WE SET THE EXAMPLE IN VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300160030-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
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• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2003
• Sequence Number: 30
• Publication Date: March 3, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

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1965_ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
dom. We must guard It well, so that future
generations will enjoy true democracy.
- Our country is now in the midst of a cold
war. We are caught in a struggle of forces
from outside as well as from Inside the
United 'States . These crises are testing our
ability to carry out our responsibilities as
citizens who are sincerely interested in the
welfare of their country. Can we pass this
test? We must. For, it is our generation
which must cope with these problems. If
our freedom is to survive, it is up to us.
In the words of Franklin Delano Roose-
velt:
"To some generations, much is. given.
From some generations, much is expected.
This generation of Americans has a rendez-
The Nation's Traffic, Toll
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. JOHN A. RACE
OF WISCONSIN
IN .THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, March 3, 1965
Mr. RACE. Mr. Speaker, the Nation's
traffic toll is certainly a concern of most
Americans, Television station WTMJ in
Milwaukee, Wis., has some interesting
comments on this, serious problem, which
I would like to call to the attention of my
colleagues:
Many times simple devices have solved old
and troublesome problems. Take the case
of Oconomowoc with Its many grade cross-
ings and high-speed trains running through
the center of the city. Fifty-one persons
died and hundreds of others were injured in
train-auto crashes in Oconomowoc since
1911. Several months ago the .city installed
stop .signs at all its crossings. While this
apparently has solved Oconomowoc's prob-
lem, the city is going even further by elimi-
nating some of the crossings.
Nationwide, as in Wisconsin, the traffic
safety record is a, disgrace. That's why our
Stations are promoting a 10-point safety code
for legislation designed to cope with the
problem. Take another simple device, a
-Beat belt. It gives an occupant of a car a
five times better chance of escaping death in
an accident than one who doesn't wear it.
Yet many people who have belts in their cars
don't use them.
' It's a strange situation when most auto-
mobile buyers seem to be more interested in
horsepower and body style than they are
about safety factors. As a result, the Fed-
eral Government has found it necessary to
act. Its General Services Administration,
Which buys 50,000 automobiles a year for
Federal use, has set down some rugged safety
features for the 1967 models it purchases.
On its own, the auto industry has brought
about many safety innovations throughout
the years. The Government is prodding it
to do more. Only recently the industry an-
nounced its 1966 models would be equipped
with rear as well as front seat belts. The
Government is demanding the rear belts for
its cars and lap and shoulder belts for the
front seats, in addition to several other safety
features.
Following last year's toll of 47,000 highway
deaths, Congress is exhibiting even greater
concern over the problem. Wisconsin's Sen-
ator N`r;LSON not only has proposed that the
devices, delpaAided..for Federal cars be built
iui o autos,purchased, by the public, he also
has urged that the Government develop a
prototype safety car. One of the first, things
A931
Governor Knowles did upon taking office was So appealing is this myth of the trapped
to pledge his administration to a concerted and downtrodden Appalachian that just be-
attack on the highway accident rate. fore Christmas, when the Columbia Broad-
Despite all these efforts, there will still be casting System put out a. heart-rending
a need for the drivers themselves to adopt an documentary on eastern Kentucky, 150 tons
attitude which puts safety first. of goods and $57,000 in cash were rushed to
America Afflicted by Poor Mouth
Syndrome
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. SAMUEL L. DEVINE
Wednesday, March 3, 1965
Mr. DEVINE. Mr, Speaker, on the day
the House is rushing headlong into the
so-called Appalachia panacea, I think
Jenkin Lloyd Jones' column "America
Afflicted by Poor Mouth Syndrome" is
most appropriate.
The column follows:
AMERICA AFFLICTED BY POOR MOUTH
SYNDROME
Like hogs grunting to the trough, Con-
gressmen are clamoring to get their districts
declared "Appalachias."
The President's original Appalachia uplift
plan has called for an initial expenditure of
a billion dollars in 11 States along the Ap-
palachian Ridge.
Now Senator JOHN MCCLELLAN has come
up with an amendment to the Appalachia
bill to include 36 Missouri counties and 21
Arkansas counties. Senator FRED HARRIS
wants to add 19. Oklahoma counties. Sena-
tor EDWARD KENNEDY Says "We in New Eng-
land must be ready to advise the President
of our needs when this new legislation (Ap-
palachia) becomes effective." Senator
JOSEPH MONTOYA is insisting that the entire
four corners country of New Mexico, Colo-
rado, Arizona, and Utah be Ap'palachianized.
Who wants to bet that the Appalachians
won't soon reach clear to Alaska?
In the old days it was the custom of
American communities to boast of their
wealth, or at least their bright prospects.
The homestead dodgers glowed with promise.
The railroad agents regaled immigrants with
Utopian visions. The boom towns sent forth
their bands and booster trains. And the
chamber of commerce tradition, the think-
big, can-do, talk-it-up brand of self-hypno-
tism started in America when Capt. John
Smith described the miasmic swamps of
Jamestown Island as a "faire and prettye
land."
But while Charles Dickens saw only Amer-
ica's mud, bad table manners, and spittoons,
and while Sinclair Lewis and H. L. Mencken
hooted at our Babbittisms, this American
habit of putting up a bold front and flashing
a toothpaste smile paid fantastic dividends.
The tent towns became shack towns and the
shacks gave way to paint and trim. Your
community was supposed to be a proud thing.
This pride made a great nation. The im-
migrant may have come from a Moldavian
village that had drawn water from the same
well for a thousand years, but 5 years after
his arrival at a signpost along the Kansas
railroad he was burning his fingers on sky-
rockets to celebrate the opening of the town
waterworks.
But now we weep for Appalachia. A legend
grows. Millions of Americans are allegedly
held prisoners in accursed regions. They are,
to use the euphemisms of the hour, "dis-
advantaged," "deprived," "underprivileged."
They must be rescued by a vast and special
outpouring of Federal funds.
the region by distressed Americans.
Now, maybe we ought to knock off some of
the sentimental sobbing and political hand-
wringing about America's Appalachias and
ask ourselves how come.
Some regions are in trouble because coal
'loaders have replaced bituminous miners.
Some are in a jam because oil and gas are
better and cheaper fuels than anthracite
The miner who was thrown out of work after
40 needs special consideration. He must
either be retrained into a marketable skill or
supported in some degree for the rest of his
life.
But there is usually a good economic rea-
son why an industry has not hurried into
Appalachia. And there must be a limit to
the sympathy productive Americans should
lavish on the able-bodied man who sits on
his cabin porch year after year waiting for
someone to bring him a job.
County Judge Willie Kirk, of Martin
County, Ky., said last month: "You'll find
about 80 percent of our people just looking
for another handout." And he added that
some local families have been unemployed
for three generations.
If the roads through Appalachia are poor
they are at least passable. A young man can
get out. And in three generations, someone
else has built. Houston, Phoenix, Los Angeles,
Anchorage, and Honolulu.
Appalachia is no stranger to the Federal
dollar. The entire TVA is in Appalachia.
The gigantic $1.2 billion Arkansas River proj-
ect will touch many of the counties which
Senators MCCLELLAN and HARRIS would add
to Appalachia. The Four Corners country is
the home of some of our most expensive and
chology. Is our famous local pride going to
be replaced by poor-mouth contests? Are
Americans going to put on their dirtiest
shirts and raggedest fishing pants and go
crying their deprivations and disadvantages
to Washington?
That isn't the way this country was built
and it will not be the formula for its pres-
ervation.
Obsolete and Duplicated Agricultural
Research
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. THOMAS C. McGRATH
OF NEW JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, March 3, 1965
Mr..McGRATH. Mr. Speaker, in the
Washington Daily News edition of Mon-
day, March 1, there appeared an edi-
torial which presented a thoughtful case
for the administration's attempt to re-
duce or eliminate obsolete and duplicated
agricultural research.
The editorial, entitled "Bamboozled,"
read as follows:
The administration makes a clear and
sensible case in its proposal to reduce or
eliminate obsolete, inefficient and duplicated
agricultural research. It deserves the sup-
port of Congress and encouragement to act
further.
Why, for example, should the taxpayers
continue paying for research on bamboo,
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX March 3
which isn't even grown commercially in this
country? They shouldn't.
What remains to be taught farmers about
breeding of rabbits? Little, if anything.
What is left, after almost 80 years, to be
learned about irrigation and dryland farm-
ing in certain areas? Very little.
Why shouldn't private industry take over
research into fabrics, kitchen design and
food wholesaling? It should.
As is already obvious, many Congress-
men--economy- and efficiency-minded Con-
gressmen, mind you-are screaming. They
are alarmed at the loss of hometown, home-
State boondoggling. But they are yelping
up the wrong tree-bamboo or other-we
think.
I commend this editorial to my fellow
Members and urge that they give
thought to its message.
Successful Flight of Ranger V1II Gives
Space Program a Big Boost
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, March 3, 1965
Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker,
under leave to extend my remarks in the
RECORD, I include an article by Bill Gold
which appeared in the February 20, 1965
edition of the Washington Post which to
me conveys an atmosphere which I have
found to exist in many people's minds,
that they are now believing this country
can put a man on the moon. At the very
least, they believe we are now capable
of doing it, which in my mind is more im-
portant than actually placing a man
there.
DISTANT TOMoasow Is NEAR AT - HAND
would be found in vast areas Into which no
man had ever ventured.
Yet there have also been surprises for our
scientists-things they hadn't expected to
encounter.
And one must now wonder- what sorts of
surprises the moon will hold for us, and
what sorts of new vistas. it will open.
People sometimes ask whether we're
spending too much on our moon projects, .
but I've never been concerned over the ques-
tion. I have the feeling that the times force
decisions of this kind on people. The cir-
cumstances that prevail at historic moments
produce reactions that move men inexorably
in the only direction that seems natural
under those circumstances.
When the Russians put up their first sput-
nik, our leaders spoke slightingly of the
achievement. Emmet John Hughes says in
"The Ordeal of Power": "Sherman Adams, in
a rare display of shallow partisanship, dis-
paraged all public concern with 'an outer
space basketball game"' Secretary of De-
fense Charles E. Wilson, who had just re-
tired from office, called it "a nice technical
trick." President Eisenhower assured re-
porters that "the satellite itself * * * does
not raise my apprehensions, not one Iota."
But it seemed very plain to most people
that a new door had been opened into the
heavens, that others had already passed
through that door for a glimpse of what lay
on the other side, and that either we'd join
the mass movement In that direction or we'd
be left behind.
So we joined the mass movement. It
seemed to me that there was never any doubt
about what we'd do. There are strange and
wonderful mysteries out there in the uni-
verse, and instinct tells us to pursue them.
It's hard to believe that we're now al-
most ready to take this next big step into
space. The years ahead may turn out to
be the most rewarding in history-especially
if we don't blow ourselves up in an atomic
war meantime. 1
V
We Set the Example in Vietnam
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROBERT H. MICHEL
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, March 3, 1965
WE SET TFIE EXAMPLE IN VIETNAM
(By C. L. Dancey)
As the game of musical chairs continues
in South Vietnam's Government, let us face
the obvious truth that we bear a heavy share
of responsibility for these political events.
It is all very well for Senator MANSFIELD
to get up in the Senate and pronounce that
we are getting tired of the jealous generals
who are endangering the safety of South
Vietnam by their endless coups.
It is all very well for our Government to
complain bitterly about the failures to estab-
lish a civilian government.
But we only have to go back to where this
whole series of military coups and military
rule began to face the fact that we set the
example, we started it, and we established
the precedent. -
We wanted to get rid of Diem, who we felt
wasn't doing as good a job as- could be done,
and wasn't pushing the reforms we wanted
in the civil life of the nation. All doubtless
true and valid criticism.
And we got rid of him-but how?
We announced that we were dissatisfied
with Diem. We announced that we didn't
believe the military leaders supported some
Diem actions-an announcement openly de-
scribed at the time by all observers as a
straight out invitation to the military to
depose Diem.
Then we spelled it out further by leaking
information that we expected him to be over-
thrown.
Finally, we spelled it out flatly by cutting
off funds to Diem's personal troops and gov-
ernment and continuing funds to the army
units under more or less independent com-
mands. And who knows what else via our
secret agents?
Diem's overthrow in the first of the mili-
tary coups followed, amid considerable joy
and self-congratulation in Washington.
D.C.-dampened only by the sobering item
that he was also assassinated.
We promptly endorsed the new military
government.
Then, we started to talk about reforms
a$d a civilian government.
But actions speak louder than words. Ex-
ample is a more effective teacher than the
finest of statements of principle.
The action was before them. The example
was before them. The precedent was be-
fore them. The experience was before them,
that the road to power is a military coup.
Ranger VIII was "right on the money" at
last report. If all goes well; it will have land-
ed on the moon by the time this newspaper
is placed at your front door. Scientists hope
to get 4,000 pictures from Ranger VIII, and
they say that this batch may be better than
the photographs produced by Ranger VII
last July.
The pictures last summer stirred my imagi-
nation to unaccustomed levels of activity.
If today's picturesare better, I may have to
withdraw into a fanciful world of my own
for a few days until the effect wears off.
Speculation about exploring the moon
didn't excite me much at first because the
idea seemed as farfetched as a science-
fiction plot. This wasn't a project that I
really expected to see undertaken in my time.
It was a dream for some distant tomorrow--
and I'm too preoccupied with trying to sur-
vive today to worry about distant tomorrows.
But here we are moving in for closeups
already, and even my reactionary mind is
willing to accept the likelihood that the next
step will follow shortly: we will land a cam-
era on the moon gently enough for it to
continue to send back on-the-spot pictures.
Is it possible to contemplate this eventu-
ality without tingling a bit at the prospect
and wondering: "What will we see?"
The accuracy of the world's scientific com-
munity has been uncanny in recent years.
Specialists in several fields have been able
to foretell what would happen when we
passed previously uncrossed boundaries.
They've been able to predict much of what
We thus established a climate in which
every officer of rank could dream of being the
head of the nation, and of achieving that
position at a single stroke by the technique
we had just taught them.
The coups have followed endlessly.
And now we throw up our hands in despair
and contempt at those ungrateful, foolish,
irresponsible. undemocratic, doublecrossing,
jealous generals.
This is not the way we educated them to
act, we say. It's hard to teach these people
how to operate.
That excuse is not true. This may not be
the way we educated them to act in our
military classrooms for Vietnamese officers,
but this is precisely the way we educated
them to act in practice.
We cannot duck our full share of respon-
sibility for the political mess In Vietnam.
We set it up.
We outsmarted ourselves.
We refused to recognize the practical and
earthy effects of our own actions.
And it is with sadness and frustration, not
with pride, that we at this newspaper add
that we were close enough to the grassroots
and far enough from the ivory tower to be
fearful of just this sort of thing, and to have
expressed our fear that our policy was setting
off a chain political reaction at the outset.
Sad because of the consequences to Our
country and the cause of freedom.
Mr. MICHEL. Mr. Speaker, Mr.
Dancey in his editorial of February 27,
1965, in the Peoria Journal Star points
out that we must bear a heavy share of
responsibility for so-called political
events in Vietnam. I pointed out in my
radio broadcast of February 18, 1965,
that a dangerous school of thought pre-
vailed within the administration at the
time of the murder of Diem. When we
proceeded on the assumption that politi-
cal reform had to come before military
victory, we were on dangerous ground.
I have been told by one in good authority
that to the chief of state of another
country, friendly to the United States,
the murder of Diem meant just three
things: It is dangerous to be a friend of
the United States; it pays to be a neu-
tral; it sometimes helils to be an enemy.
Mr. Speaker, Charles Dancey points
out as I did in my broadcast that this
same deadly pattern seems to be engulf-
ing some of our policy decisions in
Vietnam today. Under unanimous con-
sent, I include the editorial at this point:
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7;965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
Frustrated because if someone. no. closer to Groundwork is only part of Shook's mis-
the scene than we_could see this seemingly Sion. As forward air controller he has flown
obvious down-to-earth result; somebody in more than 500 sorties over Vietnam.
the high council of this Nation ought to have SEVEN PLANES USED
seen it, certainly.
But we didn't see a single "liberal" voice "Hits?" he laughs. "Yes, I've had my share.
raised against a military coup and a military The O-1F is not armor plated, you know. It
dictatorship engineered by our liberal Gov- absorbs ground fire like a towed target on the
ernment, gunnery range."
It struck. us as just another example of how Shook says he used up seven airplanes in a
flexible the liberal moral principles and year. Each received so much battle damage
boasted high ideals are when it is a question it had to be replaced.
of raw power used to further their own proj- Finally the law of averages caught up with
ects. Shook. He was wounded when a .30-caliber-
They only hate power when it is in some- machinegun bullet came up through the
one else's hands, it seems, in far too many canopy, the windshield and the right window
cases. And in such cases, the self-styled of his plane.
liberal is no liberal at all. He is a fake. "The plexiglas seemed to explode," Shook
It's a distinction that needs to be made said. "Although I was hit in the forehead
if we are to make sense out of our own and right arm with shrapnel from the blasted
politics here in the United States, as well as compass oh the instrument panel, it really
in places like South Vietnam. didn't amount to much. I flew the plane
l 11
b k l
i
San Diego Pilot Wins His 11th Air Medal
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. BOB WILSON
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, March 3, 1965
Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, it is
`fitting in view of the great many dedi-
cated Americans currently serving in
Vietnam that I should call my colleagues
attention to the exceptional service and
dedication exemplified there by a fellow
San Diego citizen, Capt. Howard Shook.
Just recently he was awarded his 11th
Air Medal because of his relentless and
honorable service in our behalf. The
following article appeared on February
24 in the San Diego Union and it speaks
well of our pride in counting this brave
man as a fellow citizein:
SAN DIEGO PILOT WINS His 11TH AIR MEDAL IN
VIETNAMESE WAR
TAY NINH, SOUTH VIETNAM.-Capt. Howard
Shook of San Diego waited a long time to fly.
'Ne was 13 when he soloed. Now he is a much-
,decorated U.S. Air Force pilot in strife-torn
Vietnam-forward air controller with the 24
Air Division. He has won 11 Air Medals for
his missions over Vietnam.
Shook began flying as a crop duster to pay
his way through San Diego State. It paid
off. He made it, with a few dollars to spare.
TO VIETNAM
The captain was assigned to Vietnam in
February 1964. He was sent here to one of
the most Vietcong-infested areas in the
country.
"It was an interesting welcome I received
at Tay Ninh Province," he grins. "The pro-
vince chief assured me that 90 percent of the
land here is owned by the Vietcong."
For 10 months Shook was the only U.S. Air
Force officer in the Army compound at Tay
Ninh.
While the forward air controller normally
flies the O-1F, a single-engine light plane
used for marking targets for the heavier
bombers the A-1E's and A-111's-Shook also
has worked with the ground troops.
In June, for example, Shook directed an
air strike from the ground, working with
Vietnamese troops. It turned out to be one
of the largest air strikes of the Vietnamese
conflict.
Shook,recalis that there were 26 sorties of
A-1E's and A-1H's in a 4-hour period. The
ground count later confirmed more than 300
Vietcong were killed by fire from the air.
h
ac and aided w
tout any troube.
. Shook soon plans to return to his wife,
Barbara, at 4536 37th Street, San Diego, for
leave before reporting to Nellis Air Force
Base, Nev. Then he'll be back in jet fighters
again.
Iowa Strings Near Perfection
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
- OF
HON. JOHN R. SCHMIDHAUSEII
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, March 3, 1965
Mr. SCHMIDHAUSER. Mr. Speaker,
I am pleased to have this opportunity to
commend the Iowa String Quartet of the
University of Iowa and the players Allen
Ohmes and John Ferrell, violins; William
Pruecil, viola; and Joel Krosnick, cello;
for an outstanding performance here in
Washington, D.C.
These musicians are examples of the
excellence which Iowans have attained in
many areas. The southeast section of
the great State of Iowa, particularly Iowa
City is rapidly becoming the cultural cen-
ter of the Midwest. I am proud to repre-
sent this district in Congress.
I invite the attention of my colleagues
to ? the remarks made by Donald M. Mc-
Corkle, music critic, in the Washington,
D.C., Evening Star of March 1, 1965. To
allow my colleagues and readers of the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the opportunity
of learning more of these Iowa musicians,
under unanimous consent I include the
Star's statements in the Appendix of the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD:
IOWA STRINGS NEAR PERFECTION
(By Donald M. McCorkle)
(Iowa String Quartet (Allen Ohmes and
John Ferrell, violins; William Preucil, viola;
Joel Krosnick, cello). At the Phillips Collec-
tion. Program: Quartet in A, K,'464, Mozart;
String Quartet, op. 3, Berg; Quartet in E
Minor, Op. 44, No. 2 Mendelssohn.)
The first thing one noticed at yesterday
afternoon's concert at the Phillips Collection
was the extraordinary fine quality of the
program book, which was designed for the
entire 1964-65 season of the Iowa String
Quartet, both at home and on tour. The
program notes by the University of Iowa's
musicologist, E. Eugene Helm, are a model
of 1rilliant annotation.
The second thing one noticed was the
extraordinarily fine atmosphere and acoustics
at the Phillips Collection recital hall, a com-
bination offering perfect incentive for a per-
fect concert.
A933
With these admirable requisites at hand,
it was possibly inevitable that the perform-
ance by the Iowa String Quartet woul4i be
very near perfection, and it was. These four
players played a brilliant performance of an
extremely formidable program of Mozart,
Berg, and Mendelssohn. Their playing was
so secure and superb that one was able to
concentrate entirely on the compositions
themselves, rather than on the players' tech-
niques which often obscure the music.
The Mozart A Major Quartet, K. 464 strikes
the hearing as being among the most ro-
mantic pieces Mozart ever wrote. It com-
blAes exquisite contrapuntal, interweaving
lines with a thick and rich texture rarely
found in Mozart. The lovely Andante is a
bitter-sweet masterpiece.
If the Mozart was golden, the Alban Berg
was more nearly like stainless steel, with its
sharp cutting edge, precision, and cold
beauty. It's an early work, and so lacks the
mature lyricism of the Violin Concerto. All
in all, it's an almost oppressive quartet, for
the two movements are long, thick, disso-
nant, contrapuntal, and of utmost melodic
and rhythmic complexity.
In places there Is, some comic relief, as in
the wonderful glissandos and sinister trem-
olos in the second movement.
After intermission the quartet shifted to
the silver of Mendelssohn, for the exquisite
E Minor Quartet. As with the rest of the
program, this was magnificently performed,
with each part perfectly blended and full-
bodied, and the broad contours and details
excellently sculpted.
The Iowa String Quartet played with
superb precision, warmth, and artistry, and
leaves little doubt that it is among the very
first rank of American University string
quartets.
Independence of Morocco
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ADAM C. POWELL
OF.NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, March 3, 1965
Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker, today
marks the ninth anniversary of the inde-
pendence of Morocco. On this momen-
tous occasion, we would like to extend
warm felicitations to His Majesty King
Hassan II; and to His Excellency All
Bengelloun, the Moroccan Ambassador
to the United States.
Independence days are of great sig-
nificance to new members of the world's
community of nations. We should, at the
same time, not forget the opportunity
they afford us of recalling the past and
evaluating the present. ? This is the
ninth anniversary of Morocco-a re-
cently independent country, yet one of
the oldest independent monarchies in
the world.
The first recorded inhabitants of
Morocco were the Berbers, whom all the
civilizations of the ancient world fought
in order to establish their outposts there.
The Phoenicians and the Carthaginians
established trading posts along both the
Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts; fol-
lowing them came the Romans, who built
cities at Tangier, Volubilis, and many
other places, the ruins of which are still
visible today. When the Roman Empire
declined, the Vandal tribes crossed the
straits and invaded the northern coast.
By the middle of the seventh century
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX March 9
A.D., the only remnant of the glory of
Rome was the city-state of Ceuta, gov-
erned in the name of the eastern Roman
Empire.
In the latter half of the seventh cen-
tury the Arab armies, sweeping out of
the Arabian Peninsula to spread Islam to
the world, entered Morocco. Nearly the
entire population of the country, includ-
ing the Berber tribesmen, were converted
to the new faith, and the conquering
armies of Islam moved in new direc-
tions-this time across the Straits of
Gibralter into Spain and southern
France.
The fierce independence of the Ber-
bers, as well as the spread of heterodox
ideas within the new religion, however,
soon led to a rebellion in Morocco, which
had as its consequence the rise of several
small Muslim principalities. The first
of the great Muslim dynasties to rule
Morocco, the Idrisids, arose soon there-
after, attempting to unify the many
smaller units into one whole. They
founded the city of Fez, which became
a 'notable center of Muslim life and
civilization. And, they can be consid-
ered the founders of the first Moroccan
state. indicating it might be more accu-
rate for us today to be celebrating the
1,200th anniversary of that country's
independence.
Over the years. other dynasties rose to
take the place of previous ones when
their energy and ability had waned.
There were the famous Al?-Moravids, who
established Morocco as one of the great
medieval powers. They extended their
power and influence across North Africa
and into Muslim Spain, thus bringing
Morocco into the rich milieu of Anda-
lusian civilization, which has left its in-
delible print on Moroccan life and cul-
ture. The Al-Moravids were replaced
by the Al-Mohades, who kept Morocco
as the greatest Muslim Empire of the
West and led the country through one
of its golden ages. They in turn were
replaced by the Merinids and the Saad-
fan Kings until the 17th century, when
the family which guides the destiny of
Morocco to the present day arose.
Known usually as the Alawi House, and
under their able rule, Morocco was
thoroughly pacified and solidly united.
We as. Americans have good reason to
have friendly feelings toward this family,
for Morocco under their rule was one of
the first powers in the world to recog-
nize our independence; the early treaties
of friendship, trade, and good relations
were drafted and signed by men such as
Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson,
John Adams, and George Washington,
who had reason to appreciate Morocco's
recognition and assistance.
Were it not for the brief period of
colonial rule between 1912 and 1956, we
could even be celebrating the 306th an-
niversary of the accession of the present
house, whose vigor and popularity is
demonstrated by their leadership of
Morocco in the 20th century in regain-
ing independence. Under the present
King, Hasan II, Morocco is making great
strides in all fields of activity. Able,
energetic, and democratic, he has given
the country a new constitution, promoted
foreign investment, and is determined to
bring about the rapid economic develop-
ment of his country.
On this anniversary of Morocco's in-
dependence, we salute that country's peo-
ple, king, and the goals for which they
strive together. We hope that together
they will soon create in Morocco a new
golden age for that historic country.
Julian "Pappy" Van Winkle
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CHARLES P. FARNSLEY
OF KENTUCKY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, March 3, 1965
Mr. FARNSLEY. Mr. Speaker, Ken-
tucky lost a famous and highly regarded
citizen on February 16 with the death of
Julius P. Van Winkle, the dean of Ameri-
can bourbonmakers.
Mr. Van Winkle did much for Ken-
tucky and for the industry of which his
company is a respected member.
I wish to include at this point an edi-
torial from the Louisville Courier-Jour-
nal of February 18 and several other
articles that appeared in other promi-
nent publications in tribute to Mr. Van
Winkle.
The articles follow:
-[From the Louisville (Ky.) Courier-Journal,
Feb. 18,1965]
HE WAS A GRAND OLD KENTUCKIAN
Julian "Pappy" Van Winkle, the grand old
man of the Kentucky bourbon Industry, is
dead at 90, and with him died a little of the
tradition, lore, and, yes, blarney, that have
made Kentucky famous.
Van Winkle was old-fashioned, conserva-
tive, and opinionated, and he wanted every-
one to know it. He was also a consummate
salesman who knew that a Nation of gray-
flannel conformists secretly admires the
homespun virtues.
Legions of magazine readers will miss the
stern yet kindly face that stared them right
in the eye from the masthead of his adver-
tisements. Indirectly, his promotions did
much to benefit Kentucky. For instance, as
the oldest active distilling company execu-
tive in the Nation until his retirement last
October, he could make the unique claim
that all 90 Kentucky Derbies were run in his
lieftime.
His advice, like his marvelous stories about
life in Danville, was worth listening to. He
invited people to enjoy his product the same
way he did-in moderation.
[From the New York (N.Y.) Times
Feb. 18, 1965]
JULIAN P. VAN WINKLE, 90, DIES-LONGTIME
DISTILLER OF BOURBON
LOUISVILLE, KY.-Julian P. Van Winkle the
dean of American bourbon makers, died at
his home here last night. He was 90 years
old.
Mr. Van Winkle had been ill for several
months and had retired as president of Stit-
zel-Weller Distillery in October. He contin-
ued as honorary chairman of the board.
Mr. Van Winkle was in the distilling busi-
ness for 71 years, starting as a salesman with
W. L. Weller & Sons, wholesale whisky firm.
Mr. Van Winkle eventually became co-
owner of the concern and then bought the
Stizel Bros. distillery. He assumed the
presidency of Stitzel-Weller in 1934 and held
that post until he retired in October.
For Mr. Van Winkle, the old-fashioned way
of making whisky was always the best way
and he at one time noted:
"We have a sign on our distillery door
saying 'no chemists are allowed on this
place'
One of his concern's most famous products
was Old Fitzgerald and Mr. Van Winkle said
the process he had not changed since he
began making it.
Mr. Van Winkle, an 1894 graduate of Cen-
tre College, gained national notice with a
series of advertisements in magazines that
recounted homespun Kentucky anecdotes.
He is survived by his widow, the former
Katie Smith; a son, Julian P., Jr., and a
daughter, Mrs. Charles K. McClure.
From the New York Herald Tribune, Feb.
18, 19651
"PAPPY" VAN WINKLE, 90, PUBLICIZED FIRM'S
WHISKY
LOUISVILLE, Ky.-Julian P. "Pappy" Van
Winkle, 90, who publicized his firm's bourbon
whisky in chatty advertisements filled with
anecdotes from his own days as a salesman,
died Monday at his home here.
Mr. Van Winkle, former president of the
Stitzel-Weller distillery, was the oldest active
distillery executive in the Nation until he
retired last October.
As a 19-year-old he went to work as a sales-
man for the W. L. Weller & Sons wholesale
whisky firm in Louisville, travelling through
Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, and West Virginia.
Later he and another salesman bought the
firm, then acquired Stitzel Bros. distillery.
Mr. Van Winkle was president from 1934 until
he stepped down in favor of his son, Julian,
Jr., last year.
His personally written advertisements were
,classics, sliding in the selling message with
gentile indirectness. He began one, "A north-
ern visitor once came to our Kentucky town
as usual, fell In love with its equable climate,
its friendly people, its unhurried way of life,
'Ah, this is God's country,' he remarked one
day, his nose deep in a leafy julep. 'Course
It is,' agreed his Southern host. 'You didn't
think God was a Yankee, did you?' 11
And suddenly just as chattily, Mr. Van
Winkle was selling bourbon. "Not least,
among nature's bounties to Kentucky," the
ad went on, "is the mellow bourbon which
inspired our visitor's expansiveness."
[From the Tap & Tavern, Feb. 22, 1965]
INDUSTRY PAYS WARM TRIBUTE TO VAN
WINKLE
WASHINGTON, D.C.-Leaders of the dis-?
tilling industry last week joined in paying
tribute to Julian P. "Pappy" Van Winkle, 90,
recently retired proprietor of Stitzel-Weller
Distillery, who died at his home in Louisville,
Ky., after an illness of a few months.
Robert W. Coyne, president of the Distilled
Spirits Institute, described the far-famed
Kentuckian as "a very real example of Amer-
icana."
Walter J. Devlin, chairman of the board of
D.S.I. and vice president of the Flieschman
Distilling Corp., described the dean of the
industry as "a full-bodied legend in his own
time."
Frederick J. Lind, vice- president of Joseph
E. Seagram & Sons, Inc., who recently relin-
quished the D.S.I. board chairmanship to
Devlin, said, "The alcoholic beverage indus-
try would not have been the same without
"Pappy" Van Winkle and his uncompromis-
ing faith and purpose."
Coyne's statement read:
"A very real example of Americana has de-
parted the scene with the passing of the be-
loved'Pappy' Van Winkle.
"This forthright Kentuckian was a cham-
pion of the free enterprise system and an
advocate of quality first in his product. One
of the few remaining preprohibition dis-
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1965
tol, the White House, and other historic
shrines, They do not expect to enjoy the
tax-free advantages available to em-
ployees of foreign governments, but they
would seem to be justified in protesting
the disdainful attitude of some DPL
drivers. toward owners of cars bearing
nothing more than the tags issued by
one of the 50 States or the District of
Columbia.
Last summer a Pennsylvania visitor
rode downtown one morning with three
other ordinary Americans off to earn the
wages that are left after deductions for
foreign aid and other normal government
expenses. At an intersection on Cali-
fornia Street NW., the driver of a car
bearing DPL 544 deliberately swerved
in front: of two others in order to get 'a
preferred position at a stop light. When
one driver, who had barely missed crash-
Ing into a parked vehicle in order to avoid
544, protested, the so-called diplomat
sneered and waved his hand in derision.
Then, as if to show his regard for Ameri-
can law, he thrust his car forward before
the light changed to green, disappearing
into traffic and free to aggrevate and
laugh at other law-abiding natives.
Through official channels, it was
learned that. DPL 544 had been issued to
one Abdelhadi Al Hainandi, whose car
was registered at the United Arab Re-
public Embassy, 2435 California Street
NW. Now, Mr. Speaker, it might be as-
sumed that an embassy involved in such
an incident would be eager to apologize
for `the conduct of the responsible em-
ployee, but a number of calls to the
United.. Arab Republic office failed to
bring a, satisfactory reply. An embassy
spokesman denied that Abdelhadi Al
Hamandi was connected with the em-
bassy, then promised to investigate fur-
ther. No explanation was ,ever forth-
coming.
The naive Pennsylvanian's first reac-
tion to the driving infraction was to re-
port it to the police, but, as any old timer
timer, around Washington, knows, the
area could have been surrounded by
squad cars and still the police would have
been helpless to take effective action.
District of Columbia police do not have
to look to New York City to find out
what happens, to officers who expect for-
eign diplomats to obey American laws,
Their firm precedent was established on
March 17, 1956, when a patrolman in
Washington made the mistake of, ticket-
ing a double-parked DPL car. When the
driver, it second secretary on an em-
bassy staff, protested, a scuffle ensued
and the officer was found guilty of
"wrongfully and without authority ar-
resting" a member of the diplomatic
corps. He was fined $75 for his con-
scientious effort to enforce the law.
Any further doubt of the helplessness
of American officers of the law when
dealing with foreign diplomats evapo-
rated in a series of incidents that. began
with. the arrest , of. an Ambassador's son
on.May 26, 1957, after he became in-
volved in a scuffle with a. policeman who
remonstrated against the boy's drinking
beer in public and in direct violation of
District law. The offender claimed dip-
lomatic immunity and was released.
A year later, on April 30, the same
young man drank beer as he walked along
Wisconsin Avenue at 1 a,m., then threw
Approved
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -,HOUSE
3935
the mug to the sidewalk and used abu- identity of a vehicle's ownership is ex-
sive language when an officer appeared. Posed to citizens of this country, would
He was again released because of dip- be much more explicit in their instruc-
lomatic immunity, tions to employees. At least the new li-
March 1, 1959: Trouble in a tavern, cense plates would give Americans an
with the Ambassador's son finally swing- opportunity to find out just what coun-
ing at a policeman. Again released on tries are and which are not respectful
the same excuse. ' of our laws. -'
October 10, 1959: When an officer re- I am today introducing a bill which
sponded to trouble in a restaurant, the directs District of Columbia officials to
same offender became loud and bolster- have the name of the country imprinted
ous, touching off a melee that resulted in on each d plomatic license plate.
cer's being kicked and knocked
down by the foreigner and his gang. PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S BRAVE DE-
Mr, Speaker, how many countries CISION TO BOMB NORTH VIET-
would permit this sort of disregard for NAM SUPPORTED BY STATE DE-
their law on the part of an American PARTMENT WHITE PAPER ON
citizen regardless of his official position? COMMUNIST AGGRESSION
And how far must an American police (Mr. PUCINSKI asked and was given
officer tolerate and concede in the face permission to address the House for 1
of hostile challenges by immunized minute and to revise and extend his re-
aliens? marks and include extraneous matter.)
The final episode of this particular Mr, PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, last
case took place 1 month after the weekend the State Department issued its
man's last brawl with the police. He brilliantly documented "white paper" de-
drove a car that struck and killed a scribing in exhaustive detail North Viet-
woman who was knocked 41 feet by the nam's campaign to conquer South Viet-
impact. A coroner's inquest into the riam
accident was canceled on the advice of In the preamble to this historic docu-
the U.S. attorney because it had no juris- ment, the following excerpt delivered by
diction over the driver. At long last the President Lyndon B. Johnson on Feb-
offender-now 21 years of age-was sent -ruary 17, 1965, is quoted:
home to his native land by the ambassa-
dor, his father. Our purpose In Vietnam is to join in the
defense and protection of freedom of a brave
Fortunately, incidents of such serious people who are under attack that is con-
consequences are highly infrequent, trolled and that is directed from outside
although there appear to be no means or their country.
methods available to prevent or to deal This excerpt from President Johnson's
with them. Several years ago a diplo- remarks clearly indicates America's de-
mat attacked a New York subway in- termination to halt the agonizing chain
spector and threatened him with a gun, of Communist aggression since World
then won quick release at a police station War II.
after pleading diplomatic immunity. Americans, and indeed those dedicated
Whatever the answer to the perennial to the principles of human dignity
problems created by diplomatic Immu- throughout the world, can all find com-
nity, the first premise would seem to be fort and strength in the knowledge that
the need for teaching foreigners-re- President Johnson has given American
gardless of their diplomatic status-to foreign policy a new and decisive direc-
respect the American police officer. Next, tion,
greater effort must be directed at dis- There are those who today would criti-
suading DPL drivers from flaunting cize President Johnson, but fortunately
traffic regulations, they constitute only a miniscule segment
A key to the difficulty may lie in the of the American population.
statute which protects diplomats from It becomes crystal clear, as new de-
arrest. It was enacted in 1790, a century velopments occur in Vietnam, that
before the advent of the automobile, and neither the New York Times nor the
may very well be in need of renovating columnists are setting foreign policy for
or updating. Since it came into being, the United States. Indeed, foreign pol-
a progressively greater number of diplo- icy is now being determined, as our
masts and their entourages have de- Constitution provides, by the President
scended upon Washington. In 1962 a of the United States, and Mr. Johnson
local newspaper estimated the number of alone has shown the courage to deal with
diplomats in Washington immune from the Communists from a position of
arrest at more than 6,000, and there is strength, yet preserving, for the entire
no reason to believe that there are fewer world to see, our genuine desire not to
here today. extend hostilities in Vietnam any more
Surely it is not necessary to grant dip- than is absolutely, necessary. Mr. John-
lomatic immunity to so many ambassa- son has now,put the burden on the Com-
dors, their staffs, employees, and ser- munists to decide_ii they want escalation
vants. I would hope that the State For the first time since World War II, it
Department could work out an arrange- is the Communists who are forced to
ment whereby only top echelon personnel respond to our initiative; our determina-
are granted the immunity privilege. tion; our policy.
Meanwhile, Mr. Speaker, I propose By his bold and heroic action, Presi-
that the name of the country of owner- dent Johnson has already written a new
ship be printed in large letters on every and glorious page in American history.
DPL license plate issued in the District I am confident that the President's,de-
of Columbia. I believe that as a,conse- termination, to deal forcefully with Corn-
quence all ambassadors and their prin- munist aggression in South Vietnam by
cipal staff members, recognizing the good striking at the very heart of North
will that can be gained or lost when the Vietnam's staging areas for their in=
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 3
famous subversion, will prove to be the
bold decision which will avoid world
war III.
President Johnson has repeatedly as-
sured the entire world, Including the
Communists, that our Nation wants
peace and the security of freedom for
our allies.
President Johnson has stated repeat-
edly that our Nation wants to avoid es-
calation in Vietnam.
There are those who have asked why
the raids on North Vietnam at this par-
ticular time when Communist leaders are
holding their summit meeting. There
are others who seriously challenge Presi-
dent Johnson's determination to bomb
the Communist's staging ;areas and say
that such attacks will solidify the Com-
munist world.
Yet others, Mr. Speaker, bluntly state
that Mr. Johnson's timing is wrong and
that American attacks on Communist
staging areas in North Vietnam should
have been held up, at least until after
the Communists' summit meeting.
Certainly, I would not be one to deny
others their views, but I suggest, Mr.
Speaker, that President Johnson's critics
are unable to see the forest for the trees.
:History will prove President Johnson
an unparalleled tactician. It is my
judgment that President Johnson's deci-
sion to wage the attacks at this partic-
ular time is most timely, and has as its
principal purpose a strong desire to avoid
any miscalculations by the world Com-
munist - high command of our Nation's
unwavering determination to support
the cause of freedom in South Vietnam.
It is my humble judgment that to
avoid air retaliations at this time would
have been an open invitation for massive
Communist aggression in South Vietnam
and perhaps other troubled spots
throughout the world.
Admittedly, President Johnson is tak-
ing a bold calculation. But it is a brave
calculation and the American people owe
their President eternal gratitude that he
has not been dissuaded by such highly
influential opinion movers as the New
York Times in his final judgment.
Mr. Johnson has clearly told the Com-
munists they must be prepared to suffer
the full consequences of their continued
aggression. He has spoken in a Ian-
guage unmistakably clear. The next
move is up to Hanoi and its Communist
allies. -
The weight of President Johnson's re-
sponsibility is awesome, and he deserves
the prayers of all Americans for con-
tinued strength to chart a victorious
course through these very troubled
times.
But above all, Mr. Speaker, it would
be my hope that those who have been
so quick to criticize the President would
pause during this great crisis and reflect
for a moment on how difficult is the task
of an American President.
It is easy enough for the columnists
and the editorial writers to second-guess
the President. If they are wrong, few
people ever remember.
Only the President of the United
States cannot afford to be wrong, be-
cause, indeed, the survival of civilization
rests on his judgment.
It is for this reason that all Americans
can take pride in the bold decision made
by President Johnson to launch the air
strikes against the Communists in North
Vietnam.
One has a right to ask: "How many
other Americans would have had the
courage to make the final decisions
which Mr. Johnson has had to make
during the past few weeks?"
I am, confident that time will prove
President Johnson right. Certainly, Mr.
Speaker, reading the white paper on
aggression by the Communists from
North Vietnam, clearly and unmistak-
ably shows how justified President
Johnson is in setting the bold, albeit
precarious, course that he has set for
our actions in Vietnam.
It is for this reason, Mr. Speaker, that
I should like to include with my remarks
today the State Department's "white
paper" in its entirety.
This is one of the most significant doc-
uments ever prepared by the American
State Department. Secretary of State
Dean Rusk and his entire staff deserve
the highest commendation for putting
this entire matter into its proper per-
spective.
Any fair-minded person, regardless of
his political beliefs, cannot help but real-
ize that for President Johnson to have
ordered any other course in the face of
the overwhelming evidence contained in
this white paper, would have been to
write perhaps the final chapter in free-
dom's retreat to Communist infamy.
It is my hope that every American will
pause in his busy schedule long enough
to read the State Department's white
paper. I am confident, Mr. Speaker, that
only then could this Nation fully under-
stand the tremendous service President
Johnson is rendering the American peo-
ple and the cause of freedom throughout
the world.
Mr. Speaker, the State Department
white paper follows. I only regret that
under the rules of the House, I am un-
able to reprint at this time the tremen-
dously persuasive pictorial exhibits which
were published as part of the State De-
partment's indictment against the Com-
munists of North Vietnam.
AGGRESSION PROM THE NORTH-THE RECORD
OF NORTH VIETNAM'S CAMPAIGN To CONQUER
SOUTH VIETNAM
"Our purpose in Vietnam is to join in the
defense and protection of freedom of a brave
people who are under attack that is con-
trolled and that is directed from outside
their country." (President Lyndon B. John-
son, February 17, 1965.)
INTRODUCTION
South Vietnam is fighting for its life
against a brutal campaign of terror and
armed attack inspired, directed, supplied,
and controlled by the Communist regime in
Hanoi. This flagrant aggression has been
going on for years, but recently the pace
has quickened and the threat has now be-
come acute.
The war in Vietnam is a new kind of
war, a fact as yet poorly understood in most
parts of the world. Much of the confusion
that prevails in the thinking of many peo-
ple, and even many governments, stems from
this basic misunderstanding. For in Viet-
nam a totally new brand of aggression has
been loosed against an independent people
who want to make their own way in peace
and freedom.
Vietnam is not another Greece, where in-
digenous guerrilla forces used friendly
neighboring territory as a sanctuary.
Vietnam is not another Malaya, where
Communist guerrillas were, for the most
part, physically distinguisable from the
peaceful majority they sought to control.
Vietnam is not another Philippines, where
Communist guerrillas were physically sepa-
rated from the source of their moral and
physical support.
Above all, the war in Vietnam is not a
spontaneous and local rebellion against the
established government.
There are elements in the Communist
program of conquest directed against South
Vietnam common to each of the previous
areas of aggression and subversion. But
there is one fundamental difference. In
Vietnam a Communist government has set
out deliberately to conquer a sovereign peo-
ple in a neighboring state. And to achieve
its end, it has used every resource of its
own government to carry out its carefully
planned program of concealed aggression.
North Vietnam's commitment to seize con-
trol of the South is no less total than was
the commitment of the regime in North
Korea in 1950. But knowing the conse-
quences of the latter's undisguised attack,
the planners in Hanoi have tried desperately
to conceal their hand. They have failed and
their aggression is as real as that of an in-
vading army.
This report is a summary of the massive
evidence of North Vietnamese aggressionob-
tained by_ the Government of South Viet-
nam. This evidence has been jointly ana-
lyzed by South Vietnamese and American ex-
perts.
The evidence shows that the hard core of
the Communist forces attacking South Viet-
nam were trained in the north and ordered
into the south by Hanoi. It shows that the
key leadership of the Vietcong (VC), the
officers and much of the cadre, many of the
technicians, political organizers, and propa-
grandists have come from the north and oper-
ate under Hanoi's direction. It shows that.
the training of essential military personnel
and their infiltration into the south is di-
rected by the military high command in
Hanoi. (See sec. I.)
The evidence shows that many of the
weapons and much of the ammunition and
other supplies used by the Vietcong have
been sent into South Vietnam from Hanoi.
In recent months new types of weapons have
been introduced in the VC army, for which
all ammunition must come from outside
sources. Communist China and other Com-
munist States have been the prime suppliers
of these weapons and ammunition, and they
have been channeled primarily through
North Vietnam. (See sec. II.)
The directing force behind the effort to
conquer South Vietnam is the Communist
Party in the north, the Lao Dong (Workers)
Party. As in every Communist State, the
party is an integral part of the regime itself.
North Vietnamese officials have expressed
their firm determination to absorb South
Vietnam Into the Communist world. (See
sec. III.)
Through its central committee, which con-
trols the government of the north, the Lao
Dong Party directs the total political and
military effort of the Vietcong. The military
high command in the north trains the mili-
tary men and sends them into South Viet-
nam. The Central Research Agency, North
Vietnam's central intelligence organization,
directs the elaborate espionage and subver-
sion effort. The extensive political-military
organization in the north which directs the
Vietcong war effort is described in sec-
tion IV.
Under Hanoi's overall direction the Com-
munists have established an extensive ma-
chine for carrying on the war within South
Vietnam. The focal point is the Central
Office for South Vietnam with its political
and military subsections and other special-
ized agencies. A subordinate part of this
Central Office is the Liberation Front for
South Vietnam. The front was formed at
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.1965. CONGRESSIONAL ; RECORD. HQI,TS,E
-,3937
Hanoi's, order in 1960. Its principal func- tration groups have entered the south for sufficiently to join another passing group
tion is to influence opinion abroad and to which there is no evidence yet available. moving south.
create the false impression that the aggres- To some the level of infiltration from the The map on page 4 [not shown in REcoRD]
sion.in South Vienamis an Indigenous rebel- north may seem modest in comparison with shows the infiltration route from North Viet-
lion. against the established government. the total size of the Armed Forces of the Re- nam to the south followed by VC Sgt. Huynh
(See sec. IV.) public of Vietnam. But one-for-one calcu- Van Tay and a group of North Vietnamese
For more than 10 years the. people and the lations are totally misleading In the kind of Army officers and men in September 1963.
Government of South Vietnam, exercising warfare going on in Vietnam. First, a high Tay was captured during an engagement in
the. inherent right of self-defense, have proportion of infiltrators from the north are Chuong Thien Province in April 1964.
fought back against these efforts to extend well-trained officers, cadres, and specialists. Local guides lead the infiltration groups
Communist power south across the 17th Second, it has long. been realized that in along the secret trails. Generally they di-
parallel. The United States has responded guerrilla combat the burdens of defense are rect the infiltrators from halfway between
to the appeals of the Government of the Re- vastly heavier than those of attack. In Ma- two stations, through their own base sta-
public of Vietnam for help in this defense, of laya, the Philippines, and elsewhere a ratio tion, and on halfway to the next supply base.
the freedom and independence of its land of at least 10 to 1 in favor of the forces of Thus the guides are kept in ignorance of all
and its people. order was required to meet successfully the but their own way stations. Only group
In 1961 the Department of State issued a threat of the guerrillas' hit-and-run tactics, leaders are permitted to talk with the guides
report called "A Threat to the Peace." It In the calculus of guerrilla warfare the in order to preserve maximum security. The
described north Vietnam's program to seize scale of North Vietnamese infiltration into men are discouraged from asking where they
South Vietnam. The evidence in that report the south takes on a very different meaning. are or where they are going .2
.had been presented by theGovernment of For the infiltration of 5,000 guerrilla fighters The same system of trails and guides used
the Republic of Vietnam to the International in a given year is the equivalent of marching along the Lao infiltration routes is used
Control Commission (ICC). A special re- perhaps 60,000 regular troops across the bor- within South Vietnam Itself. Vietcong in-
port by the ICC in June 1962 upheld the der, in terms of the burden placed on the filtrators may report directly to a reassign-
validity of that evidence. The Commission defenders, ment center in the highlands as soon as they
held thaji there was "sufficient evidence to Above all, the number of proved and prob- enter South Vietnam. But in the past year
show beyond reasonable doubt" that North able infiltrators from the north should be or more some groups have moved down trails
Vietnam had sent arms and men into South seen in relation to the size of the VC forces. in South Vietnam to provinces along the
Vietnam to, carry out subversion with the It is now estimated that the Vietcong num- Cambodian border and near Saigon before re-
alm of overthrowing the legal government ber approximately 35,000 so-called hard-core ceiving their unit assignment. Within South
there. The ICC found the alzthorities in forces, and another 60,000 to 80,000 local Vietnam infiltration and supplies are han-
Hanoi in .specific violation of four, provisions forces. It is thus apparent that infiltrators dled by VC units such as the Nam Son Trans-
of the Geneva accords of 19541 from the north-allowing for casualties- portation Group.
Since then, new and even more .impressive make up the majority of the so-called hard- At the Laos border crossing point infil-
evidence of Hanoi's, aggression has accumu- core Vietcong. Personnel from the north, trators are reequipped. Their North Viet-
lated. The Government of the United States in short, are now and have always been the namese Army uniforms must be turned in.
.believes that evidence should be presented backbone of the entire VC operation. They must give up all personal papers, let-
to its own citizens and to the world. It is It is true that many of the lower level ele- ters, notebooks, and photographs that might
important for freemen to know what has ments of the VC forces are recruited within be incriminating. Document control over
been happening in Vietnam, and how, and South Vietnam. However, the thousands of the infiltrators has been tightened consider-
why.. That is the purpose of this report. reported cases of VC kidnapings and terror- ably over the past 2 years. A number of
1. HANOI SUPPLIES THE KEY PERSONNEL FOR THE ism make it abundantly clear that the threats Vietnamese -Infiltrators have told of being
ARMED AGGRESSION AGAINST SOUTH VIETNAM and other pressures by the Vietcong play a fitted out with Lao neutralist uniforms for
The hard core of the Communist forces major part in such recruitment. their passage through Laos.
attacking South Vietnam are men trained In A. The infiltration process Infiltration groups are usually issued a set
North Vietnam. They are ordered into the The infiltration routes supply hard-core of black civilian pajama-like clothes, two
south and remain under the military dis- units with most of their officers and non- unmarked uniforms, rubber sandals, a
cipline of the military high command in commissioned personnel. This source helps sweater. a hammock, mosquito netting, and
Hanoi. Special training camps operated by fill the gaps left by battle casualties, illness, waterproof sheeting. They carry a 3- to 5-
the North Vietnamese Army gave political and defection and insures continued control day supply of food. A packet of medicines
and military training to the infiltrators. In- by Hanoi. Also, as the nature of the conflict and bandages is usually provided.
ereasingly the forces sent into the south are has changed, North Vietnam has supplied The size of infiltration groups varies
native North Vietnamese who have never seen the Vietcong with technical specialists via widely. Prisoners have mentioned units as
South Vietnam. A special infiltration unit, the infiltration routes. These have included small as 5 men and as large as 500. Gen-
the 70th Transportation Group, is responsible men trained in armor and ordnance, anti- orally the groups number 40 to 50. When
for moving men from North Vietnam into the aircraft, and communications as well as med- they arrive in South Vietnam these groups
south via infiltration trails through Laos. ical corpsmen and transport experts, are usually split up and assigned to various
Another special unit, the maritime infiltra- There have units ne replacements, although some
have remained intact.
tion group, sends weapons and supplies the north to no single South in Vieatnam. Infiltration But by far
Vietnam-
and agents by sea into the south. B. Military personnel
The infiltration rate has been increasing. the same general course. The principal The following are individual case histories
From 1959 to 1960, when Hanoi was establish- training center for North Vietnamese Army of North Vietnamese soldiers sent by the
tag its infiltration pipeline, at least 1,800 men assigned to join the Vietcong has been Hanoi regime into South Vietnam. They are
men, and possibly 2,700 more, moved into at Xuan Mai near Hanoi. Recently captured only an illustrative group. They show that
South Vietnam from the north. The flow Vietcong have. also reported an infiltration the leadership and specialized personnel for
increased to a minimum of 3,700 in 1961 and training camp at Thanh Haa. After comple- the guerrilla war in South Vietnam consists
at least 5,400 in 1962. There was a modest-- tion of their training course-which involves in large part of members of the North Viet-
decrease in 1963 to 4,200 confirmed infiltra- political and propaganda work as well as nam armed forces, trained in the North and
fors, though later evidence is likely to raise military subjects--infiltrating units are subject to the command and discipline of
this agure. moved to Vinh on the east coast. Many have Hanoi.
For 1964 the evidence is still incomplete. made stopovers at a staging area in Dong 1. Tran Quoc Dan
However, it already shows that a minimum _Hoi where additional training is conducted. Dan was a VC major, commander of the
of 4.400 infiltrators entered the soutti, an
o e an
a ere border. Group of the Thon-Kim Battalion). Disil-
cent in,
There is usually a time lag between the Then, usually after several days' rest, In- lusioned with fighting his own countrymen
filtrators move southward through Laos. and with communism and the lies of the
entry of infiltrating troops and the discovery
of clear evidence they have entered. This Generally they move along the Laos-South Hanoi regime, he surrendered to the authori-
fact, plus collateral evidence of increased use Vietnam border. Responsibility for infiltra- ties In South Vietnam on February 11, nary
of the infiltration routes, suggests strongly tion from North Vietnam through Laos be- At the age of 15 he joined the revolutionary
that 1964 was probably the year of greatest longs to the 70th Transportation Group of ' army (Vietminh) and fought against the
the North Vietnamese Army. After a time French forces until 1954 when the Geneva
Infiltration so far, the infiltration groups turn eastward, enter- accords ended the Indochina war. As a regu-
Thus, since 1959, nearly 20,000 VC officers, ing South Vietnam in Quan Nam, lar In the Vietminh forces, he was moved to
soldiers, and technicians are known to have g Quang North Vietnam. He became an officer in the
entered South Vietnam under orders from Tri, Thua Thien, Kontum, or another of so-called people's army.
Hanoi. Additional information indicates the border provinces. In March 1962 Major Dan received orders
that an estimated 17,000 more infiltrators The Communists have established regular to prepare to move to South Vietnam. He
were dispatched to the south by the regime lanes for infiltration with way stations es- had been exposed to massive propaganda in
in Hanoi during the past 6 years. It can tablished about 1 day's march apart. The the north which told of the destitution of the
reasonably be assumed that still other infil- way stations are equipped to quarter and
=- feed the Vietcong passing through. Infll- 2 For additional maps of the routes taken
' For the text of pertinent sections of the trators who suffer from malaria or other ill- by VC infiltrators into South Vietnam, see
ICC report, see app. A. nesses stay at the stations until they recover app. B.
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 3938
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE Maych 3
peasants in the south and . said that the
Americans had taken over the French role of
colonialists. He said later that an important
reason for his decision to surrender was that
he discovered these propaganda themes were
lies. He found the peasants more prosperous
than the people in the north. And he recog-
nized quickly that he was not fighting the
Americans, but his own people.
With the 600 men of his unit, Major Dan
left Hanoi on March 23, 1962. They traveled
through the Laos corridor. His group joined
up with the Vietcong 1st Regiment In'cen-
tral Vietnam.
The 35-year-old major took part in 45 ac-
tions and was wounded once in an unsuc-
cessful VC attack on an outpost. As time
passed he became increasingly discouraged
by his experience as a VC troop commander.
Most of all, he said, he was tired of killing
other Vietnamese. After several months of
soul-searching he decided to surrender' to
the authorities of the Republic of Vietnam.
He has volunteered to do "anything to serve
the national cause" of South Vietnam.
2. Vo Thor
Sgt. Vo Thoi (Communist Party alias Vo
Bien) was an assistant squad leader in the
VC Tay Son 22d Battalion. On the night of
October 7, 1963, his unit attacked An Tuong
village in Binh Dinh Province. After over-
running the village, Vo's company was as-
signed to set up an ambush against Repub-
lic of Vietnam troops rushing to defend the
village. In the ensuing fight Vo was seri-
ously wounded. He was picked up by .local
farmers and turned over to the authorities.
Vo's life and- experiences were similar to
those of thousands of Vietcong. Born in
Quang Ngai Province in 1932, he went
through 5 years of school and then worked
on his parents' small farm. During the war
against the French he joined the Viet Minh
forces. When the fighting ended, he was
transferred to North Vietnam with his unit,
the 210th Regiment. He remained in the
North Vietnamese Army until 1960 when he
was sent to work on a state farmin Nghe An
Province. Vo said 3,000 men and women
worked on the farm, of whom 400 were sol-
forces. He went to North Vietnam after the
Geneva accords were signed in 1954. In
North Vietnam he attended a technical
school specializing in arms and manufacture.
He received special training in foreign small
arms and artillery.
At the end of 1962 he was ordered to Ha
Dong to attend a special course of political
training in preparation for infiltrating into
South Vietnam. On completion of the
training course he was assigned to a group
of 14 men who would move to the south to-
gether. Nguyen Thao said the group was
composed of four armament specialists, two
chemical engineers, and eight middle-level
technical cadre.
They left Ha Dong in March 1963, crossed
Into Laos, and reached their destination in
the northern part of South Vietnam in May.
Nguyen Thao went to work at a secret VC
arsenal near the Quang Ngai border. Fifty
men,, some local workers, manned the arsenal
weapons section. The group manufactured
mines and grenades for the VC units in the
area and repaired weapons.
Nguyen Thao said he soon realized from
talking with the local workers at the arsenal
that most of what he had heard in the North
about conditions in South Vietnam was
wrong. He said the Communists had de-
ceived him. Two months after his arrival at
the arsenal he decided to defect. He asked
permission to rejoin his family and to work
in a national defense factory and continue
his studies.
4. Nguyen Viet Le
This VC soldier was born in Quang Nam
Province in South Vietnam. He served with
the 305th Division of the Viet Minh and
moved to North Vietnam in 1954. In April
1961, Nguyen Viet Le and his unit, the 50th
Battalion, moved into Laos. He said the unit
remained in Laos for 2 months, during which
it fought in four battles alongside the
Pathet Lao. During these engagements one
of the battalion's four companies was badly
mauled and had to be returned to North
Vietnam.
The other-three companies were assigned
to South Vietnam. They arrived in Quang
Ngai Province in the summer of 1961. For a
must join the newly activated 22d Battalion. month they rested and waited for orders.
All members of the battalion ,'came from They took part in a major action against an
provinces in South Vietnam., from Quang Tri outpost of the Government of. South, Viet-
to Phu Yen. But it was not an ordinary Barn in September. Nguyen Viet Le was
battalion two-thirds of its members were captured during `a battle in Quang Ngai
cadre with ranks up to senior captain. Province in April 1962.
The group was put through an advanced 5. Nguyen Truc
training course that lasted 6 months. The Corp. Nguyen True was born in 1933, the
training program included combat tactics son of a farmer in Phu Yen Province in
for units from squad to company and the South Vietnam. From 1949 to 1954 he served
techniques of guerrilla and counterguerrilla as a courier and then as a guerrilla fighter
fighting. ` There were heavy doses of politi- with the Viet Minh. In early 1955 he boarded
cal indoctrination. a Soviet ship and moved with his unit, the
On March 5, 1963, the 22d Battalion re- 40th Battalion, to North Vietnam. He re-
ceived orders to move south. They were mained in the army, but in 1959, bothered
transported in trucks from Nghe An Province by illness, he went to work on a state farm.
to Dong Hof in Quang Binh, just north of In August 1962 Nguyen Truc was notified
the 17th parallel. From there the unit was that he was back in the army and that he was
moved westward to the Lao border. Then being sent to South Vietnam. He reported
the more than 300 men began walking to to the Xuan Mat training center and under-
the south following mountain trails in Laos went 6 months of military and political re-
and the Vietnam border area. They marched education. His unit was the newly activated
by day, rested at night. Every _ fifth day. 22d Battalion. The training course was com-
they stopped at away station for a full day's pleted in February 1965 but departure for
rest. One company dropped off at Thua South Vietnam was delayed until April.
Thiein t',roviiice. Vb,'and the remainder of For infiltration purposes the battalion was
the group matched on to Pleiku Province., divided into two groups. On April 27, Ngu-
Two fully armed companies from. a neighbor- yen True and his group boarded trucks at
ing province were assigned to the battalion. Xuan Mai. They went first to Vinh, then
The assignment given to the battalion was on to Deng Hoi, and finally to the Laos-
to harass strategic hamlets in the Hoai An North Vietnam border. There they doffed
district of Binh Dinh, to' round up cattle their North Vietnamese army uniforms and
and rice, to kill or kidnap cadre of the put on black peasants' clothing. The march
Government forces, and to recruit local to the south began, sometimes in Lao terri-
youth `for service with the Vietcong. tory, sometimes" in Vietnam. They passed
3. Nguyen Thao through. Thus Thien Province, then Quang
Nguyen Thao was a VC weapon$ tech- Nam, Quang Tin, and Quang Ngai, and final-
nician. A native of Shank Hao Province in ly to their destination, Pleiku. Each day
South Vietnam, he joined the 'V'ietminh in they had a new -guide, generally one of the
1950. He worked at a secret arsenal menu- mountain people of the area.
facturing weapons for use by the guerrilla Nguyen said that he and most of the
troops who were sent north after the Indo-
china war wanted to return to their homes
and rejoin their families. In August 1963,
Nguyen True was sent out on a foraging ex-
pedition to find food for his unit. He took
the opportunity to defect to Government
forces at An Tuc in Binh Dinh Province.
6. Nguyen Cam
Cam is the son of a farmer in Quang Tin
Province. Born in 1929, he joined the Viet-
minh youth group in his home village in
1946. In 1 year he became a guerrilla fighter
In 1954, as the Indochina war was drawing
to a close, he was serving with the Vietminh
20th Battalion. In May 1955 he went to
North Vietnam with his unit.
Ill health caused his transfer to an agri-
cultural camp in 1958. By 1960 he was back
in uniform, serving in the 210th Regiment.
In May of that year he was assigned to a
small group that was to set up a metallurgi-
cal workshop. Early in 1961 he was sent to
a metallurgical class in Nghe An Province.
They were taught a simple form of cast iron
production, simple blast furnace construe.-
tion, and similar skills. Their instructor was
an engineer . from the Hanoi Industrial de-
partment.
Their special course completed, Cam and
his group of 35 men prepared to go to South
Vietnam. They went by truck from their
training center at Nghe An to the Lao bor-
der. After 19 days marching through Laos,
they arrived in the vicinity of Tehepone.
There they waited for 3 days until food sup-
plies could be airdropped by a North Viet-
namese plane. Nineteen days of walking
took them to the Laos-South Vietnam
border.
Delayed en route by illness, Cam finally
reached his destination in November 1961.
It was a secret VC iron foundry in Nontum
Province. Several iron ore deposits were
nearby, and the hill people had long used
the iron to make knives and simple tools.
Cam's job was building kilns to smelt the
ore. The Vietcong hoped to use the iron
for mines and grenades.
On August 4, 1963, Sergeant Cam went
to a nearby village to buy salt for his group.
On his return he found his comrades had
gone to one of their cultivated fields to
gather corn, and he joined them. The group
was interrupted at their work by a Viet-
namese ranger company. After a brief fight
Cam was, taken prisoner.
7. Nguyen Hong Thai
Thai, 32 years old, was born and grew up
in Quang Nkai Province in South Vietnam.
After service with the Vietminh he was
moved to North Vietnam in 1954. After 3
years of military service he was assigned to
a miiltary farm. In December 1961 he was
recalled to his former unit, the 306th Divi-
sion, and went to the special training camp
at Xuan Mai in preparation for fighting with
the Vietcong in South Vietnam.
Training began in January 1962 and
lasted for 4 months. The training group,
designated the 32d Battalion, was composed
of 650 men who came from. various branches
of the North , Vietnamese Army-engineers,
artillery, airborne, transport, marines, and
some factory workers and students. Three-
fourths of the training was military (guer-
rilla tactics, ambushes, sabotage, etc.) and
one-fourth was political. In the latter,
heavy emphasis was laid on the necessity
for armed seizure of power in the south.
Group 32 was divided into sections and
began infiltrating to the south on July 14,
1962. It moved In. three groups. Thai said
it took his group more than 56 days to travel
from North Vietnam through Laos to Quang
Ngal Province in the south. He reported that
all the communications and, liaison stations
on the route to South Vietnam are now op-
erated by the Army of North Vietnam. Soon
after his arrival in South Vietnam, That was
promoted to the.rank of lieutenant. He was
made a platoon leader in the 20th Vietcong
Highland Battalion. In February 1963 the
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19d5 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3939
unit moved from Quang Nam to Kontum they were formed into special groups to con- ion reported that his unit had been rein-
Province., tinue their penetration into South Vietnam. forced by native North Vietnamese troops
Combat conditions and the rigors of guer- Linh reported being delayed once for 8 days, earlier this year. Le Thua Phuong, an in-
rilla life began to depress Thai. He said he and the second time. for 10 days. formation cadre and a native of Quang Ngai
wanted only to rejoin his family and live in Finally, in the first week of November 1963, Province in the south, surrendered to Gov-
peace. In September he asked and received Linh was sufficiently recovered to begin the ernment forces on April 23, 1964. He said
permission to visit his family in Quang Ngat. final leg of his journey to a VC center where that the 90th Battalion had received 80 North
When he got home, he surrendered to a South he was to be assigned to a combat unit. He Vietnamese replacements in February.
Vietnamese Army post. and three others who had been Similarly de- A medical technician named Hoang Thung
8. Dao Kien Lap layed by attacks of malaria and other sick- was captured in Thuan Thfen Province on
Lap is a civilian radio technician. He has ness made up a group. They moved through July 4, 1964. He said he had infiltrated into
been a member of the Communist Party in the jungles of Quang Duc Province near the the south in late 1963 with a group of 200
North Vietnam since 1955. In February 1963 Cambodian border. On the morning of No- Vietcong, the majority of whom were ethnic
he was selected for assignment to South vember 9 they crossed the Srepok River. northerners, 120 of them draftees.
Vietnam where he was to work with the There they ran into a unit of the South These reports destroy one more fiction
Liberation Front. He infiltrated into South Vietnamese Army. One of the infiltrators which the authorities in Hanoi have sought
Vietnam with a group of about 70 civilian was killed, Linh was taken prisoner, and the so long to promote-that the fighting in the
specialists. They included doctors, other two Vietcong escaped.
pharma- south was matter for the South Viet-
cists, union organizers, radio specialists, These are typical Vietcong. There are
namese. They underline Hanoi's determina-
propagandists, and youth organizers. One many other officers like Tran Quoc Dan, tech- tion to o press its s campaign of conquest nest with
h
of the infiltrators in Dao's group was a man nicians like Nguyen Thao, and simple sol- conquest
available resource..
named Binh, publisher of the e newspaper diers like Nguyen True. They were born in
Labor of the Lao Dong Party. Another was South Vietnam, fought against the French, D. Infiltration of Vietcong agents
a member of the city soviet of Hanoi, and then went north and served in the army No effort to subvert another nation as
The specialists in Dao's group received 3 of North Vietnam. They were ordered by the elaborate as that being - conducted by the
months of basic military training at Son Communist rulers in Hanoi to reenter South Ho Chi Minh regime against South Vietnam
Tay, and then departed for the south in mid- Vietnam. Violating the Geneva accords of can succeed without an intelligence-gather-
June. Their orders were to report to the 1954 and 1962, they, used the territory of ing organization. Recognizing this, the au-
central office of the Vietcong in South Viet- neighboring Laos to infiltrate into the South. thorities in Hanoi have developed an exten-
nam where they would be assigned accord- They are the means by which Communist sive espionage effort. An essential part of
lug to their individual specialties. Dao and North Vietnam is carrying out its program that effort is the regular assignment of secret
Binh were to help run a radio station of the of conquest in South Vietnam., agents from the. north to South Vietnam.
Liberation Front. C. Infiltration of native North Vietnamese The heart of the VC Intelligence organiza-
They traveled through Laos and along the The Communist authorities in Hanoi are tion is the Central Research Agency in Hanoi.
Vietnam border, They had to stop for sev- now assigning native North Vietnamese in (See sec. IV, C.) Communist agents are
eral weeks in Quang Nam Province to recu- increasing numbers to join the VC forces regularly dispatched from North Vietnam,
petite from their travels. On October 1 they in South Vietnam. Heretofore, those in sometimes for brief assignments but often
were directed by guides to a VC station in charge of the infiltration effort has sought for long periods. Many of these agents move
Ban Me Thuot. to fill their quotas with soldiers and others into South Vietnam along the infiltration
Dao said he had by then decided to defect born in the south. The 90,000 troops that traits along through Laos; s and are d at pr
others by
to the government authorities in the south. moved from South Vietnam to the north boats along the coasts and landed at pre-
e-
He set off with one companion, but they were when the Geneva accords ended the Indo- tion arranged group siteshas. A been special maritime th Viet-
separated as they crossed a swiftly flowing china War have provided an invaluable res- developed in North Viet-
river. Dao gave himself up at a government ervoir for this purpose. Now, apparentl nam, with its operations centered in Ha
post in Ban Me Thuot on October.13, 1963. that source is running dry.. The casualty of hand Quang Binh Provinces just north
9. Tran Ngoc Linh rate has been high, and obviously many of ?i the 17th parallel.
Linh was a Vietcong senior sergeant, those who were in fighting trim 10 years 1. Maritime infiltration
leader of a reconnaissance platoon. He is the ago are no longer up to the rigors of guer- The following case illustrates the methods
son of a middle-class farm family in Tay rilla war. of maritime infiltration of secret agents
1 inh Province. He served with the Viet In any case, reports of infiltration by na- used by the Communist regime of North
Minh against the French and moved to North tire North Vietnamese in significant num- Vietnam.
Vietnain in 1954. He spent the next 7 years bers have been received in Saigon for several In July 1962 a North Vietnamese intelli-
in the North Vietnamese Army. In Septem- months. It is estimated that as many as gence agent named Nguyen Viet Duong be-
ber 1962 Linli was assigned to the Xuan Mai 75 percent of the more than 4,400 Vietcong gan training to infiltrate South Vietnam. A
training center at?HaDong to prepare for who are known to have entered the south native southerner, he had fought against the
duty in South Vietnam. His group was given in the first 8 months of 1964 were natives French and had gone to North Vietnam after
a 4-month refresher course in infantry tac- of North Vietnam. the war ended. Selected for intelligence
tics with emphasis on guerilla fighting. Then Vo Thanh Vinh was born in Nghe An Prov- work, he was assigned to the Central Re-
he received 6 nlonths of special training in race in North Vietnam in 1936. He was cap- search Agency in 1959.
the use of machineguns against aircraft. tured by South Vietnamese forces on May 5, After a period of intensive instruction in
Antiaircraft training has become an increas- 1964. He described himself as a military radio transmission, coding and decoding, and
ingly important part of the preparation of security officer. He infiltrated into South other skills of the intelligence trade, he was
North Vietnamese troops assigned to the Vietnam in April 1964 with a group of 34 given false identity papers and other sup-
Vietcong. police and security officers from the north, plies and was transported to the south. His
Linh and about 120 others made up the Another native North Vietnamese captured principal task was to set up a cell of agents
406th Infiltration Group commander by Sen- in the south was VC Pfc. Vo Quyen. His to collect military information. He flew
for Capt. Nguyen Van Do. They were divided home was in Nam Dinh Province. He was a from Hanoi to Dong Hot, and from there the
into four platoons.__ During the final 2 weeks member of the 2d Battalion of the North Maritime infiltration group took him by boat
of preparation each member of the group Vietnamese Army's 9th Regiment. He said to south Vietnam. That was in August 1962.
the entire battali h
was issd ne
ue
d i
fi
m
d
a
, n
w
equip
ltrate
ent-black, pajama- on
into In January 1963 Duong reported to Hanoi
like uniforms, a khaki uniform, a hammock, South Vietnam between February and May that he had run into difficulties. His money
mosquito netting, rubber sandals, and other last year. He was captured in an action in
and papers had been lost, and he had been
supplies, including two packets of medicine. Quang Tri Province on July 4. He told in- forced to take refuge with VC contacts in an-
In the early morning hours of July 4, 1963, terrogators that the bulk of his unit was other province. Another agent was selected
his group started its journey from the Xuan composed of young draftees from North to go to South Vietnam. One of his assign-
Mai training center outside Hanoi. The con- Vietnam. ments was to contact Duong, find out details
vey of six Molotov trucks moved south along Le Pham Hung, also a private, first class, of what happened to him, and help Duong
Highway 21 to Nghe An Province and then was captured on July 7 in Thua Thfen reestablish himself as a VC agent. The man
on to, Quang Binh. On July 7 they arrived Province. He is a native of Nam Dinh in
Y Y selected for the task was Senor Captain
at the final, processing station near the Laos- North Vietnam. Drafted for military service Tran Van Tan of the Central Research
North Vietblam border. There_ they turned in May 1963, he was in the 324th Division. Agency.
in their North Vietnamese Army uniforms His group, consisting solely of 90 North Viet- Tan had already been picked to go to the
as well as all personal papers and anything namese draftees, infiltrated into South Viet- South to establish a clandestine VC commu-
else that, might identify them as coming from nam in May 19?4. He reported that another nications center. Making contact with Du-
the north. But their departure for the south company of the North Vietnamese entered ong was one of his secondary assignment.
was delayed for several weeks. In August the south at the same time as his unit. After. intensive preparations Tan was ready
they set off through Laos. A former member of the 90th VC Battal- to move to South Vietarn in March. He
Twice along the way Linh had to stop at was transferred to an embarkation base of
liaison stations because of illness. When the See app. C for additional details on. mill- the maritime infiltration group just north
Infiltrators recovered from their illnesses. ta.rv infiltrators
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3940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE March 3 UNITION He was joined by three other VC agents under an older agent to whom he had to r AND'
OOI3 SUwAN MATER O S, A FORCES IN TO ITS
and the captain and three crewmen of the report regularly.
boat that would take them south. All were A third member of the team was a younger THE soUTH
given false identity papers to conform to man who was to assist Vy. The three were When Hanoi launched the VC campaign of
their false names. They also were provided to infiltrate into South Vietnam separately terror, violence, and subversion in earnest
with fishermen's permits, South Vietnamese and to meet there at a rendezvous point. in 1959, the Communist forces relied mainly
voting cards, and draft cards or military dis- At first Vy was to do no more than to on stocks of weapons and ammunution left
charge papers. The boat captain received a observe his fellow students carefully, col- over from the war against the French. Sup-
boat registration book, crew lists, and sev- lecting biographical data on them and study- plies sent in from North Vietnam came
eral South Vietnamese permits to conduct ing their personalities, capabilities, and as- largely from the same source. As the mili-
business. piratians. He was then to select those he tary campaign progressed, the Vietcong de-
The agents and boatmen were given thought might be most influenced by Com- pended heavily on weapons captured from
cover stories to tell if captured. Each man munist propaganda and try to make friends the Armed Forces in South Vietnam. This
had to memorize not only the details of his with them. remains an important source of weapons and
own story but the names and some details Once he had selected targets, he was to ammunitions for the Vietcong. But as the
about each of the others. The agents had begin to influence them favorably toward the pace of the war has quickened, requirements
to become familiar With simple boat proce- north and to Implant Communist props- for up-to-date arms and special types of
dures so they could pass as legitimate fisher- Banda. He was responsible then for bringing weapons have risen to a point where the
men, into his organization those he had influenced Vietcong cannot rely on captured stocks.
The expedition left the embarkation port effectively. These individuals were to be Hanoi has undertaken a program to reequip
on April 4. In addition to the four agents given their own propaganda assignments to its forces in the south with Communist-pro-
the boat carried six carefully sealed boxes work on other students. duced weapons.
containing a generator, several radios, some Students who wanted to evade military Large and increasing quantities of mili-
weapons, and a large supply of South Viet- service in the Government forces Were con- tary supplies are entering South Vietnam
natnese currency. They also carried some sidered prime targets. Where possible, Vy from outside utside the country. The principal
chemicals and materials for making false was to help them get to North Vietnam. He supply point is North Vietnam, which pro-
identification papers. Their destination was was also told to make contact with any stu- vides a convenient channel for materiel that
a landing site on the coast of Phuoc Tuy dents who had been picked up by the author- originates in Communist China and other
Province. ities for suspected Communist activities. Communist countries.
Soon after leaving North Vietnam the VC These, too, were to be helped to escape to An increasing number of weapons from
boat encountered high winds and rough seas. North Vietnam. Any useful information external Communist sources have been
On April 7 the storm became violent. The concerning developments In the south or seized in the south. These include such
boat tossed and threatened to capsize. military activities were to be reported weapons as 57-millimeter and 75-millimeter
Strong northeasterly winds forced it ever through his superior, Nguyen Van Phong. recoilless rifles, dual-purpose machineguns,
closer to shore. Finally the boat captain, In case he became suspect, he was either rocket launchers, large mortars, and anti-
Nguyen Xit, ordered that the six boxes be to make his own way back to North Vietnam tank mines.
thrown overboard. This was done, and the or to go into the jungle and try to contact A new group of Chinese Communist-man-
boat then was beached. The eight men de- a VC unit. ufactured weapons has recently appeared in
cided to split up into pairs and try to make Vy entered South Vietnam on January 2, VC hands. These include the 7.62 semiauto-
contact with VC forces. They buried their 1963, by swimming across the Ben Hai River. matte carbine, 7.62 light machinegun, and
false papers and set out. Six of the eight He encountered an elderly farmer who led the 7.62 assault rifle. These Weapons and
were captured almost immediately by au- him to the local authorities in Hai Cu. ammunition for them, manufactured in
thorities in Thua Thien Province, and the There he told his story but it was not be- Communist China in 1962, were first cap-
other two were taken several days later: lieved. He then admitted his true mission. tared in December 1964 in Chuang Thien
2. Student Propaganda Agents 3. Other Agents Province. Similar weapons have since been
seized in each of the four corps areas of
The student population of South Vietnam The Communist authorities in North Viet- South Vietnam. Also captured have been
is an Important target group for VC propa- nam send their agents into South Vietnam Chinese Communist antitank grenade
gandists. These' agents seek to win adher- by a wide variety of means. A few like launchers and ammunition made in China
safe for the Communist cause among young Nguyen Van Vy cross the demilitarized zone, in 1963.
workers, students in high schools and uni- more infiltrate by sea, and still more along One captured Vietcong told his captors
versities, and the younger officers and en- the infiltration routes through Laos. But that his entire company had been supplied
listed men in the armed forces of the Repub- there are other methods for entering South recently with op Chinese eenosu The
lie of Vietnam. Vietnam. VC espionage agent Tran Van recrecently t of io units with a type n The
Typical of the agents sent into South But attempted one such method. one that require ammunition and parts from
Vietnam for this, purpose is Nguyen Van Vy, But was a graduate of the espionage train- outste South Vietnam indicates the growing
a 19-year-old VC propagandists. He is a tog school in Haiphong, North Vietnam. He outside the nom dic to the g o ing rities native of the Vinh Linh District in North completed a special 6-month course in July effectiveness of their authosupply lines into the
Vietnam, just north of the demilitarized zone. 1962. The training included political in- south.
He was P. member of a Commttnlst Party doctrination, but most of the time was spent ble evidence of Hanoi's elabo-
recruited group in his native village. He was on such things as use or Weapons, preparing IncontrovertraIe r am to
le supply its forces in the south
recruited for propaganda work in the south booby traps, and methods of sabotage. He with peaorsns, ammunition. and other sup-
in the fall of 1962. He was one of 40 young was also given instruction in methods for lies has weapons, the years. sup-accumulated
over persons- enrolled in a special political train- enlisting help from hoodlums, draft dodgers, motto new proof was exposed just th-
ing course given by the Communist Party in and VC sympathizers. Once in South Viet- report was being completed.
his district. nam, he was to organize a small unit for rg conp
The first phase of the training consisted of sabotage and the collection of Information. On February 16, 1965, an-American heli-
political indoctrination covering such sub- On specific assignment by his superiors he copter pilot flying along the South Vietnam-
jects as the advance of communism, the was to be ready to sabotage ships in Saigon ese coast sighted a suspicious vessel. It was
North Vietnamese plan for winning control harbor and to blow up gasoline and oil stor- a carog ship of an estimated 100-ton capacity,
of the country, the responsibility of youth age points and Vietnamese Army installa- carefully camouflaged and moored just off
in furthering this plan, the war in the south, tions. He was told to be prepared to assas- shore along the coast of Phu Yen Province,.
and the need for propaganda supporting the ainate Vietnamese officials and American Fighter planes that approached the vessel.
Liberation Front. personnel. met machinegun fire from guns on the deck:
Those who successfully completed the first In September 1962 But was given his mis- of the ship and from the shore as well. A
phase were selected for the second level of slon assignment. He was to hide aboard a Vietnamese Air Force strike was launched
training, the so-called technical training foreign ship. When discovered, he was to against the vessel, and Vietnamese Govern-
phase. In this the trainees were given their claim to be a refugee who wanted to escape meat troops moved into the area. They
mission in the south. Vy was told he should to South Vietnam. He was given an auto- seized the ship after a bitter fight with the
infiltrate into South Vietnam and there sur- matte pistol With silencer, some explosive de- Vietcong.
render to the authorities, describing himself vices, and a small knife that could inject The ship, which had been sunk in shallow
as a defector who was "tired of the miserable poison into the body of a victim. water, had discharged a huge cargo of arms.
life in` the north." He was to say he wanted But stole aboard a foreign ship In Hai- ammunition, and other supplies. Docu-
to complete his schooling, which was impos- phong harbor. After 3 days at Sea-when merits found on the ship and on the bodies
sible in the north. He was told to ask to he was sure the ship would not turn of several Vietcong aboard identified the ves-
live with relatives in the south so he could around-16ul surrendered to the. ship's cap- sel as having come froth North Vietnam. A
go to school. Once his story was accepted tain. When the ship arrived in Bangkok, newspaper in the cabin was from Haiphong
and he. was enrolled in a school, he was to But was turned over to the That authorities. and was dated January 23, 1965. The sup-
begin his work of propagandizing other stu-- They in turn released him to the South plies delivered by the ship-thousands of
dents. He Was to watt for 3 or 4 montha, Vietnamese as he had requested. But in weapons and more than a million rounds of
however, until he was no longer the subject Saigon his true mission was disclosed and he ammunition--were almost all of Communist
of localsuspicion. He was assigned to work made a full confession. origin, largely from Communist China and
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1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3941
Ozechoslovakla, as well as North Vietnam, cache in which the 75-millimeter ammuni- In his address to the Third Lao Dong Party
At least 100 tons of military supplies were tion alone weighed approximately 11/2 tons. Congress, party and government leader Ho
discovered near the ship. It has been estimated that it would require Chi Minh spoke of the necessity "to step up
A preliminary survey of the cache near the more than 150 porters to carry this quantity the Socialist revolution in the north and,
sunken vessel from Hanoi listed the follow- of ammunition over rough terrain. How- at the same time, to step up the national
ing supplies and weapons: ever, a few sampans, each manned by a few democratic people's revolution in the south."
Approximately 1 million rounds of small-. men, could transport it with little difficulty. The year before, writing for Red Flag, the
arms ammunition; more than 1,000 stick It is worth noting, in this connection, that Communist Party newspaper of Belgium,
grenades; 500 pounds of TNT in prepared the delta where the cache of materiel was Ho had said much the same thing: "We are
charges; 2,000 rounds of 82-millimeter mortar seized has 460 miles of seacoast as well as . building socialism in Vietnam, but we are
ammunition; 500 antitank grenades; 500 2,500 miles of canals navigable by large water- building it in only one part of the country,
rounds of 57-millimeter recoilless rifle am-, craft and another 2,200 miles of canals over while in the other part we still have to direct
muntion; more than 1,000 rounds of 75- which sampans can move easily. Much of and bring to a close the middle-class demo-
millimeter recoilless rifle ammunition; one the transport of large stocks of ammunition cratic and antiimperialist revolution."
57-millimeter recoilless rifle; 2 heavy ma- is undoubtedly waterborne for at least much
chineguns; 2,000 7.95 Mauser rifles; more of its travel into South Vietnam.' In the
Nsame in orth vein, the commander chief
than 100, 7.62 carbines; 1,000 submachine- Large quantities of chemical components Nguyen theguyen No Giaprth, spoke at spoke at e the arm1960ed forc party es, con-
guns; 15 light machineguns; 500 rifles; 500 for explosives have been sent into South
pounds of medical supplies (with labels from Vietnam for the Vietcong. During 1963 dress of the need to "step up the south."
North Vietnam, Communist China, Czecho- there were at least 15 incidents in which Eamocratic people's revolution in the south.-
Slovakia, East Germany, Soviet Union, and boats, junks, or sampans were seized with nist Earlier Party the year, c Tap for the Commul
other sources). a i b ed the oc Tap in Hanoi, Genera-
explosives aboard. More than 20 tons of Gip described thnorth as "the revolution-
The ship was fairly new and had been potassium chlorate or nitrate were captured. ary base for the whole country."
made . in Communist China. Documents All these cases were in the delta-area, and
aboard the ship included three North Viet- the majority were on or near the Mekong first Le of secretary member the Lao the Dona Party, Par, and
namese nautical charts (one of the Hai- River. Red phosphorus made in Communist even lith the
phong area and one of Hong Gay, both in China has been among the chemicals cap- evmore explicit when he talked the
North Vietnam, and one of the TraVinh area tured from the Vietcong. party congress about the struggle in the
of South Vietnam). The military health The Communists have shown extreme south and the party's role. After noting the
records of. North .Vietnamese soldiers were sensitivity to exposure of the fact that war difficulties involved in overthrowing the
found. One man, had a_ political history material is going to the Vietcong from Northtsaid:
ing order i the South southern Vie eo l Le Duan
sheet showing he was a member of the 338th Vietnam, Communist China, and other Com- o "Hence Hence struggle the will be longpeoples out, and
of the North Vietnamese Army. munist countries. A secret document cap- de, drawn sub, but a
(See app. E.) tured from a VC agent last year reflected arduous. It is not a simple process but a
Also aboard the North Vietnamese ship this sensitivity. The document was sent complicated one, combining many varied
were: an instruction book for a Chinese, from VC military headquarters in Bien Hoa forms of struggle-from elementary to ad-
Communist navigational device; postcards Province to subordinate units. It ordered building, l bconsolidation, col andillen, and and based on the
and letters to addresses in North Vietnam; them to "pay special attention to the re- development of
snapshots, including one of a group of men moval of all the markings and letters on the revolutionary force of the masses. In
t
in North Vietnamese Army uniforms under a weapons of all types currently employed by o
urbis process, solidarity we and the must constantly antensify
flag of the Hanoi government. units and agencies and manufactured by o organization and edu-
flag of the ICC and representatives of friendly East European democratic countries . cation of the people of the south."
the free press visited the sunken North Viet- or by China." It said incriminating mark- Another high official of the Hanoi regime,
namese ship and viewed its cargo. The ing should be chiseled off "so that the enemy Truong Chinh, writing in the party organ
incident itself underlined in the most dra- cannot use it as a propaganda theme every Hoc Tap in April 1961, expressed confidence
matic form that Hanoi is behind the con- time he captures these weapons." in the success of the struggle to remove the
tinuing campaign of aggression aimed at III. NORTH VIETNAM: SO SEE H FOR CONQUEST OF legal
"North o Vietnam its Sbeing Vrapidly con soli-
conquering South Vietnam.- It made un-THE ' mistakably clear that what is happening in dated and
strengthened, is providing good
South Vietnam is not an internal affair but Hanoi The in Third September Lao Dong
1960 Party forth Congress in
and is support r the South strong base fe revolution,
part of a large-scale carefully directed and for its members: "to carry set fo two tasks gle serving r a strong base for the strug-
supported program of armed attack on a members: ry out the socialist ge for national rsovereign state and a free people. revolution in North Vietnam" and "to lib- He outlined the steps by which the Com-
There have been previous seizures of large erate South Vietnam." munists expect to achieve control over all stocks of ammunition and weapons and other The resolution of the congress described Vietnam as follows: The Liberation Front
military supplies that could only have come the effort to destroy the legal Government in would destroy the present Government in the
mom Cym pubes that cs could Shave come South Vietnam as follows: "The revolution south; a, coalition government would be
nom, o munissources ices a Republic of Viet- In the South is a protracted, hard, and cam- established; this government would agree
nam force attacked a 63 stronghold public of Dinh plex process of struggle, combining many with the North Vietnamese government in
nom f Province outhwetr of Saigon. A forms of struggle of great activity and flexi- Hanoi regarding national reunification un-
large cache of ce equipment of seized. In A bility, ranging from lower to higher, and der one form or another. It takes little
paned in the captured stocks were the. fol- taking as its basis the building consolida- imagination to understand the form that is
lowing weapons _ and ammunition, all of tion, and development of the revolutionary intended.
Chinese weapons , t manufacture: of the masses." "Thus," wrote Truong Chinh, "though
One 80-ommti is u2 car- At the September meeting the Communist South Vietnam will be liberated by nonpeace-
53); of 175 bines (90- illi 120 rockrouket c et aunt er; 2 car- leaders in the north called for formation of ful means, the party policy of achieving
recoilless rifle ammunition; 120 detonating r a broad national , Hanoi front." Three peaceful national reunification is still cor-
fuses for recoilless rifle ammunition; 14,000 months later, Hanoi announced creation of rect."
rounds of 7.62 (type P) ammunition; 160,000 the "Front for Liberation of the South."
This is the organization that Communist The official government radio in Hanoi is
rounds of 7.62 carbine ammunition; 150 fuses propaganda now credits with g used both overtly and covertly to su
for mortar, shells; 100,000 rounds_ of 7.92 forces subversion in the guiding the the Vietcong effort in South Vietnam. oa rt
Mouser-type ammunition; 110 pounds (ap- tared as s an organization south;
established it is and plc- tared agents have testified that the broad-
pr ser-te) of TNT; two 60-millimeter mop- run
tars. by the people in the south themselves. At casts are used sometimes to send instructions
the 1960 Lao Dong Party Congress the tone the code to Vietcong representatives in
These weapons and ammunition are the was different. Then, even before the front the south.
same as those used in the North Vietnamese existed, the Communist leaders were issuing Hoc Tap stated frankly in March 1963:
Army. Some of the 7.62-millimeter am- orders for the group that was being orga- "They [the authorities in South Vietnam]
munition was manufactured as recently as nized behind the scenes in Hanoi. "This
1962.4 are well aware that North Vietnam is the firm
front must rally"; "The aims of its struggle base for the southern revolution and the
Materiel is sent into South Vietnam from are"; "The front must carry out"-this is point on which it leans, and that our party
the North by a variety of methods-over- the way Hanoi and the Communist Party ad- is the steady and experienced vanguard unit
land, by river and canal, and by sea. In one dressed the Liberation Front even before its of the working class and people and is the
instance Vietnamese troops discovered a founding. brain and factor that decides all victories of
The Liberation Front Is Hanoi's creation; the revolution."
4 On Jan. 29, 1964, the Government of the it is neither independent nor southern, and In April 1964 the Central Committee of the
Republic of Vietnam supplied the Inter- what it seeks is not liberation but subjuga- Lao Dong Party issued a directive to all
Control Vietnam
with the a list of tion of the south. party echelons. It stated: "When the forces
weapons, ammunition, and other equipment co rthe id enenemy and the plots that the enemy are
of Communist origin captured in South Viet- Photographs of additional Vietcong wee party members, is realized the cadres,
p- m mrs, and inpeople In crease their North Viet-
nam since June 1962. The list is summer- ens and ammunition of Communist origin nom must * * * increase sense of f re-
ized in app. D. are contained in,app. E. sponsibility in regard to the South Vietnam
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 3942
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 3
revolution by giving positive and practical rather than an externally directed Coinmu-
support to South Vietnam in every field" slat plan.
Ort primarily from
Nguyen Chi Thanh, writing in a Hanoi he front has won supp newspaper in May 1963, underlined the-im- the Communist world. Its radio faithfully
portance of the role of the North Vietnamese repeats the propaganda themes of Hanoi and
Army in Hanoi's plans to unify Vietnam un- Peiping. When its representatives travel
der Communist rule: "Our party set forth two abroad, they do so with North Vietnamese
and sponsorship! The front's pro-
time: tasks to be carried out at the same Passports copies that of the Lao Dong Party in
time: to transform and build socialism In the North Vietnam.
north and to struggle to unify the country. In late 1961, in still another effort to con-
Our army is an instrument of the class strug-
gle in carrying out these two strategic tasks." teal the extent of Communist domination
of the front, the Communists announced
IV. ORGANIZATION, DIRECTION', ON SOi7TEC,COMMAND, AND VIETNAM formation of tL new Marxist political unit,
CONTROL HANOI I tiie People's Revolutionary Party (PAP).
ARE CENTER RED IN H This mechanism provided a way to explain
The VC military and political apparatus the Communist presence in the front while
in South Vietnam is an -extension of an at the same time making it appear that the
elaborate military and political structure in Communist voice was only one of several
North Vietnam which directs and supplies affiliated organizations in the front. The
it with the tools for conquest. The Ho Chi PRP itself claimed direct descent from the
Minh regime has shown that it is ready to original Indochinese Communist Party and
allocate every resource that can be spared- from the North Vietnamese Communist
whether it be personnel, funds, or equip- Party in Hanoi.'
o
f bringing all Vietnam under i Cammunit
of nging
rule.
A. Political organt?ation
Political direction and control of the Viet-
cong is supplied by the Lao Dong Party, I.e.,
the Communist Party, led by Ho Chi Minh.
Party agents are responsible for indoctrina-
tion, recruitment, political training, propa-
ganda, anti-Government demonstrations, and
other activities of a political nature. The
cbnaiderable intelligence-gathering facilities
of the party are also at the disposal of the
Vietcong.
Overall direction of the VC movement is
the responsibility of the Central Committee
of the Lao Dong Party. Within the central
committee a special reunification depart-
ment has been established. This has replaced
the committee for supervision of the south
mentioned in intelligence reports 2 years
ago. It lays down broad strategy for the
movement to conquer South Vietnam.
Until March 1982 there were two principal
administrative divisions in the VC structure
in the south. One was the interzone of
South-Central Vietnam (sometimes called
interzone 5); the other was the Nambo re-
gion. In a 1962 reorganization these were
merged into one, called the central office for
South Vietnam. The central committee,
through its reunification department, Issues maintains direct contact with its principal
directives to the central office, which trans- military units in the south.
lates them into specific orders for the appro- In addition to its supervision of the gen-
priate subordinate command. eral military effort of the VC, the military
Under the central office are six regional section of the central office is believed to
units (V through IX) plus the special zone have direct command of two regimental
of Saigon sponsin/Gia Dinh. A regional com- headquarters and a number of security com-
mittee responsible to the central office di- ponies.
rects VC activities in each region. Each The hard core of the VC military organiza-
regional committee has specialized units re- Lion is the full-time regular unit usually
perso sponsible for liaison, propaganda, training based on the province or region. These are nnel, military itary bases, , and rnd the subversive like. . activities, espionage , well-trained and highly disciplined guerrilla
fighters. They follow a rigid training sched-
Below each regional committee are simi?? ule that is roughly two-thirds military and
larly structured units at the province and one-third political in content. This com-
cells pares with the 50-50 proportion for district
district levels. At the base of the Commu-
nist pyralrrid are the individual party cells, units and the 70 percent political and 30
which may be organized on a geographic percent military content of the village guer-
base or within social or occupational groups. rilla's training.
The elaborateness of the party unit and the The size of the Vietcong regular forces has
extent to which it operates openly or under- grown steadily in recent years. For exam-
ground os doleover th mrea, c by the extent ple, the Vietcong have five regimental head-
Of VC control over the area concerned. quarters compared with two in 1961. And
1. The Liberation Front: The National the main VC force is composed of 50 battal-
Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ions, 50 percent more than before. There
is the screen behind which the Communists are an estimated 139 VC companies. Hard-
carry out their program of conquest. It is
the creature of the Communist Government
in Hanoi. As noted above the Communist
Party in the North demanded establishment
of such a front 3 months before its forma-
tion was actually announced in December
1960, It was designed to create the illusion
that the Vietcong campaign of subversion
was truly indigenous to South Vietnam
Military affairs of the Vietcong are the
responsibility of high command of the Peo-
pie's Army of North Vietnam and the Min-
istry of Defense, under close supervision from
the Lao Dong Party. These responsibilities
include operational plans, assignments of
individuals and regular units, training pro-
grams, infiltration of military personnel and
supplies, military communications, tactical
intelligence, supplies, and the like. The six
military regions are the same as those of
the VC political organization.
The military structure of the Vietcong Is
an integral part of the political machinery
that controls every facet of VC activity in
South Vietnam under Hanoi's overall direc-
tion. Each political headquarters from the
central office down to the village has a mili-
tary component which controls day-to-day
care VC strength now is estimated at about
35,000, whereas it was less than 20,000 in
1961.
The main force battalions are well armed
with a variety of effective weapons includ-
ing 75-millimeter recoilless rifles and 81-82-
millimeter mortars. The companies and
smaller units are equally well equipped and
have 57-millimeter recoilless rifles and 60-
millimeter mortars in their inventory. It is
estimated that the Vietcong have at least
130 81-millimeter mortars and 300 60-milli-
meter mortars. There is no precise estimate
for the number of recoilless rifles in their
hands, but it is believed that most main
force units are equipped with them. In at
least one recent action the Vietcong em-
ployed a 75-millimeter pack howitzer. This
mobile weapon, which has a range of 8,500
yards, will increase the Vietcong capabilities
to launch long-range attacks against many
stationary targets in the country.
Supporting the main force units of the
Vietcong are an estimated 60,000-80,000 part-
time guerrillas. They are generally orga-
nized at the district level where there are
likely to be several companies of 50 or more
men each. These troops receive only half
pay, which means they must work at least
part of the-time to eke out a living.
Below the irregular guerrilla forces of the
district are the part-time, village-based guer-
rillas.
They are available for assignment by higher
headquarters and are used for harassment
and sabotage. They are expected to warn
nearby VC units of the approach of any force
of the legal government. They provide a
pool for recruitment into the VC district
forces.
The record shows that many of the village
guerrillas are dragooned into service with
the Vietcong. Some are kidnapped; others
are threatened; still others join to prevent
their families from being harmed. Once in
the Vietcong net, many are reluctant to leave
for fear of punishment by the authorities or
reprisal by the Communists.
Lam Van Chuoi is a typical example. He
was a member of the village civil defense
force in his home village in Kien Giang
Province. In March 1960, he was kidnapped
by the Vietcong and kept a prisoner in the
highlands for 1 month. There he was sub-
jected to intense propaganda and indoctri-
nation. He was returned to his village but
kept under close observation and steady
pressure. Finally, he was convinced he must
join the VC. Later, he was transferred to
a Communist- military unit in another prov-
ince. After learning of the Government's
open arms program, he decided to defect
from the VC. In May 1964, he walked into
a Government outpost and asked for protec-
tion.
Money to pay the regular VC units comes
from a variety of sources. Funds are sent
from Hanoi. "Taxes" are extorted from the
local population. Landowners and planta-
tion operators often must pay a tribute to
the VC as the price for not having their lands
devastated. Similarly, transportation com-
panies have been forced to pay the VC or
face the threat of having their buses or boats
sabotaged. Officials and wealthy people have
been kidnaped for ransom. The VC have
often stopped buses and taken the money
and valuables of all on board.
For the most part, the VC have concen-
trated their attention on individuals, iso-
lated or poorly defended outposts, and small
centers of population. They have mercilessly
killed or kidnaped thousand of village chiefs
military operations. Similarly, each mili-
tary headquarters has a political element, an
individual or a small staff. This meshing
of political and military activity is designed
to insure the closest cooperation in support
of the total Communist mission. It also
gives assurance of political control over the
military.
Associated with the central office, believed
to be located in Tay Ninh Province, is a mili-
tary headquarters. Through this headquar=
? Pictures, of North Vietnamese passports operations. Their ability to operate on a
and travel documents used by front officials battalion level or larger has substantially
are in app. F. [Not printed in RECORD.] increased.
a For evidence that the People's Revolu- C. Intelligence organization
tionary Party in the south and the Com-
inunist Lao Dong Party in the north are one A key element in the Vietcong effort is an
party, see app. G. elaborate organization in Hanoi called the
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Central Research Agency (CRA) (Cue Nghi-
en-Cuu Trung-Uong). Though it handles
Hanoi's intellience effort on a worldwide
scale, the main focus of its operation is on
South Vietnam,.. This agency is able to draw
on the Intelligence capabilities of both the
Lao Dong Party and the North Vietnamese
armed forces for information, personnel, and
facilities.
. The CRA reportedly operates under the
close personal scrutiny of Ho Chi Minh him-
self. Some of the top officials in the Hanoi
government reportedly sit on its directing
committee, including Premier Pham Van
Dong, Deputy Premier Truong Chinh, and
Defense Minster Vo Nguyen Giap.
Considerable information on the organiza-
tion of the CRA has become available from
captured Vietcong agents and from the work
of intelligence agents of the Republic of
Vietnam. Much of this information cannot
be made public for security reasons, but it
is posible to describe the CRA organization
and its operations in broad outline.
The headquarters of the CRA in Hanoi is
divided into six main sections, not including
a special code unit. The six sections are re-
sponsible for administration, cadres, com-
munications, espionage, research, and train-
ing. Each Section has units to handle the
specialized activities of its particular area of
responsibility. The research section, for ex-
ample, has subsections that handle political,
economic, and. military affairs respectively.
CRA headquarters directs a number of
special centers for oversea operations. One
such center maintains intelligence channels
to oversea areas, It operates through spe-
cial units at Haiphong and at Hongay.
A second special center is responsible for
VC intelligence operations in Cambodia and
Laos. A third center handles activities along
the "demarcation line," the border with
South Vietnam. This unit, based in Vinh
Linh in southeast North Vietnam, is respon-
sible for sending agents and supplies to the
south by sea. It also cooperates with the
North Vietnamese army in planning and
carrying out infiltration. The CRA main-
tains intelligence bases in Laos and other
countries.
Inside South Vietnam the Vietcong have a
large intelligence network. Some of its units
are responsible for receiving and sending on
agents arriving from the North. They feed
and give instructions to groups infiltrating
Into South Vietnam, They take delivery of
'-equipment and supplies received from the
North and relay them to Vietcong units in
the south.
Many Vietcong agents have been captured
in Saigon., They have exposed the extensive
effort by the CRA to penetrate all Republic
of Vietnam Government agencies, foreign
embassies, and other specialized organiza-
tions. Party and military intelligence units
and agents work closely with the CRA.
Each of the main centers operating under
CRA headquarters has its own sections and
units designed to carry out its main funs-
tiong. The center at Vinh Linh, responsible
for the main infiltration effort of the Viet-
cong, has separate sections for radio com-
munications, coding, documentation and
training, and liaison. It also has specialized
units for infiltration through the moun-
tains, infiltration by sea, and "illegal action"
in the mountain area.
The CRA maintains a large and expanding
radio communications network. Agents also
are used to carry messages, usually in secret
Writing or memorized.
Taken as a whole, the North Vietnamese
intelligence operation in support of the
Vietcong is one of the most extensive of its
kind in the world,e
8 Charts of the VC organizational structure
ro in app. H.
V. A BRIEF HISTORY OF HANOI'S CAMPAIGN OF
AGGRESSION AGAINST SOUTH VIETNAM
While negotiating an end to the Indochina
war at Geneva in 1954, the Communists were
making plans to take over all former French
territory in southeast Asia. When Vietnam
was partitioned, thousands of carefully se-
lected party members were ordered to remain
in place in the south and keep their secret
apparatus intact to help promote Hanoi's
cause. Arms and ammunition were stored
away for future use. Guerrilla fighters re-
joined their families to await the party's call.
Others withdrew to remote jungle and
mountain hideouts. The majority, an esti-
mated 90,000, were moved to North Vietnam.
Hanoi's original calculation was that all
of Vietnam would fall under its control with-
out resort to force. For this purpose, Com-
munist cadres were ordered to penetrate offi-
cial and nonofficial agencies, to propagandize
and sow confusion, and generally to use all
means short of open violence to aggravate
war-torn conditions and to weaken South
Vietnam's government and social fabric.
South Vietnam's refusal to fall in with
Hanoi's scheme for peaceful takeover came
as a heavy blow to the Communists. Mean-
time, the Government had stepped up ef-
forts to blunt Vietcong subversion and to
expose Communist agents. 'Morale in the
Communist organization in the south
dropped sharply. Defections were numerous.
Among South Vietnamese, hope rose that
their nation could have a peaceful and inde-
pendent future, free of Communist domina-
tion. The country went to work. The years
after 1955 were a period of steady progress
and growing prosperity.
Food production levels of the prewar years
were reached and surpassed. While per cap-
ita food output was dropping 10 percent in
the north from 1956 to 1960, it rose 20 per-
cent in the south. By 1963 it had risen 30
percent, despite the disruption in the coun-
tryside caused by intensified Vietcong mili-
tary attacks and terrorism. The authorities
in the north admitted openly to continuing
annual failures to achieve food production
goals.
Production of textiles increased in the
south more than 20 percent in 1 year
(1958). In the same year, South Vietnam's
sugar crop increased more than 100 percent.
Despite North Vietnam's vastly larger indus-
trial complex, South Vietnam's per capita
gross national product in 1960 was estimated
at $110 a person while it was only $70 in the
North.
More than 900,000 refugees who had tied
from Communist rule in the North were suc-
cessfully settled in South Vietnam. An
agrarian reform program was instituted.
The elementary school population nearly
quadrupled between 1956 and 1960. And
so it went--a record of steady improvement
in the lives of the people. It was intolerable
for the rulers in Hanoi; under peaceful con-
ditions, the south was outstripping the
north. They were losing the battle of peace-
ful competition and decided to use violence
and terror to gain their ends.
After 1966 Hanoi rebuilt, reorganized,, and
expanded its covert political and military
machinery in the South. Defectors were
replaced by trained personnel from party
ranks in the north. Military units and polit-
ical cells were enlarged and were given new
leaders, equipment, and intensified training.
Recruitment was pushed. In short, Hanoi
and its forces in the South prepared to take
by force and violence what they had failed
to achieve by other means.
By 1958 the use of terror by the Vietcong
increased appreciably. It was used both to
Win prestige and to back up demands for
support from the people, support that polit-
ical and propaganda appeals had failed to
produce, It was also designed to embarrass
the Government in Saigon and raise doubts
about its ability to maintain internal order
and to assure the personal security of its
people. From 1959 through 1961, the pace
of Vietcong terrorism and armed attacks ac-
celerated substantially.
The situation at the end of 1961 was so
grave that the Government of the Republic
of Vietnam asked the United States for in-
creased military assistance. That request
was met. Meantime, the program of stra-
tegic hamlets, designed to improve the peas-
ant's livelihood and give him some protec-
tion against Vietcong harassment and pres-
sure, was pushed energetically.
But the Vietcong did not stand still. To
meet the changing situation, they tightened
their organization and adopted new tactics,
with increasing emphasis on terrorism, sabo-
tage, and armed attacks by small groups.
They also introduced from the North tech-
nicians in fields such as armor and anti-
aircraft. Heavier weapons were sent in to
the regular guerrilla forces.
The military and insurgency situation was
complicated by a quite separate internal po-
litical struggle in South Vietnam, which led
in November 1963 to the removal of the
Diem government and-.its replacement with
a new one. Effective power was placed in
the hands of a Military Revolutionary Coun-
cil. There have been a number of changes
in the leadership and composition of the
Government in Saigon in the ensuing
period.
These internal developments and distrac-
tions gave the Vietcong an invaluable op-
portunity, and they took advantage of it.
Vietcong agents did what they could to en-
courage disaffection and to exploit demon-
strations in Saigon and elsewhere. In the
countryside the Communists consolidated
their hold over some areas and enlarged their
military and political apparatus by increased
infiltration. Increasingly they struck at re-
mote outposts and the most vulnerable of
the new strategic hamlets and expanded their
campaign of aggressive attacks, sabotage,
and terror.
And official, worker, or establishment that
represents a service to the people by the Gov-
ernment in Saigon is fair game for the Viet-
cong. Schools have been among their favor-
ite targets. Through harassment, the mur-
der of teachers, and sabotage of buildings,
the Vietcong succeeded in closing hundreds
of schools and interrupting the education
of tens of thousands of youngsters.
Hospitals and medical clinics have often
been attacked as part of the anti-Govern-
ment campaign and also because such at-
tacks provide the Vietcong with needed med-
ical supplies. The Communists have en-
couraged people in rural areas to oppose the
Government's antimalaria teams, and some
of the porkers have been killed. Village and
town offices, police stations, and agricultural
research stations are high on the list of pre-
ferred targets for the Vietcong.
In 1964, 436 South Vietnamese hamlet
chiefs and other Government officials were
killed outright by the Vietcong and 1,131
were kidnaped. More than 1,350 civilians
were killed in bombings and other acts of
sabotage. And at least 8,400 civilians were
kidnaped by the Vietcong e
Today the war in Vietnam has reached new
levels of intensity. The elaborate effort by
the Communist regime in North Vietnam to
conquer the South has grown, not dimin-
ished. Military men, technicians, political
organizers, propagandists, and secret agents
have been infiltrating into the Republic of
Vietnam from the North in growing num-
bers. The flow of Communist-supplied
weapons, particularly those of large caliber,
? For additional details of VC terrorism,
see app. I.
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has increased. Communications links with
Hanoi are extensive. Despite the heavy
casualties of 3 years of fighting, the hard-
core VC force Is considerably larger now than
it was at the end of 1961.
The Government in Saigon has undertaken
vigorous action to meet the new threat, The
United States and other free countries have
increased their assistance to the Vietnamese
Government and people. Secretary of State
Dean Rusk visited Vietnam in 1964, and he
promised the Vietnamese: "We shall remain
at your side until the aggression from the
north has been defeated, until it has been
completely rooted out and this land enjoys
the peace which it deserves."
President Johnson has repeatedly stressed
that the U.S. goal is to see peace secured in
southeast Asia. But he has noted that "that
will come only when aggressors leave their
neighbors in peace."
Through It has been apparent for years that
the regime in Hanoi was conducting a cam-
paign of conquest against South Vietnam,
the Government in Saigon and the Govern-
ment of the United States both hoped that
the danger could be met within South Viet-
nam Itself. The hope that any widening of
the conflict might be avoided was stated
frequently.
The leaders in Hanoi chose to respond with
greater violence. They apparently inter-
preted restraint as indicating lack of will.
Their efforts were pressed with greater vigor
and armed attacks and incidents of terror
multiplied.
Clearly the restraint of the past was not
providing adequately for the defense of
South Vietnam against Hanoi's open ag-
gession. It was mutually agreed between
the Governments of the Republic of Viet-
nam and the United States that further
means for providing for South Vietnam's
defense were required. Therefore, air strikes
have been made against some of the mili-
tary assembly points and supply bases from
which North Vietnam is conducting Its ag-
gression against the south. These strikes
constitute a limited response fitted to the
aggression that produced them.
Until the regime in Hanoi decides to halt
its intervention in the south, or until effec-
tive steps are taken to maintain peace and
security in the area, the Governments of
South Vietnam and the United States will
continue necessary measures of defense
against the communist armed aggression
coming from North Vietnam.
VI. CONCLUSION
The evidence presented in this report could
be multiplied many times with similar ex-
amples of the drive of the Hanoi regime
to extend its rule over South Vietnam.
The record Is conclusive. it establishes
beyond question that North Vietnam is car-
rying out a carefully conceived plan of ag-
gression against the South. It shows that
North Vietnam has intensified its efforts in
the years since it was condemned by the In-
ternational Control Commission. It proves
that Hanoi continues to press its systematic
program of armed aggression into south
Vietnam. This aggression violates the
United Nations Charter. It is directly con-
trary to the Geneva Accords of 1954 and of
1962 to which North Vietnam is a party, it
shatters the peace of southeast Asia. It is a
fundamental threat to the freedom and se-
curity of South Vietnam.
The People of South Vietnam have chosen
to resist this threat. At their request, the
United States has taken its place beside
them in their defensive struggle.
The United States seeks no territory, no
military bases, no favored position. But we
have learned the meaning of aggression else
where in the postwar world, and we have
met it.
If peace can be restored in South Vietnam,
the United States will be ready at once to
reduce its military involvement. But it will
not abandon friends who want to remain
free. It will do what must be done to help
them. The choice now between peace and
continued and Increasingly kestructive con-
flict is one for the authorities in Hanoi to
make.
APPENDIX A
FINDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONTROL
COMMISSION
On June 2, 1962, the International Com-
mission for Supervision and Control in Viet-
nam (ICC) sent a special report to the Gov-
ernments of the United Kingdom and of the
Soviet Union in their role as cochairmen of
the Geneva Conference on Indochina. The
ICC is composed of delegates from India
(chairman), Canada, and Poland.
In its report the ICC noted the following
finding of the Commission's Legal Commit-
tee:
"Having examined the complaints and the
supporting material sent by the South Viet-
namese mission, the committee has come to
the conclusion that in specific instances
there is evidence to show that armed and
unarmed personnel, arms, munitions, and
other supplies have been sent from the zone
in the north to the zone in the south with
the object of supporting, organizing, and
carrying out hostile activities, including
armed attacks, directed against the Armed
Forces and administration of the zone In the
south. These acts are in violation of articles
10, 19, 24, and 27 of the agreement on the
cessation of hostilities in Vietnam.
"In examining the complaints and the sup-
porting material In particular documentary
material sent by the South Vietnamese mis-
sion, the Committee has come to the further
conclusion that there is evidence to show
that the PAVN (people's army of Vietnam)
has allowed the zone in the north to be used
for inciting, encouraging and supporting the
hostile activities in the zone In the south,
aimed at the overthrow of the administration
in the south. The use of the zone in the
north for such activities is in violation of
articles 19, 24, and 27 of the agreement on
the cessation of hostilities in Vietnam.
The ICC report then stated:
"The Commission accepts the conclusions
reached by the Legal Committee that there
is sufficient evidence to show beyond reason-
able doubt that the PAVN has violated arti-
cles 10, 19, 24, and 27 in specific instances.
The Polish delegation dissents from these
conclusions. On the basis of the fuller re-
port, that is being prepared by the Legal
Committee covering all the allegations and
incidents, the Commission will take action
as appropriate in each individual case."
The full text of the ICC reports is con-
tained in a publication, "Special Reports to
the Cochairmen of the Geneva Conference on
Indochina" issued by the Bureau of Far
Eastern Affairs of the Department of State
on July 2, 1962.
APPENDIX B
INFILTRATION OF MILITARY PERSONNEL FROM
NORTH VIETNAM INTO SOUTH VIETNAM
(See sec. I, B.)
(Maps showing infiltration routes not
printed in the RECORD.)
APPENDIX C
DETAIL ON MILITARY INFILTRATION WITH CASE
STUDIES
(See sec. I, B, and C.)
The following table shows the scale of in-
filtration of military personnel from North
Vietnam Into the South since 1959. The
confirmed list is based on information on
March' 3
infiltration groups from at least two inde-
pendent sources.
Year I Confirmed
Estimated
additional
2,700
4, 500
3, 750
1,050
5,400
A62 ------ ----- 5, 400
7,000
12, 4011
19fi3-------------- 4.200
3,200
7,400
1964------ ------ 4,400
3:000
7,400
17,550
37,100
Brief case histories of typical Vietcong who
were sent into South Vietnam by the author-
ities In Hanoi follow:
Name: Le Van Thanh.
Alias: Huu Tam.
Date and place of birth: July 12, 1936, Hoa
Hao hamlet, Cat Tai village, Phu Cat dis-
trict (Binh Dinh).
Rank and position in North Vietnam:
Lieutenant, formerly platoon leader of signal
platoon of 3d Battalion, 90th Regiment, 324th
Division.
VC position in South Vietnam: Platoon
leader of signal platoon of 95th Battalion, 2d
Regiment, 5th Inter-Region.
Date entered South Vietnam: Departed No-
vember 27, 1961, arrived Do Xa station early
February 1962.
Date, place, and. circumstance of defection:
Rallied to government at Nhon Loc post,
Nghia Hanh district (Quang Ngai), May 24,
1962.
Name: La Thanh.
Alias: Nguyen Ba Tong-La Giau.
Date and place of birth: 1928, Can Tho
city (Phong Dinh).
Rank and position in North Vietnam: Sen-
ior sergeant, formerly squad leader in charge
of construction of barracks for 338th Divi-
sion.
VC position in South Vietnam: Squad
leader, 8th Squad, 3d Platoon, 3d Company,
218B Battalion (War Zone D).
Date entered South Vietnam: Accompanied
Infiltration Group 15; departed April 4, 1962,
arrived War Zone D early August 1962.
Date, place, and circumstance of defection:
Rallied at Cau Song Be (bridge) post Sep-
tember 8, 1962, with 1 MAS 36.
Name: Le Van Quyen.
Alias: Ho Hal., Hong Thanh.
Date and place of birth: 1929, Tan Binh
Than village, Cho Gao district (My Tho) .
Rank and position in North Vietnam:
Lieutenant, formerly assigned to 388th Bri-
gade, as instructor on heavy weapons such as
57 mm. recoilless rifle and machinegun.
VC position In South Vietnam: Platoon
leader, 2d Platoon, 2d Company, Infiltration
Group 15.
Date entered South Vietnam: Accompa-
nied Infiltration Group 15; departed April 3,
1962, arrived Suoi Da (War Zone D) Septem-
ber 10, 1962.
Date, place, and circumstance of defection:
Rallied at Hieu Liem district (Phuoc Thanh)
October 7, 1982.
Name: Nguyen Van Do.
Party name: Thanh Minh.
Infiltration alias: Nguyen Thuan.
Date and place of birth: 1923, Thuan Giao
village, Lai Thieu district (Binh Duong).
Rank and position in North Vietnam:
Senior captain (battalion commander) 1st
Battalion, 338th Brigade.
VC position in South Vietnam: Subject
was to be appointed commander of Phuoc
Tuy Province Main Force Battalion.
Date entered South Vietnam: Commander
of Infiltration Group H. 26; departed Xuan
Mai, Ha Dong (North Vietnam) July 4, 1963;
arrived Ban Me Thuot October 23, 1963.
Date, place, and circumstance of defec-
tion: Rallied at Ban Don post, Ban Me
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Thout, October 23, 1983, while guiding Group
H. 26 to Hal Yen Zone.
Name: Nguyen Thanh Phi.
Party name: Hung Phuong.
Infiltration alias: Nguyen Tu.
Date and place of birth: November 16,
1926,,Thanh Van village, Thanh Chuong dis-
trict (Nghe An.).
Rank and position in North Vietnam:
Doctor, chief of internal disease section, Tiep
Viet Hospital.
VC position in South Vietnam: Doctor,
health team leader, 5th Region base con-
struction group (Do Xa).
Date entered South Vietnam: March 1962.
Date, place, and circumstance of capture:
Captured by South Vietnamese armed forces
May 4, 1963, with one 12-millimeter Colt
pistol and five rounds.
Name: Le Van Net.
Party name: Le Hung Tien.
Infiltration alias: Le Na.
Date and place of birth: 1924, Tan Hiep
village, Go Cong, Dinh Tuong.
Rank and position in North Vietnam:
Discharged lieutenant, served in Co Dinh
chroinite mine (Thank Hoa) with grade of
senior sergeant.
VC position in South Vietnam: Senior ser-
geant, 6th Squad, 2d Platoon, Infiltration
Group H.26.
Date entered South Vietnam: Late June
1963 with Infiltration Group H. 26.
Date, place, and circumstance of capture:
Captured November 16, 1963, by inhabitants
in strategic hamlet in Ban Me Thout (Dar-
lac) with one Communist Chinese rifle and
70 rounds.
Name: Van Cong Khanh.
Party name: Pharr Tien.
Date and place of birth: 1924, An Hoi vil-
lage, Chau Thanh district (Kien Hoa);
Rank and position in North Vietnam:
Discharged and reassigned to Co Dinh chro-
mite mine (Thank Hoa) as senior sergeant.
VC position in South Vietnam: Aspirant,
leader of 7th Squad, 3d Platoon, 608th Engi-
neer Company subordinate to Headquarters
Region 7.
Date entered South Vietnam: Accom-
panied Group 49, infiltrated into South Viet-
nam, March 18, 1962.
Date, place, and circumstance of capture:
captured November 23, 1962, in Bung Dia
hamlet.
Name: Nguyen Thank Hoa,
Party name: Quoc,
Infiltration alias: Nguyen Quoc Tuung.
Date and place of birth: 1917, Phong Coc
village, Ha Nam canton (Quang Yen).
Rank and position in North Vietnam: Cap-
tain, discharged and reassigned to Chi No
agricultural camp May 1957.
VC position in South Vietnam: Com-
mander, 4th Main Force Battalion.
Date entered South Vietnam: Accom-
panied Infiltration Group 52; departed Xuan
Mal, April 13, 1961, arrived about August 1961.
Date, place, and circumstance of capture:
Captured by South Vietnamese Armed
Forces with 1 PA 38 (pistol) in Quon Long
(Dinh Tuong) August 1962.
1. Chinese Communist origin
75-millimeter recoilless rifle______________
Do-----
----------
Do_----------
Total ----------------
67-millimeter recoilless gun______________________________________
Do_---, -------^-------------------------------------
Do----------------------
Total-----------------------------
Shells for 75-millimeter gun (shells bear markings in Chinese
characters. On some shells markings were scratched out and
replaced by "American" markings.)
Do---------- ----------------------- ----^-------- -,-
Total -----------------------------------------------------
Shells for 57-millimeter gun-------------------- ------ __?--_____
Do---------??---------------------------------------------
Do------------------------------ ?------
------------------ Do__..,
Do_?---------- --------------------_-------------------------
Do------------ --------------------- ---?---------------------
Total-------- --------------------------------------------
80-millimeter mortar -------- --- -__-----___-_-_____--
60-millimeter mortar________________________________________
Do--------- -------------------------------------- ------ --
Total_ - - -----------
Shells for 60-millimeter mortar__________________________________
Do----------------------------------------------------------
Total------------------ ------,_-_,,,----^----------
90-millimeter bazooka ----------------------------------- r---_-_
Caliber 27-millimeter rocket launcher----------------------------
T otal-------------------------------------------?---------
Caliber 7.92-millimeter model 08 Maxim machinegun______-_____
Do----------------------------------------------------------
Total-----------------------------------------
li4P-82 rocket ---------------- --------------- ____________
TNT explosives (charges)-------- ______________________________
Do----------------------------------=-----------------------
Do-------------------------------------------------------
Do------_------ -----?------ ----------------------
Total---^------------------ ------------- ---------
i3
18
165
6
142
365
43
29
144
Date of capture
Sept. 10, 1963______________
Dec. 2-6, 1963_____?_-_-______
Dec. 22, 1963__ _:_--------------
--------------------------
Nov. 25,1962__________________
Dec. 5,1962 -------------------
Aug. 31,1963 ------------------
Nov. 24,1963__________________
Dec. 22, 1963__________________
-------------- -----------------
Nov. 25,1962 ------------------
Feb. 20, 1963__________________
May 24,1963 --------------Aug. 31,1963 ------------------
Oct. 8,1963__-________________
Dec, 22, 1963__________________
--------------------------------
Mar. 25, 1963_________________
Jan. 7, 1963____________________
Dec. 22,1963 ------------------
Sept. 10, 1963__________________
Dec. 22,1963 ------------------
--------------------------
Dec. 22, 1963__________________
June 10, 1962__________________
-----------------------
Sept, 10, 963__--__________-_
Dee. 21,1963__________________
June 13, 1962______________.___
Nov. 25, 1962_________________
May 7, 1963--------------------
Dec, 22,1963_ ________________
An Xuyen Province,
Do.
Dinh Tuong.
Phuoc Chau in Quang Tin (I gun and 7 gull carriages),
Phu Bon (1 gun carriage).
Province of Quang Ngai.
Province of An Xnyen.
Phuoc Chan, Province of Quang Tin.
Vietcong attack on the post of Ben Heo (Tay Ninh).
On a Vietcong vessel on the Bassac River.
Quang Ngai.
Province of liihn Dinh.
Dinh Tuong.
Province of Tay Ninh.
Phuoc Thanh,
Dinh Tuong.
Province of An Xuyen.
Dinh Tuong.
Do.
Provinces of Quang Ngai and Quang Due
Province of An Xuyen.
Chuong Tiien.
Quang Ngai.
Quang Due.
Phuoc Chao (Quang Tin).
Can The.
Dinh Tuong,
Name: Tran van Khoa.
Alias: Tran Hong Hai.
Date and place of birth: 1935, Giong Gach
hamlet, An Hiep village, Ba Tri district, Ben
Tre Province (Kien Hoa).
Rank and position in North Vietnam: Ser-
geant, formerly driver of Transportation
Group 3 of (Hanoi) Logistical Bureau.
VC position in South Vietnam: Member of
46th Infiltration Company; cover designa-
tion V. 2 (infiltrated unit).
Date entered South Vietnam: Accompa-
nied the 46th Infiltration Company; de-
parted for South Vietnam, April 17, 1962.
Date, place, and circumstance of capture:
Captured by South Vietnamese Rangers in
ambush (after being wounded) along with
one MAS 36, July 7, 1962, in Phuoc Long
Province.
APPENDIX D
LIST OF COMMUNIST WEAPONS CAPTURED IN
SOUTH VIETNAM
(See sec. II.)
On January 29, 1964, the Government of
Vietnam submitted to the International
Control Commission a list of weapons and
other military equipment which had been
captured from the Vietcong. The weapons
and equipment came from Communist
sources outside South Vietnam and obvious-
ly had been introduced clandestinely into
the country in support of the Vietcong cam-
paign of conquest, directed by Hanoi.
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I. Chinese Communist origin--Continued
Type
Quantity
Date of capture
Place
Red phosphorous (kilograms)-----------------------------------
5
Apr. 19, 1963.... ___------- ____
Province of Kien Phong.
Potassium chlorate (tons) -----------------------------------------
17
September 1982---------------
On a Vietcong vessel at Phu Quoc.
Do---------------?---___--- --_-_------------_--__---'---?
2
Apr. 19,1963------------------
Province of Bien Phong.
Potassium
150
July 10-15, 1963 ---------------
Phu Quoc.
Total:
Tons---------------------------------------------------
19
Kilograms------------------- ----------------- ---------_
155
-----------------------------
Cartridges for 7.92-millimeter machinegun--------------------
100, 000
Dec. 22, IM----- -----------
Dinh Tuong.
Detonating fuses for 60-millimeter mortar shell--_---------
150
_ do ------------------------
Do.
II. Soviet origin.
MP-82 rifle---- ----------------------`-------------------------
Launching cartridges ------ _------------------------- _____..______
Mossin Nagant carbine (with automatic bayonet)______________
Do---------------------------------------------------------
Do--------------------- -------- -----------------------------
Do-----??--------------------------------------------.-_-.-
Rifles-----------------------------------------------------------
D- ------------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------------
Do - - ?--- ---`----
Do---------------------------------------- -----------------
Do---------------------------------------------------------
Do---------------------------------------------------------
Do---------------------------------------------------------
Do -
------`------------------------------`--------------------
_ ---- - ----
-------------------
Do --------------_-------------
Do-----??------------------------??--------------------
Do ___.?-
Do---------------------------------------------------------'
Do---- ---------------------------------------- --------------
Do -----------------------------------------------------------
Do--------------------------------------------?-------------
Total------------------------------------??------------
Automatic pistol --------------------------------Grenades---------------------------------- ..--------------------
Rifle cartridges_______________
Submacbinegun (machine pistol)________________________________
7.8rrmillirneter automatic pistol -_________.-___________________
X-50 submaehinegun.... ---------------------- -----------------
Do---------------------------------------- ------------------
Do-------------------- -?---------------------------.-----
Do----------------------------------------------------------
Do--------------------------- --------------------- --------
Do---------- --------------- -.___--------------?----`--------
DO ---------------------------------`----
Do------------ ------------------- .._----
Do------------------------------------------------- --------
Do---------------------------------------------- -----------`
Do--------------------------------------------------------
Do-------------------------------------------`---- --------
Do. ------------------------------------------------------
Db_
Do-------------------------------?-------- --
Total-----------`-----------------------------------------
Rifles--------- ------------ ----------------?_.-
9
Do--------------------------------------------------------- --
1
Do------------------------ .-------_?---`-_------'-_---------
1
2
3
_
Do
2
` -- -- -------- ------
-------------------- --
-
2
1
- --' .... ---------...
Do- -
6
Total------- ----
Macbinegun cartridges ------------------?----:__---_----?-_---
14,000
grenade launcher------------------------
8.5 antitank bazooka --------- ________--_---_---__---------_?--
160,000
May 10. 1962------------------
----- do--------------- ---------
Juno 13, 1963_____________
July 13,1963-------------------
July 20,1963___________________
-------
1983___________________
Oct. 6,1983_________________-__
Oct. 19,1983___------------ _ __
Nov. 6, 1963____- -----------
Nov. 17, 1963___?___---___-__
Nov. 25, 1983_________________
Dec. 6, 1963_________________-_
Dec. 7,1963_-_-_______________
Dec. 12,1963___._______________
Dec. 13, 1963__________________
Dec.16,1963__-__-______-_-__
----- do-------------------------
----- do-------------------------
Dec.17, 1963__________________
Dec. 20,1963-_____________-_
Dec. 21, 1963---- ----- ______?_-
Dec. 22, 1963_______________
Oct. 19,1963___________________
------------ -------
Dec. 22,1963__________________
Sept. 23,1963--______-_-_-____
Jan. 2, 1983---- _______________
Nov. 26, 1982.--_______________
Nov. 29, 2962-----------------
Apr. 24, 1963__-_-____________
May9, 1963_______--__
July 11, 1963___-----_____-__-_
Aug. 31, 1963------------------
Sept. 8, 1963__--_-__--___.__
Sept. 16,1963_____________
Oct. 11 1963-___ __ _-_---_____
Nov.l ,1963------------------
do--------- -----------
Oct. 8, 1963--__----------------
- -------?-----
Dec. 30, 1963__________________
Dec. 26, 1963____________
Dec. 17, 1963__________________
Sept. 10, 1983__________?
Oct, 19, 1963_ _________________
Nov. 6, 1963-------------------
Nov . 9 1963________
Nov. 116, --------
Nov. 127, 19(13------------- ^_.__
Nov. 28, 1963__---__-__-____
Dec. 2,1963 ........... Dec. 21, 1983__________
---------------------------
Dec. 22,1963__ -------------
July 14, 1983______________
Dec. 22, 1963_?______________
Binh Dinh.
Do.
Kien Phong.
Long An.
Dinh Tuong.
Do.
Long An.
Dinh Tuong.
Vinh Binh.
Dinh Tuong.
Rau Nghla.
Dinh Tuong.
Phon Dinh'
Klan Tuong.
An Xuyen.
Klan Oiang.
Ba Xuyen.
An Xuyen.
Phongg Dinh.
Kien Hos.
Chuong Thien.
Dinh Tuong.
Than Tblet.
Long An.
Dinh Tuong.
Long Xuyen.
On person of Vietcong leader arrested at Phu Yen.
Quang Tin.
Phuoc Long.
Quang Ngai.
Quang Tin.
Operation Rau Chang,
Quang Ngai.
Dinh Tuong.
Long An.
Quang Nam.
Phu Yen.
At 11nS.
Binh Dinh.
Operation Phuoc Binh Thong.
Keen Ron.
Chuang Thien,
Long Xuyen.
An Xuyen.
Chuong Thien,
Bp Xuyen.
Chuong Thien.
Bien Oiang.
Ba Xuyen
Rau Nghia.
Phong Dinh.
Chuong Thien.
Dinh Thong.
Long An.
Dinh Thong.
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IV. (a) Weapons and ammunition modified by the Regular Army of North Vietnam
3947
Type
Quantity
Date of capture
Place
Modified MAT-k9-------------------------------- -------------
16
Nov. 25,1962 ------------------
Quang Tin.
Do----------------------------------------------------------
2
Dec. 5,1963 -------------------
Phu Bon.
Do_---------------------------------------- ------- ----------
6
Nov. 13,1963,-. ---------------
Total - ------------------------------------------------
24
---------
-
_
------------------
12.7-millimeter machinegun_____________________________________
2
i
a
Nov.
24, 1963____--_-__________
Operation at Duo flea.
IV.. (b) Material and equipment of North Vietnamese manufacture
Uniform--------- -------- -------------------------- ---------
-----------
Dec. 21,1962_________________
Helmets-------------------------------------------------------
16
Oct.8-10,1963_________________
Socks------------------ ---------------------------?.------
Dec. 21,1962 ------------------
Sweaters (made in Ha Dong)___________________________________
(1)
--------------------------------
Belts (made in Hanoi) -__`______________________________________
(')
--------------------------------
Messkits (made in Haiphong)____________________________________
--------------------------------
I No number given.
the sympathy of nonalined countries
PHOTOS OF CAPTURED VIETCONG WEAPONS AND
AMMUNITION FROM EXTERNAL COMMUNIST
SOURCES
(See sec. II.)
The following are photographs of some of
the many weapons and the large stocks of
ammunition supplied to the Vietcong in
South Vietnam from external Communist
sources (not printed in the RECORD).
APPENDIX F
NORTH VIETNAMESE PASSPORTS AND TRAVEL
DOCUMENTS USED BY LIBERATION FRONT
OFFICIALS
(See sec. IV, A, 1.)
Huynh Van Nghia and Nguyen Van Tien
are officials of the "National Liberation
Front. of South Vietnam." Though they pro-
fess to be citizens of South Vietnam, their
ties are with and their support comes from
North Vietnam and the Communist regime
in Hanoi. In 1963, when the two men
traveled abroad on front business, they
traveled as North Vietnamese with passports
and other documents Issued by the Hanoi
regime.
Photographs of these documents follow
(not printed in the RECORD).
APPENDIX G
THE PEOPLE'S REVOLUTIONARY PARTY (SOUTH)
AND THE LAO DONG PARTY (NORTH) ARE ONE
COMMUNIST PARTY
(See sec. IV, A.)
In May 1962 a military force of the Gov-
ernment of Vietnam captured a number. of
Vietcong documents in Ba Xuyen Province.
One of these documents contained instruct
tions from the provincial committee, of the
Lao Dong Party (Communist Party) in Ba
Xuyen to the party's district committees
concerning formation of the new People's
Revolutionary Party (PRP).
Pertinent sections of the instruction, dated
December 7, 1961, follow:
"To D2 and K:
"In regard to the foundation of the People's
Revolutionary Party of South Vietnam, the
creation of this party is only a matter of
strategy; it needs to be explained within the
party; and, to deceive the enemy,, it is neces-
sary that the new party be given the outward
appearance corresponding to a division of
the party (Lao Dong) into two and the foun-
dation of a new party, so that the enemy
cannot use it in his propaganda.
"Withip, the party, it is necessary to ex-
plain that the founding of the People's Revo-
lutioray Party has the purpose of isolating
the Americans and the Ngo Dinh Diem re-
gime, and to counter their accusations of an
invasion of the South by the North. It is
means of supporting our sabotage of the
Geneva agreement, of advancing the plan of
invasion of the South, and at the same time
per-tnitting the Front for Liberation of the
South to recruit new adherents, and to gain
Phuoc Thanh.
Kien Ilea.
Phuoc Thanh.
Do.
Do.
Do.
in
southeast Asia.
"The People's Revolutionary Party has only
the appearance of an independent existence;
actually, our party is nothing but the Lao
Dong Party of Vietnam (Vietminh Commu-
nist Party), unified from North to South,
under the direction of the central executive
committee of the party, the chief of which
is President No.
"During these explanations, take care to
keep this strictly secret, especially in South
Vietnam, so that the enemy does not perceive
our purpose. * * *
"Do not put these explanations in party
.bulletins."
Another party circular of the same date
said:
"The reasons for the change in the party's
name must be kept strictly secret. Accord-
ing to instructions of the Central Commit-
tee, one must not tell the people or party
sympathizers that the People's Revolutionary
Party and the Lao Dong Party of Vietnam
are one. One must not say, that it is only a
tactic, because it would not be good for the
enemy to know."
A third party circular, dated December 8,
1961, said:
"Study the instructions so that you will
,be able to execute them. In passing them to
,D2V, D2, and K, be very careful that the
documents do not fall into enemy hands.
After D2N/C has passed to the sections, de-
stroy the written documents immediately."
The originals and translations of the above
documents were submitted to the Interna-
tional Control Commission by the Govern-
ment of Vietnam on May 30, 1.962 .1
For picture of captured documents and
text, see the white paper "Communist Viet-
In 1964 new rules and regulations were
promulgated for the People's Revolutionary
Party. A copy of the new rules was captured
from the Vietcong in Chuong Thien Province
in November 1964. A photograph of the
captured document appears on the next page.
Key portions of the instructions said that
new rules and regulations had been ap-
proved for the PRP, "but the real nature of
those rules and regulations is that they still
are the rules and regulations of the Vietnam
Lao Dong Party (in North Vietnam),"
The instructions added: "* * * we should
realize that our country is one country, that
the Vietnamese People's Revolutionary Party
and the. Vietnam Lao Dong Party are one
party. * * * There is nothing different be-
tween the two parties."
APPENDIX H
CHARTS OF THE VIETCONG ORGANIZATION,
NORTH AND SOUTH
(See sec. V.)
Lines of control, political and military,
from the Hanoi regime to the Vietcong in
South Vietnam (charts not printed in the
RECORD).
APPENDIX I
DETAIL ON VIETCONG TERRORISM
(See section V.)
The following table lists the Government
officials and other civilians killed, wounded,
or missing as a result of Vietcong terrorist
activities during 1964. Combat casualties
are not included.
minh Aggressive Policy," published by the
Government of the Republic of Vietnam,
Saigon, July 1962.
Village, district, and other Government officials
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov,
Dec.
Killed-----------------------------
47
34
49
30
26
31
45
36
46
48
21
24
Wounded---------------------------
14
16
24
9
8
9
14
15
13
10
22
7
-
Kidnaped__________________________
-
93
113
91
67
74
132
93
103
144
69
. 52
100
Total________________________
.154
163
164
106
107
172
152
154
203
127
95
131
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Killed_____________________________
111
110
138
115
105
110
181
103
132
100
66
88
Wounded__________________________
146
174
239
218
163
173
194
122
203
90
94
154
Kidnaped__________________________
694
-
690
-
1,531
-
647
-
727
-
483
-
964
834
778
477
200
398
Total --------------------
951
874
1,908
980
995
766
-
1,339
-
1,059
-
1,113
-
667
-
360
740
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The following table shows the number of incidents of Vietcong terrorism, sabotage, forced
propaganda sessions, and armed attacks during 1964:
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Attacks____________________________
223
217
203
220
176
140
184
113
118
83
60
96
Terrorism__________________________
1,244
1,389
1,632
1,738
1,418
1,390
2,123
1,775
1,938
1,790
1,391
1,719
Sabotage___________________________
129
201
158
169
217
176
286
315
482
480
247
318
Propaganda________________________
174
271
167
157
140
162
224
173
178
197
109
128
Some of the consequences of Vietcong ter-
rorism are shown in the accompanying pho-
tographs [not printed in the RECORD].
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
VA:rnx). Under previous order of the
House, the gentleman from Montana
[Mr. OLSEN] is recognized. for 30 min-
utes.
[Mr. OLSEN of Montana addressed the
House. His remarks will appear hereaf-
ter in the Appendix. ]
ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTE-
NANCE OF THE THREE BRANCHES
OF GOVERNMENT AS SEPARATE
AND COEQUAL INSTITUTIONS
(Mr. EDWARDS of Alabama (at the
request of Mr. MCCLORY) was granted
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. EDWARDS of Alabama. Mr.
Speaker, one of the key essentials of the
U.S. Constitution is the establishment
and maintenance of the three branches
of our Government as separate and co-
equal institutions, each playing its own
important function.
Proper operation of the Government
requires that we continually work to re-
tain the integrity and efficiency of each
branch. We are always concerned with
improving the functions of Congress so
that as representatives of the people we
in the National Legislature may serve
their interests. And we also now are
rightly working to assure that our system
of presidential disability and succession
will always provide us with the best pos-
sible continuity and operation of the
executive branch.
It is also appropriate that we concern
ourselves with the judicial branch as the
principal safeguard of justice for all our
citizens. With that in mind I am intro-
ducing today a bill designed to assure
that Supreme Court Justices would have
judicial experience as a qualification.
Specifically, my bill would require that
no person be appointed as a Justice of
the U.S. Supreme Court unless, at the
time of his appointment, he would have
had at least 10 years prior service either
as a judge of a Court of Appeals of the
United States or as a judge of the highest
court of any State.
The bill would not, of course, apply to
the present Supreme Court Justices and
is not intended in any way to impugn
the ability of these gentlemen. It would
apply only to future appointments.
The vast number of cases coming be-
fore the Supreme Court today, the long
delays in consideration of these cases be-
cause of the great workload, and the
immense complexity and serious nature
of the issues involved, require that Ju-
dicial experience be a substantial part
of the background of individuals con
fronted by these gigantic responsibilities.
Surely the framers of the Constitu-
tion did not foresee a situation in which,
of the nine Supreme Court Justices, only
three would have previous judicial ex-
perience with this experience totaling
only 9 years. And yet that is the situa-
tion we have today.
On the contrary, the Constitution was
written with the intention of utilizing the
best of the country's judicial wisdom and
experience in helping to meet the coun-
try's greatest judicial needs.
Some of our most thoughtful observers
have pointed out the requisites of
superior Justices: a great intellectual
humility, a respect for stability, for
tradition, and for conventional wisdom,
and a thorough understanding of how
the judicial system works in our Federal
courts.
The Court should not be charged with
the responsibility of legislative innova-
tion. It should operate, rather, as the
check of a farseeing and stable wisdom
on actions of the other two branches of
Government which may reflect short-
term needs or relatively temporary con-
ditions.
Above all, as Hamilton wrote, it Is es-
sential that the Court remain "truly dis-
tinctive from both the executive and leg-
islative branches."
These proper functions of the U.S.
Supreme Court can best be performed by
Justices who carry with them the unique
experience of a judicial background.
For these reasons, I submit my bill and
request that It be given early considera-
tion.
A THREAT TO SOIL CONSERVATION
(Mr. FINDLEY (at the request of Mr.
MOCLORY) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point In the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. FINDLEY. Mr. Speaker, the pro-
posal to establish a revolving fund fi-
nanced by farmers and ranchers replac-
ing the traditional soil conservation serv-
ices of the Department of Agriculture
Is a grave threat to a program which
has served our country as well as in-
dividual farmers in splendid fashion for
30 years. Of all of the activities of the
Department of Agriculture, this should
be the last one to feel the economy axe.
In all the years I have been associated
with farmers, I have yet to hear one
word of criticism of the dedication and
effective service of the soil conserva-
tionists of the Department of Agricul-
ture. They provide valuable professional
and technical advice to the farmers, a
service that enriches the entire Nation.
In this era of colossal waste, not only
In commodity farm programs but in
many other activities of Government, it
is so ironic and tragic that this splendid
Service should be singled out for attack.
Here is an excellent summation of the
situation I just received in the mail:
ADAMS COUNTY
SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICT,
Quincy, Ill., February 26, 1965.
Hon. PAYL FINDLEY,
House Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
HONORABLE SIR: The Adams County Soil
and Water Conservation District is greatly
Concerned about the proposed cutback in
Federal support for conservation programs
in the 1966 budget for the Department of
Agriculture. We are particularly opposed to
a proposal in the budget that Congress
authorize a revolving fund through which
soil and water conservation districts, and in-
dividual farmers and ranchers, would make
$20 million in payments to the Federal Gov-
ernment for scientific and technical assist-
ance provided by the Soil Conservation Serv-
ice of the Department of Agriculture.
We directors of the district believe that
the conservation of soil and water is in the
public interest; otherwise, we and our prede-
cessors on the district board would not have
been willing to give of our time unstintingly
without pay, to promote conservation in our
district. Why should a policy of 30 years'
standing which has been proved successful
be changed? Of all Government programs,
the Soil Conservation Service has come in for
the least amount of public criticism. The
new proposed policy seems to be to protect
the Federal lands but charge all private
lands for assistance on conservation meas-
ures. We know that 73 percent or more of
the land in this country is privately owned
and it is to the interest of the country that
this land be protected to meet the growing
demands that are and will be made of it by
the population explosion.
Soil erosion and sediment is the source of
silt which pollutes our streams and rivers.
The shortage of water in many places is an-
other of our serious problems facing the
future of the Nation. The urban and indus-
trial shortages of water experienced in the
middle and eastern part of this country and
the damages sustained in the western part
should alone cause our national leaders to
look with alarm toward protection against a
reoccurence. Such protective measures
would fall on private lands. Should owners
pay all the cost in order to give protection to
urban and industrial areas?
We believe that our district would have
trouble in raising the thousands of dollars
needed for our share in the revolving fund.
The records show that we have been one of
the high producing districts in the State of
Illinois on applying conservation to land.
However, our records show that we have been
working mostly with those farmers in the
problem land areas of the county and to ask
these farmers to pay for our services would
multiply the financial burden on those least
able to afford it.
Data taken from the 1959 U.S. Census of
Agriculture for Adams County show that we
have 1,911 commercial farms which are di-
vided according to gross income as follows:
Class I: $40,000 and over, 39 farms, 2 per-
cent.
Class II: $20,000 to $40,000, 165 farms, 8.6
percent.
Class III: $10,000 to $20,000, 567 farms, 29.7
percent.
Class IV: $5,000 to $10,000, 630 farms, 33
percent.
Class V: $2,500 to $5,000, 375 farms, 19.6
percent.
Mass VI: $50 to $2,500, 135 farms, 7.1 per-
cent.
From these figures it is not hard to see
what the effect of the proposed reduction
in funds would do. Those in the low income
brackets could not afford to pay for our serv-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
concerned with the preservation of our true the House for 1 minute, to revise and
freedom, or we shall all destroy ourselves in extend his remarks, and to include ex-
a fearful jungle of our own creating. Gov- traneous matter.)
ernment in gttempting to steer us truly into Mr. TEAGUE of California. Mr.
conformity with the laws of nature and of
our own being is working to save us from speaker, on behalf of the Republican
ourselves, to preserve our freedom against delegation in the House of Represent-
the most deadly of freedom's poisons. There atives from the State of California I
is no danger that besets us today which is would like to extend our thanks to Gov.
more grave than this: that we shall fail to Pat Brown, of California.
understand the nature and demands of free- Mr. Speaker, this expression of grati-
dom and, in so failing, extinguish freedom's
life in our midst. tude comes a little late because the rea-
The man or woman who today fails to son for it was far too long delayed.
place his own interest and rights second to Mr. Speaker, our California Republican
th idis
enterest an rght of the most deprived
membe s of our ?ociety is working for the
destruction of this good society as surely as
is any enemy overseas.
Government cannot guarantee to preserve
us from ourselves, but government can re-
strain is from outright suicide. Our present
coarse could become a suicide course unless
we 'choose. better. Government, school, and
church can help us to will to choose a better
R,ESOI]UTION ADOPTED BY DEMO-
CRATIC STEERING COMMITTEE
PERTAINING TO THE COMMUNIST
EFFORT OF AGGRESSION IN VIET-
NAM
(Mr. MADDEN asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his remarks,
and to include. extraneous matter.)
Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, on yes-
terday the House Democratic steering
committee held its monthly meeting and
passed the following resolution pertain-
ing particularly to the Communist effort
of aggression in Vietnam.
Mr. Speaker, the resolution reads, as
follows:
"Whereas the the Congress on August 10,
1964, adopted a joint resolution to promote
the maintenance of international peace and
security in southeast Asia;
"Whereas the Communist regime in North
Vietnam has continued and intensified since
that date its attacks against the people and
the Government of Vietnam;
"Whereas evidence presented in the publi-
cation of the Department of State entitled
`Aggression From the North' establishes be-
yond question that North Vietnam is-carry-
ing out a carefully conceived. plan of aggres-,
sion against South Vietnam;
"Whereas the United States has joined with
the people and the Government of the Re-
public of Vietnam in a collective defense
against this aggression;
"Whereas the only purpbse of the United
States in southeast Asia is to enable the
countries of that. area to enjoy their free-
dom in peace: Now, therefore, be it
"Resolved, That the Democratic steering
committee stands behind the President in
the measures he is taking to assist the Gov-
erment and the people of the Republic of
Vietnam to defend themselves against the
aggression being directed against them from
North Vietnam."
It is, hoped that in this vital issue facing
the Nation you will join the House leadership
in supporting the President.
Now, Mr. Speaker, I might add in addi-
tion thereto thAt.. the Democratic steer-
ing committee yesterday passed a reso-
lution endorsing the Appalachian legisla-
tion, without amendments.
delegation, over a month ago, adopted a
resolution by unanimous vote requesting
the Governor to assist California in its,
very, very difficult farm labor problem by
attempting to persuade the Secretary of
Labor to come to the conclusion that we
do have a tragic and urgent situation in
California and that we must have some
temporary supplemental foreign labor if
our crops are to be harvested and tens
of thousands of domestic jobs in packing,
transportation and related industries are
March 3
Earnestly submitting that time is of the
essence,
We, the Republican Members of the Cali-
fornia delegation of the Congress of the
United States, representing the most popu-
lous State of the Union and the No. 1
agricultural State, whose principal industry
is supplying the rest of the States with fresh,
canned, and frozen fruits, and vegetables,
acting individually, and jointly, unanimously
resolve, and
Respectfully urge the President of the
United States and the Secretary of Labor to
recognize the present worsening conditions
of California agriculture creating a serious
emergency, to utilize Public Law 414 and to
immediately certify the admission of suf-
ficient temporary, supplemental farm work-
ers to assure California growers that their
crops can be harvested without spoilage; and
We urgently implore the Secretary of Labor,
to amend his regulations to equalize wage
rates for agricultural workers among all of
the States and to terminate the current dis-
crimination against California.
Executed at Washington, D.C., March 1,
1965.
to be saved. At that time the Governor DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY
refused to do so. However, he has now (Mr. SAYLOR asked and was given
recognized the realities of the situation permission to extend his remarks at this
and is cooperating to some extent at least. point in the RECORD and to include ex-
We are truly grateful that he has now traneous matter.)
seen the light-or at least partially so. Mr. SAYLOR. Mr. Speaker, the recent
Mr.'Speaker, this same delegation has transfer of a New York policeman to an
adopted a new resolution which follows undesirable beat because of a remark to
hereafter. a traffic offender, blessed with diplomatic
The matter referred to follows: immunity, reopens a subject on which
Believing that the 88th Congress termi- Congress must assert itself unless the
nated Public Law 78 in a sincere belief that State Department produces some assur-
more jobs would be developed for domestic ante that it is able and willing to re-
workers, but now
Being convinced that tens of thousands of solve the issue.
net domestic jobs will be lost unless adequate While it is obvious that a very great
temporary supplemental farm labor is imme- majority of foreign diplomats headquar-
diately assured; and tered in Washington scrupulously adhere
Being informed that numerous tomato can- to the laws of the land and of the Dis-
neries (as well as other canners and proc- trict, and make no attempt to take ad-
essors) have been unable to contract for vantage of their immunity status, there
fruit and vegetables because of an antici-
pated labor shortage and knowing therefore
that many domestic cannery workers and of this sanctity on the part of the em-
those engaged in allied industries will be bassies to overlook the situation. Since
unable to find work this season; and most of the disrespect of local rules and
Being reliably advised that many California regulations centers on traffic violations,
food processing companies have acquired there is a tendency to avoid severe seru~.
plants in Mexico and intend to transfer major tiny into the matter. In consequence, too
portions of their business from California to many drivers with DPL tags look with
Mexico because they cannot e assured of scorn upon police officers who by experi-
Having labor in the United d States; and
Having ample evidence that many Cali- ence have learned-as in the case of the
fornia ranchers and farmers are seriously New York policeman-that it is highly
considering moving their operations to unprofitable to tangle with a diplomat,
Mexico; and regardless of how belligerent he may be-
Being ever mindful that when tomatoes come.
are not planted, when citrus products are not In Washington, according to the State
packed, and when vegetables spoil in the
fields, the whole economy of California will Department, efforts at reducing parking
suffer and thousands of workers dependent violations on the part of the diplomatic
upon, or allied with, agriculture-packing- corps have been encouraging in recent
house workers; package manufacturers, months, though the average American
truckers, salesmen, bankers, as well as farm- motorist who has occasion to drive
ers-will be detrimentally affected; and around this city may fail to notice the
Realizing the adverse effects upon our al- improvement. It is no rarity to find that
ready unfavorable balance, of international the traffic block ahead on a busy morn-
payments condition that will certainly occur
when large U.S. growers, processors, and ing has been caused by a double-parked
shippers move their operations to Mexico and embassy car whose driver is nowhere in
sell fresh and frozen food products to the sight. While it may be too much to ex-
United States for U.S. dollars; and pect the visitor from Johnstown, Indiana,
Recognizing the probability that the multi- or Kittanning to have the same privileges
million-dollar .. export volume of California accorded embassy drivers whose coun-
fruit and vegetables will no longer be pos- tries of origin have enjoyed the bene-
sible; and ficence of this country's foreign aid pro-
Being completely satisfied that California
i
gram pa
d for by those hapl citi
esszens
growers and public officials have exhausted
GOV., PAT BROWN AND THE every practicable proposal to recruit com- from back home, it is nevertheless time
FOREIGN LABOR PROGRAM potent domestic' farm labor; and being as- that methods of obtaining a little more
sured that all domestic efforts cannot pro- equity by explored. Soon the throngs of
(Mr. TEAGUE of California asked duce an adequate supply of farm labor dur- visitors from the several States will be
and was given permission to. address ing_ this season; and coming to Washington to visit the Capi-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3933
the former residents of the North, the narcotics, to run open gambling houses, and
East, and West. Out of this blending to keep slaves. What are things coming to?
process has come a healthy union Of Now this isn't wholly funny. We once had
each of
minds, the extension of transportation better times? Would these freedoms. dms. we Were choose to those return n times
to
facilities, industrial development, and them? I think we would not like to return
rapid transition from agrarian to urban to them, and I think there is some profit in
status. asking ourselves why we choose not to return
Yes, much has taken place in Florida to a wholly unregulated society.
over the past 120 years, but-the way Let us begin by asking which society is
things seem to be going-the progress of truly the freer society? When one man mur-
the past is very likely to be dwarfed in ders another man, there are two freedoms
significance by that of the future. involved, not one freedom. There is the
freedom to murder at will, and there is the
So, I point with pride, Mr. Speaker, to freedom not to be murdered at will. Since
Florida's 120th anniversary as a State.
Her fabled sun-climate is unequaled
anywhere. Florida is the vacation spot
which is sought out by all the Nation.
Florida's people are as colorful and va-
ried as her terrain. The names of Ponce
de Leon, DeSoto, and, yes, even Gaspar
and Lafitte lend credence to her emer-
gence as a lusty and energetic entity.
The name of Florida has come to be
synonymous with exciting, progressive,
haplay living.
HOW FREE IS FREE?
(Mrs. GREEN of Oregon, asked and
was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute, to revise and extend
her remarks, and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mrs. GREEN of Oregon. Mr. Speaker,
.recently there has come to my attention
a most challenging speech given by J.
Irwin Miller, of Columbus, Ind. Mr.
Miller's subject is entitled "How Free Is
Free?" This speech was given at a re-
cent award dinner in Indianapolis.
J. Irwin Miller is a former president
of the National Council of Churches, a
trustee of the Committee for Economic
Development, the Ford Foundation, and
Yale University, chairman of the board
of Cummins Engine Co., in addition to
other positions_ of great responsibility in
the business world. I believe that in
very clear terms Mr. Miller gives mean-
ing and substance to the word "freedom"
which is so heavily under attack these
days by political primitives.
I recommend this to my colleagues:
HOW FREE IS FREE?
(By J. Irwin Miller)
In our recut national discussions on civil
rights, on the proper role of government,
and on the fate of the individual, we too
often make the mistake of not beginning
at the beginning. We plunge directly into
arguments about our present circumstances
and what we do not like about them as if
somehow, were everything changed to' suit
us, the world would be set right.
Now it is quite true that we live in an
age where the forces of bigness, especially
of big government, are making themselves
felt upon the individual. It is further true
that these forces may even, one by one, be
taking the individual's liberties away from
i
m.
h
The trend started when government first conveyances of property, and even of limit- to lose freedom to own a home of one's
started. With the coming of primitive gov- ing the quantity and the uses of it. chooaing is to attempt to deny that freedom
ernments, our distant ancestors lost the free- "All the property that is necessary to a to another. The surest way to lose the free
dom to murder their neighbors. With the man for the conservation of the individual access to learning and education is to deny
establishment of our own new and revolu- and the propagation of the species is his that freedom to someone less powerful than
tionary government, our young individuals natural right, which none may justly deprive oneself. The surest way to lose the freedom
lost the freedom not to go to school. They him of, but all property superfluous to such to run my business is to run it on contempt
were deprived of the right to choose to be purposes is the property of the public who, of the general interest.
illiterate. by their laws, have created it and who may Government may fall into this error, too,
My great-grandfather kept a cow in his therefore, by other laws, dispose of it when- and enact arrogant or unwise laws. But gov-
front yard in downtown Columbus. That ever the welfare of the public shall demand ernment cannot, therefore, be barred from
freedom is now denied me. I even have to such disposition. He that does not like so- this field any more than we should be barred
chain or fence my dog. We have lost the society on these terms, let him retire and live from owning a house simply because some
freedom to manufacture impure foods, to sell among savages. He can have no right to the are bad householders. Government must be
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without denying the other freedom, you
come up against a fact that seems to be all
but overlooked in today's debate: Freedoms
compete with each other.
When you have to deal with competing
freedoms, it follows that you may have to
choose one freedom as being more desirable
than its competing freedom, and you are
therefore forced, as a society, to deny one
freedom in order to grant the other. In rec-
ognition of this inevitable state of affairs,
our ancestors generations ago decided that
the freedom not to be murdered was a more
desirable freedom than the freedom to mur-
der.
One man's freedom to own slaves denies
to another man the freedom not to be en-
slaved. One man's freedom to keep-pigs in-
side the city limits denies to another man
the freedom to drink pure water. And so on
into areas a great deal less dramatic, where
the competing freedom is more easily ob-
scured and the choice a great deal more dif-
ficult to make.
MY PROPERTY RIGHTS
The house in which I live is my house.
Surely I should be allowed to rent or sell to
persons of my own choice. If private prop-
erty does not mean that, what does it mean?
I have built a business which now employs
many people. I will survive competition
only if I choose my employees very carefully.
If I cannot choose my own workers for my
own business, what does private enterprise
mean? Or if I cannot choose whom I will
serve or whom I will not serve in my restau-
rant, my store, my lunch counter, if I am
not free to do that, what is left for me of
this free society we all talk so much about?
The key word here, I think, is the word
"me," "my," "mine." What do I mean when
1 say my house, my business, my restaurant?
Does anything happen to the worth of my
house if the firemen have no concern for
fires in the neighborhood, or the policemen
about robberies in the neighborhood, or the
neighbors about trash and weeds in their
front yards, or about thoughtless 111-trained
children in their families?
ACCORDING TO FOUNDING FATHERS
Back in 1783, one of our Founding Fathers
had some thoughts on the subject. In that
year Benjamin Franklin wrote to another
Founding Father, Robert Morris, and this is
what he said:
"All property, except the savages tempo-
rary cabin, his bow, his matchcoat and other
little acquisitions absolutely necessary for
his subsistence, seems to me the creature of
public convention. Hence the public has
benefits of society who will not pay his club
toward the support of it."
What does that last word "club" mean? I
had to hunt to find out, but I learned from
the dictionary that in the 17th and 18th
centuries one meaning was "A combination
of contributions to make up a total sum."
So what is Ben Franklin saying? Is it not
something like this: Everything which I call
mine and to which I attach most worth is
a combination of continuous contributions
voluntarily given by others. If they withhold
their contributions, which many are free to
do; my neighbors-their manners and
thoughtfulness; my workers-their willing-
ness to work honestly for me; my custom-
ers-their willingness to buy from me; if they
withhold all these contributions, then my
property, my house, my business each has
a very great deal less worth to me, if indeed
any worth at all.
Franklin is saying further: You or I have
no right to this combination of voluntary
contributions which I call my private prop-
erty unless I too make my club-offer my
voluntary contributions to the property and
rights of others-in amounts and quantity
sufficient to confer on their private property
the worth which. I wish to attach to my
property. To Ben Franklin suppliers, share-
holders, workers, managers, customers, even
the communities in which they are located,
are all, in effect, owners of a business, which
must be run and managed in the interest of
each, not neglecting the others.
FROM JUDEO-CHRISTIAN TEACHINGS
Our Judeo-Christian tradition has even
more frightening advice for us. We are told
in Christian Gospel that he that would save
his life (what more valuable piece of private
property?) must lose it; that a man must
order his life, operate and employ his prop-
erty for others or their value to him will
vanish.
We have a long -established newspaper in
my State which carries every day at the top
of its front page a memorable piece of scrip-
ture, scripture that is concerned with free-
dom and liberty: "Where the spirit of the
Lord is, there is liberty." And what is this
spirit of the Lord? The first public words
uttered by Jesus spoke of it: "He opened the
book and found the place where it was writ-
ten 'The spirit of the Lord is upon me, be-
cause He has anointed me to preach good
news to the poor. He has sent me to pro-
claim release to the captives and recovering
of sight to the blind, to set at liberty those
who are oppressed to proclaim the year of
the Lord's favor.'"
Liberty for each of us is found not at-all,
unless it be found in a dominant sacrificial
concern for the liberty of the other fellow,
and especially the deprived and disadvan-
taged. Property has no value for any of us
unless each of us has a primary care for the
property rights of the other fellow, and es-
pecially of the other fellow least able to look
out for himself.
HOW FREEDOMS ARE LOST
Ben Franklin, through his hard experience
in building a society in the New World, and
Jesus and the prophets in their wisdom, all
saw here a law as immutable, as inexorable
as the law of gravity-a law which, if vio-
lated, brought penalties as severe as those
which attend the violation of any of the laws
of the physical universe. So the surest way
 1965
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6W044 fiRW001600309 3811
know I speak for all her colleagues in
wishing that we may continue to have
the benefit of her wise counsel and legis-
lative skill for many, many more years
to come.
Mr. PIRNIE. Mr. Speaker, we note
with pride and congratulations the quar-
ter-century of service our distinguished
colleague from Ohio, FRANCES-P. BOLTON,
completes this day. Her courage, dedi-
cation, and graciousness have made this
service noteworthy in every way. On the
Foreign Affairs Committee, where she
serves as the ranking minority member,
she has battled for policies and programs
which would make our world leadership
strong and objective. Particularly sen-
sitive to the needs and aspirations of less
developed nations, she had made count-
less friends in these areas, projecting an
appealing image of American sympathy
and understanding. We salute our col-
league as an able Member of our body
whose devoted efforts are of great sig-
nificance to this Nation and, indeed, the
world. May she long continue her dis-
tinguished service.
Mr. BENNETT. Mr. Speaker, I am
often asked whether I approve public
careers for members of the fairer sex.
Immediately, I always first think of the
gentlelady from Ohio as a prime example
of the highest in statesmanship, from
whatever source. She is, indeed, an able
national leader, even international, and
an efficient advocate for her district and
State as well. She is the friend of every
Member of Congress; and I am glad that
includes me particularly. I am delighted
to congratulate her on her 25 years here
in the House and wish for her many years
of able service in the future.
Mr. McCLORY. Mr. Speaker, the op-
portunity to serve in the U.S. House of
Representatives with FRANCES P. BOLTON,
of Ohio, has been and is a rich and valued
experience.
In recognizing her 25 years of distin-
guished service, the Members of the
House are taking appropriate note of a
public leader who has made her mark in
the history of our Nation.
Mrs. BOLTON is well known for her pub-
lice service in Illinois and throughout the
other 49 States. As a colleague and as
Representative of Illinois' 12th District,
I am proud to join in honoring and con-
gratulating Representative FRANCES P.
BOLTON on the 25th anniversary of her
service in the Congress.
Mr. HARSHA. Mr. Speaker, it gives
me great pleasure to join with my col-
leagues in paying tribute to a truly great
woman and public servant? Mrs. FRANCES
PAYNE BOLTON, from the 22d District of
Ohio, as she celebrates a dedicated and
distinguished 25 years of service here in
the House of Representatives.
The State of Ohio is indeed proud to
place this wonderful lady in the annals of
fame as she has so unselfishly contrib-
uted much time and effort here in this
body on behalf of her constituency as
well As the entire Nation by her out-
standing position as ranking minority
member on the Foreign Affairs Com-
mittee.
Mrs. BOLTON is not only a lady of dig
nity, but one of dedication, intellect, and
talent. Her wise counsel is frequently
solicited and genuinely heeded and it
gives me great pleasure for this oppor-
tunity to congratulate her on a magnifi-
cent record of accomplishment. With
warm pride and happiness, I extend my
heartfelt thanks for her guidance and
wisdom. I hope the Nation will have
the benefit of her service for many years
GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND
Mr. McCULLOCH. Mr. Speaker, I
now ask unanimous consent that all
Members may extend their remarks at
this point in the RECORD on this sub-
j ect.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from Ohio?
There was no objection.
[Mrs. BOLTON addressed the House.
Her remarks will appear hereafter in the
Appendix.]'
JOHN F. KENNEDY-YEARS OF
LIGHTNING, DAY OF DRUMS
(Mr. ZABLOCKI asked and was given
permission to address the House for
1 minute.)
Mr. ZABLOCKI. Mr. Speaker, I asked
for this time to remind our colleagues
that this afternoon at 1:30 p.m., 3:50
p.m., and 5 p.m. in the caucus room there
will be a showing of the USIA film "John
F. Kennedy-Years of Lightning, Day of
Drums."
Members were notified by letter signed
by 17 Members of Congress and are in-
V SUPPORT THE PRESIDENT ON
SOUTH VIETNAM
(Mr. RIVERS of South Carolina asked
and was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute and to revise and
extend his remarks.)
Mr. RIVERS of South Carolina. Mr.
Speaker, the affirmative, positive action
which we have been taking the past few
weeks in South Vietnam is a clear indi-
cation of the attitude of the President
and meets with the approval, I am sure,
of a vast majority of the American peo-
ple and a vast majority of the Members
of this House.
For years, many members of the House
Armed Services Committtee, and I among
them, have stated over and over again
that the Communists understand only
one kind of language-the language of
force and strength.
We are taking the war to the Commu-
nists, and they are beginning to feel the
effects of our bombings.
I wanted to take this opportunity to
express my wholehearted approval of the
actions taken by the President of the
United States which I am confident will
have a salutary effect, not only upon the
Soviet Union and the Vietcong, but also
Red China.
There may come a time when negotia-
tion will be in order. That time will
arrive when we negotiate from a position
of strength. I am sure I can speak for
every member of the House Armed Serv-
ices Committee when I say we will do
everything within our power to give the
President and the Department of De-
fense, members of our armed services,
and the American people, the men and
the materiel necessary to place us in a
position in South Vietnam where if nego-
tiations are initiated, we will negotiate
not as a supplicant seeking help, but as a
victor dispensing justice.
Mr. Speaker, I commend the President.
He needs our support. He is doing the
job we want him to do and we must
stand behind him.
HON. FRANCES P. BOLTON
(Mr. BINGHAM asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, I am
happy to join my colleagues in paying
tribute to' the remarkable and distin-
guished gentlewoman from Ohio [Mrs.
BOLTON]. I am not only familiar with
her unusual record of service in the House
but I claim a distinction probably not
shared by any other of the Members, to
wit, that I am a cousin of the distin-
guished gentlewoman. She is a member
of what she herself describes as the Bing-
ham clan. May I say that she, as one
who was born a Bingham, has made her
many 'cousins throughout the country
d oft eir name.
prou
ud
SUPPORT THE PRESIDENT ON
SOUTH VIETNAM
(Mr. WAGGONNER asked and was
given permission to address the House
for 1 minute and to revise and extend
his remarks.)
Mr. WAGGONNER. Mr. Speaker, I
want to express my appreciation to the
distinguished gentleman from South
Carolina [Mr. RIVERS] for having
brought again to the attention of the
House the position of the United States
with regard to Vietnam. I want to as-
sure the gentleman from South Carolina
and the other Members of this House and
anyone else who is interested that the
words he has just spoken do speak for me
as one Member of this House. I add my
hope again as I have before that they
speak for every Member of this House in
support of the President in this matter.
He deserves our support and he needs it.
There is as has been said nothing to be
negotiated now. I ask the question, if
we don't stand here then where do we
stand? I believe most Americans mean
it when they say they are tired of con-
tinually yielding to the Communists. I
assure you I am.
BIRTHDAY GREETINGS TO HON.
ROBERT H. MICHEL
(Mr. ANDREWS of North Dakota
asked and was given permission to ad-
dress the House for 1 minute and to re-
vise and extend his remarks.)
Mr. ANDREWS of North Dakota. Mr.
Speaker, today is a special day for one
of our colleagues. He is known as a
singer of some ability, a softball player
of congressional renown, an ardent bas-
ketball fan of the teams from his alma
mater, but, more important, known as
an able legislator and a distinguished
representative of the people of his dis-
trict.
Our colleague is a member of Cosmo-
politan International, sponsors of six
consecutive student science fairs in his
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home city. He has been the recipient
of a Distinguished Alumnus Award from
Bradley University.
And so, his fellow members of the Cos-
mopolitan Club of Peoria, Ill., join with
me in extending best wishes for a happy
birthday to our colleague, BOB MICHEL.
TELEPHONE SERVICE NO LONGER
A LUXURY
(Mr. HARSHA asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. HARSHA. Mr. Speaker, I want to
urge President Johnson and Congress to
give serious consideration to permitting
the Federal excise tax on telephone serv-
ice to expire on June 30, 1965.
Other utilities such as electricity, gas,
and water enjoy exemption from this
tax; yet, excise tax on telephone service
remains as a part of our revenue system,
imposing an unjust burden on the tele-
phone companies and their consumers.
It is a discriminatory public utilities tax
which was never intended to be perma-
nent.
No longer can telephone service 1 e
considered a luxury. It is an essential
household item needed by the people in
the conduct of their everyday affairs. In
this day and age, telephone service is a
necessity. Many people rely on this
service to do their shopping, to be in-
formed as to their work, as a means of
communication between their children
and emergency agencies. For many, it
is the only means of contact with law-en-
forcement officials, with the fire depart-
ment, doctors, and hospitals.
Originally enacted by Congress as a
wartime emergency measure, this tax
was intended to be one of short duration.
It has long outlived that period and
should be allowed to expire without any
further extension proposed.
Many have urged that Congress elimi-
nate excise taxes now, but may I remind
my colleagues that we are now in the
fourth quarter of fiscal 1965 and this
anticipated revenue has already been
committed for expenditure and in many
cases already expended. To eliminate
this revenue now would be to add to an
already large deficit for fiscal 1965. The
more responsible action would be to let
the present tax expire as it will on June
30. Then the budget for fiscal 1966 can
be adjusted accordingly and expendi-
tures can be reduced accordingly before
they are committed or even expended,
and thus not add to the predicted deficit
for 1966.
CRIMINAL LEGISLATION
(Mr. MATHIAS asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. MATHIAS. Mr. Speaker, the dif-
ficulty with criminal legislation is that
it applies to everyone. A general law
acts with impartial force upon the law-
abiding as well as upon the lawless. A
limitation uponthe liberties of the crim-
inal must necessarily restrict the liber-
ties of the innocent.
A law that is intended to discourage
crime and to restrain criminals may also
have the effect of condemning and re-
stricting the innocent and the honest.
Since the great and overwhelming ma-
jority of Americans- are decent, honest
and lawful, such criminal legislation is
totally unacceptable.
In my judgment the so-called omnibus
crime bill recently approved by the
Whitener subcommittee falls within this
category and I shall oppose it in com-
mittee and in the House.
I applaud the President's goal of "es-
tablishment in the District of a model
system which will best achieve fair and
effective law enforcement." I support
the President's intention to appoint a
commission to concern itself specifically
with crime and law enforcement in the
District. But this situation does not
stand still. The crime rate is increasing
and the job is getting bigger. The
President will have to act promptly and
effectively to attain this goal he has an-
nounced. If the President delays in
taking the leadership in this matter he
will surely witness the commission of
bad crimes and the enactment of bad
laws.
If the President will act with energy
and speed, I am confident that many
Members of Congress will join with me
in pledging ourselves to work with the
commission, with the District authorities
and the Metropolitan Police, with the
bench and bar, and with the civic
minded citizens of the District of Co-
lumbia to give the District a model code.
HOUR OF MEETING ON THURSDAY
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, in con-
nection with the arrangements for the
ceremonies commemorating the 100th
anniversary of the 2d inaugural address
of Abraham Lincoln, I ask unanimous
consent that when the House adjourns
tomorrow it adjourn to meet at 11:15 on
Thursday morning.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from
Oklahoma?
There was no objection.
MESSAGE ON CITIES-MESSAGE
FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES (H. DOC. NO. 99)
The SPEAKER laid before the House
the following message from the Presi-
dent of the United States; which was
read and referred to the Committee of
the Whole House on the State of the
Union and ordered to be printed:
To the Congress of the United States:
Throughout man's history, the city'
has been at the center of civilization.
It is at the center of our own society.
Over 70 percent of our population-135
million Americans-live in urban areas.
A half century from now 320 million of
our 400 million Americans will live in
such areas. And our largest cities will
receive the greatest impact of growth.
I In this message the word "city" is used
to mean the entire urban area--the central
city and its suburbs.
Numbers alone do not make this an
urban nation. Finance and culture,
commerce, and government make their
home in the city and draw their vitality
from it. Within the borders of our
urban centers can be found the most im-
pressive achievements of man's skill and
the highest expressions of man's spirit,
as well as the worst examples of degrada-
tion and cruelty and misery to be found
in modern America.
The city is not an assembly of shops
and buildings. It is not a collection of
goods and services. It is a community
for the enrichment of the life of man.
It is a place for the satisfaction of man's
most urgent needs and his highest aspi-
rations. It is an instrument for the
advance of civilization. Our task is to
put the highest concerns of our people at
the center of urban growth and activity.
It is to create and preserve the sense of
community with others which gives us
significance and security, a sense of be-
longing and of sharing in the common
life.
Aristotle said': "Men come together in
cities in order to live. They remain to-
gether in order to live the good life."
The modern city can be the most ruth-
less enemy of the good life, or it can be
its servant. The choice is up to this
generation of Americans. For this is
truly the time of decision for the Ameri-
can city.
In our time, two giant and dangerous
forces are converging on our cities: the
forces of growth and of decay.
Between today and the year 2000, more
than 80 percent of our population in-
crease will occur in urban areas. During
the next 15 years, 30 million people will
be added to our cities-equivalent to the
combined population of New York, Chi-
cago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Detroit,
and Baltimore. Each year, in the com-
ing generation, we will add the equiv-
alent of 15 cities of 200,000 each.
Already old cities are tending to com-
bine into huge clusters. The strip of
land from southern New Hampshire to
northern Virginia contains 21 percent of
America's population in 1.8 percent of its
areas. Along the west coast, the Great
Lakes, and the Gulf of Mexico, other
urban giants are merging and growing.
Our new city dwellers will need homes
and schools and public services. By 1975
we will need over 2 millionnew homes a
year. We will need schools for 10 million
additional children, welfare and health
facilities for 5 million more people over
the age of 60, transportation facilities
for the daily movement of 200 million
people and more than 80 million auto-
mobiles.
In the remainder of this century-in
less than 40 years-urban population will
double, city land will double, and we will
have to build in our cities as much as all
that we have built since the first colonist
arrived on these shores. It is as if we
had 40 yearsto rebuildthe entire urban
United States.
Yet these new overwhelming pressures
are being visited upon cities already in
distress. We have over 9 million homes,
most of them in cities, which are run
down or deteriorating; over 4 million do
not haverunning water or even plumb-
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