WASHINGTON POST HITS ADMINISTRATION'S INCONSISTENT STAND ON USE OF GAS IN VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300160011-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2003
• Sequence Number: 11
• Publication Date: March 26, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

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March 26, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-' HOUSE
"Angel of Peace," which is another rich chap-
ter in the Slav history linked with the heri-
tage of SttB~. Cyril and Methodius.
A$GIiBISHOP MARTIN J. sPALDING
The first among the American prelates to
acquaint the U.S. Catholics with the great
apostolate of SS. Cyril and Methodius was the
Most Reverend Archbishop Martin J. Spald-
ing, D.D., of Baltimore, Md., the predecessor
of James Cardinal Gibbons, who endorsed the
founding of our organization, the Slovak
Catholic ]Federation of America in 1911 and
also the predecessor of the present Lawrence
Cardinal Shelian, first bishop of Bridgeport
Diocese and now archbishop of Baltimore,
Md., who is quite familiar with the SS. Cyril
and Methodius heritage. Archbishop Spald-
ing published in 1867 the general history of
the Catholic Church in which he mentions
these two Slovak apostles. No doubt this
publication was encouraged by the influx of
Slavs during the American Civil War in
which the Slovaks had their heroes, includ-
ing the well known ColonelGeza Mihalotzy.
Likewise, the well known Most Rev. Arch-
bishop John Ireland of St. Paul, Minn., was
one of the first American prelates to bring
students from Slavonic countries to study for
the priesthood.
The late Msgr. William Heinen of Mauch
Chunk, Pa., who also came to America with
ambition to work among the Indians, learned
here the Slovak language and founded 14
Slovak parishes in the Philadelphia arch-
diocese and the present Allentown diocese.
Monsignor Heinen visited Velehard, where he
preached in Slovak in the church, known as
basilica of SS. Cyril and Methodius.
Most Rev. Michael Hohan, late bishop of
Scranton diocese visited Slovakia during the
Austro-Hungarian regime before World
War I to acquaint himself better with the
Slovak people. Under his guidance the con-
gregation of the Slovak sisters of SS. Cyril and
Methodius, founded by Rev. Mathew Jankola,
was established and has a motherhouse and a
beautiful St. Cyril's academy in Danville, Pa.
On September 30, 1880, Pope Leo XIII is-
sued an encyclical "Grande Munus" in honor
of SS. Cyril and Methodius and extended
their veneration to_the entire Christiandom.
Archbishop Jozef'Strossmayer of Croatia
was a great leader during this period.
IRISH MONKS IN SLOVAKIA
It is recalled that prior to the arrival of
SS, Cyril and Methodius to present Slovakia,
Irish monks labored in the country of our
ancestry but due to lack of knowledge of the
people's language their mission was not suc-
cessful.
Bishop Gruika paid them tribute during
the SS, Cyril and Methodius celebration on
June 22, 1963, at St._ Patrick's Cathedral, New
York City, where he was a great preacher in
Slovak, invited by Cardinal Spellman.
4lovakia is a birthplace of St. Martin,
Bishop of Tours, born in A.D, 316, then
known as Pannonia, Now it is an established
fact that St. Martin was related to St. Pat-
rick, the patron of the Irish, therefore, we
emphasize that what St. Boniface is to the
Germans, St. Augustine to the English, and
St. Patrick to the Irish, that is what s$.
Cyril and Methodius are to the' Slovaks.
The present Holy Father, Pope Paul VI, ad-
dressing the American Slovak pilgrims in
the Vatican on September 14, 1963, in com-
memoration of the 11th centenary of the
arrival of $S, Cyril and Methodius to Slo-
vakia said: "Dear. Sons of the Slovak Na-
tions ? + + Continue to cultivate the mem-
ory, cult, the imitation of your saints, who
from dlstazit Middle Ages even now light the
paths along which the spirit of the Slovak
people must pass in our time and in the
future + contlpue ta, maintain the SS.
Cyril and Ititethodius Institute with your of-
ferings and yourconfIdence."
In conclusion .1 ,is most appropriate to
pay tribute to all those, who perpetuate the
heritage of SS. Cyril and Methodius, patrons
and apostles now of some 300 million Sla-
vonic peoples, the majority of whom are
under the tyranical rule of atheistic com-
munism.
Considering the fact that before the ar-
rival of SS. Cyril and Methodius to the pres-
ent Slovakia and its neighboring countries
11 centuries ago the Irish monks labored
there, it is, indeed, providential, that the
day before their feast day, in the year of the
11th centennial, on July 6, 1963, one of the
most beautiful churches, named in their
honor, was dedicated by Most Rev. Walter
Kellenberg, Bishop of Rockville Center dio-
cese, at Deer Park, Long Island, N.Y., where
Rev. William Behan is pastor. The mission
was originally started by the Slovaks, who
rejoice with their American Catholic neigh-
bors of other nationalities that while the
SS. Cyril and Methodius' Christian faith is
being uprooted by the Reds in the countries,
where they planted it, that here in a free
America, their heritage is perpetuated in a
true democratic spirit.
The author of the article, Mr. John
C. Sciranka, is a well-known American
Slovak journalist who in this article calls
to our attention these forgotten pioneers,
including Father Gallitzin, who labored
for 41 years among the people of western
Pennsylvania, spending his own money
and refusing to return to Russia to claim
his patrimony. We owe these great pio-
neers our tribute in their very historical
and unique contributions to America.
Since we very proudly recognize our
Nation to be the "melting pot" of the
world, the contributions of these indi-
vidual and national groups of immi-
grants are a very special chapter in the
history of our country.
Therefore, Mr. Speaker, I commend
to the attention of the Members this
fascinating historical review by Mr.
Sciranka.
BILL TO MAKE THE KILLING OF
THE PRESIDENT OR VICE PRES-
IDENT A FEDERAL CRIME
(Mr. LINDSAY (at the request of Mr.
CLEVELAND) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. LINDSAY. Mr. Speaker, many of
us believed the assassination of President
Kennedy and its tragicomic aftermath
would so arouse Congress that it would,
after years of procrastination, achieve
passage of a law declaring the killing of
the President a Federal offense.
Our belief was short lived. Although
a number of bills have been introduced
to accomplish this end, none has been
approved by either House. The assassi-
nation of a President, in the eyes of the
law, remains no different from any police
blotter homicide.
The United States Code contains a
jerry-built section-18 U.S.C. 1114-
which makes it a Federal crime to kill
postal inspectors, Internal Revenue
Service agents, employees of the National
Park Service, U.S. attorneys and judges,
and, among others, property guards in
the employ of the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration.
- The protection extends to members of
the Secret Service, including, of course,
those agents charged with safeguarding
the lives of the men who hold the highest
5949
offices in the land. The situation is in-
tolerable as well as illogical and should
be remedied.
I am, therefore, introducing today a
bill which would make the assassination
of the President or the Vice President a
Federal crime, subject to Federal prose-
cution, adjudication and punishment.
One of the objectives of the bill is to
resolve the anamolous distinction that
presently govern prosecution of crimes
against officers and employees of the Fed-
eral Government. To cite two examples,
it is a Federal crime-18 U.S.C. 871-to
mail a threat to kill the President, but
not to kill him. It also is a Federal of-
fense-18 U.S.C. 372-if one person con-
spires with another to injure or kill the
President. But the Federal Govern-
ment has no jurisdiction if an individual,
acting alone, murders the Chief Execu-
tive.
The bill I am sponsoring attempts, as
simply and effectively as possible, to
codify the various statutes relating to the
killing or attempt killing of the Presi-
dent and Vice President, and all other
officers or employees of the U.S. Govern-
ment.
First, the bill designates the murder
of the President or the Vice President,
or the President-elect or Vice-President-
elect, a Federal crime. The maximum
penalty upon conviction would be death
if the jury decided the case did not rec-
ommend clemency.
The attempted murder of the Presi-
dent or Vice President also would become
a Federal offense, carrying a maximum
penalty of 40 years imprisonment.
Second, the bill extends Federal juris-
diction to anyone who kills or attempts
to kill any officer, or employee of the
United States while he is engaged in the
performance of his official duties. The
maximum penalty for murder in the first
degree would be death. Conviction of
attempted murder would carry a maxi-
mum penalty of 25 years imprisonment.
The bit further provides that anyone
who assaults, resists, opposes, impedes,
intimidates or interferes with the Presi-
dent, the Vice President or any Federal
employee or officer while they are per-
forming their official duties shall be
charged with a Federal offense. The
maximum penalty would be a fine of
$5,000 and ' a 3-year prison sentence, or
both. However, if a deadly or danger-
ous weapon is used in the assault or
similar offense the penalties would be in-
creased to a maximum fine of $10,000 or
a prison term of 10 years, or both.
My bill attaches no reservations what-
ever to Federal jurisdiction over the as-
sassination of the President or Vice
President. Other bills introduced on this
subject have granted jurisdiction only
when the President is "engaged in the
performance of his official duties, or on
account of the performance of his of-
ficial duties." This proviso seems to me
to be unnecessarily restrictive. The
language may present needless problems
in determining whether the President
was engaged in the performance of his
official duties. Moreover, I see no rea-
son why the murder of a President should
not be a Federal crime even if the killing
occurs while the Chief Executive is play-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 26, 1965
ing golf, attending a family funeral or
engaged in other activities which may or
may not be defined as "official."
The provision affecting Federal em-
ployees and officers, however, confines
Federal jurisdiction to those offenses
committed while the employee or officer
is, so to speak, on the job.
Mr. Speaker, I believe this bill is a
worthy one, and deserving of passage. I
urge its favorable consideration. It is
not yet too late for us to acknowledge
that we have learned the lessons so tragi-
cally brought to our attention by the
events in Dallas during the last week of
November 1963.
"WELL DONE," MAJOR GRISSOM
(Mr. HARVEY of Indiana (at the re-
quest of Mr. CLEVELAND) was granted
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. HARVEY of Indiana. Mr.
Speaker, I join my fellow Hoosiers, and
all Americans, in saying, "Well done" to
Maj. Gus Grissom on his extraordinary
flight in the Gemini spacecraft this week.
He and his flight companion, John
Young, exhibited great courage and
rarely excelled spirit of adventure in the
calm manner in which they conducted
this flight.
We in Indiana are especially proud of
Gus Grissom, not only because he was
born and raised in our State, but because
he exemplifies those qualities which we
want to instill in the youth of America.
As an example of a good family man, and
reflecting a good upbringing in a good
environment, Gus Grissom its an out-
standing American in more than one
category.
I congratulate Gus on his most recent
achievement and wish him aid his fam-
ily the best in the future. Gus' accom-
plishments in the space program afford
us valuable information for future space
exploration. Indiana, a State settled by
some very hardy and persevering. pioneer
stock, is proud that one of its own has
helped pioneer in the newest of frontiers.
THE CURTIS COROLLARY TO
GRESHAM'S LAW
(Mr. CLEVELAND was granted per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. CLEVELAND. Mr. Speaker, our
colleague, the distinguished gentleman
from Missouri [Mr. CURTIS], is acknowl-
edged to be one of the most brilliant
Members in either Chamber. He is one
of the leading financial and economic ex-
perts in the country. ' He is also one of
the most diligent and hard-working men
I know. He has evolved a theory of eco-
nomics which he himself has dubbed
"CURTIS' Corollary to Gresham's Law."
He presented it to the House last month
during the debate on H.R. 45, the Inter-
American Development Bank bill..
Gresham's law is simply that bad
money will drive out good and the Curtis
corollary is that Government money
drives out private capital.
The formulation of this law has been
noted by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch
which recently carried an excellent edi-
torial on the subject. I heartily endorse
the editorial and its conclusion and rec-
ommend it to the consideration of my
colleagues :
In 1558 Sir Thomas Gresham, financial
agent of the crown, painstakingly explained
to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth that when
two or more kinds of money of equal de-
nomination-but unequal intrinsic value-
are in circulation, the one with the greater
value is hoarded and exported. Basically,
the good knight explained to the Virgin
Queen, bad money drives out good money.
Some 299 years later the economic prin-
ciple was given the name of Gresham's
law. Now more than a century later on the
floor of Congress there has been appended
CURTIS' corollary-Government money drives
out private capital.
While the news has yet to be hailed on the
fields of academe, Representative THOMAS B.
CURTIS' corollary certainly seems to hold true
for the Alliance for Progress, which program
is in need of reevaluation.
As envisioned under the Alliance, $20 bil-
lion in investment moneys would go south
of the Rio Grande, half of it from private
sources. But Mr. CURTIS charges that, as
the Government dollars are being sent into
Latin America, not only has the private sec-
tor not caught up, but it has actually de-
clined during those years.
Nor is it just American private capital
that is being withdrawn. Latin capital is
likewise being pulled out.
Mr. CURTIS suggests, and we second It, that
the Alliance for Progress stop blindly pour-
ing in dollars as though all is going Record-
ing to plan, when all is quite obviously not
going according to plan. It is time an ex-
haustive reappraisal was made of the entire
Alliance for Progress program.
Pointing to our payments imbalance, Mr.
CURTIS asks why 90 percent of the programs
are for services-not goods-which further
aggravate that problem.
Mr. CUR'i'IS asks why the Bank's Fund for
Special Operations-which lends to govern-
ments whose payments problems prevent
their getting conventional loans--encourages
Latins to spend the money in Latin America
rather than here. How can one justify this
type of operation when we face a critical
payments problem ourselves?
What Mr. CURTIS is asking is that the
Johnson administration, which is calling on
one and all to cut back on expenditures
abroad, starts practicing a little bit of what
it is so piously preaching.
N J`
TRATION'S INCONSISTENT STAND
ON USELE w VIETNAM
(Mr. CLE was given permis-
sion to remarks at this point
in the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. CLEVELAND. Mr. Speaker, on
Wednesday-page 5598 of the CONGRES-
SIONAL RECORD-I called the attention of
the House to the inconsistency of the
administration's handling of the decision
on the use of gas as a weapon of war and
the same administration's campaign op-
position concerning authority for the use
of tactical atomic weapons. Although
field commanders are thought not com-
petent to decide to use limited, tactical
atomic weapons even under very restrict-
ed conditions, they are apparently given
unrestricted rein to employ chemical
weapons. The administration is trying
to brush aside this sort of criticism and
to minimize the use of tear gas in Viet-
nam as an inflated issue of no real sub-
stance.
There is substance of the gravest im-
portance in this issue, however, the pooh-
poohing attitude of the administration
notwithstanding.
The Washington Post directed itself to
this point in an editorial today. The edi-
torial clearly shows up the inconsistency
involved and I offer it for the RECORD in
the earnest hope that it will be pondered
by every Member:
GAS
There is a considerable amount of pious
hypocrisy in some of the moans of outrage
over the use of nontoxic gases in South Viet-
nam. Some of the protests originate in
countries where the cruelties of the regime
make vomiting gas by comparison look as
innocent as cough syrup. There is, on the
other hand, a great deal of world reaction
that represents a natural and justifiable re-
vulsion at the military use of any agent that
may in future make it easier to gradually
move across the line into the use of lethal
gases.
The reproach of American citizens and
newspapers is of a double order: it runs to
the use of the gas itself and to the damage
that its ineffective employment has done the
United States. There are few offenses in
statesmen more deplorable than those that
put the right in the wrong and that is what
we have done. We have put a moral argu-
ment into the hands of our enemies and
placed a moral burden on our friends. And
it must be confessed we have not moved
with agility to correct the error. A Govern-
ment that only a few short months ago was
voicing its horror at Senator Goldwater's sug-
gestion that the choice of weapons be left
to field commanders cannot hide behind the
argument that the election to use gases is a
field decision.
What is especially revolting about it all
is the fact that the employment of the
nauseous gases was inept, ineffectual, and
indecisive even in the few cases where it was
used. For no sound practical reason we have
given comfort to our enemies, dismayed our
friends, and outraged many of our own citi-
zens. We might have made something of a
recovery by announcing withdrawal of our
own supply of this agent from the theater.
We have, on the contrary, made an inept and
unconvincing defense of it.
Wickedness sometimes wins in the court
of world opinion by having success as a
counsel and virtue often loses by having
failure's clumsy clown as a lawyer.
THE FLORIDA-COLOMBIA ALLIANCE
(Mr. FASCELL (at the request of Mrs.
MINx) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, Florida's
secretary of state, the Honorable Tom
Adams, recently addressed the interna-
tional students at Florida State Univer-
sity in Tallahassee. His remarks con-
cerned a new and unique program de-
veloping between our State and Colom-
bia. The Florida-Colombia alliance is
a program for internatioanl cooperation
designed to strengthen commerce and
democracy between the two partners. Its
beginning is described by Mr. Adams as
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 March 26, jp roved For A%by R% 67~gVJ"R300160011-0
full-time jobs. The Government's records
show that approximately 25 percent of all
impoverished families in America are headed
by a person working full time, year round, for
50 or more weeks. These full-tine ,working
poor-with substandard wages and working
oonditions=represent the most shameful as-
pect of American poverty.
To effectively aid the more than half of
our poor families headed by a person in the
labor force, education and job training and
the end of disc} mination-vital as they are-
will not be enough. For them and for the
children of all poor families, the basic need
Is enough jobs, at decent wages, for all peo-
ple who are willing and able to work.
Job-creating measures to end the per-
sistently high rates of unemployment and
underemployment must be vigorously pur-
sued.
The answer , for the 2, million families,
headed by a regularly employed worker, who
live in poverty, is the minimum wage law
improvements we seek-both ,the $2 mini-
mum and increased coverage.
Nearly half of America's impoverished
families are headed by persons who are not
in the labor force at all. And their family
incomes, from whatever source, are just too
low to provide the bare necessities of life.
They include families that have been broken
by death,. divorce, or desertion. They in-
clude the aged. And they include impover-
ished families with male heads of working
age, who are disabled by illness or accident.
No war against want can succeed without
adequate family income protection for those
who cannot be, self-supporting, even under
conditions of full employment. It was pre-
cisely to meet the income-maintenance needs
of these, people-to keep them from im-
poverishment-that the concept of social
security against the worst hazards of modern
life was conceived, Unfortunately, expec-
tations that our social insurance programs
would adequately meet this need have not
been realized.
Clearly, social, security benefits for re-
tirees, survivors, and the disabled-which
are too low, to provide the minimum necessi-
ties of life,-must be increased. A hospital
insurance program for the aged, under social
security principles, must be adopted imme-
diately. The benefit and coverage levels of
all State social insurance and welfare pro-
grams must be brought up to date. Ade-
quate Federal standards are needed to up-
grade the unemployment insurance system
and the archaic workmen's, compensation
laws of the States. Insurance for the fami-
lies of breadwinners separated from payrolls
by illness-now limited to four States and
the railroads,-must be improved and ex-
tended,nationally.
What is more, as part of an all-out war
against want, far more must be done to im-
prove the housing and education of the
poor, to refashion Federal farm programs
so that. the benefits are enjoyed by those
most in need, and to reshape tax policies-
Federal, State, and local-to reduce the bur-
dens imposed now on those who are most
impoverished. It is a sad irony that the
Federal Goverment collects $100 million in
income taxes and $200 million in excise taxes
from the impoverished, while it engages in
a war against poverty.
A hopeful aspect of the antipoverty effort,
already adopted by the Congress, is the
Economic Opportunity Act. With its con-
centration mon dueation, job training, and
ebui]seling-and Its emphasis on youth-
this act is Dringing leadership and resources
to a task that is essential if an overall war
against want is to `be waged and won.
The APL-CIO championed passage of the
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. Now,
we urge Congress to substantially expand
the meager appropriation for this program.
We caii Qn allaAli~ted organizations to
become integral, active, and leading members
of the antipoverty groups now being formed
in hundreds of communities throughout the
country. We urge all affiliated organiza-
tions to participate and give leadership in
the development and operation of antipov-
erty projects.
These projects, under the Economic Op-
portunity Act, should provide the best pos-
sible assistance to the poor. It is also our
view that on all work-related projects, the
enrollees should receive no less than $1.25
an hour (the present Federal minimum
wage) for each hour of work, that the work
undertaken would not otherwise be done,
and that no impairment of collective bar-
gaining contracts or reduction of new hiring
results.
Since its inception, the American labor
movement has been striving to banish pov-
erty from our midst-tl}rough trade union
organization, effective collective bargaining,
and legislative efforts. That is our historic
objective.
We applaud the President for his leader-
ship in the present national war against
poverty. What is more, we 'are sure the
President realizes that the Economic Oppor-
tunity Act-imaginative and vastly impor-
tant though it is-cannot, by itself, wipe out
poverty.
We are encouraged by the broad coalition
of citizens from church, civic, and civil rights
groups and representatives from labor, busi-
ness, social welfare, and education, and
others who have joined together in the for-
mation of the, citizens crusade against pov-
erty.
The AFL-CIO pledges to continue to seek
action on all of the many battlefronts on
which an effective war against want must
be waged. We urge the Congress and the
American people to join us in this effort.
Gas (Nonlethal) in Vietnam
EXTENSION' MARKS
HON. F. BRA. FORD MORSE
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 25, 1965
Mr. MORSE. Mr. Speaker, on Tues-
day of this week, five of my colleagues
in the House and I joined in a letter to
the President of the United States pro-
testing the use of nonlethal gas in Viet-
nam and asking for the immediate halt
to this practice. We took this step be-
cause we believe that even the use of
nonlethal gas is so abhorrent to the
world that its use is contrary to United
States policy in southeast Asia and will
operate contrary to our best interests in
that part of the world.
Yesterday, the New York Times and
the Washington Post similarly called for
an end to the use of gas in Vietnam
pointing out that regardless of any mili-
tary considerations the use of gas, even
of a nonlethal variety, will bring the
moral condemnation of nations all over
the world.
James Reston also writing in the New
York Times yesterday outlined similar
considerations and expressed the view
that we may have reversed a trend to-
ward support for American policy in
southeast Asia.
I make these editorials and Mr. Res-
ton's article available to my colleagues
by inserting them in the, CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD:
GAS (NONLETHAL) IN VIETNAM
The United States, in steady escalation of
the Vietnamese conflict, is now revealed to
have employed a nonlethal gas. It is pos-
sible to argue, as American military and ci-
vilian spokesmen do, that military objec-
tives can be achieved with fewer casualties
by using a gas that does not kill.
This argument overlooks one vital factor;
and it displays, at the very least, a lack of
imagination somewhere in the top echelons
of the Armed Forces. People-ordinary
people everywhere-have a strong psycho-
logical revulsion, if not horror, at the idea
of any kind of poisonous gas, even a tempo-
rarily disabling type that only causes ex-
treme discomfort including nausea and
.diarrhea when used against ordinarily
healthy adults. But even this kind of gas
can be fatal to the very young, the very old
and those ill of heart and lung ailments.
In Vietnam, gas was supplied and sanc-
tioned by white men against Asians. This
is something that no Asian, Communist or
not, will forget. No other country has em-
ployed such a weapon in recent warfare. If
the United States believed that people every-
where would be logical and sensible and
would understand that nonlethal gas con-
stitutes really only another form of warfare
and even a relatively humane one, someone
has blundered grievously.
War, as Clausewitz said, "is only a part of
political intercourse, therefore by no means
an independent thing in itself." It is stupid
to lay the United States open to a moral con-
demnation that is not confined to the Com-
munist world.
The United States claims to be fighting in
Vietnam for freedom, right, justice, and
other moral principles, as well as against
communism and for the security of the
United States and the free world. By using
a noxious gas-even of a nonlethal type-
the Johnson administration is falling back
toward the old axiom that all's fair in war.
But this happens to be a war in which the
moral stature of -the United States is at
least as vital as bullets, shells and bombs.
Gas is a wretched means to achieve even the
most valid ends.
BLACKENING OUB NAME
It is difficult to find out how much dam-
age napalm and gas are doing the enemy
but it is not hard to find out how much
damage they are doing us. Our own De-
fense Establishment, every time it employs
or permits the South Vietnamese to employ
these weapons, is doing an injury to the good
name of this country.
If these weapons were being employed with
decisive effect, perhaps their use might be
condoned as one of the necessities of a hard
and brutal war, but in this situation there
is not even the satisfaction of knowing that
they produced impressive results. They have
been employed just enough to bring down
upon this country the rebuke of the civilized
world. They have been utilized just enough
to hold our country up to reproach. They
have been resorted to just often enough to
impose upon the U.S. Information Agency
an impossible propaganda disadvantage.
The argument that the nontoxic gas is
more merciful than antipersonnel weapons
has some merit, but not much. The trouble
is that although the gas may not be poison,
the word is, and all the propaganda resources
in the world cannot explain away its em-
ployment as an act of Christian charity and
humanitarian mercy. The use of napalm
against gun emplcements is debatable, but
its employment against villages is indefensi-
ble and the difficulty of confining it to com-
bat installations so great as to dictate that
it be not used at all.
We hope that President Johnson will order
the Defense Department to forgo the use of
all gas and napalm in this war theater at
once. The people of this country are pre-
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pared for and equal to the hard measures
that war dictates, when those measures are
clearly inescapable and unavoidable in the
prosecution of a military purpose. They will
not be reconciled to the use of such weapons
where alternate means of defense exist. If
the war in South Vietnam can only be won
by losing our good name, Americans who
have patiently supported the struggle will
waver in their purpose. Mr. President, let
us stop all use of napalm and gas in South
Vietnam at once.
WASHINGTON: JUST A LITTLE OLD "BENEVO-
LENT INCAPACITATOR"
(By James Reston)
WASHINGTON, March 23.-The Pentagon's
main argument for using nauseous gas in
Vietnam is that it is better in some cases to
gas the Communists than to maim or kill
them. The officers here even have a wonder-
ful, phrase to describe the new instruments
of chemical warfare: "Benevolent incapaci-
tators."
This, of course, was the defense for using
poison gas in the First World War. It wasn't
very "benevolent" and it often incapacitated
a man for life, and it sent such a shudder
through the world that even in so savage a
conflict as the Second World War it wasn't
used.
Secretary McNamara was careful to explain
that he was not supplying "poison" gas
to the South Vietnamese Army. Se almost
sounded as if he was doing the Communists
a favor by treating them like rowdy, race
rioters in Rochester, but the thing Is not
quite as innocent as he made it sound.
WHAT NEXT?
The trouble with reverting to the use of
any kind of gas in war is that it opens up
so many other possibilities of chemical war-
fare. The use of gas on the battlefield has
almost stopped in the last two generations,
but the art of chemical warfare has not.
There is now a whole new arsenal of gases
that not only nauseate, but stun and paralyze
the enemy. The military correspondent of
the Evening Star in Washington, Richard
Fryklund, for example, recently reported on
"the latest and best"-a gas called BZ by
the U.S. Army.
He tells of recent tests of BZ at the Army's
Chemical Warfare Proving Grounds at Dug-
way, Utah. Volunteer soldiers were sub-
mitted to the effects of BZ while they were
executing simple battlefield operations.
"In one case," he reports, "a soldier on
guard duty was gassed. He was approached
by a strange soldier who said he did not know
the password. The guard tried to remember
what to do about it, couldn't, got tired of
the whole problem and sat down and went to
sleep."
Secretary McNamara emphasized that the
only gas that was used in Vietnam was the
same as the gas that can be! purchased at a
store. But the same argument made for
nauseous gas could also be made for BZ or
even for some of the paralyzing gases. After
all, it is more "benevolent" to paralyze a man
than to kill him with a machinegun.
Where do you draw the line on the Mc-
Namara argument? And even if you draw
it at nauseous gas, how do you know what
gas the enemy will use after you start this
devilish business?
The national policy on the use of all
chemical weapons has been that the United
States would consider using them only if
the enemy used them, but the Pentagon's
reaction to the criticism of using nauseous
gas was merely to express surprise that any-
body would be disturbed.
Nobody concerned has even claimed that
the use of the gas was effective. The mili-
tary spokesman in Saigon said it proved of
little value on the three Occasions It was
used. In two cases, according to United
Press International in Saigon, it was dis-
covered that no Reds were in the area. In
a third a few Communists may have been
demoralized, but "there was a fair wind
that day and the people were not very ill."
The main effect was merely to nauseate a
lot of people all over the world with the
thought that gas could be used merely an
the authority of the South Vietnamese sol-
diers concerned.
One unfortunate aspect of the incident
was that it occurred precisely at the moment
when the United States was beginning to
gain a little more understanding in the
world for its policy in Vietnam.
Ever since the United States started bomb-
ing North Vietnam and dropping napalm
fire bombs on Communist targets, there has
been a considerable outcry for negotiations
to end the war. President Johnson has in-
sisted from the start, as he told 42 State
Governors at the White House this week,
that he would go anywhere at any time if
he thought he could serve the cause of
peace, but that there was simply no evi-
dence that the Communists were interested
in negotiating a settlement in Vietnam.
This view Is now being confirmed by the
principal foreign offices of the world. The
British Foreign Secretary underscored the
point at the White House today. He told
the President that the Soviet Foreign Minis-
ter, Andrei Gromyko, had said in London a
few days ago that it was useless to talk
about negotiations.
REBUFFED ON TALKS
The French, who have been the principal
agitators for a negotiated settlement, now
concede that their explorations in Peiping
and Hanoi have been rebuffed, and the
Canadians report that their official on the
International Control Commission in Viet-
nam was not even given the opportunity to
discuss negotiations with the North Viet-
namese Communists. -
Accordingly, the propaganda was over,
Vietnam was beginning to turn a little to
the American side, when the gas incident
was disclosed, incapacitating our own propa-
gandists and not very benevolently either.
Conservation Retrenchment Would
Endanger the Nation
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. HAROLD D. COOLEY
OF NORTH CAROLINA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, March 24, 1965
Mr. COOLEY. Mr. Speaker, in this
Nation's struggle from the depths of the
great depression our Government en-
tered a partnership with our farmers-
a compact, if you please-to conserve
and rehabilitate and rebuild America's
greatest resource-the soil-which was
washing, blowing, eroding, and wasting
away because our farmers were too poor
to forestall or to check this tragic loss to
our Nation.
April 27, 1965, will mark the 30th an-
niversary of the enactment by the Con-
gress of an historic piece of legislation,
Public Law 46, which declared soil and
water conservation to be a national pol-
icy and created the Soil Conservation
Service to give leadership to such a
program.
Over the years, Mr. Speaker, this pro-
gram has wrought miracles, to assure us
today and the generations to come that
the land will feed us and bless us,
abundantly.
Our farmers embraced the conserva-
tion movement with amazing enthusiasm
and eagerness. They have invested mil-
lions and billions of their own money, as
their incomes would permit it, in works
of soil and water improvement on their
own farms. They have written for Amer-
ica a food insurance policy that will
protect all Americans down through the
years.
The money our Federal Government
has expendedon conservation, in Cooper-
ation with farmers, is the best invest-
ment this country has ever made.
In the light of all this, Mr. Speaker,
it is a shocking development of our time
that the administration now is proposing
that the Government retreat, or with-
draw, from its full participation and
leadership in the conservation move-
ment, and burden our farmers, who
already are hard pressed, with larger
costs for the protection of our most
basic resources, a work which properly
is the responsibility of all of us in towns
and cities as well as upon our farms.
Mr. Speaker, I was a Member of the
Congress, the 74th, which passed the
historymaking Conservation Act, with-
out a dissenting vote, 30 years ago.
The Soil Conservation Service began
its work on a demonstration basis under
the direction of that great North Car-
olina conservationist-the father of soil
conservation in America-the late Hugh
Bennett.
So favorably was this program received
that by June 30, 1936, the Soil Conserva-
tion Service had in operation 147 demon-
stration projects, averaging 25,000 to
30,000 acres each, 48 soil conservation
nurseries for the development and pro-
duction of new plants, 23 research sta-
tions, and 454 Civilian Conservation
Corps camps. About 50,000 farmers had
applied conservation measures to about
5 million acres. Thousands more sought
the opportunity to participate in the
program.
Experience had shown that this work
would be more successful if locally man-
aged and locally controlled--if the peo-
ple themselves formulated their own
programs and carried them out with
Federal technical and other assistance.
Out of this came the idea of the local
soil conservation district-now gen-
erally known as soil and water conserva-
tion districts-organized by the local
people under State laws. Out of this
came the unique partnership, entirely
new in our history, wherein the Soil
Conservation Service, a Federal techni-
cal agency created by the Congress, of-
fered its assistance through these local
districts in compliance with local needs
and wishes, in conformity with State
law, and in cooperation with local and
State agencies and organizations.
In February 1937 President Franklin
D. Roosevelt submitted to the Governors
of all States a proposed State enabling
act authorizing the formation of soil.
conservation districts specifically for
soil and water conservation. Legisla-
tures of 22 States passed such laws that
year.
The first soil conservation district in
the world was chartered August 4, 1937.
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Byelorussian Independence Day
EXTENSION OF REMARKS,
HON. SEYMOUR HALPERN
OF NEW YORK
IN THE.HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 25, 1965
Mr. HALPERN., Mr. Speaker, March
25, 1965, marks the 47th anniversary of
the proclamation of Byelorussian inde-
pendence. The German occupation of
western Byelorussia during the First
World War had provided an opportunity
for the leaders of Byelorussia to express
their love of freedom and their longings
for independence. Although the Brest-
Litovsk peace treaty between the Central
Powers and Soviet Russia on March 3,
1918, ignored these aspirations for liberty,
on March: 25, 1918, the valiant national
council proclaimed-Byelorussia an inde-
pendent republic.
The Byelorussian state had little
chance to survive despite the bravery
of its people. With the defeat of Ger-
many, the,Soviet Government repudiated
the Brest treaties. Occupying all lands
evacuated, by the Germans, the Soviet
proclaiiped a Byelorussian S.S.R. on Jan-
uary 1, 1919._ In the peace treaty between
Poland and the Soviets in March 1921,
Byelorussja was partitioned between its
two large neighbors. The Second World
War, however, ended with almost all of
Byelorussia within the Soviet border.
--Today the Soviets make some pretense
of permitting a special status for the.
Byelorussian S.S.R. It is a signatory of
the. United Nations Charter and signed
the partial test ban treaty in Moscow.
We know, however, that the Byelorus-
sian people have been completely subju-
gated to the Soviet Communists and are
among the captive peoples behind the
Iron Curtain, without basic political
rights, without fundamental freedoms,
and without the opportunity for self-
determination,
We in the United States have a living
link with the people of Byelorussia in
thousands of, Americans of Byelorussian economically. Thus It becames a meeting
ancestry and ,Byelorussian immigrants place for the intermingling of varying ideas
nd cultures of many races. Varied condi-
who have helped to build our country. a
tions warrant articular . For this
As the leaders of the free world, we have reason, a true democratic spirit iis reasonably
a special responsibility to sustain the feasible at Berkeley. Courses in Russian,
love of freedom among all people. As semantics, and oriental history are offered
free men we must sympathize with all for those who seek a new experience or a
those behind the Iron Curtain who are special challenge.
denied the priceless rights of freedom of we at Berkeley High find ourselves united
speech, freedom of the press, and free- throughout our daily school lives. One
dom of religion. m
ethod for developing unity is our widely
known newpap the , which
Because of our devotion to freedom, f atuesdany pen-fo um column Where all
it is fitting that we pause a moment in can express their views on any matter. An
our daily work and join with Byelorus- extensive educational program after school
sians throughout the free world and our activities, and excellent athletic teams bind
countrymen of Byelorussian descent in us together in our role as students enjoying
a wholesome hi
el
brating thi
h
c
e
g
s, anniversary of the proc-
school education.
lamation of an independent Byelorus- One highlight of this past semester has
6i&I1 republic, We reaffirm that the been the emergence of school government in
maintenance and strengthening of free- they community spotlight. With the city
With the ~f
A1433
democratic precept-to view the issues from
all sides.
We at Berkeley High School extend our
hands in friendship from across the miles
and welcome Wausau High School and Wis-
consin into the Bellamy Award family.
EXTENSION OF REMAR
OF
HON. WILLIAM F. RYA
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 25, 1965
Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, we recently
learned from newspaper reports that
chemical warfare is being used in Viet-
nam. This is the first time the United
States has been involved in the combat
use of gas since World War I. Edi-
torials in yesterday's New York Times
and Washington Post and James Reston's
column in the New York Times reflect the
reaction of many Americans to this reve-
lation. I urge my colleagues to read the
following:
[From. the New York (N.Y.) Times, Mar. 24,
1965]
GAS (NONLETHAL) IN VIETNAM
The United States, in steady escalation of
the Vietnamese conflict, is now revealed to
have employed a nonlethal gas. it is pos-
sible to argue, as American military and civi-
lian spokesmen do, that military objectives
can be achieved with fewer casualties by
using a gas that does not kill.
This argument overlooks one vital factor;
and it displays, at the very least, a lack of
imagination somewhere in the top echelons
of the Armed Forces, People-ordinary peo-
ple everywhere-have a strong psychological
revulsion, if not horror, at the idea of any
kind of poisonous gas, even a temporarily
disabling type that only causes extreme dis-
comfort including nausea and diarrhea when
used against ordinarily healthy adults. But
even this kind of gas can be fatal to the
very young, the very old, and those ill of
heart and lung ailments.
In Vietnam, gas was supplied and sanc-
tioned by white men against Asians. This is
something that no Asian, Communist or not
will forget. No other country has employed
such a weapon in recent warfare. If the
United States. believed that people ever
-
y
where would be logical and sensible and
Would understand that nonlethal gas con-
stitutes really only another form of warfare
and even a relatively humane one, someone
has blundered grievously.
"War," as Clausewitz said, "is only a part
of political intercourse, therefore by no
means an independent thing in itself." It
is stupid to lay the United States open to a
moral condemnation that is not confined to
the Communist world, '
The United States claims to be fighting in
Vietnam for freedom, right, justice, and
other moral principles, as well as against
communism and for the security of the
United States and the free world. By using
a noxious gas-even of a. nonlethal +.,
,.
p
d
_
e_ governing body, the board of con- toward the old axiom that all's fair in war.
of American foreign policy, and that we trol, has taken it upon itself to voice a stand But this happens to be a war in which the
have faith that freedom will ultimately on the issues. Also, we have gotten the moral stature of the United States is at least
win in the never-ending struggle against board of education to pass a bill, making it as vital as bullets, shells, and bombs. Gas
,tyranny. _Nye tale this occasion to assure possible to hear controversial speakers on is a wretched means to achieve even the most
the Byelorussian people that they have campus. This enables all +
not been forgotten by the free world.
We understand their plight, and sym-
pathize with the hope for freedom that
they must keep hidden from Communist
sight. It is our wish that the day will
come when all men May live in a world
of peace . aped plenty and, above all, of
freedom,
Berkeley High School of California
Salutes Wausau High School of
Wisconsin
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. JEFFERY COHELAN
OF. CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 25, 1965
Mr. COHELAN, Mr. Speaker, last
year when Wausau High School of Wis-
consin received the 23d Annual Bellamy
Award, Phil Omi of Berkeley High School
in California extended that school's
greetings and best wishes.
I am enclosing a copy of Mr. Omi's re-
marks on behalf of the students of
Berkeley High, which received the
Bellamy Award in 1959, for our col-
leagues' information and interest.
The remarks follow:
PHIL OMI, BERKELEY HIGH SCHOOL, BERKELEY,
CALIF.
On October 12, 1959, Berkeley High School,
adjacent to the renowned University of Cali-
fornia campus, was the proud recipient of
the Bellamy Award. Although Berkeley High
is now in a secondary role, it is just as
proud today, as it congratulates Wausau
High School for great achievements, as It
was in 1959.
Berkeley High School is proud of its tra-
ditions, achievements, and reputation.
From a meager beginning in 1880 with 7
pupils, it has grown to over 3,200. In 1884,
Berkeley became the first accredited high
school in the State of California.
Being the only public high school in
Berkeley, my school represents a cross sec-
+i-
.,
- - - - -
-
t
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 Approved For Release 2003/10/10 : CIA-RDP67B00446 00030016Va,1 26, 1965
AL RECORD - APPENDI
N
A1434 CONGRESSIO
d
-
ence Day
Byelorussian Indepen
ivoDi
BLACKENING ODs NAME "the latest and best"-a gas Called EXTENSION OF REMARKS
U.S. Army. of
It is difficult to find out how much damage He tells of recent tests of BZ at the Army's
napalm and gas are doing the enemy but it Chemical Warfare Proving Grounds at Dug- HON. JOHN D. DINGELL
is not hard to find out how much damage Way, Utah. Volunteer soldiers were submit-
they are doing us. Our own Defense Estab- ted to the effects of BZ while they were ex- of MICHIGAN
lishment, every time it employs or permits ecuting simple battlefield operations. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
the South Vietnamese to employ these weap- "In one case," he reports, "a soldier on March 25, 1965
ons, is doing an injury to the good name of guard duty was gassed. He was approached Thursday,
this country. by a strange soldier who said he did not know Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, at the
If these weapons were being employed with the password. The guard tried to remember end of the First World War many sub-
decisive effect, perhaps their use might be what to do about it, couldn't, got tired of the
condoned as one of the necessities of a hard whole problem and sat down and went to merged and almost lost nationality
and brutal war, but In this situation there sleep." groups regained their freedom and at-
is not even the satisfaction of knowing that Secretary McNamara emphasized that the tamed sovereign and independent status.
they produced impressive results. They have only gas that was used in Vietnam was the That was one of the most welcome re-
been employed just enough to bring down same as the gas that can be purchased at a suits Of a terrible and most destructive
upon this country the rebuke of the civilized store. But the same argument made for war. Subject nationalities of once
world. They have been utilized just enough nauseous gas could also be made for BZ or powerful but now crumbling empires
to hold our country up to -reproach. even for some of the paralyzing gases. After threw off the yoke of their oppressors
have been resorted to just often enough to all, it is more benevolent to paralyze a man
impose upon the U.S. Information Agency than to kill him with a machinegun. and proclaimed their freedom. ' The
an impossible propaganda disadvantage. Where do you draw the line on the McNa- Byelorussian people, who had been held
The argument that the nontoxic gas is mara argument? And even if you draw it at down under the Russian czars for cen-
more merciful than antipersonnel weapons nauseous gas, how do you know what gas the turies, proclaimed their national inde-
has some merit, but not much. The trouble enemy will use after you start this devilish pendence on March 25, 47 years ago.
is that although the gas may not be poison, business? The people of Byelorussia had their
the word is, and all the propaganda resources The national policy on the use of all chem-
in the world cannot explain away its employ- ical weapons has been that the United States own sovereign, independent state before
ment as an act of Christian charity and hu- would consider using them only if the therise of the Russian Empire. Then,
gun amrian place mmercy.ents is The use of debatable, napalm but against enemy used them, but the Pentagon's reac- centuries ago, they were overwhelmed
gun e its em- tion to the criticism of using nauseous gas by the Russians, lost their independence
ployment against villages is Indefensible and was merely to express surprise that anybody and suffered under the czarist autocracy
the difficulty of confining it to combat in- would be disturbed. of Russia. During the long period un-
stallations so great as to dictate that it be Nobody concerned has even claimed that der the czars, they carefully guarded
not used at all. the use of the gas was effective. The mili-
We hope that President Johnson will or- terry spokesman in Saigon said it proved of their national traditions and their herit-
der the Defense Department to forego the little value on the three occasions it was age, never abandoning hope for a
use of all gas and napalm in this war theater used. In two cases, according to United chance to regain their national freedom.
at once. The people of this country are pre- Press International in Saigon, it was dis- They therefore seized upon the welcome
pared for and equal to the hard measures covered that no Reds were in the area. In a opportunity provided by the overthrow
that war dictates, when those measures are third, a few Communists may have been "de- of the czarist regime in Russia, and pro-
h
moralized" but "there was a fair wind Inescapable and unavoidable in the that
- 11 claimed their independence on 11
i
prosecution of a military purpose. They w
not be reconciled to the use of such weapons
where alternate means of defense exist. If
the War in South Vietnam can only be won
by losing our good name, Americans Who
have patiently supported the struggle will
waver in their purpose. Mr. President, let
us stop all use of napalm and gas in South
Vietnam at once. [From the New York (N.Y.) Times,
Max. 24, 1965]
WASHINGTON: JUST A LITTLE OLD "BENEVOLENT
INCAPACITATOa"
(By James Reston)
lot of people all over the world with the
---- --------
thought that gas could be used merely on
the authority of the South Vietnamese
soldiers concerned.
One unfortunate aspect of the incident was
that it occurred precisely at the moment
when the United States was beginning to
rain a little more understanding in the world
25, 1918. - They established their own
democratic form of government in their
historic capital city, Minsk; and in the
short time allotted to them, they began
to rebuild their war-torn country. Un-
fortunately, however, the Byelorussians
were not to enjoy their richly deserved
reward for long. In December of that
WASHINGTON.-The Pentagon's main argu-
ment for using nauseous gas in Vietnam is
that it is better in some cases to gas the Com-
munists than to maim or kill them. The offi-
cers here even have a wonderful phrase to
describe the' new instruments of chemical
warfare: "benevolent incapacita,tors."
This, of course, was the defense for using
poison gas in the First World War. It wasn't
very benevolent and it often incapacitated a
man for life, and it sent such a shudder
through the world that even in so savage a
conflict as the Second World War it wasn't
used.
Secretary McNamara was careful to explain
that he was not supplying "poison" gas to
the South Vietnamese Army. He almost
sounded as if he was doing the Communists
a favor by treating them like rowdy race riot-
ers in Rochester, but the thing is not quite
as innocent as he made it sound.
WHAT NEKT?
Ever since the United States started bomo- The Red Army overran Byelorussia,
ing North Vietnam and dropping napalm
fire bombs on Communists targets, there which was annexed by the Soviet Union,
has been a considerable outcry for negotia- with some 10 million Byelorussians as
tions to end the war. President Johnson has helpless victims.
insisted from the start, as he told 42 State Since then Byelorussians, have been
Governors at the White House this week, living under the oppressive yoke of their
that he would go anywhere at any time if he detested Communist overlords. Their
thought he could serve the cause of peace,
but that there was simply no evidence that lives are rigidly regimented and their
the Communists were interested in negotiat- labor is ruthlessly exploited. Their
ing a settlement in Vietnam. movements and behavior are closely
This view is now being confirmed by the watched by the ubiquitous state police,
principal foreign offices of the world. The and they are forced to work for the
British Foreign Secretary underscored the Moscow-controlled Communist state.
point at the White House today. He told
the President that the Soviet Foreign Min- Their tyrannical bosses are trying to ex-
ister, Andrei Gromyko, had said in London a tinguish all ethnic and national senti-
few days ago that it was useless to talk about ments among them, including all hope of
negotiations. freedom for Byelorussia.
REBUFFED ON TALKS Fortunately, even under these almost
The French, who have been the principal unbearable conditions, the liberty-loving
agitators for a negotiated settlement, now
concede that their explorations in Peiping Byelorussians freedom and still cling to their independence. Inideals
and Hanoi have been rebuffed, and the Ca- of
nadians report that their official on the In- of their steadfast dedication to these
ternational Control Commission in Vietnam Mobile ideals, I am confident, Mr.
was not even given the opportunity to dis-
cuss negotiations with the North Vietnamese Speaker, that they will have their re-
Communists. ward in freedom. Op this 47th anni-?
Accordingly, the propaganda over Viet- versary of their independence I wish the
nam was beginning to turn a little to the Byelorussian people fortitude and ].'or-
American side, when the gas incident was bearance in their struggle against
disclosed, incapitating our own propagan-
dists, and not very benevolently either. totalitarian tyranny.
The trouble with reverting to the use of
any kind of gas in war is that it opens up sn
many other possibilities of chemical warfare.
The use of gas on the battlefield has almost
stopped in the last two generations, but the
art of chemical warfare has not.
There is now a whole new arsenal of gases
that not only nauseate, but stun and para-
lyze the enemy. The military correspondent
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 March
6, 65 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX A1465
neutrals. As witness to this grim fact, we least reasonable debate of the voting would be violated by the President's bill.
present Pakistan, rights bill and decide upon it in an at- This is a bill to establish, by Federal law,
Under president Mohammed Ayub Khan, mosphere of cool calm rather than in the new "qualifications for voting" in certain
Pakistan was one of our strongest supporters heat of the national hysteria the States. The system contemplated under this
in the cold war,, He took.Fakis an into the bill would not be limited to registering those
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), moment? Negroes who might, have been denied the
an association of nations formed in 1954 to As a part of these remarks I would like franchise by reason of their race. The pro-
aid membgr countries in event. of external to call your attention to the following visions would apply to "any person."
military attack. SEATO is directed against column by James J. Kilpatrick which ap- Neither would the bill apply to Federal elec-
any Red aggression that might develop. peared in the Washington Evening Star tions only; it would apply, on its own terms,
Ayub Khan also brought 1akistan into North of March 25, 1965. to any Federal,. State, or local election."
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a pact Section 3(A) of the bill spells this out. In
aimed at the threat of Communist territorial VOTING BILL PILES WRONG ON WRONG the half a dozen affected States, "No person
aggression in Europe. He also signed bi- With so many interesting and pleasant shall be denied the right to vote in any Fed-
lateral mutual defense as well as trade, things to write about-spring, Julie Andrews, eral, State, or local election because of his
friendship, and cooperation agreements with Whitey Ford's arm-it is a pity, truly it is, failure to comply with any test or device."
the United States. Pakistan appeared to be to have to beg once again for a calm and In section 3(B), "test or device" is defined to
the core of anti-Communist defense in its thoughtful look at President ,Johnson's Vot- mean any requirement that a prospective
part of the world. Our military planes used ing Rights Act of 1965. Yet this is a bad voter "(1) demonstrate the ability to read,
Pakistan bases. We poured in military aid bill-bad in ways that need to be under- write, understand, or interpret any matter,
to the extent of $4 billion. stood if something precious is to be pre- (2) demonstrate any educational achieve-
During that same period, the United States served-and the lighter topics can wait, if ment or his knowledge of any particular sub-
Dr
Was givi
M
a
ti
i
i
L
'
.
ar
ng m
n
ss
ve a
d to ndia, in exchange
uther King, Jr., can
t.
for which we received neutralism, We also This precious something is a system of
received considerable lecturing from the late government obedient to a written constitu-
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who petu- tion. If the Congress sacrifices this high
tantly scolded us for our materialism and principle to the_ pressures of a turbulent
other alleged offenses against good form. hour, the Congress may succeed in redressing
Nehru's intellectual scorn Tor, materialism some palpable wrongs, but a fearful price
never became so marked that he turned will be paid in the loss of ancient. values.
down any of our aid, needless to relate. Under our federal system, the power to fix
in` any event our continued aid to India, qualifications for voting clearly is lodged
with which. Pakistan has a, number of un- with the States. Article VIII, section 2, of
solved . problems, has alienated Pakistan. the Constitution spells it out:
Ayub Khan this month received a hero's "The House of Representatives shall be
welcome. in Peiping. Agreements on trade, composed of Members chosen every second
Cultural activities, air travel, etc., have year by the people of the several States, and
brought Pakistan and Red China closer to- the electors in each State shall have the
gether. What has happened is that Ayub qualifications requisite for electors of the
Khan figured that if India can -make hay most numerous branch of the State legis-
playing a neutralist role, why not Pakistan? lature." In the whole of the Constitution,
Frankly, we can hardly blame him. If you no more explicit provision can be found.
can benefit?as much by taking neither side Time after time, the Supreme Court itself
in a dangerous contest it isn't human nature has emphasized this reservation of power to
to take sides. Our foreign policy, which the States. Just 6 years ago this spring,
doesn't distinguish friends from neutrals, or in the Lassiter case from North Carolina, the
evenfrol7,,1 eneinie~s, has had, Its Inevitable xe- High Court expressly reaffirmed an unbroken
suit. A friendly nation is turning neutralist. series of opinions to this effect:
Perhaps it's time for the State Department The States have long been held to have
to haa Perhaps st of Its periodic agonizing reap- broad powers to determine the conditions
ra of foreign which the rights of suffrage may be
p policy. We ought to ex- exercised, absent, of course, the discrimina-
amine the practical merits, as well as the tion which the Constitution condemns. * * *
morality, of a policy which allows massive The right of suffrage is subject to the im-
aid to nations that express no choice be- position of State standards which are not
tween countries ruled by free me
and th
n
ose discriminatory. * * * We do not suggest that
ruled by gangsters. Perhaps any nation that any standards which a State desires to adopt
can't make up its mind between these two may be required of voters. But there is wide
sides doesn't deserve another dime of the scope for exercise of its jurisdiction. Resi-
American taxpayers'-hard`earned dough, dence requirements, age, previous criminal
record, are obvious examples indicating fac-
The Precious Rights at Stake. in Ignoring
the Constitution
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
' HON, JAMES D. MARTIN
OF ALABA114A
IN THE HOUSE .OF REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, March 2q, 4965
tors which a, ate may take into considera-
tion in determining the qualifications of
voters. * * *"
In the particular context of Johnson's bill
we should note carefully what this unani-
mous Court went on to say. "The ability to
read and write likewise has. the relation to
standards designed to promote. intelligent
use of the ballot. Literacy and illiteracy are
neutral on race, creed, color, and sex, as
reports around the world show. * * * In our
society, where newspapers, periodicals, books,
In brief, the bill undertakes to prohibit
in these States the imposition of those very
qualifications, when used without discrimi-
nation, that the Supreme Court repeatedly
has approved.
It is said that no fewer than 80 Senators,
including some good and able men, are ready
to howl their approval of this destructive
scheme. To say that "Alabama has brought
this on herself" is both wrong and irrelevant.
This bill is the work of Johnson and the
Congress. On them lies the burden of piling
wrong upon wrong. And they do it, in-
credibly, in the name of "rights."
Lebanon Editor Aait es Vietnam
Situation
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JAMES C. CLEVELAND
OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, March 26, 1965
Mr. CLEVELAND. Mr. Speaker, Wil-
liam A. Smith, managing editor of the
Granite State Free Press in Lebanon,
N.H., recently wrote an editorial apprais-
ing the position of the United States
with respect to the situation in Vietnam.
It is a thoughtful and perceptive com-
mentary by a distinguished editor of
New Hampshire and I offer it for the
RECORD for the consideration of Mem-
bers:
THE ART OF THE POSSIBLE
Someone has described politics as "the
art of the possible." In an imperfect world
we must face the fact that there is a dif-
ference between what one wants to do and
what, under factual circumstances, one can
do. In the Vietnam crisis it is evident that
the United States faces discouraging alter-
natives. We can withdraw like " rubber
h
s
ould exercise tiger, or we can Keep on like a "rubber
Mr. MARTIN of Alabama. Mr. the franchise." - tiger" unless wo risk an allout war.
Speaker, Congress is being asked to help In the final paragraph of this 1959 opinion, We cannot claim that the Government of
destroy a precious system of government the Supreme Court condemned those South Vietnam is asking for our help. All
which has given greater opportunity and trumped-up "literacy tests" that have been the present evidence, words, and actions by
a better gay of ,life to, more people than employed in some cases as "a device to make the Vietnamese people suggest the opposite
racial discrimination easy." But no such is true. The terrain favors the guerrilla tac-
any other system ever devised by man. charge could be fairly brought against North tics of the Vietcong, and we have been un-
Under pressure of demonstrations, Carolina's requirement that a prospective able to protect ourselves or the people of
threats of mob violence and in submis- voter "be able to read and write any section South Vietnam. Our purely retaliatory
sion to the dgmands of the agitators of of the constitution of North Carolina in the moves, such as bombings of North Vietnam,
lawlessness, the President is asking for English language." carry other labels by most of the world, and
a voting rights bill which surely will de- "That seems to us," said the Court, "to be especially by the Communist world. We
stroy thi, one fair way of determining whether a person have had only token help, financially and
113epublic as it has functioned is literate, not a calculated scheme to lay a otherwise, from the rest of the free world.
for moarejhan l8 years.. When so much trap for the citizen." Perhaps our leaders should make a further
is at stake, should we not take time for at This whole body of long-established law study of "The Art of the Possible." We have
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX March 26, 1965
been told what President Johnson wants to
do--to negotiate from a position of
strength-but we have not been told what
can be?done.
There are two questions that continue to
puzzle us. - First, why can't we turn this
problem over to the United Nations, not that
such action would solve the problem in Viet-
nam, but it would take us off the hook.
A second question is, Why do we assume
that the Vietcong, of Red China, or Russia
is capable of ruling'all of Asia? Certainly
the Western Powers have demonstrated that
they cannot control even a small part. Who
thinks that even the Red Chinese can con-
trol. the vast area of Asia without a common
language, without modern communications,
without modern roads, and without the edu-
cation needed for intelligent self-govern-
ment? It is true that ruthless central gov-
ernment could liquidate millions of any op-
position, but there will always be many
millions left in a country that places small
value on the life of an individual. Russia
is already realizing the difficulties of uniting
its satellites into any semblance of unity.
Sometimes we think that the Red Chinese
would - have plenty of problems if they were
handed the entire mess on a silver platter.
Greek Independence
SPEECH
HQN. PHILIP J. PHILBIN
OF MASSACEIISETTS
IN TIM HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 25, 1965
Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, on this
historic-occasion, it is highly appropriate
that we should pay fitting tribute of
congratulation , gratitude, and admira-
tion''to the Greek Nation and the infi-
nitely great Greek people both at home
and abroad.
could adequately express
Little we say
The cult of the beautiful, the suprem-
acy ' of moral and familial values, the
dialog of personal liberty and the
exaltation of the human spirit which
the ancient Greeks brought forth and
gave to the world form, in truth, the very
basis of our philosophy and practice of
ordered free government and the modes
and customs of our everyday life.
I could go on and on to recite the won-
ders of Greek law and culture, Greek
art, literature, Greek sculpture, philoso-
phy, science, mathematics, democracy
and general culture and the immortal
contributions of the Greeks to us and to
world civilization.
But I could talk for many hours and
days and never fully encompass the wide
range, deep impact and most significant
effects of Greek contributions to this
great country of ours and to many other
great countries, not only in this genera-
tion, but throughout the long channels
of history.
Mr. Speaker, I am proud of the Greeks
of antiquity and of the present-day
world. I am proud and grateful for what
they have done for mankind, for Amer-
ica, for all our people, and for our
Nation.
And I am proud of their warm, in-
spiring friendship and personal loyalty
which means so much to me. How for-
tunate we are to have them as great,
constructive forces in our America.
And how fortunate the world is to have
such a great people, wedded to all the
finest principles of freedom, democracy
and justice which their ancestors did so
much to fashion and promulgate to the
world, as neighbors, as friends and as
steadfast fellow workers in the protection
and enrichment of that freedom.
How fortunate we all are that the glor-
argued for a strong central government.
He said:
Theory is in this case fully confirmed by
experience. The amphictyonic council
had, it would seem, ample powers for general
purposes. It had in particular, the power of
fining and using force against delinquent
members. What was the consequence?
Their decrees were mere signals of war. The
Phocian war is a striking example of it,
Philip, at length, taking advantage of their
disunion and insinuating himself- into their
councils, made himself master of their for-
tunes.
Madison, also-a student of the history
of Greece, warned that no foreign power
should ever be permitted to.deal with
separate states. He pointed out that the
Kings of Persia and Philip of Macedon
through intrigues with the amphictyonic
confederates, destroyed their league.
Madison's - Journal, and other notes
and journals of the Constitution, are
filled with references to the experiences
of the Greek cities and lessons derived
from their mistakes which were applied
by Madison and Hamilton to our own sit-
uation and to our profit.
Not only is Greek history interwoven
with our Constitution, both through phi-
losophy and warning against errors,
Greek philosophy is discernible in our
political science. In his Politics Aris-
totle uses the term "politics" meaning
"citizens."
The early Athenian Government gave
people freedom of thought, speech and
action. Its laws were designed to benefit
all citizens. Their early- experiment with
democracy came nearer to providing jus-
tice for all citizens than any form devised
before or since that time.
In the field of science, Hippocrates is
known as the "father of medicine," His
code of medical ethics is expressed in the
sous Greeks are with us. May they long pledge:
endure to shed their light and their With purity and holiness, I will pass my
warmth on struggling humanity and life and practice my art. Into whatever
honor and sustain us with their devoted houses I enter, I will go there for the benefit
friendship. of the sick and will abstain from every
i t d rru tion Whatever in
n co
i
.
the feelings of affection and pride we
have for our Greek-American friends
and neighbors for their tremendous con-
tributions of superb citizenship, marvel-
ous achievements for our free way of life
and the warmth of their friendship and
the depth and inspiration of their patri-
"otism, laurely, in these great respects,
no. other people in this or any other
country; could possibly excel them.
And there is another thought which
inevitably prol'fllits our wonder, pride,
esteem, and appreciation in unlimited
and Iowing terms today, and that is
the glory; of the Greek heritage and the
great debt which we share in common
with all other civilized nations for the
truly indescribable benefits and blessings
conferred by that epochal heritage upon
all mankind.
Hellenism is more than a nationality,
more than a racial entity more than a
passing phase of` contemporary life. It
is a great, ancient, deeply entrenched
world culture infusing virtually every
type of civilization in the world, an in-
fluence for good and beauty and the
"golden mean" that touches profoundly
into many ways of life, particularly those
like our own that are animated primarily
by full recognition of the worth and dig-
nity of individual man and rest ulion the
freedom and moral authenticity of the
individual human being.
Greek Independence Day
SPEECH
HON. BARRATT O'HARA
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
p
njur
ous ac a
my professional practice--or even, not in
connection with it-I see or hear in the lives
of men which ought not to be spoken of
abroad, I will not divulge. While I keep this
oath unviolated, may it be granted me to
enjoy life and the practice of the art, always
respected among men, but should I break
or violate the oath, may the reverse be my
lot.
This oath is still subscribed to by those
who practice medicine. It is not sur-
,
,
Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. prising that medicine made great strides
, on March 25, 1821, Greek pa- under the recognized leadership of Hippocrates. He
Speaker,
raised the flag of liberty and swore the value of keeping and
to win freedom or die in the attempt. studying case records.
On this anniversary occasion it is becom- One of the most noted of Greek scien-
ing that we here in the Congress of the tists was Aristotle, who wrote on such
United States should review and give subjects as physics and biology. He ex-
expression to our great and everlasting plained the use of the lever a hundred
debt to ancient and to modern Greece years before Archimedes was born.
and the people of Hellenic blood. After Two Greek scientists, Leucippus and
our own Revolution the Greeks were the Democritus, advanced the atomic theory.
first nation of Europe to throw off an John Stuart Mill wrote:
alien yoke and fight for national free- The Greeks are the most remarkable peo-
dom. While our own freedom may have ple who have yet existed * * ?. They were
the beginners of everything, Christianity ex-
cepted, of which the modern world makes
Greeks, we, in turn, derived from Greek its boast * ? ?. They were the first people
history much guidance. who had a historical literature; as perfect
Alexander Hamilton, while agreeing of its kind " * * as their oratory, their
that a federal government should be an sculpture, and their architecture. They were
association of independent communities, the founders of mathematics, of physics, of
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1965
March 25
Thursday