SOUTHEAST ASIA POLICY

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P~GKSI AL, RECORD - ROUSE
3217
migration and, Nationality Act, to en- Ing of futility, and perhaps it may affect
ter California ,pn a temporary basis to their physical and mental health. For
harvest our crops. But the Secretary many of them the opportunity to utilize
says he will not do that. their earning power provides a healthy
Sq, it appears that we will get more feeling of usefulness and self-reliance.
beaus, which already are bulging the It is an opportunity we should not deny
seams of Government warehouses with to them. We should provide all Ameri-
'the taxpayers footing the bill. can citizens, in whatever ways we can,
.CORRECTING INJUSTICES IN
SOCIAL SECURITY LAW
(Mr. EDWARDS of Alabama was
granted permission to extend his remarks
at this point in the RECORD and to in-
clude extraneous matter.)
Mr. EDWARDS of Alabama. Mr.
Speaker, I am introducing today for con-
sideration of this body a bill designed to
correct a real injustice in our social
security laws.
The Social Security Act requires that a
person under the age of 72, if' he is to
receive full benefits coming to him under
the law, cannot earn for himself more
than $100 a month. If he is able and
willing to use his skills to work and help
beyond that to meet his own financial
needs he is penalized for that effort.
If a social security beneficiary accu-
mulates annual earnings between $1,200
and $1,700, then the Government with-
holds from his social security check $1
In benefits for every $2 of annual earn-
ings above the $1,200 figure.
If he earns more than $1,700 then his
social security benefits are reduced by
whatever amount he earns above that
figure.
My bill would simply double the amount
Which social security beneficiaries can
earn through their own efforts without
being penalized.
Under this bill a person receiving so-
cial security benefits can earn up to
$2,400 a year without being penalized for
his effort. It would mean that our older
citizens would have a better opportunity
for helping to take care of their own
needs-certainly an opportunity which
the Government should not prohibit.
There is ample evidence to show why
this bill ought to be approved in this
with the best chance possible for achiev-
ing economic independence. And with
that objective in mind I urge. early con-
sideration and approval of my bill.
PRESIDENT SHOULD CALL CON-
STITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF
NATO
(Mr. FINDLEY (at the request of Mrs.
REID of Illinois) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. FINDLEY. Mr. Speaker, I have
today suggested to President Johnson
what I consider to be a powerful and
peaceful way to take the initiative in
the not-so-cold war with the Commu-
nists.
In a letter, I suggest that the Presi-
dent call a constitutional convention
of North Atlantic Treaty Organization
nations.
The object of the convention would
be to propose for ratification a plan to
unify the military, monetary, trade, and
foreign policies of the nations which
make up NATO. The mere proposal of
this convention would put us in a posi-
tive position in the contest with com-
munism, strengthen our position of
free world leadership and put the Com-
munists in a difficult defensive position.
Since World War II we. have been
hopping from one Communist-inspired
crisis to another-Berlin, Lebanon, Que-
moy, Cuba, Vietnam. It is high time we
take the initiative and put the Commu-
nists on the defensive. The constitu-
tional convention idea is both power-
ful and peaceful, as American history
itself attests.
The work our forefathers did in Phila-
delphia in 1787 in creating the U.S.
non-"`
utio
selves are almost totally inadequate tO other rtuoin.
act and ext history. . peace than any
meet the daily requirements of persons stitution, Under the Con-
over 65. States beset with monetary,
Second, most of _us are aware of the trade, and military problems-weakened
substantial public support for an increase fe division-were
y and and lwere brought permanently. unity
in the earnings limitation. Several bills was fee achieved in a system . that This untie
have been introduced in the past to Central l Government needed d strength ngts but
achieve this objective. Letters have ength but
flowed into Congress from all parts of protects individual liberty and the au-
of .
the country expressing support. The thority r
blem confronting at a time when we are giving bons oday parallel in g the free the
pa many ways t the
special attention to help for senior citi- problems ms the 13 Original
zens, it is an ironic contradiction that the faced. dU.S. States
Government should actually penalize the c Tee then, division weakens
older people who are able and willing to problems cause e free and magnifies the
supplement their income. p of freedom
of the f free world.
Surely not all persons over 65 are the the In his Presidency, , Georg tae on lshing-
same. There are great differences in ton warned against George al i
their needs and abilities. Government ances" d these significant
should make a maximum effort to provide antes" an added these signisificant
help where the need is the greatest. And words:
those who can take care of themselves To the United States) a and permanency a your
should be given every chance to do so. (the the ho led Indispensable. ensab a goNo alliances, for
For many senior citizens who are able owe however strict, between athe a allices,
to work, idleness means boredom, a feel- an adequate substitute. They ,must In-
evitably experience the infractions and in-
terruptions which alliances in all times have
experienced.
As presently constituted, the NATO
organization of today must be classified
as one of the undependable entangling
alliances about which Washington
warned. Certainly it is doing no better
than Articles of Confederation which
failed to meet the problems of the 13
Original States in the preconvention
period. Infractions and interruptions
of the alliance are apparent at every
turn of the road. A government for the
whole of NATO is just as indispensable
today as it was for the 13 Original U.S.
States in 1787, when a Constitutional
Convention was called.
Those who prize freedom today must
somehow match the achievements of our
forefathers in 1787.
INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT
BANK
(Mr. YOUNGER (at the request of
Mrs. REID of Illinois) was granted per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. YOUNGER. Mr. Speaker, last
Thursday the House passed an authori-
zation increasing the capital of the In-
ter-American Development Bank by $750
million, the increase to take place in
three stages of $250 million each and the
first increase to be included in the 1965
fiscal year.
Quoting from the Summary of Activ-
ities of the Inter-American Bank for
1964, we find this quote:
A primary concern of the Bank in the field
of economic development has been to in-
crease the volume of external funds available
for agriculture and industry. This is being
accomplished through loans made directly
by the Bank to private and public enterprises
and through loans made to Latin American
financial institutions which relend the pro-
ceeds in turn to small- and medium-scale
producers, thus benefiting the small-scale
businessman and farmer who has previously
not had access to international credit fa-
cilities.
While the House was taking this ac-
tion, the President was addressing 370
American international business and
banking leaders at the White House and
made a plea to them in these words:
I want you to go back to your offices and
call in your controllers and your vice presi-
dents. I want you to ask them to consult
you every time they face a decision that in-
volves sending money abroad. And I count
on you to cut those outflows to the bone.
It seems to me that much of the Fed-
eral Government money which goes
abroad does not return. I believe the
debate shows that the Inter-American
Development Bank is now making 85-
percent soft loans and only 15-percent
hard loans. It is true that business has
invested a lot of money overseas, much
of it upon appeal from the Federal Gov-
ernment. Up until the end of 1956, in-
dividuals and private business organiza-
tions had invested a total of $33 billion
overseas. At the end of 1963, this over-
sea investment had risen to $66 billion
but these investments return dividends
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CONORESSIONAL RE4ORb''HOUSE ebruary 22
321
every year and assist in our balance of pedition to New England, sat for a 15=minute green light to an infiltrating government-
paymerits. filmed interview denouncing our "warmong- in-exile for Cuba. We never learn, and so
I am not suggesting that the private era in the Pentagon," and the film was subse- we are destined. to lose. Our frontiers in
business organizations and individuals quently run off as the piece de resistance at a the future are likely to be the sands of
big peace rally in the Yale Law school audi- Waikiki and the beaches of Key West.
should continue to send money overseas torium in New Haven, Conn.
at any such rate, but I cannot reconcile The Young Americans for Freedom quickly
the fact that the President on the one got into the act with denunciations of WAYNE
hand recommends that the taxpayers' MORSE'S crew of peacemongers. To anyone
money should go overseas in the name of with vivid memories of the bad blood of the
the Federal Government while at the late thirties, when the America Firsters and
same time recommending that individ- the William Allen White prowar committee
members were busy impugning each other's
uals and business organizations should motives, it was all a little ominous.
stop sending any of their money for ill- What is especially sobering is that an in-
vestment overseas. It is the old story ternal quarrel over our Far Eastern policy
thaowhat is good for the goose ought to could, if events cause it to sharpen, end up
be g d for the gander. by becoming considerably more debilitat-
ing than the battle of the 1930's.
The peace party of the pre-World War II
Isola-
SOUTHEAST ASIA POLICY times was a mixture of pacifists and
but the vast majority were funda-
nists
110
,
mentally motivated by a loyalty to the land
request of Mrs. REID of Illinois) was of their birth. Practically none of the Amer-
granted permission to extend his re- ica Firsters wanted to see a Nazi victory and
marks at this point in the RECORD and there were certainly no admirers of Japanese
Mr. EDWARDS of Alabama. Mr. When Pearl Harbor came, most of the
ar as a matter
i
th
e w
n
Speaker, one of the very curious elements America Firsters got
of today's public discussions regarding of course. Charles Lindbergh, for example,
tested war planes for the Ford Motor Co.,
our southeast Asia policy is the fact that and later flew some incognito missions in the
so many Americans, including some high Pacific. Chester Bowles became such a big
officials, appear to be entirely unable to wheel in the Roosevelt wartime price control
learn from the lessons of history. For apparatus that everyone forgot he had been
years now the Communists of Asia, as a member of America First.
well as elsewhere, have followed their The difference in the pre-1941 atmosphere
mem-
tactics of continual public agitation and and that of the present is that many mem-
bers of our current peace party are at least
subversion, and continual probing for half-convinced that the Russians and the
weak spots, ready to advance when they Red Chinese represent "progressivism." No-
can, or to bide their time when they can- body would have said that of the Nazis; in-
not. deed, Anne Lindbergh, who was accused of
Their efforts to portray the United calling fascism "the wave of the future," ac-
States as morally wrong in Vietnam are tually said that the Nazis were the "scum on
paying off for them. It was only a few the wave of the future." The peace party,
this time, isn't calling the Red Chinese
years ago that our foreign policy was ,.scum,,
predicated on the supposition that hav- Instead, there is every effort, to make it
ing witnessed the advance of Communist appear that the United States, by becoming
domination throughout China, North involved in South Vietnam, is morally in the
are "our out-
Korea, large parts of Laos, and North wrong. Snatora Moass
Asia." We of
Vietnam, we would draw the line where lawry supporting "unpopular, illegal re accused
South Vietnam was concerned, and act menus" even cases where w are willing to
show that this was the line we would accept any government that happens to have
UNDERWITHHOLDING OF FEDERAL
INCOME TAXES FOR 1964
(Mr. CLANCY (at the request of Mrs.
REID of Illinois) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. CLANCY. Mr. Speaker, as
April 15 draws near, more and more tax-
payers are learning the sad truth about
the underwithholding of Federal income
taxes during 1964, leaving them in the
difficult position of not having adequate
funds readily available to meet their tax
liabilities.
Although this problem was anticipated
by many of us who knew that payroll
deductions were not being made at the
rate of tax liability, it is clear that a large
number of taxpayers were unaware of
this withholding snafu.
In order to lessen the impact of the
tax burden facing so many of our citi-
zens, I am cosponsoring a bill which will
give taxpayers until April 15, 1966 to pay
one-half of the 1964 withholding defi-
ciency. The balance of the deficiency
would be spread out through 1965, in this
way taking care of the extra underwith-
holding.
Enactment of this measure should ob-
viate the need of using up savings and
should prevent any undesirable effects
on the economy as a, result of decreased.
purchasing power. I strongly urge early
and favorable action on this proposal.
OBLIGATIONS OF GERMAN GOV-
ERNMENT IN MIDDLE EAST
(Mr. ROOSEVELT (at the request of
Mr. PURCELL) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, the
cancellation by West Germany of her
agreement to supply Israel with defen-
sive military equipment is an abject and
deplorable surrender to the blackmail
of the Nasser dictatorship. Morally, the
West German position is indefensible. It
will prove to be harmful and self-de-
feating even to the Germans. Appease-
ment has never worked in international
relationships and the history of this
century is replete with such examples.
I urge that the Bonn government re-
consider its actions and evaltiate both
public opinion throughout all the free
world and carefully assay the damage
her actions threatens in upsetting the
balance of power that has prevailed in
the Middle East. Chancellor Ehrhard's
government must understand that their
course of action is designed to weaken
Israel and to strengthen Egypt, both
militarily and in terms of prestige and
influence. It will serve to encourage and
inflame Arab passions and will be a
dreadful disservice to Israel, the only
nation in that part of the world that
looks to the West and is dedicated to
freedom.
defend. the support of whoever or whatever happens
But now, partly because in the past 4 to be the constitutive power in a land that
years we appeared to be hesitant about has never known democracy.
our determination on this point, as evi- This columnist does not go for the con-
denced by our eagerness to accommodate spiracy theory of history. It is my conten-
the Communists in Laos, thereby leaving tion that it is contagion, not conspiracy,
the Ho Chi Minh trail open for Com- which explains the spread of doctrines that
monist infiltration into South Vietnam, prevent the West from making a stand for
its own values anywhere outside its own
the Communists of Asia are pressing narrow borders. The contagion is abetted
harder. And with this, some would have by a dominant group In the State Depart-
us believe that ,South Vietnam is not, ment that has obviously never made any
after all, the place for us to draw the line. basic study of Marxist theory and practice.
These people say that maybe Thailand is Put into a nutshell, the foreign policies of
the place. Or maybe Singapore, or per- both Soviet Russia and Red China are based
haps the Philippines. on a sapper's concept of a never-ending war-
fare. It is a matter of tunnelling and under-
This phenomenon, and where it can mining wherever such tactics promise to pay
lead us, is given excellent treatment in a off,
column by John Chamberlain appearing The guerrilla and the fifth columnist are
in the Washington Post of February 18, the conscious agents of the enemy. But there
1965, called "Back to Waikiki and Key are the unconscious ones--the stupid Intel-
West." I request that it be reprinted lectual who never can look beneath the sur-
here and I urge its consideration: face, the shallow moralist who falls for holy
verbiage, the person who believes that so-
BACK TO WATSrKI AND KEY WEST cialism is coming? anyway so why make a
(By'John Chamberlain) fightOf it.
The sudden heightenting of the conflict in To win in a sapper's war, one-has to know
southeast Asia last week caused an almost the enemy for what he is and be prepared to
instantaneous polarization of sentiment in- meet him on his terms if you aren't willing
side the United States that was reminiscent and able to impose your own. But we are
of the war and peace party standoffs of the too honorable to help Chiang Kai-shek put
late 1930's. Senator WAYNE Moses, of Ore- his own guerrillas ashore on the Chinese
gon, who happened to be on a speaking ex- mainland, and too simple hearted to give the
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1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
We admit there are a lot more current
things to worry about than what will happen
in a couple of hundred years. But it ought
to be on our conscience if we contribute to
the downfall of Western civilization.
But just who will the "barbarians" be?
Maybe they will be the Chinese. They have,
for at least 4,000 years, "known" that they
are the chosen people.
It may turn out they are right-just be-
cause today we are heading for the Great
Society-and maybe oblivion.
Futility of the Administration's Farm
Program
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. THOMAS B. CURTIS
OF MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 22, 1965
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, the con-
tinued reliance on existing Federal farm
programs illustrates the failure of this
administration to discover a broad and
effective solution to the plight of the
American farmer. A prerequisite for any
successful solution would necessarily in-
volve a gradual dismantling of the costly
and waste-producing system of price
supports, which benefit only the relative-
ly prosperous one-third of the rural com-
munity. A recent article in the Wall
Street Journal outlines the futility and
.wastefulness of the present farm pro-
gram and offers some constructive alter-
natives.
The revival of the soil bank idea to
remove good acreage from production
through the payment of premiums over-
looks the fact that overcultivation is a
direct result of the price-support sytsem
which encourages farmers to cultivate as
much land as possible. It would also cost,
by conservative estimates, $1 billion a
year.
What is needed, as the article points
out, is a return to something approach-
ing a free market in agriculture, which
would lead to the idling of less desirable
land and the conversion of it to other
uses.
At the same time, the Government
should spur efforts of rural communities
tq provide new jobs and encourage re-
training and other educational programs
which could fit farmers for more useful
types of work.
Under unanimous consent, I include
the Journal article in the RECORD at
this point:
Two SIDES OF THE FARM COIN
"We need to change much of our thinking
on farm policy * * *. We need to separate
the social problems of rural America from
the economic problems of commercial agri-
culture."
Thus President Johnson recognized, in his
farm message to Congress last week, that
there are two sides to the farm coin, a fact
that the Government up to now has largely
ignored. There is the relatively prosperous
upper one-third of the rural community,
which gets most of the benefit from present
price supports. And there are the rest of the
farmers, who are either so .small or so ineffi-
cient that they draw little help from current
programs.
Recognition of this rural division is basic
to a realistic approach to the problems of the
farm economy. But there is a second step of
equal importance: A gradual dismantling of
the costly and waste-producing system of
price supports. This step the administration
still shows no willingness to take.
It's hard to explain this reluctance on any
ground other than politics. Mr. Johnson
clearly recognizes that successful farming
has become a sizable business; he notes that
a good farm in the Midwest now requires
capital of close to $100,000, more than 10
times the figure for three decades earlier.
There is no economic justification for con-
tinued coddling of this group and for the
rest of the farmers the support system has
long been a delusion.
Nonetheless, the administration proposes
not only to preserve the present price sup-
ports almost intact but to launch other ef-
forts to control agricultural surpluses. The
most prominent of these is a revival of the
old soil bank idea, paying farmers for taking
land out of production.
The soil bank failed before because farmers,
quite naturally, idled only their least pro-
ductive acres. The Government now pro-
poses to overcome this obstacle by paying
premiums for taking good land out of pro-
duction; conservative estimates place the
cost of such a program at a staggering $1
billion a year.
This proposal overlooks the fact that the
present overcultivation of farm land is large-
ly a direct result of the price support system,
which encourages everyone to cultivate as
many acres as possible. A return to some-
thing approaching a free market in agricul-
ture would, in all probability, lead to the
idling of a good deal of less desirable land
and the eventual conversion of it to other
uses.
Elimination of price supports in stages,
moreover, would free a great deal of money
for helping the farmers who really need help.
There is no question that the Government
has an obligation to aid these farmers, since
their troubles stem in considerable measure
from the distortions created in the rural
economy by past and present Federal pro-
grams.
If the Government wants to help the poorer
farmers, it might consider that a free mar-
ket farm economy would create additional
jobs; for one thing, it would have to take
over much of the present crop-storage ac-
tivity of the Agriculture Department. The
Government could certainly aid and en-
courage this employment-boosting con-
version.
The Government could at the same time
spur the self-help efforts of rural communi-
ties to provide off-farm jobs. It's conceivable
that the Area Redevelopment Administra-
tion, as the President suggests, can be help-
ful in this, though the ARA's past record
shows that, as Mr. Johnson also says, the
agency is in need of improvement.
In addition, the Government could partici-
pate in setting up retraining and other edu-
cational programs that could better fit
farmers for more fruitful lines of work. It
could provide job information and other
services that would assist farmers in the
process of rural reconversion.
There is no scarcity of such alternatives.
The President proposes that the present Na-
tional Agricultural Advisory Commission,
now heavily weighted with farmers, be
changed to a broader based Commission on
Food and Fiber; the commission may come
up with. useful ideas. Perhaps it will even
see the futility of present price supports.
By acknowledging that the farm coin has
two sides, the administration has made a
start. But if the Government is not to go
on forever pouring the taxpayers' coin into
profitless programs, it will finally be neces-
sary to take the second,step and free the
farm market of its Federal fetters.
GOP Magnificent in Viet Crisis
E$/I'ENSION OF REMARKS
I(/HON. DEL CLAWSON
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 22, 1965
Mr. DEL CLAWSON. Mr. Speaker, on
the birthday of the first President of
these United States, we customarily re-
call his advice to his countrymen upon
resigning that high office. One hundred
and sixty-nine years later, certain of his
words retain a particular appropriate-
ness for Americans today:
The unity of government which consti-
tutes you one people is also now dear to you.
It is justly so: for it is a main pillar in the
edifice of your real independence; the sup-
port of your tranquility at home; your peace
abroad; of your safety; of your prosperity;
of that very liberty which you so highly
prize.
Commemorating the spirit of Presi-
dent Washington's Farewell Address, I
ask consent to extend my remarks in the
RECORD to include an editorial which ap-
peared in this morning's Washington
Post, paying tribute to the bipartisanship
of our minority leaders in the present
threat to "peace abroad." The article
follows:
GOP MAGNIFICENT IN VIET CRISIS
(By William S. White)
Magnificent is the word for the Republican
Party and its congressional leaders in the
crisis of national purpose and national will
and national honor that is rising in south-
east Asia.
Rarely in history has a minority party
given such wide and generous support to an
administration of the opposite party as is
now being granted to President Johnson in
his efforts to help halt Communist aggres-
sion in South Vietnam and thus to blunt
the most recent grave challenge of interna-
tional communism to peace and world order.
The assistance being extended by the outs
to the in President, Mr. Johnson, is if any-
thing, even greater than that extended to a
Republican President, Dwight D. Eisenhower,
by Mr. Johnson and his senior Democratic
colleagues when the Republicans held the
White House and the Democrats held Con-
gress.
Whatever else may or may not be done in
this Congress by Senator EVERETT MCKINLEY
DIRKSEN of Illinois, the Senate Republican
leader, and Representative GERALD FORD of
Michigan, the House Republican leader, it
will be dwarfed by the historic contribution
they are making to keep this country strong
and united in the face of foreign war.
Indeed, watching them at work one can
almost believe that as a Nation we may have
actually reached here, for a time anyhow,
that heretofore impossible and unattainable
ideal-a politics, as to foreign affairs, of a
maturity to match the complexity and grav-
ity of these affairs in this decade. No doubt
politics as usual will shortly descend over
the scene; even so DIRKSEN, FORD and com-
pany are entitled to the most earnest of
salutes for what thus far they have done and
tried to do.
In their actions the phrase "responsible
opposition" is taking on the dignity of fact;
it is a reality and not merely an expression
of what is desirable. If the President is able
to bring this Nation through the trials of
Vietnam without the stain of appeasement
on the one hand or the horror of major war
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX February 22
In Asia on the other these men will have
played a memorably significant part.
It is a curious thing to see how, when
the heat is really intense and the way ahead
Is hard and hazardous, some high political
reputations begin to look just a bit dubious
and some hitherto more or less routine and
pedestrian reputations begin to develop a
strength, a vitality and an intellectual can-
dor that had been, by most people, wholly
unexpected.
So it is now. Some so-called foreign policy
experts on the Democratic side, in Congress
speak for a new and cleverly worded form of
isolationism. Because things are admittedly
sticky in Vietnam because the non-Commu-
nist regime we assist is admittedly weak and
scarcely "democratic" as we understand the
word, these people have only a policy for sur-
render wrapped up in talk about the right-
eousness of "negotiation."
But negotiations are not possible with ma-
rauders until first they have been forced
to cease their killing and looting and until
first they have given some evidence that
the end of any new negotiation will not be
the same as the end of all other negotiations
going back to 1954-that is, uninterrupted
Communist aggression.
So DIRKSEN, FORD and company see the
reality for what it is, describe it for what it
is, and rejecting short-term partisan gain at
the expense of the administration, stand
with the President and the Democratic ma-
jority-and, in this case, with the vital inter-
ests also of the United States of America.
NOW, FORD is a young man and no doubt
has much of life and hope ahead of him. But
DIRKSEN Is an elderly man, by definition a
man nearing the end of the long trail, and
a far from hale and well man, too, If it comes
to that. He has taken many a lump in his
time, and a good many of them, in my opin-
ion, he had coming to him. For he was not
always the DIRKSEN of today; not any part
of the DIRKSEN of today.
But for the last 4 years, at minimum, no
public man alive has more faithfully, more
courageously, more wryly and more respon-
sibly served the higher purposes of this coun-
try. There ought to be a kind of medal for
unassuming-and absolutely irreplaceable-
service of this kind.
George Washington, Creator of the Purple
Heart Award
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN G. DOW
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 22, 1965
Mr. DOW. Mr. Speaker, we are all
familiar with many of the achievements
of our first President, whose birthday we
celebrate today,- but few of us are aware
that he was the creator of the Purple
Heart Award, a badge of military merit.
The first Purple Heart Award was made
on August 7, 1782, the day George Wash-
ington Issued the order for Its establish-
ment at Newburgh, N.Y.
In 1932 Gen. Douglas MacArthur is-
sued orders to reactivate this award
which had honored the heroes of the
War for Independence.
It Js fitting that this award created
by George Washington, one of the Na-
tion's past great military leaders, has
been used in recent years to confer dis-
tinction upon our outstanding military
heroes.
Mr. Speaker, under unanimous con-
sent, I include the text of Washington's
order in the Appendix of the RECORD:
U.S. ARMY HEADQUARTERS,
Newburgh, N.Y., August 7, 1782.
Orders of the day: For fatigue tomorrow,
the 2d Massachusetts Regiment.
Countersign-York, Lancaster.
The general, ever desirous to cherish a
virtuous ambition in his soldiers, as well as
to foster and encourage every species of mili-
tary merit, directs that whenever any singu-
larly meritorious action is performed, the
author of it shall be permitted to wear on
his facings over the left breast, the figure
of a heart in purple cloth or silk, edged with
narrow lace or bindings. The road to glory
in a patriot Army and free country is thus
open to all. This order is also to have ret-
rospect to the earliest stages of the war,
and is to be considered a permanent one.
G. WASHINGTON,
Commander in Chief.
Secrecy in Government Should Be
Eliminated
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. SAM GIBBONS
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 22, 1965
Mr. GIBBONS. Mr. Speaker, I be-
lieve that we should take every step pos-
sible to reduce secrecy in Government,
and I am pleased to join with many of
my colleagues in urging the passage of
legislation to assure that Government
records are available to the public. Too
long the records of Government agencies
have been shrouded in mystery and se-
crecy, surrounding the operations of our
Government in a paper wall, which some-
times even a Congressman cannot cut,
and preventing citizens from access to
information to whichthey are rightfully
entitled.
Under th provisions of the bill I am
Introducing today, every Government
agency would be required to "make all
its records promptly available to any
persons." However, sensitive informa-
tion areas would be exempt, such as
security and personnel. matters and in-
formation that private concerns must
submit to the Government. To enforce
the right of citizens to receive informa-
tion to which they are entitled, my bill
provides that if a person is denied ac-
cess to public records, he can go into a
Federal district court and obtain an order
for the production of agency records or
information improperly withheld from
him. It would be up to the Government
to prove its right to withhold the rec-
ords, and the courts could punish agency
officials for contempt if they refused to
comply with a judge's order.
The eight categories of "sensitive In-
formation" exempt from my bill are:
national security secrets specifically pro-
tected by executive order; documents
solely related to personnel records and
practices; information specifically pro-
tected by other laws; privileged private
commercial information obtained from
the public, such as trade secrets; agency
memorandums dealing solely with mat-
ters of law or policy; personnel and medi-
cal files; files of law enforcement agen-
cies dealing with investigations; and re-
ports of financial Institutions submitted
to regulatory agencies.
Secrecy in Government should be elim-
inated. It is by having a citizenry,
knowledgeable in all facets of Govern-
ment, that we remain strong. Freedom
of information belongs to citizens whose
Government is by the people, of the peo-
ple, and for the people.
Congress should enact freedom of in-
formation measures to assure the free
access of information from Government
agencies, it can also lead the way by
opening many of its executive, or secret,
hearings to which the public is barred.
Congress Has a Responsibility To Find
the Answers
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. F. EDWARD HEBERT
OF LOUISIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 22, 1965
Mr. HEBERT. Mr. Speaker, one of the
most authoritative spokesmen for the
U.S. Navy, and the armed services in gen-
eral, has long been the Navy Times.
I am always interested in reading this
publication, and I consistently find ar-
ticles and commentaries of particular
significance to Members of Congress.
In this connection, I wish to call atten-
tion to the editorial in the February 24
issue of the Navy Times.
This editorial focuses on numerous is-
sues emanating from the Department of
Defense, and the editorial concludes with
the sentence: "Congress has a responsi-
bility to find the answers."
Mr. Speaker, I unhesitatingly say that
Congress will analyze and probe the is-
sues referred to, and Congress will find
the answers.
I therefore submit the editorial into
the RECORD with the simple notation that
It speaks for itself.
UNWISE-AND ARBITRARY
In a series of related moves Defense Sec-
retary Robert S. McNamara has decreed:
Virtual abolition of the Army Reserve, lea-
ing it a conglomeration of individual replace-
ments.
Putting some of the drill pay units into
the National Guard, abolishing the rest and
abolishing many existing National Guard
units.
That key executive, legislative and judicial
officials must leave the Ready Reserves of all.
services.
That many members of the Standby Re-
serve may not maintain proficiency nor
qualify for retirement.
Steps to curtail travel by Congressmen to
military activities, particularly those over..
seas.
If Congress allows all these things to be
done without first having its clear say on the
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islature respectfully applies to the Congress
of the United States to call a convention for
the purpose of propoying the following article
as an amendment to the Constitution of the
United States:
"'ARTICLE -
"'SECTION 1. Nothing in this Constitution
shall prohibit any State which shall have a
bicameral legislature from apportioning the
membership of one house of such legislature
on factors other than population, provided
that the plan of such apportionment shall
have been submitted to and approved by a
vote of the electorate of that State,
"'SEC. 2. Nothing in this Constitution shall
restrict or limit a State in .its determination
of how membership of governing bodies of its
subordingte unit ,shall be apportioned.
-$=. 3. This article shall be inopera
tive unless it shall have. been ratified as an
amendment to the Constitution by the leg-
islatures. of three-fourths of the several
States within 7 years from the date of its
submission to the States by the Congress.'
"Resolved, That if Congress shall have
proposed an amendment to the Constitution
identical with that contained in this resolu-
tion prior to June 1, 1965, this application for
a convention Shall no longer be of any force
or effect; be it further
"Resolved, That a duly attested copy of
this resolution be immediately transmitted
to the Secretary of the Senate of the United
States, the Clerk of the House of Represent-
atives of the United . States, and to each
Member of the ,Congress from this State."
A resolution adopted by the Council of
the Town of Woodside, Calif., favoring a con-
stitutional amendment relating to reappor-
tionment; to the Committee on the Judi-
ciary.
By Mr. MUNIIT:
A concurrent resolution of the Legislature
of the State of South Dakota; to the Com-
mittee on Finance:
"SENATE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 1
"Concurrent resolution memorializing the
Congress of the United States to protect
the economies of the States and territories
by,enacting legislation providing that 10
percent of the individual and corporate
Federal income tax generated in the States
and territories be retained and returned
to the States and territories for their ex-
clusive use beyond Federal control
"Whereas vast amounts of income taxes
and other taxes are being siphoned each
year into the Federal Treasury from the
several States and territories, which lessens
the ability of those governmental subdivi-
sions, and its peoples, to meet their obliga-
tions on the local level and to raise revenue
sufficient to carry the rise in cost of State and
local governments and to meet the demand
Of needed improvements; and
`"Whereas the Federal Government is being
pressed on all sides for various and sundry
uses of the taxes so collected; and
"Whereas the Federal Government's at-
tempts to make amends therefor, by return-
ing to the States certain funds in the way
of grants-in-aid, subsidies and dollar-match-
ing enterprises conceived at the national
level ofttimes complicate the economic prob-
lems of the several States and political sub-
divisions; and
"Whereas it is neither economical nor, ef-
ficient to withdraw huge sums out of the
States and territories. and redistribute funds
under bureaucratic regulations from the
Federal Treasury; and such shifting of funds
results in considerable loss due to increased
administration requirements, entails addi-
tional burdens on the States and ter-
ritories by requiring matching funds, and
deprives the States of a proper direction and
control over such funds; and
"Whereas experience now dictates that of
the funds collected by the Federal Govern-
ment from the above sources, a portion there-
of in many areas of relief and assistance can
be better utilized by the several States and
territories if left therewith prior to their
deposit and retention in the Federal Treas-
ury, thereby reversing the trend of cen-
tralizing all of the funds therein: Now, there-
fore, be it
"Resolved by the Senate of the State of
South Dakota (the House of Representatives
concurring therein), That the Congress cdf the
United States be respectfully urged and re-
quested to adopt legislation whereby the
States and territories would receive from the
appropriate district director of Internal Rev-
enue, at the end of each quarter, 10 percent
of all taxes collected on individual and cor-
porate income under Federal statutes which
would be deemed revenue for the States and
territories, to be used by the States and ter-
ritories as their several legislative bodies
might dictate without any Federal direction,
control or interference; and be it further
"Resolved, That the secretary of the Sen-
ate of the State of South Dakota transmit
copies of this resolution to His Excellency,
the President of the United States, the Hon-
orable Lyndon B. Johnson; to the Honorable
KARL MUNDT, and the Honorable GEORGE Mc-
GovERN, U.S. Senators from South Dakota;
the Honorable E. Y. BERRY, and the Hon-
orable BEN REISEL, Representatives in Con-
gress from the State of South Dakota, with-
in 10 days after the passage and approval
of this resolution:
"Adopted by the senate February 1, 1965.
"Concurred in by the house of representa-
tives February 15, 1965.
"LEM OVERPECK,
"Attest :
"President of the Senate.
"NIELS P. JENSEN,
"Secretary of the Senate.
"CHARLES DROZ,
"Speaker of the House.
"WALTER J. MATSON,
"Chief Clerk."
A concurrent resolution of the Legislature
of the State of South Dakota; to the Commit-
tee On Labor and Public Welfare:
"SENATE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 5
"Concurrent resolution protesting the pro-
posed combination of the Veterans' Ad-
ministration regional office now located
at Sioux Falls, S. Dak., with the regional
office in St. Paul, Minn., and the resultant
problems such combination would create
for South Dakota veterans
"Whereas the Veterans' Administration has
maintained a regional office in Sioux Falls,
S. Dak., since that Federal agency was set up
following World War I, and such office has
handled the administration of veteran law
affecting the veterans of South Dakota, and
adjudication of their claims without undue
expense of time or money to such veterans;
and
"Whereas this has been a service affecting
the physical and economic interest of 70,000
veterans and economic interest of their fam-
ilies, comprising in all a substantial portion
of the population of the State; and
"Whereas the Veterans' Administration
now proposes to combine the Sioux Falls re-
gional office with the St. Paul regional of-
fice at St. Paul, Minn., along with the files
and the administration and adjudication of
South Dakota cases; and
"Whereas this proposal was made without
consultation with or approval of the Con-
gress; and
"Whereas it can mean only delay and added
expense to South Dakota veterans and their
accredited representatives and service of-
ficers in the protection of the interest of said
veterans, with a minimum economy of space
or personnel: Now, therefore, be it
"Resolved, That the South Dakota Legis-
lature protests said transfer and urges that
3225
it be reconsidered and that the regional of-
fice in existence in Sioux Falls, S. Dak., be
continued in existence; and that copies of
this resolution be sent to the President, the
Administrator of Veterans' Affairs, and mem-
bers of the South Dakota delegation in the
Congress of the United States.
"Adopted by the senate February 5, 1965.
"Concurred In by the house of representa-
tives February 15, 1965.
"LEM OVERPECK,
"President of the Senate.
"NIELS P. JENSEN,
"Secretary of the Senate.
"CHARLES DRoz,
"Speaker of the House.
"WALTER J. MATSON,
"Chief Clerk."
A concurrent resolution of the Legislature
of the State of South Dakota; to the Com-
mittee on Public Works:
"HOUSE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 8
"Concurrent resolution, requesting the Corps
of Engineers of the.U.S. Army to establish
visible markers delineating the take lines
of the Missouri River reservoirs
"Whereas it was the pledge of the Corps of
Engineers that the Missouri Basin develop-
ment program would cause the adjacent
landowners no economic loss;
"Whereas the Corps of Engineers has failed
to delineate the take lines of the Missouri
River dams with visible markers; and
"Whereas the taking lines of the Missouri
River dams are by metes and bounds rather
than along political subdivision lines; and
"Whereas the owners of land adjacent to'
the Missouri River dams have been forced to
hire private surveyors to plat and to survey
the take lines, and then mark such take lines;
"Whereas it is unfair to the adjacent land-
owners to have to pay for such surveying and
the establishing of such markers; and
"Whereas the lack of adequate markers for
the take lines results in a problem of great
magnitude affecting a large number of the
citizens of the State of South Dakota: Now,
therefore, be it
"Resolved, That the House of Representa-
tives of the State of South Dakota (the Senate
concurring therein), respectfully requests the
Corps of Engineers to establish visible mark-
ers delineating the take lines of the Mis-
souri River reservoirs; be it further
"Resolved, That copies of this concurrent
resolution be forwarded to the Honorable
Secretary of the Army of the United States;
to the Chief of the Corps of Engineers of
the U.S. Army at Omaha, Nebr.; to the Hon-
orable KARL MUNDT and the Honorable
GEORGE MCGOVERN, U.S. Senators from South
Dakota; and to the Honorable E. Y.. BERRY
and the Honorable BEN REIFEL, Representa-
tives in Congress from South Dakota."
ADDITIONAL COSPONSORS OF
BILLS
Under authority of the orders of the
Senate, as indicated below, the following
names have been added as additional co-
sponsors for. the following bills:
Authority of February 3, 1965:
S. 985. A bill to regulate interstate and
foreign commerce by preventing the use of
unfair or deceptive methods of packaging or
labeling of certain consumer commodities
distributed in such commerce, and for other
purposes: Mr. CLARK, Mr. KENNEDY of New
York, Mr. MCINTYR,E, and Mr. Risico 'F.
Authority of February 9, 1965:
S. 1071. A bill to provide for the humane
treatment of vertebrate animals used in ex-
periments and tests by recipients of grants
from the United States and by agencies and
instrumentalities of the U.S. Government,
and for other purposes: Mr. MusIeIE.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD --SENATE February 22
Authority of February 10, 1965:
S. 1108. A bill to amend Public Laws 815
and 874, 81st Congress, in order to make
permanent the authorization for certain pay-
ments under the provisions of such laws, and
for other purposes: Mr. BASS, Mr. FONG, Mr.
HARTKE, Mr. HOLLAND, Mr. INouYE, Mr. LONG
of Missouri, Mr. MCGEE, Mr. MONTOYA, Mr.
Moss, Mr. MUSKIE, Mr. PELL, Mr. RANDOLPH,
Mr. TYDINGs, and Mr. WILLIAMS of New
Jersey.
Authority of February 17. 1965:
S. 1140. A bill to amend the Civil Service
Retirement Act to authorize retirement with-
out reduction in annuity of employees with
20 years of service involuntarily separated
-from the service by reason of the abolition or
relocation of their employment: Mr. RIBICOFF
and Mr. ScoTT.
NOTICE OF RECEIPT OF NOMINA-
TION BY COMMITTEE ON FOR-
EIGN RELATIONS
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, as
chairman of the Committee on Foreign
Relations, I desire to announce that to-
day the Senate received the nomination
of Douglas MacArthur 2d, of the District
of Columbia, a Foreign Service officer of
the class of career minister, to be an
Assistant Secretary of State, vice Fred-
erick G. Dutton.
In accordance with the committee rule,
this pending nomination may not be con-
sidered prior to the expiration of 6 days
of its receipt in the Senate.
ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTI-
CLES, ETC., PRINTED IN THE AP-
PENDIX
On request, and by unanimous con-
sent, addresses, editorials, articles, etc.,
were ordered to be printed in the Ap-
pendix, as follows:
By Mr. KENNEDY of New York:
Article entitled "'Starved' East Seeks Vast
Recreational Area," written by Aubrey
Graves, and published in the Washington
'Yost of February 21, 1965.
VIETNAM
ve CRISIS
fr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, de-
pments in Saigon once again point
to the coup-on-coup-on-coup procedure
which seems now to have become the
adopted policy of the Vietnamese leaders,
themselves. This possibility has been in-
herent in the situation at least since the
deplorable assassination of President
Diem, and certainly since the coup which
unseated his successor, General Minh,
about a year ago. In a statement on the
floor of the Senate, almost a year ago to
the day, these questions were raised:
Does this coup mean simply that the
cards of military power in Vietnam have
been reshuffled? Does it mean merely that
military coup begets military coup and the
second is but a precursor of the third? How
many will it take before these changes have
become totally irrelevant to the life of the
Vietnamese people? Until their only sig-
nificance will be in terms of who shall re-
ceive our aid and wield the power which it
represents in Vietnam?
The answers are becoming very clear,
and they are regrettable. The number
has reached, according to the latest avail-
able reports, at least 13 coups or at.-
tempted coups. If this process continues task of the Vietnamese people more dif-
it would appear to me that we shall be fieult; it makes our task in that country
handcuffed and hogtied in our attempts -more difficult.
to assist the people of South Vietnam. Mr. SALTONSTALL.
The result of this process may well be
that the Vietnamese military factions
will engage in increasingly violent
struggles with each other while the Viet-
cong guerrillas sit, waiting, on the side-
lines. And at the end of the process, the
people of South Vietnam, already close to
the point of exhaustion, may well be
placed on a platter in the lap of the Viet-
cong.
We are being boxed in by our friends,
or at least by the leaders through whom
we have sought to assist the people of
Vietnam. This is an incredible situation,
which had to happen to be believed. De-
spite the intense efforts of three Presi-
dents of the United States for more than
a decade to help the people of Vietnam
establish and maintain their freedom,
the President of the United States, today,
is placed in the unenviable position of
trying to find a way out of a labyrinth
which becomes more tortuous and more
complicated with each passing day.
It is my belief that the President,
aware of all the factors, is faced with a
situation, not of his making, for which
there is no clearcut answer. He has
worked day and night with his advisers
to try to devise a way to provide some
breathing space and some time to evolve
more effective policies. He'has acted as
Commander in Chief with great courage,
firmness, and restraint. Time and again
the ground has been cut out from under
him by those who have the most at stake.
President Johnson can be counted on to
continue to work with complete dedica-
tion on this problem; but the quicksands
of Saigon's power politics and military
conspiracy make this task infinitely more
difficult. They underline the instability
of the Vietnamese leaders, who seem to
be more interested in personal power
and prestige than in winning their own
war. The leaders should realize that in
the present situation, their country-not
ours, their war-not ours, their future-
not ours, lie in the balance. The people
of South Vietnam, not their personal
prestige, are what matters. Without their
dedication to the needs of the people,
without regard for self, their prestige is
likely to be swept away, and soon. The
United States is committed to aid the
people of Vietnam. It is not committed
to continued subsidy of intramilitary
struggles for power and prestige, with
American lives and resources. The jeal-
ous generals of Saigon should realize
that the hour is very late in Vietnam.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
will the Senator from Montana yield for
a comment?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. I rise to sup-
port the majority leader 100 percent in
what he has said. Is not our objective
in Vietnam to support those who wish
to remain free? If the leaders fight
among themselves and weaken them-
selves to such a degree that they cannot
be leaders of the free nation, then we
shall have failed in our principal ob-
jective.
Mr. MANSFIELD. The Senator from
Massachusetts is correct. It makes the
sible.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Quite difficult.
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, I had
not intended to comment on the tragedy
of Indochina. However, I feel it some-
what incumbent upon me to rise for a
moment to point out that international
communism seeks to destroy a free peo-
ple. If I have read the 1953 accords
correctly, in 1954 communism agreed to
respect the 17th parallel, and not con-
tinue any more marauding attacks upon
the innocent human beings who lived
then and who live now south of the
parallel.
In the last several weeks, in California,
I have stated that it is too late to argue
over whether we should have gone to the
assistance of the Vietnamese in 1954.
That day is past. I agree with the ma-
jority leader when he observes the strin-
gent difficulties which the people of South
Vietnam face in continuing lack of sta-
bility on the part of that government.
Here in America we can hope-for the
sake of peace and for the sake of man-
kind-that stability will come to the Gov-
ernment of South Vietnam.
Meanwhile, let the world-friend and
foe, alike-understand that the United
States has made a commitment, and that
the United States does not breach its
commitments. We seek peace. When
this country is faced with danger, those
on this side of the aisle, representing the
minority, the loyal opposition, stand be-
hind the Chief Executive of our country,
whoever he may be.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Is there further morning business?
If not, morning business is closed.
READING OF WASHINGTON'S
FAREWELL ADDRESS
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Under the order of January 24,
1901, Washington's Farewell Address will
be read by the Senator from Kansas [Mr.
PEARSON], heretofore designated for that
purpose by the Vice President of the
United States.
Mr. PEARSON advanced to the desk,
and addressed the Senate, as follows:
Mr. PEARSON. Mr. President, this is
indeed one of the honored days in Amer-
ican history, and I am beholden for the
opportunity to participate in this man-
ner.
It may be of some interest to know
that Washington's Farewell Address was
not delivered to Congress, either in per-
son or by message; but on September 19,
1796, was conveyed to the people of the
United States through the press. This
was done for four purposes: First, al-
though the people had received word
that Washington would not again be a
candidate, he wished to make some form-
al declaration of this fact; second, the
address was to serve as a rallying cry
of support for the National Government;
third, it was to admonish the American
people concerning excessive partisan pol-
itics; and, last, and for which the speech
is most famous, it was to admonish the
American people against foreign en-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD= HOUSE
the foreign world; so far, I mean, as we
are now at liberty to do it; for let me not
be understood as capable of patronizing
infidelity to existing engagements. I
hold the maxim no less applicable to
public than private affairs, that honesty
is always the best policy. I repeat it,
therefore, let those engagements be ob-
served in their genuine sense. _ But in
my opinion, it is unnecessary, and would
be unwise to.extend them.
Taking care always to keep ourselves
by suitable establishments, on a re-
spectable defensive posture, we may
.safely trust to, temporary alliances for
extraordinary eergencies.
. Harmony, and. a liberal intercourse
with all, nations, are recommended by
policy, humanity, and interest. But even
our cgn),mercial policy should hold an
equal and impartial hand; neither seek-
ing nor granting exclusive favors or pref-
erences.; consulting the natural course of
things; diffusing and diversifying by
gentle means the streams of. commerce,
but forcing nothing; establishing with
powers so disposed, in order to give trade
a stable, course, to define the. rights of
our merchants, and to enable the gov-
ernment to support them, conventional
rules of intercourse, the best that present
Circumst,anoes, and mutual opinion will
permit, but temporary, and liable to be
from time to time abandoned or varied as
experience and circumstances shall. dic-
tate; contantly keeping in view, that it
is folly in one nation to look for distin-
terested favors from another; that it
must pay with a, portion of its independ-
ence for whatever it may accept under
that, character; that by such acceptance,
it may place itself in the condition of
having given equivalents for nominal
favors, and yet of being reproached with
ingratitude for not giving. more. There
can be no greater error than to expect,
or calculate upon real favors from na-
tion to nation. It is an illusion which
experience must cure, which a just pride
ought to discard.
In offering to you, my countrymen,
these counsels of an old and affectionate
friend, I dare not hope they will make
the strong and lasting impression I could
wish; that they will control the usual
current of the passions, or prevent
our nation from running the course
:which has hitherto marked the destiny
of nations, but if I may even flatter
myself that they may be productive of
some partial benefit, some occasional
good; that they may now and then recur
to moderate the. fury of party spirit, to
warn against the mischiefs of foreign
intrigue, to guard against the impostures
of pretended patriotism; this hope will
.be a full recompense for the solicitude
for your welfare by which they have been
dictated.
How far, in the discharge of my official
..duties, I have been guided by the prin-
ciples which have been delineated, the
public records and ether evidences of my
conduct lnust witness to you and to the
world. To myself, the assurance of my
own conscience is, that I have, at least,
believed myself to be guided by them.
In relation to the still subsisting war
in Europe; my proclamation of the 22d
of April, 1793, is the index to my plan.
Sanctioned by your approving voice, and
by that of your representatives in both
houses of - congress, the spirit of that
measure has continually governed me,
uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or
divert me from it.
After deliberate examination, with the
aid of the best lights I could obtain, I
was well satisfied that our country,
under all the circumstances of the case,
had a right to take, and was bound in
duty and interest, to take a neutral posi-
tion. Having taken it, I determined, as
far as should depend upon me, to main-
tain it with moderation, perseverance
and firmness.
The considerations which respect the
right to hold this conduct, it is not nec-
essary on this occasion to detail. I will
only observe that, according to my un-
derstanding of the matter, that right, so
far from being denied by any of the
belligerent powers, has been virtually
admitted by all.
The duty of holding a neutral conduct
may be inferred, without anything more,
from the obligation which justice and
humanity impose on every nation, in
cases in which it is free to act, to main-
tain inviolate the relations of peace and
amity towards other nations.
The i;iducements of interest. for ob-
serving that conduct will best be referred
to your own reflections and experience.
With me a predominant motive has been
to endeavor to gain time to our country
to settle and mature its yet recent insti-
tutions, and to progress, without inter-
ruption, to that degree of strength, and
consistency which is necessary to give it,
humanly speaking, the command of its
own fortunes.
Though in reviewing the incidents of
my administration, I am unconscious of
intentional error, I am nevertheless too
sensible of my defects not to think it
probable that I may have committed
many errors. Whatever they may be, I
fervently beseech the Almighty to avert
or mitigate the, evils to which they may
tend. I shall also carry with me the hope
that my country will never cease to view
them with indulgence; and that, after
forty-five years of my life dedicated to
its service, with an upright zeal, the
faults of incompetent abilities will be
consigned to oblivion, as myself must
soon be to the mansions of rest.
Relying on its kindness in this as in
other things, and actuated by that fer-
vent love towards it, which is so natural
to a man who views in it the native soil
of himself and his progenitors for sev-
eral generations; I anticipate with pleas-
ing expectation that retreat in which I
promise myself to realize without alloy,
the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in
the midst of my fellow citizens, the be-
nign influence of good laws under a free
government-the ever favorite object of
my`heart, and the happy reward, as I
trust, of our mutual cares, labors and
dangers.
GEO. WASHINGTON.
UNITED STATES,
17th Sept ember, 1796.
4-7
3215
EIGHTY-THREE PERCENT OF THE
AMERICAN PEOPLE SUPPORT
PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S POLICY
OF MEASURED RETALIATION
AGAINST COMMUNIST MILITARY
STAGING AREAS IN NORTH VIET-
NAM
(Mr. PUCINSKI asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, last
Thursday I introduced House Joint Res-
olution 341 which announced .the sense
of Congress in support of President John-
son's policy of measured retaliation
against North Vietnam's military in-
stallations as the situation requires. It
was encouraging to me to read this morn-
ing in the Washington Post the latest
Harris survey which shows 83 percent of
the people in this country believe that
Mr. Johnson was right in ordering retali-
atory bombings. It is my hope that the
Members of the House will read the Har-
ris survey and that we will get early
action on House Joint Resolution 341.
Adoption of this resolution would not
only put is on record in support of our
President but would also let the people of
South Vietnam know that despite their
own internal difficulties, we recognize
that to withdraw from South Vietnam
at this time would open the whole of
southeast Asia to Communist aggression.
Furthermore, it would be my hope that
Congress would approve House Joint
Resolution 341 so that the Communist
aggressors from North Vietnam would
realize this country will not treat Com-
munist aggression and subversion in
.South Vietnam with impunity.
. For the United States to chose any
other course at this time would be an
.open invitation to the Communists for a
complete takeover of all of southeast
Asia.
Mr. Speaker, the Members of Congress
can take comfort in the knowledge that
the American people are overwhelmingly
in support of President Johnson's deci-
sion-to stand up to Communist aggres-
sion and subversion in South Vietnam.
True, the American people are concerned
about escalation but so is the President.
Mr. Johnson is charting a very cau-
tious course which serves notice on the
Communists that they must be prepared
to suffer the consequences of their ag-
gression in South Vietnam, but at the
same time the President is being most
careful not to involve us in an all-out war
in Asia.
Mr. Speaker, the Harris survey fol-
lows :
THE HARRIS SURVEY-RAIDS ON NORTH VIET-
NAM STRONGLY SUPPORTED
(By Louis Harris)
The American people have closed ranks
firmly behind President Johnson in his de-
cision to bomb Communist supply bases in
southern North Vietnam. In a just-com-
pleted nationwide survey, 83 percent of the
public believe Mr. Johnson was right in
ordering retaliatory bombings. .
Underlying the mood of public opinion in
the country, however, is a deep concern that
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3216 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 22
the fighting in Vietnam could escalate into
a major war with China. Most people want
to avoid military action that will lead to
such an escalation.
A. heavy majority of 75 percent of the
American people favor an eventual nego-
tiated settlement of the whole Vietnam issue.
Percent, OUR GOVERNMENT POLICIES ARE
total INCONSISTENT
Nation
Communists would take over all south- (Mr. TEAGUE of California asked and
east Asia---------------------------- 79 was given permission to address the
Might not happen--------------------- 10 House for 1 minute and to revise and ex-
Not sure------------------------------ 11 tend his remarks.)
Clearly, however, they do not see this me- When asked a followup question on the Mr. TEAGUE of California. Mr.
ment as the time to ask for such negotia-
tions. An even larger 79 percent say that in importance of preventing the Communists Speaker, the President has properly ex-
their judgment a U.S. withdrawal would from such a takeover of southeast Asia, 79 pressed great concern over our balance-
doom all of southeast Asia to being overrun percent replied very important. of-payments problem and our dwindling
by the Communists. Eight out of ten peo- The public is clearly in the throes of mak- gold supply. He has asked for more ex-
ple feel it is very important that this not ing some of the same choices now facing our ports and for a reduction in American
happen. national leadership. In Deerfield Beach, capital being invested overseas.
What course, then, do people believe this Fla., a retired skilled laborer said, "I'm in The Secretor o Labor appears to have
Nation should follow in the sensitive and favor of anything to prevent war, but as y
delicate days ahead? The clear mainstream conditions are now, I see no alternative but missed the message. The end of the bra-
of American opinion is this: We should to stay on and do what has to be done to cero program and our California farm-
shore up the effort of the South Vietnamese end this thing once and for all. We must not ers' difficulties in finding qualified Ameri-
to resist further Communist advances, use let the Communists go any further." can farmworkers to replace the braceros
retaliatory airstrikes only when extreme A 27-year-old machinist in Aliquippa, Pa., will contribute further to our unfavor-
guerrilla activity warrants it, and when we added: "If we don't stand our ground, more able balance of foreign payments situa-
have made enough show of power so the Communists will come in as they did in able Exports of California fruit and tion. Communists can see we will not yield, then Cuba."
finally negotiate a settlement. But most are also not unmindful of the produce, which have been running about
t has risks. A businessman in Decatur, Ill., said, $30 million a year, are likely to dwindle
h
t
a
w
re very clear abou
The people a already happened: A big majority of 82 per- "The French fought with their best troops or disappear entirely.
cent believe that the U.S. bombings to date for 5 years without victory. I'm for advisors If labor is not available for harvesting
have been merely retaliation for attacks on and arms and ammunition from us. But I California crops, there will be a com-
and killings of American soldiers, not an
effort to extend war to North Vietnam.
Perhaps surprisingly, a majority also sees
the Chinese Communists, rather than the
North or South Vietnamese Communists as
the real force behind the recent stepped up
guerrilla activity.
People were asked:
"Do you feel that the recent attacks and
killings of American soldiers stationed In
South Vietnam are mainly part of the civil
war in South Vietnam, or that the Commu-
nist government of North Vietnam Is mainly
behind them, or that the Chinese Commu-
nist government is mainly behind them?"
Percent,
total
Nation
Part of civil war in South Vietnam-.--.- 7
North Vietnam behind them----------- 26
China behind them--------.----------- 53
Not sure-------------.------.------------ 14
As for future bombings, people are 'quite
explicit about what they would and would
not like to see done. When asked about
extending U.S. bombings to the whole coun-
try of North Vietnam, instead of confining
them to supply bases in the southern part
of that country, a plurality of 4 to 3 be-
lieves it important to keep the targets limited
to southern Communist bases. Similarly,
when asked if they think bombings of China
are going to be necessary, by 2 to 1, people
believe such bombings can be avoided.
It is perfectly evident that the American
people do not want to see the war extended
to North Vietnam. The main reason is that
they do not want any provocation that would
bring Red China into the fighting with their
own troops and planes. By almost 3 to 1,
people believe that taking the war to North
Vietnam would bring the Chinese directly
into the fighting. And this, quite clearly,
the people do not want to see happen, for
as many put it, such action would produce
"a big war" between the United States and
China.
But the public also sees disaster if the
United States takes an opposite course of
withdrawal now from Vietnam. People were
asked:
"From what you have read or have heard,
in your opinion do you think if we now with- 35 percent who say "negotiate and get out on, tSof Labor could
of Labor
drew from Vietnam, the Communists would today is recognition by the people that stand the onn, the h President Secretary e do this permitting
take over all of southeast Asia or do you negotiations can be conducted only from help
feel that might not happen?" strength. Mexicans, under provisions of the Im-
don't want another Korea with a lot of mensurate increase of crop imports from
American blood rhed
A white-collar man in Danbury, Tex., Mexico. The seriousness of this prospect
summed up the dilemma, "I think as long from a balance-of-payments standpoint
as we are over there, let's fight to win. If will be readily noted in a review of the
we aren't going to fight to win, let's, come imports going back to 1952. Since that
home." Then he paused and added. "The time, agricultural imports from Mexico
trouble Is, I'd like to do both, and I don't to the United States have increased by
think we really should do either." 65 percent.
In the end, therefore, the largest group
of Americans believe we should continue to Imports of some Mexican crops, har-
hold the line in So'-.th Vietnam. Although vested at about one-eighth of the labor
the number who want to negotiate right cost prevailing in California, have in-
now and get out is rising and the number creased as follows:
who want to take the actual fighting to From 1958 to 1963: Fresh strawberries
North Vietnam is dropping. Back in No- from 5,000 pounds to 2 million pounds.
vember, again in January just before the From 1952 to 1963: Cariteloupes from
stepped-up fighting, and now just after the
bombings, people were asked: 6 million pounds to 110 million pounds;
"Which of these three courses do you favor oranges from 6 million pounds to 50
for the United States in Vietnam: Carry the million pounds.
war into North Vietnam, at the risk of bring- From 1955 to 1963: Fresh tomatoes
ing Red China into the war; negotitate a set- from 66 million pounds to 242 million
tlement with the Communists and get out pounds' tomato products from 400
now; or continue to hold the line there to
prevent the Communists from taking over pounds to 6 million pounds.
South Vietnam?" Also, because of the uncertainty of
lPcrcent] being able to harvest crops in California.
Febru-
ary
Janu-
ary
there is an ever-increasing tendency of
canners and processors to move to Mex-
ico. Even a few California growers have
moved their operations to Mexico and
F1 old the line----------------- 48 40
Negotiate and get out-------- 35 23 20 others have made tentative plans to do
40
Carry fighting to North Viet- SO.
Hato------------------------ 12 17 20
Not sure---------------------- 7 20 20 The farm labor problem in California
also threatens to saddle American tax-
The people have backed their Commander payers with greater farm price support
in Chief overwhelmingly in ordering the costs. This is because tomato, lettuce,
retaliatory bombings, but only to show the and strawberry growers who cannot find
Communists they can't get away with at- American. harvest laborers are convert-
tacks on and killings of Americans. But ing their acreage to the planting of dry
the people also make it abundantly clear beans and other field crops which require
that they want no part of precipitating a
war with China. or no hand labor. These crops
.
Rather they seek a buildup of United qualify for Federal Government price
States and South Vietnamese strength to supports-tomatoes, lettuce, and straw-
the point where a negotiated settlement berries do not.
that might save southeast Asia can be The President, in his recent farm mes-
achieved. The difference between the 75 sage, said he would like to have the cost
percent who say a negotiated settlement of farm price supports reduced. Even
should be our ultimate objective and the without the authority of the hranern law
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