.N.
was not, in any sense, a world government,
and could not possibly be described as the
"Parliament of .Man." Consequently, we
should have emphasized that, in keeping the
peace and protecting our national interests,
the U.N. could be no substitute for our own
Armed Forces, our, nuclear deterrent, our re-
gional alliances, or our mutual assistance
programs abroad.
Having said all this, we could then have
endorsed the United Nations for realistic
reasons-as a useful instrument through
which the sovereign nations of the world
might strive to build better procedures for
achieving the peaceful settlement of inter-
national disputes; as the one forum that
could hold out. the promise, as it grew in
strength and stature, of ultimately replacing
today's rule of violence with tomorrow's
rule of law.
If, following the San Francisco conference,
we had made this j~ind of factual case for
our entry into the United Nations, I believe
oral Assembly when Pope,Paul delivergd his ,the American people would not have been
kiistOxic merge. I was struck by the fervor _ left to nurse the exaggerated expectation
tiY his. plea or peace, and by the strength that the U.N. would prove a panacea for
4; hie endor6ement of the United Nations. peace. Then, perhaps, the failures of the
Nat only did he call it the `last hope of con- U.N., which were bound to come, would not
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Moreover, the U.N. auspices did much to
mgbilize world opinion against the aggres-
sion, to a degree that American unilateral
adtton never equld have accomplished.
The limited participation of the U.N. in
-the Korean war led it to becgme centrally
involved as the principal fireman in snuffing
out'the fighting at Suez in 1956. This time
a Wa~* was found to set up a LT:N. command,
with troops furnished by the smaller mem-
ber nations, whose mission it was to restore
peace aiifl order along the U`aza strip. The
presence of these impartial sentinels to patrol
the seething boundary between Egypt and
Israel proved acceptable tv both countries,
and. enabled the French and British to dfs-
en~age without disgrace. U.N. forces still re-
maln in Cratia, where they have been auccess-
ful, thus far, in preventing any;neweruption
along this uneasy border.
The biggest fire brigade operation yet un-
dertaken by the IInited Nations occurred in
the Congo. Here again, the' intervention"of
the U1V'., at the request of the Congolese
Government," was indispensable "to 'rector-
Yng'order out of a chaos which threatened
to engulf all of central Africa. Had we gone
in alone to do this job, as some of our. shrill
U.N.. critics advocated, I daresay we would
find ourselves today in the same bottomless
quagmire, faced. with the same dreary pros-
,pecta, with which we are in trui;h confronted
in South Vietnam-
$ince the spngo, the U.N. has played a
vital .part in arranging acease-fire in both
:Cyprus; and as mentioned- earlier, in the
India-Pakistan war over Kashmir. In nei-
ther of these sltuatfons, do we now have a
guaranteed peace, but the chances for avoid-
in~ further bloodshed have been brightened
by the persistence of the United Nations.
VPherever" the U.N. has acted as a world
policeman, we none found our own national
interests well served. Several months ago;
ozr the floor of the Senate, I advocated that
we enlist the help oi= the U.N:'in the search
for- "a peaceful ~ solution in 'Vietnam; and i
have been encouraged by the' moves Prest-
dent .fohnson has since made in this direc-
The notable peacemaking stacceses of the
U.N., in Africa and Asia, contain a lesson
that we. should. not overlook. The U.N. has
no .race, creed, ,or color; it is as varied in
its composition: as tihe 117 cotrritriea that
now make up its membership. The U.N.
bears no onus for ever having engaged in
cplonialksm or .imperialism; it' lacks the ifr-
trinsic power to menace even little coun-
tries, and so it is neither feared nor dis-
trusted by them. Finally, the U.N. is a
genuine international organization which
does not separate the "have" countries from
the: '`have pots," the big from the small, the
strong from the weak, the developed from
the undeveloped, the capitalist from the So-
cialist, or _even the Communist. It has re-
-fused to become tli~ handmaiden of any
particular alinement or ideology.
If experience proves anything at all, it is
that upheaval among the black, brown, and
yellow peoples, now emerging', in their own
right throughout Africa and' Asia, is not
likely to be assuaged for long through the
unilateral intervention of any white nation.
The empires which Western power could
not hold, that power cannot now pacify.
But because the United Natioxrs has proved
itself to be theirs, as well as ours, it can
.often play the role of "honest broker" and
even that. of the welcome policeman on the
' beat, when violence breaks out within, or
between, countries which wee so recently
the res"tive possessions of the '~estern World.
Cne cannot appreciate the Mull scope or
significance of the"United Nations without
s look at Sts-work to improve' living stand-
ards. The widening gap tietween the rich
nations and the. poor, which,' in the main,
separates those countries of predominantly
white population from the colored, lies like
a time bomb beneatli our superficial efforts
to prey stye stability and peace. Unless this
gap cari tie held in check and then narrowed
in-the ~~ears ahead, the time may come when
the is CoYogical differences dividing the
Wester: World will be swept aside, as the
affluent:" white nations Join common cause
against `the looming specter of racial war.
To a'~oid this catastrophe, the United Na-
tions i,t at work, helping to channel both
l:how-k. pw and capital from the rich Indus-
trial countries to the poor undeveloped.
Of everq 20 U.N. employees, 17 are engaged kn
these 1 rograms of soci~. 1 progress and eoo-
nomic _~rowtlt. Through the U.N.'s World
HealthOrganization, tropical diseases are
under 121entless attack-malaria is about to
pe eradicated from the face of the earth.
Varicii@ U.N._itgencies are making loans
and tec YiDical guidance available to promote
monetary stability and long-range economic
deyelopmfrnt--the World Bank, the'Interna-
tionai ..Finance Corporation, the Inter-
nationid . Development Association, the
]hternE,Lional Mgnetary Fund, the technical
assista~lc? program, and the Special Fund.
As fcr-our own foreign aid program, noth-
ing gives. us greater trouble than trying to
reconcile our belief that imrpoving living
standa~ ds abroad is a goal in itself, which
uttimal~ely serves our national interest, with
the a~ikwardness of extending American
grants and loans to countries engaging in
policiee that we regard as unfriendly. This
is not ~rnly hard for the American people to
unders~;and: it ie equally incomprehensible
to the recipient governments. Our own peo-
ple conclude that we are embarked upon the
folly of trying to buy friends, while the for-
eign ge vernments concerned suspect that we
are offering them. money to make them sub-
servient, and so either demand the money
without Strings attached, or engage in that
uow-familiar game of diplomatic blackmail,
.obtaining their .own terms by playing us off
against the Russians or the Chinese.
This experience, coupled with the fact that
other iich nations should bear their share
of the cost, has caused the Senate Foreign
]I.elatians Committee to recommend that the
United- States shift its emphasis-from a
bilatentl basis to a multilateral basis-in the
making- of long-term loans for economic
development. Thin would mean expanding
tihe ro]e of the 'U.N. agencies, an obJectkve
I strop;ly favor, not only for diplomatic rea-
sons, but for sound business reasons as well.
Eugene Black, who so ably managed the
affairs ~f-the World-Bank, has explained the
success of investments made through the
iJ.N. leading agencies, in these words:
"Bec ruse they are known to have no
ulterio:~'motive, they can exert more influence
over tY a use of a loan than is possible for a
bilater: al lender; they can insist that the
protects for which they lend are established
on a ~cbund basis, and-most important-
they can make their lending conditional
upon commensurate efforts being made by
i:he recipient country itself."
In your home community, a loan extended
on hart terms by aself-styled friend is usu-
ally reo;ented by the person receiving it, al-
1;hougY. that same person would expect such
terms :'rom the local bank. It is- no differ-
ent to the community of nations.
In 11 s role of nation building, the work
of the T.N. has barely begun. Nowhere is
this morn evident than in the compelling
need ti vastly expand the world's supply of
food.
We ~imerfcans find it hard to realize-that
hunger `stalks the world. Most of us have
more tiara enough to eat; our most common
problem 'is overeating, so the doctors may.
But m~rre than half the world's people suffer
from c:ironic malnutrition. And the hunger
problem ' is getting worse, not better. If
drastic:irleasures are not taken soon, it is
estimated that tihe diet of two out of every
ove~rnber 8, 1965
three people :in the world will deteriorate,
rather than improve, in the years ahead.
The reason is not hard to guess. It has
taken 100,000- years far the uaorld's popula-
tion to reach its present level of 3 billion
people. In 3@~ years, between. now and the
end of this century, 3 billion more will be
added.
India exemp~lifles. the incredible population
explosion the world must face. Within a
scant 15 year;:, India's population will grow
by another 200 million people, which is more
than the pre~;ent population of the United
States.
Already, in Latin America, we see the drain
on food supply occasioned by the burgeoning
population. In the thirties, Latin America
was the greai;est grain-exporting region of
the world. Today, Latin America imports
more grain than it exports. By the year
2000, 600 million Latin Americans will com-
pete for a fond supply which now scarcely
feeds 250 million.
Obviously, the problem. is much too big for
any one nation to solve, even one with such
food surpluses; as our oven. Only by band-
ing together to achieve more efficient distri-
bution of food, to irrigate vast stretches of
now unproduw larger with each
passing year?
Yes, there .are those who do not believe
it. Even in tYris enlightened country, a mili-
tant minority of U.N. kraters are zealously
at work. Tiisdaining all things foreign,
they see the world through Red glasses. To
them, the "U.LT. is some kind of Communist
trick. If you te:11 them that, on its own vot-
ing record, the 'U.N. has shown. itself a friend
of freedom-l;h.at no Soviet resolution ao-
tively opposed'. by the United States has ever
been approvedl by the General Assembly, they
respond that this !s bttt a clever ploy to
disguise the true Communist character of
the organization. If you remind them that
the Soviet. U:n1.on has had to exercise her
veto more them a hundred times in the Se-
curity Counc[l, to prevent it from taking
action against Russian interests, while the
United States has yet to cast her first veto
vote, they respond, with straight faces, that
this proves U.N. procedures were set up to
serve the Russians best. These anguished
people can never be persuaded.
But fortunately, the great; bulk of our
people are bf:tter balanced find better in-
formed. Commonsense tells them that,
despite the diversity among nations, or the
conflicts in ideology, we all share a common
interest in survival. As Secretary of State,
Dean Rusk, kiss observed: "In the world of
today any breach of tb.e peace could lead
to the destruction of civilization. In the
thermonucler ege, any instrumentality with
the potential for deterring war can hardly
be described as less than indispensable to
mankind."
In June of this year, :C introduced a reso-
lutton in the' Senate, quickly approved in
both Houses, vigorously re:rfllrming con-
gressional support of the United Nations. A
few days later, it was my priv9lege to accom-
pany President Johnson to San Francisco,
where he addressed the 20th anniversary
celebration. There, I heard ;aim renew our
pledge to uphold the Charter of the United
Nations, with- these memorable words:
"I do know this: W1~ether we look for
Judgment to Gad, or to history, or to man-
kind, this is the age, and we: are. the men,