SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT NUMBER 5

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100050001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 109
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 19, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: April 21, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION
REPORT
Number 5
21 Aprii 1958
PrcparcJ Ly
Foreign Documents Division
CENTRAL INTEELIGENCE AGENCY
2430 E, St., N. W., lNashington 25, D.C.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted
from publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and China.
The information selected is intended to indicate current
acientif is developments and activities in the USSR, in the
Sino-Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is dis-
seminated as an aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Page
I.
Biology
1
II.
Chemistry
3
III.
Earth Sciences
~
IV.
Electronics
28
V.
Engineering
~0
VI.
Medicine
~~
VII.
Metallurgy
,l,T
VIII.
Physics
?9
IX.
Miscellaneous
99
NOTE:
Items in this report are numbered consecutively.
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1. Wintering of Rust Fungi
"Notes on the Wintering of Certain Rust Fungi," by L. r. Kazenas,
Tr. Resp. St. Zashchity. Rast. Kazakhsk. Fil. VASKhNIL (Works of
the Republican Plant Protection Station, Kazakh Affiliate of VAS-
KhNIL), Nn 3, 1956, pp 213-215 (from Referativn Zhur nal -- Bio-
CPYRGH~~~ No 18, 25 Sep 57, Abstract No 77 21 by L. D. Kazenas
"In the vicinity of Alma-Ata, Puccinia glumarum Frikss. and Henn. win-
ter in the spore form in areas tThere winter ground water is drying up. 't'he
higher in the mountains the wheat seeds are located, the later in the pheno-
phase Lb.ey are affected with this fungus. P. poasudeticae Jorstad also win-
ters on Poa pratensis L."
2. "Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Bioiogiya" to Publish Separate Reprints in 1958
"The Biological Scientific Literature in the USSR in Honor of the
40th Anniversary of the Great October Revolution and the Referat-
~ ivnyy Zhurnal -- Biologiya," by Professor Alpatov, chief editor
C PYRG HT of RAferativnyy Zhurnal -- Biologlya, Moscow, Referativnyy Zhurnal
-- Biologiya, No 20, 1957, pp I-II -
"One of the best and mare ob,~ective indications of the development of
science in any country is the quantity and quality of the growth of scientific
literature. The experience in the publication of the Referativnyy Zhurnal --
Biologiya, which is beginning its fifth year of publication, makes it possible
to obtain certain results on the publication of biological literature in the
USSR.
"A analysis conducted testifies to the colossal changes in biology occurr-
ing during the past 40 years of the exj.stence of soviet power. For example, in
issue No 1 of Referativn Zhurnal -- Biologiya for 1957, of the 4,H21 works
listed, 695 or 15 of the total were written by Soviet authors. During ,'.956,
the periodica]. published information on 107,610 works on biology of which ap=
proximately 15$ of ~;he total belonged to Soviet autr~ors. No less than 16,180
scientific works on problems of biology are published yearly in the Soviet
Union. In the ninth volume of the Russkaya Biblio rafiya o Yestestvoznani
i Matematike (Rt~ssiax~ Bibliography on Natural Sciences and Mathematics , pub-
lished by the Academ?,~ of Sciences in 1918, literature was collected for the
years 1912-1913, and 6,152 works on biology were listed; that is, in Tsarist
Russia for a single year only 3,076 works were listed. Comparing the above
figures, we can see that for the past ~+0 years scientific production in our
country has increased to almost 5 1~2 times the previous level. Not being
able to trace the dynamic growth of biological literature for the past ~+0
years, we can note onlyr.that its moat in+;ensive growth belongs to the past
20 years.
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CPYRGHT
"The rapid growth of native 3ci~nti:fic literature naturally demands
a reference bibliography of its output. Pven in the last century, when
Russian science was dust beginning, progressive scientists understood that
without a bibliographic source aid science could not successfully develop.
Thus, one of the founders of Russian zoological science, Prof. A. P,. Bogdanov
of Moscow University, wrote in 1838 that the 'zoological publications of
Russian scholars have begun to occupy such an outstanding position in science
both in content and in quantity that it has become necessary to compile a
bibliographic source of their results within a single reference work. Such
a publication was conceived by ttie Zoulogy Department and will soon be pub-
lished.' Under the conditions of Tsarist reaction of the 20's of the last
century, even modestly progressive action in tr.is vein was not possible.
Only under a socialist state could there be established a special Institute
for Scientific Information, which could publish n reference periodical for
various fields of science, and in this case on biology,
"The Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biologiya leads all other foreign reference
periodicals, in existence for 30 years, in the listing of literature. Thus,
in 1956, the Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biologi~?a published 107,610 items, whereas
the Bi~olo~~Abstracts, published in the US since 1926, published only
37,27 it6 ems.
"Because of the great size of the Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biologiya,
which encompasses the fields of biology, zoology, botany, pathology, mor-
phology, microbiology, physiology, etc., its ready use becomes difficult.
Therefore, readers have proposed that the R_eferativnyy Zhurnal -- Biologiya
be divided into separate sections.
"Starting in 1958, there will be, in addition to the regular publica-
tion of the complete Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biologiya, individual reprints
of the periodical. Reprint I will be devoted to general biology, microbio-
logy, and parasitology; reprint II will be devoted to botany and zoology;
reprint III will be devoted to morphology, physiology, pathology, and pharm-
acology."
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II. CHEMISTRY
Fuel Chemistry and Technolog
3. USSR Manusl for Calculation of Combustion and Flow Processes in
Rocket Engines
Raschet Protaessov v Kamere S orani a i So le Zhidkostno 0
Raketnogo I?vigr~tel -a Calculation of Processes Taking Place
in the Combustion Chamber and Nozzle of Liquid-Propellant
Rocket Motors), by A. V. B olgarskiy, Oborongiz, Moscow, 1957,
95 pp and 3 charts
According to the annotation on the back of the title page (p 2), this
book deals with problems of combustion and flow at the high temperatures
encountered in the operation of rocket engines. A method for the thermo-
dynamic calculation of the operation of rocket engines is discussed in
detail and illustrated by the solution oi? a number of problems encountered
in practical work. The application of a graphic method for the calculation
of rocket engine parameters is discussed and the considerable simplification
of calculations e,chieved by the application of this method po3.nted out. A
method for the construction of nomographs to be used in connection with these
calculations is expounded in detail. The book is to be used as a text by
students who study combustion and flow at higher educational institutions
where instruction in aviation is given. However, it can also be of use to
engineers who are active in this field.
It is pointed out (pp 5-6) that the introduction of a new type of heat
engine, i.e., the liquid-propellant rocket engine, necessitated the develop-
ment of new methods of heat calculation. These methods are cht~racterized
and discussed as follows:
The theoretical temperatures of combustion in rocket engines are con-
siderab ly higher than those attained in other types of heat engines, because
liquid oxidants richer in oxygen than atmospheric air are employed. With
the use of thew oxidants, the quantity of combustion products formed per a
unit weight of fuel is considerably reduced, while the heat evolved remains
approximately the same irrespective of the type of oxidant employed and is
not changed appreciably by replacement of the o:?ygen of tha air with hydrogen
peroxide, nitric acid, or liquid oxygen. It is obvious that the smaller quan-
tity of combustion products which is formed will be heated to a correspond-
ingly higher temperature.
The high temperature of combustion brings abou~; considerable dissociation
in the combustion chamber of rocket engines, so that there is partial recom-
bination during the flow of the gases through the nozzle, where reduction of
the temperature takes place because of expansion. The necessity of taking
into consideration these phenomena makes thermodynamic calculations more dif-
f icult. Otherwise, no fundamentally new conditions are encountered in con-
nection with the operation of rocket engines, so that the heat calculation
can be conducted on the baste of concepts generally accepted in heat techno-
logy.
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The book RabocYii a Protases v Zhidkostno-Reaktivn kh Dvi atel akh
(Working Processes iri Liquid-Propellant Docket Engines by A. V. Bolgarski,y
and V. K. Shchukin, l7borongiz, Moscaw, 1953, outliners the fundamentals of a
method for the calculation of treat processes in rockets which is based on
general concepts that apply to heat technology and heat engines under ell
conditions. The present work represents a more extensive and detailed ex-
position of a calculation method which follows logically from general methods
of heat calculation and has been expanded to cover a new type of heat engine.
In view of the fact that all processes taking plrace in the combustion
chamber and nozzle of rocket engines represent mutual transformations of
energy of one type into another (i.e., transformations of chemical energy
into heat energy and then into kinetic energy), the author bases his calcu-
lation method on the general heat equation, separating in this equation
from the total quantity of heat Q th~~ heat produced as a result of the com-
bustion of fuel.
The general form of the energy equation is as follows (Equation 28,
p 23)~
xl - x2 = i2 - 31 '~" A w2 - wI -~- Q
2g
where x indicates the quantity of heat which ar~aes as a result of the
transformation of chemical energy and (w2 - wl)/ 2 g represents the
change in the external kinetic energy of the gas.
This equation is derived from the simplif red expression
_ ______ ~ , where
Q / P1 P2 \ U2 - Ul W2 - Wi pl p2
A ~~l ~2 ,J A 2g
represents the work done against external pressure and U2 -~ Ul the change in
the inner energy of the gas (p 22).
After xl has been separated from the total quantity of heat Q, the
symbol Q represe~s only the heat of friction and the heat exchange with the
environment; i.e., R becomes so small thRt it can be neglected.
By using Equation 28 and the relationships underly3.ng the chemical kine-
tics of the combustion of fuels, general methods of calculating the processes
of combustion and flow are developed for the cases of equilibrium that is
established very slowly (nonequilibriw-~ flow) and equilibrium that is estab-
lished rapidly (equilibrium flow) (Chapter 3, pp 28-42). The application
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of these methods is illustrated in great detail on the example of tractor
kerosene oxidized with 95~,~ nitric acid (Chapter 4, pp 43-70). The section
on m?thoda of calculation is preceded by a gen.c~ral treatment of the subject
of fuels as far as chemical composition, specific weight, calorific value,
the stoichiometric coeff icient, and the c~eff is ient of excess of oxidant
necess4ry to bring about complete combustion of the fuel are concerned
(Chapter 1, pp 7-20). This treatment is illustrated by examples pertaining
to the oxidation of toluene with 95~, nitric acid and the oxidation of ethyl
alcohol of different concentrations with 80~ hydrogen peroxide. Data are
given on the calorific values of ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol at concen-
trations of 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, g0, 95, and 100,E and of nitric Fcid and
hydrogen peroxide at concentrations of 70, 80, 90, and 100,.
The significance of properties of fuels and oxidants is discussed from
the standpoint of processes that take place in the combustion chamber and
nozzle of rocket engines. It is shown that these processes are described
adequately by the general energy equation (Chapter 2, pp 21-27).
The last section of the book (Chapter 5, pp 71-88) deals with proce-
dures to be followed in the construction of diagrams for the calculation
of combustion processes and of those of the outflow of combustion products.
The construction of these diagrams (nomographs) is discussed in detail and
their uses are explained. The following tables are appended to the book:
(a) equilibrium constants at 600 - 4,000? K of the reactions CO-}-02 - ~
C02; H~ ~- 02 -~ H2O; OH -~- H2 ---j Ii20; 0 ~ 02; NO -~ N2 -}- 02; and
CO -~ 20 -~j C02 -~ H2 (Appendix 1, pp g0-91); (b) the energy content
of H , 02 N2, CO, OH, N0, C02, H?0, H, and 0 at 298-I+OOOoK (Appendix'2,
p 92~; (cj the energy content of 10 ethyl alcohol, 100,E methyl alcohol,
kerosene, triethylamine, xylidine, toluene, hydrazine hydrate, 1006 hydrogen
peroxide, 100;6 nitric acid, tetranitromethane, and nitrogen teroxide at
298.16?K and of liquid oxygen at 90,16?K (Appendix 3, p 93); (d) the heats
of solution of water in 96~ nitric acid, in 98~ nitric acid, in nitrogen
tetoxide, in ethyl alcohol, and in hydrogen peroxide (!-ppendix 4, p 93 );
(e) two nomographs for the calculation of processes involved in the com-
bustion of kerosene + 95~ nitric acid (Appendixes 5 and 7; inserts); and
(f) a nomograph for the calculation of processes of the combustion of
70, 80 ?j0, and 100y6 ethyl alcohol ~ 80~i hydrogen peroxide (Appendix 6;
insert j .
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CPYRGHT The table of contents is as follrnrs.
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1. Calculations Pertaining to Fuel
1. The Chemical Composition of Fuel Components
2. The Calorific Value of Fuel Components
3. The Specific Weight of Fuel Components
4. The Stoichiometric Coefficient of the Ratio of ('omponents
and the Coefficient of Oxidizer Excess
5. The Composition of the Fuel by Weight and Volume
Chapter 2. The Energy Equation in Processes of Combustion and of the
Outflow of Combustion Products
1. Processes Taking Place in the Combustion Chamber ar.d in the
Rocket Engine Nozzle
2. '.Phe Coefficient of Heat Evolution
3? The Chemical Energy of Elements
4. Chemical Energy and the Calorific Value of Fuels
Chapter 3. Calculation of Processes Taking Place in Liquid-Propellant
Rocket Engines
1. The Fundamental Processes in Liquid-Propellant Rocket Engines
2. The Composition of Combustion Products
3. The Energy Equation in the Combustion Process
~. The Energy Equation in the Process of Outflow [Gas Election)
~. Calculation ryf Outflow Under Conditions Tending Toward a State
Removed From Equilibrium
6. Cal~:ulati~~n of Outflow Under Conditions Tending Tarward a State
of Equilibrium
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CPYRGHT
Chapter 4. Examples of Calculations
1. Calculatir~ of the Combustion Process
a. ~ ~-1
b . ~ = 0.92
2. Calculation of the Outflow Process
a. ~ ~ 1; Process of Outflow Very Far From Equilibrium
b. S = l; Process of Outflow Corresponds to Complete
Equ~ibrium
c;
~ ~ = 0.92, ~ Ha - 0.98; Process of Outflow Corresponds
to Complete Equilibrium
Chapter 5. NYethod for the construction of diagrams to be used in the
.. calculation of processes of combustion ana of the flow of
combustion products
1. General Methods for the Construction of Diagrams
2. Diagrams for Calculations at ~ ~ ~ 1 and ~ ~ ~ 1
3. Diagram for Kerosene ~-Nitric Acid
4. Diagram for Ethyl A1rohol-~ Hydrogen Peroxide
5. Diagrams for Calculations at ~ ~ s 1
Table of Contents
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Industrial Chemistr
4. Electrodialys~s With Use of Ion-Exchange Diaphragms
"Selective Ion-Exchange Resins and Selective TJn-Exchange
Diaphragms," by V. A. Klyachko, All-Union Scientific Re-
search Institute oi' Water Sur,ply, Sowerage, F~ydraulic
Structures, and Engineering Hydrogeology (VODGEO); Moscow
Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol 23, No 9, Sep 57, pp 1049-1051
CPYRGHT
eparation of ions of the same charge can ordinarily be accomplished
with the aid of an ion-exchange column only by the application of the chro-
motographic method with subsequent fractionation or by elution of the ions
with complex-forming agents. An increased efficiency in the separation w3~bh
the aid of ion-exchange resins of ions close to each otter in their proper-
ties can be ach:feved by the application of special selectively acting ion-
exchange resins or selective ion-exchange resin diaphragms.
"Scogside in 1948 (see Samuelson's book, reference (1) synthesized by
the nitration of a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer a resin which has the
capacity to adsorb potassium selectively. This cationite resin contains
groups which are analogous to dipicrylamine. It exhibited such a high
capacity for the selective adsorption of potassium from aqueous solutions
that it was used for the conversion of calcium nitrate into potassium nitrate.
As a source oi` potassium water of the North Sea was used, which was employed
for the regeneration of a cationite filter.
"A. S. Smirnov and M. M. Bluvshteyn obtained by the condensation of
pyrogallol with formaldehydE a cationite which adsorbed selecti~tely lead
and bismuth ions (reference 2). H. S. Miller and J. E. Kline (reference 3)
established that sul.fonsted phenol cationites have a strongly pronounced
capacity to absorb `electively cesium ions from alkaline media. H. Gregor
concluded on the basis of purely thermodynamic considerations that the ratio
between different ions adsorbed by an ionite under equilibrium conditions is
determined by the ratio of the degrees of swelling of the ionite salts. He
also demonstrated that the swelling of phenol sulfonic acid cationite in the
form of its calcium, magnesium, and barium salts is proportional to the
solubility of the corresponding sulfoberzoates (referencE: 4).
"G~?egor and Citerel (cf. Samuelson's book) attempted to synthesize
selective ionitee by introducing into the ionite substances which form
chelates with the adsorbed ions.
"I4.yachko (references 5, 6, 7) demonstrated that introduction into
cation-exchange resins of complex-formers in addition to active sulfocarbox-
ylic or hydroxyl groups mb:ties it posRible to obtain cationites which have
an increased selectivity with reference to those cations which are capable
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CPYRGHT
of forming complex ~:ompourds with the complex-former introduced into the
cationite. By introducing ethylenediaminetetr,~cetic acid into phenol
sulfonic acid or resorcinol sulfonic acid cationites before condensation,
cationites were obtained which have a selective effect toward divalent
cations. By condensing resorcinol with formaldehyde in the presence of
sodium sulfite and dithizon, a cationite was obtained which is selective
with reference to lead. By introducing dimethylglyoxime into a resorcinol
sulfonic acid cationite before condensation, a cationite was obtained which
has a selective effect with reference to nickel and cobalt. ~iy introducing
chromotropic acid into a :laphtalene sulfonic acid ur phenol sulfonic acid
cationite, a cationite wt,s obtained which is selective with reference to
titanium.
"By applying selective cationitea in various fields of industrial and
ara].ytical chemistry, it is possible to increase the efficiency of ionite
taethods of separation, purification, and concentrati.c~n.
"At present selective cationites are being applied 9.ndustrially.
"During recent years, electrodialysis with selectively permeable ion-
exchange diaphragms was introduced iz??.o practical applications in industrial
work and research (references 8, 9).
"Such diaphragms can be prepared in a homogeneous state (for instance,
by heating carefully a solution of p-phenol sulfon.~ti acid in formalin which
has been spread at the bottom of a porcelain trough) or in a heterogeneous
state (for instance, by rolling a f finely dispersed ion-exchange resin powder
with polyvinyl chloride or rubber).
"The thickness of ion exchan;e resin diaphragms ]ies within the range
of ~.5-1.5 millimeters. Thp electrical conductivity of diaphragms of this
type is close to that of a free solution. The hydrostatic permeability of
ionite diaphragms is close to zero and their resistance to diffusion is
very high.
"When immersed into dilute solutions that are being subjected to the
action of an electrical field, cationite diaphragms are readily per>;~eable
to cations, but practically impermeable to anions. Anionite diaphragms,
on the other hand, are not permeable to cations, but transmit anions freely,
cationite diaphragms are also impermeable to those cations with reference
to which the cationite used for the preparation of the diaphragm has a
selective effect.
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CPYRGHT
"These characteristics of ionite diaphragms make it possible to ripply
them very effectively in the separation of ions with different charges, the
elimination of ions from solutions, the separation of electrolytes frorn non-~
electrolytes, tYie investigation of complex compounds, and the separation of
ions which have the same charge but exhibit a different mobility. The sepa-
ration of ions with charges of a different sign can be accomplished by means
of a three-chamber cell.
"The solution in which the positively charged ions must be separaated.
from the negatively charged ions is placed into the middle chamber of this
cell. The middle chamber is separated from the cathode chamber by a catio-
nite diaphragm and from the anode chamber by an anionite diaphragm. The
cathode and anode chambers are filled with distilled water or a dilute
solution of ammonia, ammonium carbonate, or some other substance which
does not interfere with the separation. A direct current is applied. After
some time, the positively charged ions are transported by the current through
the cationite diaphragm into the cathode chamber while the negatively charged
ions are transported into 'the anode chamber. The expenditure of electric
power does not exceed 30-35 ampere-hours per one gram-equivalent of salts
removed from the middle chamber.
"Experiments conducted by us on the separation by thin method of N ~ and
P* 0 ~- indicated that electr dialysis with ion exchange diaphragms makes it
possible to obtain Na and P*0~- in a radiochemically pure state. By using
the same method and varying the PH of the solution in thcs middle chamber, it
was possible to serrate tungsten from molybdenum by treat:''.ng a solution
which contained a mixture of sodium molybdate and sodiur~~ tungstatE. The
three-chamber cell with ionite diaphragms was also used by us for investigat-
ing the composition of complex compounds and studying the effect of the P~ of
the solution and of the ratio of different ions on the composition of the
complex compounds that are formed.
"The separation of ions on the basis of their mobility by passing a
direct electric current through a solution of an electrolyte or an electolSrte
melt is used in biochemical research. The theory of the process involved
was developed by S. Ye. Bresler and r. Ye. Pikes (reference 11). The sepa-
ration is done in tubes of sufficient length which are filled with an inert
grancalar material that prevents mixing of the solution in the tube by convec-
tion end reduces the reverse transfer by diffusion of the ions being sepa-
rRted.
"The effectiveness of the separation of ions according to their mobility
can be considerably increased by using a pile consisting of jonite diaphragms.
By using this pile, the effects of convection and reverse diffusion are
totally eliminated.
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CPYRGHT
"In out experiments, the velocity of the motion of ionr3 in the ionite
diaphragm was found to be from one fourth to one sixth of that in a free
solution. On the other hand, the ratio between the velocities of the pro-
pagatior, of different ions in the ionite diaphragm-~ under the action of
an electric field was found to be different from that in a free aqueous
solution.
"Tlxe change of the ratio of mobilities of ions in the ionite diaphragm
from the ratio that applie~a in the case of a free aqueous solution can be
e~cplained with a considerable degree of probability by assuming that the
motion of ions through t}ie diaphragm under the effect of an electrical
field proceeds by gradual displacement of the ions from one active group
of ionite to another in such a manner that this displacement is accompanied
by ion-exchange. One may therefore expect that the process of the diplacF-
ment of ions through the ionite diaphragm under the action of an electrical
fie id will be affected by the ratio of the strengths of bonds formed by the
ions with the active groups on the one hand and with the matrix of the ionite
diaphragm on the other hand.
"It is known that diaphragms consisting of a cationite which contains
et:iylenediaminetetracetic acid (Trilor. 3) do not transmit the divalent
cations of calcium, magnesium, and barium under the actio;s of an electric
field, but transmit readily sodit:m and potassium, which do not form complex
compounds with Trilon B (reference 10).
"By using diaphragms made of ionltes which exhibit great affinity to
one of the ions being separated, one may separate this ion from the other
ians present in the solution, because the mobility of this ion in the ion-
exchange resin will be lower than that of the other ions.
"Data published in the literature (reference k?) and also experiments
conducted by us have shown that ionite diaphragms ct,n be successfully used
for the separation of ions which are very close to Brach other in their
properties (e. g., Nab" , K~' , and Li+ or Cam' and Mgt) as well as for the
separation of organic acids from each other or from inorganic acids.
"By using selective ion-exchange resins and ion-exchange diaphragms
with selective permeability, one can successfully solve problems encountered
in industrial and analytical chemistry that are not susceptible to solution
by ether methods."
CPYRG bibliography included with the article follows.
1. Samuelson. Primeneniye Ionnogo Obmena v Analitichesko Khimii (The
Application of Ion Ex~:~ange in Analytical Chemistry , Publishing House of
Foreign Literature, Moscow, 1955?
~ I 2. A. S. Smirnov and M. M. Bluvshteyn, Poklady Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Vol 70, No 3, 1950.
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CPYRGHT
3. II. S. Millar and J. E. IC11ne, Journa 1 American Chemical society,
Vol 73, 1951, P 2741.
4. H. Gregor, Jour~u~l American Chemical Society, Vol 70, 1848, p 1293.
5. V. A. Klyachko, Doltlady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 81, No 2~ 1951,
P 235. -'"
6. V. A. Klyachko, paper in the Collection of articles Teoriya i
Praktika_Primeneniya Ionoobmennykh Materialov (The Theory and Practice of
*.he Application of Zon-Exchange Materials , Academy of Sciences USSR, 1955?
7. V. A. Klyachko, Trud Komisnii o Analitichesko Khimii (Works of
the Commission on Analytical Chemistry , Academy of Sciences USSR, VI (XI ),
1955, P 296.
8. 0. S. Lenchevskiy, paper in the collection of articles Issledovani~
po Vodopodgotovke (Investigations on Water Treatment), 5troyizdat, 195 .
9. K. S. Spiegler, paper in the collection of srticles Ion-Exchange
Technology, Academic Press, New York, 1956.
Z.O. J. Leicester, Chemical and Prccess Ei:tineering, Vol 36, lVo 5,
~Y 55, P 7.
11. S. Ye. Bresler and G. Ye. Pikus, Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki,
Vol 24, No 1, Jan 56, p 109.
12. T. A. KirkYiam, Proceedings of the American Power Conference, 1.956,
P 571.
[SIR Note: Although this article was written mainl;~ from the stand-
point of possible applications of the method discussed in analytical chemis-
try and in research, electrodialysis with the use of ion-exchange diaphragms
can be applied also in the desalting of sea water and saline waters, the
purification of water contaminated with radioactive isotopes, and the pro-
cessing of nuclear fuel. A full-scale industrial installation for the desalt-
ing of Black Sea water by a method of this type developed on the basis of work
done at the VODGEO institute is in t'Ze process of construction at present or
has already been c~nstructe4 (cf. V. A. Klyachko, Vodosnabzheniye i Sanitar-
naya Tekhnika, No 11, Nov 57, PP 20-22).]
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5. Application of Ion~Exchange Resins fn Water Treatment and in
Concentration o RarU Metals
Materialy Neo ranichenn kh Vozmozhnoste (Materials of Un-
limited Potential , by B. Ya. Rozen, Mosccnr, Znaniye, 1957,
39 pp
The following information is given in this popular booklet on pl.asf;ics:
Natural waters always contal.n dissolved material, i.e.~ gases, air, and
salts. An exceptionally large quantity of salt is contained in sea water
and the water of salt lakes. Fresh water also contains salts (i.e., those
of magnesium and calcium) and must be purified (~~softened") before it can
be used for the preparation of food, for industrial purposes, and as feet?
water for boilers. Salts dissolved in the feed water for boilers cause for-
mat ion of scale. The thicker the layer of scale, the more fuel must be used,,
because the scale insulates the water from the wall of the boiler tubes.
When the thickness of the scale reaches 3 millimeters, an addi~ional quantity
oP fuel comprising 5~ of the total must be used. The presence of scale to
boilers may also result in an explosion of the boiler.
Water is purified by various methods, primarily chemical methods. Slaked
lime, soda, and various special preparations are added to the water. Per-
mutits are used most frequently for the purification of water. Permutits
are artificial minerals which are produced by melting together kaolin, alum,
and soda. The difficult problem of water purification has been solved quite
recently by the application of synthetic resins, i.e., amino-formaldehyde
resins [urea-formaldehyde resins], phenol-aldehyde resins, and polystyrenes
[polystyrene sult'onic acids]. Resins of this type are referred to P.s ionites
or ion-exchange resins. The softening and desalting of water by i~~nites at
electric power stations alone results in a considerable reduction of costs.
Hitherto at many mayor electr;',c power stations, turbines had to be
specially washed to prevent deposition of salt. During this wcishing, the
turbines were stopped. The coat of a single washing of a po~rerful turbine
is 250,000 rubles. By passing the water through a 'harrier filter that con-
tains cationi+:es, this coat can be considerably reduced.
USSR scieati9ts have developed efficient methods for the purification
of saline ground waters with the aid of ion-exchange resinA. In experiments
on the desalting of water conducted at a number of eovkhozes of northern
I~e,za:ck~stan (i.e., the Baydak, Chernigov, and Ukrainskiy sovkhozes), the salt
concentration could be reduced to a normal level.
Woz~kers at the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Hydraulic
Enginee~~?ing send Sanitary Engineering Works [VNIIGS] designed a portable
installation for the desalting of water. This installation consists of
a number of sand, coal, and ion-exchange filters mounted together in a
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common housin~,x. The height of a single filter is 700 rnm and its inner
diameter is fi0 rnm. When originally introduced into industrial use, ion-
exchange resins were used only for the purification of water; at present
they are an indispensable aid in the most diverse fiel.da of the national
economy.
Ion-exchange resins are very useful in the concentration of many
valuable metals (e.g,, molybdenum, iridium, zirconium, and vanadium) which
occur in a dispersed state in the earth's crust and are present in very
small quantities.
To extract by ordinary methods a few kilograms of these metals, one
must mine thousands of tons of, ore. The ore ct~n then be ground into a
fine powder, placed in large vats, crud combined with water to which a small
quantity of tall oil has begin added. The nrixtrar~ is treated by blowing a
powerful stream of air tbrotxgh it. The bubbles of air then collect and draw
upward the particlesr of metal, while the particles .,if gangue precipitate to
the bottom. The tall oil promotes adhesion of the metal particles to the
air bubbles. A staL1E; foe~v is formed. This foe~m is separated and dehydrated;
a~hat rr;mains is a metal cancecrtrai;e ti~nich is smelted.
This L:tithod of treating poor ores is expedient when the content of the
metal is nc lower tha,~r 1?~2~,. When the' content of metal amounts to small
fractions of 1~, it is of no advantage to conceratrcite the metal by this method
[i.e., by the flotatian method].
In Lr,is tease, ion-exchange resins are employed. The metal contained in
the ore is converted i.ntu an aqueous solution of one of its salts. The solu-
tions of the salts era filtered through ion-exchange resins. By this means
one can nc~t: only concentrate the pure metal, but also separate metals from
each other, e.g., separate nickel from chromium, bismuth from copper, or
indium from thalium.
The effluents of ple,nts at which copies of motion-pic~ure films are
printed always contain a certain amount of silver salts. This silver, which
formerly went to waste, is now recovered by means of ion-exchange resins.
Notwithstanding the very low concentration of silver in the waste waters,
the quantity of silver formerly rejected with the wastes amounted to almost
10~i of the total amount of silver used in this application.
Ion-exchange resins are not only of use in metallurgy in connection with
the production of nonferrous metals, but are also a very valuable aid in work
done by chemists, pharmacists, operators at sugar manufacturing plants, and
biochemists. The employment of ion-exchange resins at sugar manufacturing
plants has resulted in an additional production of tens of thousands of tons
of sugar per year in the USSR, where ion-exchange resins are employed in the
treatment of sugar refinery residues that were formerly discarded; the in-
dustrial losses of sugar have thus been reduced by a factor of ~-5.
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Ion-exchange resins are often em~,~.oyed as catalysts iri chemical pro-
duction, particularly in the synthesis of synthetic resins and of various
other organic substances.
With the use of ion-exchange resins, vitamins are p~,~rif3.ed, valt:able
drugs are extracted from plants, colored liquids are decolorized, and the
antibiotics penicillin, gramicidin, and streptomycin are produced (pp 29-33)?
6. ~ortance of Chemical Production for USSR Machine-Building Industry
"Progress of the USSR Chemical Industry During 40 Years," by
S. M. Tikhomirov and I. K. Zamarayev, Ministry of Chemical In-
dustry USSR; Moscow, rJspekhi Khimii, Vol 26, No 11, Nov 57,
CPYRG~f12o3-122g
"Work on industrial applications is of the greatest importance as far
as the development of the technology and organization of the production of
plastics and other materials incluciir,g elastomers is concerned that are 'to
be used in modern machine building, the construction of instruments, radio
engineering, thel nuclear energy industry, and the construction of jet and
rocket eng{.nes. The machine-building industry occupies a very important
place among consumers of chemical products; sod of the production of the
USSR chemical Industry is consumed in machine construction and in the
operation of machines .
"The importance of the chemical industry in this respect is illustrated
by the following examples:
"l. In the assembly of the passenger plane TU-104 120,000 parts are
used which are made e:ztirel.y of plastics, plexigl.as ("organic glass"), and
rubber or represent combinations of these materials with other materials.
"2. Modern rocket technology requires from the chemical industry a
great number of plastics, elastomers, and other materials with special
characteristics as well as fuels and oxidizers. Among naturally occurring
materials and ordinary metals one often cannot find any which are equal to
the high demands put to them as construction materials from the atanc.point
of resistance to corrosion and stability at high anal low tewperatures. Many
materials for applications of this type have been developed and are being
developed by the chemical industry.
~~3? In connection with peaceful applications of nuclear energy, many
synthetic chemical materials are required, including materials wh~.ch have
a high resistance to corrosion, very pure reagents, heavy water, and some
other chemical products. The USSR chemical industry has mastered methods
for the production of chemical materials and elastomers to be used in this
field. It supplies the nuclear energy industry with all necessary chemical
products and articles derived from chemicals (p 1216).
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CPYRGHT
"In view of the importance of chemical materials in machine construc-
tion, particularly in the f icllds of aviation, rocket technology, radio
engineering, and electronics, it follows that one of the principal tasks
of the chemical indt,3try is development of new chemical materials for various
applications which exhibit a number of characi;eristics of the following types:
high purity, high elaRticity, light weight, tranc~parency, improved capacity
for electric insulation and heat insulation, and high stability toward dif-
ferent effects ~:x~rted by the environment ouch as temperature, pressure, the
action of corrosive taedia, etc. In a number of cases, the materials in ques-
tion mast exhibit a combin~~tion of the properties enumerated above and also
possess other properties. Chemical materials of this type are necessary for
assuring technical progress in the most diverse branches of the people's
economy, primarily in the field of machine technology.
"The aT,~plication of the new chemical materials will make it possible
to produce at a great economy of the social effort machines which are much
more perfect than those used hitherto. These machines will be more highly
productive, have smaller dimensions, have a lighter weight, and be stronger
than those produced earlier when the new, chemically synthesized construc-
tion materiels and other materials were not available.
"Very important in this respect are the production of new ultrapure
substances for semiconductor technology, development of new types of syn-
thetic tires of superior quality, production of technical rubber products
with properties superior to those of natural rubber or already known varie-
ties caf synthetic rubbez" and fibers, and development of many other high-polymer
materials for the mantt'facture of plastic products, including transparent
plastics ("organic glass") of increased stability, new fluorine plastics,
and organosilicon compounds to be used for the production of organic coat-
ings and paints of high quality, as well as for other purposes.
"It is therefore important to increase by every possible means the
production of high-polymer materials and expand the number of avai]able
materials of this type. '.L'his class of materia]s comprises a huge number
of synthetic organic products, including synthetic rubber, plastics, crude
materials for synthetic fibers and synthetic fibers as such, copolymers of
all types, grafted polymers, mixt~u?es o? polymers, and all types of com-
binations of polymers" (pp 1221_1222).
7. Hungary Develops Synthetic Fibers From Protein
"From Protein Solution -- Synthetic Wool," by Andras Turd.,
Bu3apest, Esti Hirlap, 17 Nov 57, p 4
The Biochemical Institute (Biokemiai Intezet) of the Hungarian Academy
of Sciences is investigating the relationship between the structure and
function of all proteins. In the course of this investigation, the engi-
neering group of the Biochemical Institute, at the suggestion of Pal Foldes,
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director of the institute, began cooperating with the Textile Research
Institute (Textilkutato Intezet) in an effort to develop Pynthetic fibers
having a protein base. The fibers were to serve as a fixst-class substi-
tute for wool. Experiments were successful, and Tibor Devet:~;vi, researcher,
produced two types of syn:;hetic fiber: "erilan" and "gizolan."
The experimental production of "erilan" is now under ~;ay in Lodz,
Poland. The production of "gizolan," a woolly type oi' ration made of protein
and cellulose, is to begin at a pilot-plant level in 1957.
Inorganic Chemistry
8. Investigation of Physicochemical Aspects of Explosive Oxidation of
Nitrogen With Qzone
"The Physical Chemistry of Concentrated Ozone; Part 3 -- Explosive
Oxidation of Nitrogen in Mixtures With Concentrated Ozone," by N.I.
Kobozev, V. P. Lebedev, B. V. Strakhov, and G. I. Zykova, Moscow
State University; Moscow, ?hurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 31, No ll,
Ncv 57, PP 2547-2550
A considerable number of investigations has been devoted t o the explo-
sive oxidation of nitrogen. in mixtures of nitrogen with oxygen and fuels
(e. g., H.,, CH4, CO). The work on the aub~ect has been reviewed in a mono-
graph by a. ~. Zel'dovich, P. S. Sadovtiikov, and D. A. Frank-Kamenetskiy.
In this work the dependence of the yield of nitrogen oxide (NO) on the
composition of t`tte mixture, the initial temperature, and other experimental
conditions was studied.
However, in all the work of this type the explosive interaction of
nitrogen with oxygen was indirect, because a third component, namely, a
fuel, was always present in the mixture. The energy supplied as a result
of the combustion of the fuel created the thermal and other conditions
necessary for the oxidation of the nitrogen by the remaining oxygen.
Application of concentrated ozone instead of afuel-oxygen mixture as
a source of energy forms the subject of the present investigation and of
subsequent work on the subject.
In the experimental work done in this instance, the explosive oxidation
of nitrogen in mixtures with concentrated ozone has been carried out at var-
ious pressures and composition,., of the mixtures. It was established that
the yield of nitrogen oxide in `.he pressure range of 25-150 mm Hg increases
linearly with the pressure, whereas the yield curves with respect to the
Additioniof o ss through a maximum at a point corresponding to about (j~i 03.
xygen to the initial mixture was found to lower the nitrogen
oxide yield. The maximum yield of nitrogen oxide attained in the final mix-
ture was 2~,.
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Solubility of As203 - III' - H2O Investigated
"Investigating Solubility in the System Aa20 - HF - H2O,"
I. V. Tananayev and G. S. Savchenko, Institu~e of General
and Inorganic Chemistry imeni N. S. Kurnakov, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurrial Neorganicheskoy Khimii,Vol 2,
No 10, Oct 57, pp 2449-2454
The solubility of the system An203 - HF - H2O at 0? and at. 25oC wo,s
investig+~ted. As the concentration of PFi' was increased, the solubility
of As20 was found to rise sharply. Phase analysis of the system by the
prec ipi~ation method indicated the presence of two compounds, As203 and
AgOF.
Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
10. Investigation of Thermodynamic Properties of Beryllium Chloride in
Sodium Chloride Melts
' "The Thermodynamic Properties of BeC1.2 in the BeC12-NaCI Fusion
System," by B. F. Markov and Yu. K. I?elimarskiy; Institute of
General and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian
? SSR; Moscow Zhuri~al Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 31, No 11, Nov 57,
pp 2589-2590
The E. M. F. of 1....- chemical chains Be [BeC12xl + NaCl(1 - xl) j C12
in dependence on the molar fraction of BeC12 has been determined. The
E. M. F.. of a chemical chain with free BeCl2 was found by the extrapolation
of experimental values. It was found to be equal to 1.986 at 500?. The
partial thermodynamic properties of BeC12 were calculated. The energy of
the formation of BeC1,~.NaC1 in the melt at 500? was determined to be equal
to 7.5 kilocalories.
11. Review of Work on Thermodynamics and Kinetics of i'~ydrogen Isoto e
Exchange
"Thermod.ynamic and Kinetic Characteristics of Reactions of
Hydrogen Isotope Exchange," by Ya. M. Varshavskiy and S. E.
Vaysberg; Moscow, UspPkhi Khimii, Vol 26, No 12, Dec 57,
pp 1434-1468
This article reviews work on the thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen
isotope exchange with particular attention to USSR research on the subject.
A bibliography consisting of 'j6 references, of which 31 are USSR, is appended
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to the article. Then article is subdivided into two mayor sections dealing,
respectively with the thermodynamics of isotope exchange (Section I,
pp 1435-1457 and the kinetics of isotope exchange reactions (Section II,
pp 1457-1468).
The first section begins with a discussion of correlations between
the coefficient of distribution of isotopes and the equilibrium constants
of isotope exchange reactions. This subject is treated mainly on the basis
of work done by A. I. Brodskiy, K. Wirtz, and the authors of the present
article (Ya. M. Varshavskiy and S. E. Vaysberg). The following subdivision
of Section I deals with methods of statistical calculation of equilibriums
in isotope exchange and is based to a great extent on work by K. Wirtz, V. M.
Tatevsb;iy, S. Z. Roginskiy, and M. I. Temkin, although British and American
research is also considered. The discussion of statistical methods' is
followed by a detailed treatment of law3 governing the distribution of deu-
terium in k~ydrogen isotope exchange. In this treatment, particular attention
is paid to hydrogen isotope exchange in hydrides. The section on thermodyna-
mics is concluded with an analysis of experimental data on the equilibrium
distribution of deuterium in reactions of hydrogen isotope exchange.
The section on kinetics of reactions of isotope exchange discusses
general problems in this field, equations of the kinetics of isotope exchange,
sand the limits of the applicability of the kinetic equation of the first
order. In the section on general problems pertainic~g to the kinetics of iso-
tope exchange, work by S. Z. Roginskiy, A. I. Brodskiy, and M. B. Neyman is
dlscussed in some detail.
The significance of the work reviewed in the article is discussed by
the authors as follows
"The discovery of deuterium was of great importance for chemistry because
it created the possibility of using the tra^,er atom method in the investiga-
tion of the transfer of hydrogen during chemical reactions. Deuterium has
been applied most extensively in organic chemistry because of the special
role which hydrogen plays in organic compounds.
"The interest in the subject of hydrogen isotopes increased considerabljr
in connection with the utilization of nuclear energy.' Since methods of pro-
ducing nuclear fuel by the fission of uranium and thorium in nuclear reactors
under the action of thermal neutrons were discovered, a new field of the
practical application of deuterium has developed, because deuterium is the
most effective moderator cf neutrons: Still greater possibilities connected
with the practical utilization of hydrogen isotopes, specifically of deuterium,
have developed in recent years in connection with the work done by Soviet
scientists on the peaceful application of nuclear reactions.
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CPYRGHT
"Problems pertaining to reactions of hydrogen exchange are of parti-
cular importance for chemistry. This is not only due to the fact that
the reactions of hydrogen isotope exchange form the basis of chemical methods
for the concentration of deuterium. The exchange of protium atoms for deu-
terium atoms forms the simplest chemical reaction of hydrogen substitution
as a result of which, however, the chemical structure of the molecule is not
signif icantly changed. I'or this reason, the velocity of the transfer of
tracer hydrogen atoms under definite conditions may serve as a criterion of
she reactivity of different substances depending on their constitution and
the properties of the medium in which the reaction. takes place.
"The reactions of {;he exchange of protium for deuterium are also of
interest frow the standpoint of the understanding of general relationships
which apply to reactions of isotopes of any elements. The reactions of
hydrogen isotope exchange exhibit a considerable isotope effect brought
about by the relatively great difference in the masses of protium and
deuterium atoms. This circumstance considerably complicates the study of
the fundamental relationships which govern the equilibrium distribution
of isotopes and the kinetics of the reactions of hydrogen isotope exchange
as compared with other isotope exchange reactions, so that these relation-
ships must be expressed in a more complex but at the same time more general
form.
"It follows from what has been said above ichat the investigation of
reactions of hydrogen isotope exchange is at present of very great importance:
new data obtained in this field will contribute to the solution of matey scien-
t if'ic and practical problems .
"No attempt has been made to review all investigations dealing with the
production and utilization of deuterium, the number of which runs into many
hundreds. The extensive data on the appliWation of deuterium as a tracer
atom and the utilization of hydrogen isotope exchange reactions for the in-
vestigation of the reactivity of chemical compounds have been reviewed in a
number of articles and monographs, some of which are listed in the biblio-
graphy. The present article deals only with the results of the most important
investigations on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reactions of isotope
exchange.
"Although the present review is concerned primarily with deuterium ex-
change and the ma,~ority of the investigations discussed iii it pertain to
hydrogen isotope exchange, the general xelationships have been treated in
such a manner and the fundamental equations derived in such a form that they
can be applied to the exchange of isotopes of any element. Deuterium exchange
bas been considered principally because the isotope effects expressed by the
relationships that have been derived are particular],y prominent in the case
of hydrogen isotopes."
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O~ar,ic Chemistry
12. Esters of Beta-Keto hosphonic Acids
"Esters of Beta-Ketophosphonic Acids. Communication 2. Esters
of the Aromatic and Carbocyclic Series," by B. A. :~rbuzov and
V. S. Vinogradova, Chemical Institute imeni A. M. Butlerov,
Kazan State University imeni U1'uanov Lerln; Moscow, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSS~t Otdelerniye Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 3, Mar 57,
PP 2 -291
With the purpose of Investigating the presence of tautomerism, the
following compounds wer:? prepared for the first time: dimethylphosphon-
acetophenone, 1-methyicyclohexanone-2-phosphonic acid, cyclopentanone-2-
phoaphonic acid, and alpha-phosphonocamphor. Their degree of unsaturation
was determined by K. Mayer's method of bromine titration. The physical con-
stants of phosphonacetophenone as prepared with triethylphosphite differ from
those of phosphonacetophenone as prepared by the method of Michaelis-Becker.
Ultraviolet absorption spectra were measured for the compounds. The absorp-
tion spectra of phosphonacetophenone and methylphosphonacetophenone indicate
the presence oP enolization; when in the presence of sodium methylate, they
indicate the formation of enolate ions. The absorption spectra of phosphon-
acetophenone prepared by the phosphite method differ from that of phosphon-
acetophenone prepared by the Michaelis-Becker reaction.
13. Ethylideneglycerine Esters of Phos horic Acid
"Some Ethylideneglycerine Esters of Phosphoric, Phosphorus, and
Thtophosphoric Acids," by B. A. Arbuzov and D. Kh, Yarmukhametova~
Chemical Institute imeni A. Ye. Arbuzov, Kazan Affiliate, Academy
of Scien~Ps USSR~j Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Otdeleniye Khi-
micheskikh Nauk, No 3, Mar 57, pp 292-302.
Nineteen new ethylideneglycerine esters of phosphoric, phosphorous, thi~~-
phosphoric, amidophosphorous, amidophosphoric, and amidothiophosphoric acids
were synthesized and investigated. The Arbuzov rearrangement of the ethylide-
neglycerine esters of phosphorous acid was investigated. Six new ethylidene-
glycerine esters of phosphonic acid were prepared. Some of the new ethylide-
neglycerine esters of phosphoric, thiophosphoric, and amidophosphoric acid
wera subjected to testing for insecticidal activity, but the results were
negative.
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14. Alkylation of fluorophosphonic Acid Amides
"Research on Alkylphosphonoua and Phosphonic Acids. VIII.
Synthesis and Properties of Some Alkylated Alkyl.chloropho-
sphonic Acid Amides," by A. I. Razumov, 0. A. ilukhacheva,
and Ye. A. Markovich, Kazan Chemicotechnologica1 Institute;
Moscow; Zhurnal Obshchey IQximii, Vol 28, No 1,, Jan 58, pp
194-197
Some examples of a11~.ylphosphonic acids having mixed functional groups
were synthesized: alkylated amides of chlorophosphonic and fluorophosphonic
acids, and complete alkylphosphonic acid fluorides [RP(0)F2]. Alkylated
amides of chlorophosphonic acid were found to hydrolyze readily, while the
P-N bond in alkylated amides of fluorophosphonic acid amides was found to ae
unstable. Alkylated amides of chlorophosphonic acid 1Y5~lrolyze with water into
alkylated amides of alkylpyrophosphonic acid quite readily. As a result of
the instability of the P-N bond in f'luoraphosphonic acid amides, heating con-
verts them into the corresponding complete acid fluorides.
15. Reactions of Ethy].arsPnous Pcid Chlorides _T.nvestigat,ed
"Concerning ?the Reac?~fbc~s of Phenylarsenous and Alky].arsenous
Acid Chlorides With. Txie~~~v~.phosphite and Triethylzntimonite," by
Gil'm Kamey and N. A. Cha~:~ayeva, Chemical Institute imeni A. Ye.
Arbuzov, Kazan P.f;:'3liace, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izvest-
i,ra Akademii 'auk SSSR, Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 5, May 57,
Pp 5 5~8-~'~~~
It was established that, during the reaction of diethylarsenoL~s acid
chloride with triethyl phosphite, the ethyl ester of diethylphosphanoarsenous
acid having the As-P bond does not form. Tz?iethylphosphate and triethylarse-
nite were isolated from this reaction. It was shown that in.the reaction of
a ll~r].nrsenous and phenylarsenous acid chlorides with triethylantimonite a
simple exchange of the alkoxy group for a chlorine takes place with the for-
mation of middle esters of arsenous and phenylarsenous acids and the corre-
sponding alk~xychlorostibenes.
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16. !+!ew Ganglioblocking Agent Synthesized
"Tertiary Amines of pertain Heterocyclics as Possible Hypotensive
Agents," by Ye. S. Nlkitskaya, f. S. Uso~tskaya, and M. V. Rubtsov,
All-Union Scientific Research Chemicopharmaceutical Institute imeni
S. Ordzhonikidze; Moscow, Zh~arnul Obshchey Khimi.i, Vol 28, No 1,
Jan g8, pp 161-166
A number of substituted amides and amines of p~~-i~.ine and piperidine
wore synthesized from lutidine. Pyridir~ecarboxyli~~ acid gmides, in contrast
to piY ridinecarboxylic acid amides, are rather dig?f icultly reduced to the
corresponding amines with lithium aluminum hydride. Pharmacc?o?ical invest-
igation revealed that of the 22 compounds synthesized, on1y~1,6-dimethyl-2-
(diethylaminoethylaminomethyl)-piperidine has high ganglioblocking activity.
17. Insecticidal Activity of Polythiocyanatoe.lkanes Investigated
"Insecticidal Action of Organic, Silicon-Organic, and Inorganic
Thiocyanates," by M. Ya, Marova, M. G. Voronkov, and B. N. Dolgov,
Institute of Silicate Chemistry, Academy of Sciences i]SSR, and
Laboratory of the Preservation and Restoration of Documents, Aca-
demy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, `Lhurnal Prikladnoy Khimii, Vol 30,
No 4, Apr 57, PP 650-E52.
Polythiocyanatoalkanes (dithiocyanatomethane,~ 1,2-dith iocyanatomethane,
1,2,3,-trithiocyanatopropane) were found to have very high fungicidal and
bactericidal activity. Certain alkylisothiocyanatosilanes were also found
to have a noticeabl high insE~cticidal activity. '"hus, 0.3-1~ addition of
C~,a~ i(NCS)3, (CH3~2S1(NCS)2, (C2H5)2Si(NCS)2s or (C2H5)3SiNCS to a mildew
col ore cap;ses an arrest of development for one year or more. The authors
are attempting to draw a relationship bet~reen toxicity and structure of
poly4;.?~iocyanoslkanes, but at present can only conclude that an increase in
th~~ number of thiocyanate grc,ups in the molecule does not iner~ase the toxi-
city. Similarly, the presence of two thiocyano groups at the same or differ-
ent carbon atoms seams to have no practical effect on the fungicidal Rnd
bactericidal properties cf the compound.
18. Diesters of Aromatic Ac~?lamidophosphoric Acids Synthesized
"Diesters of Aromatic Acy?.amidophosphoric Acids," by A. V. Kirsanov
and R. G. Makitra, Laboratory of Insecticides, Institute of Organic
Chemistry Academy of Sciences, Ukraini8.n SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Obsh-
chey Khimii, Vol 28, No 1, Jan 58, pp 35-~0
The raaction of aromatic acylamidophosphoric acid dichlorides and trich-
lorophosphazoacyls with sodium methylate and sodium srylates was investigated.
? Twenty-three diesters of aromatic acylamidophosphoric acids were prepared and
their properties described.
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19. New Insecticides Synthesized
"From the Field of Orgo,ciic Insectofungicid,ec~. XX:[X. The Re-
action of Hexachlorocyclopentad~.ene Witlr Certain Unsaturated
Compounna," by S. S. Kukalenko anii tom.. N. Mel'nikov. Scientific
Institute for I'ertillzere and Insectofungicides; Moscow, Zhur.--
nal Obshche-~Khimii, Vol 28, No 1, Jan 58, pp 1~7-161 -
The condensation reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with complex
esters of allyl alcohol and Bicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptenyl-2-carbinol-5 and simple
vinyl esters was investigated. It was shown that as a ?result of this reactiun
normal products of diene synthestb were formed ~n which hexachlorocyclope~z-
tadi~:ne reacted as a diene while the other unsaturated compounds reacted as
dieneophyls. A number o2' new compounds not previously described in the liter-
ature were synthesized. Investigation of tY,e insecticidal activity of these
new compounds revealed that they were significantly more active than aldrine
or ahlorindane (1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-4,7-endumethylPne-3a,4,7,7a -tetra-
hydroindane), A footnote says that this work is from S. S. Kukalenko's can-
didate'8 dissertation.
20. Estera_ of Bicyclo-(2,2,1)-he tenyl-5-carbinol-2 Synthesized
"From the Field of Organic Insectofungicidea. XXVIII. Synthesis
of Certain Esters of Bicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptenyl-5-carbinol-2," by
S. S. Kukalenko and N. N. Idel'nikov, Scientific Institute for Fer-
tilizers and Insectofungicides, Moscow, Zhurnal Oushchey Khimii,
Vol 28, No 1, Jan 58, pp 154-157
Tne reaction of cyclopentadiene with various esters of al]~y'1 alcohol was
investigated. Eleven derivatives of Bicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptenyl-5-carbinol-2
that have not previously been described in the literature were synthesized.
A footnote says that this work is from S. S. Kukalenko's candidate's disser-
tation.
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Radiation Chemistry
21. Work on Radiolysis of Aqueous Solution~+ Done at Radium Institute
In Paris Published in USSR Periodical --'
"On the Nature of the Activation of Oxygen in the Radiolysis
of Aqueous Solutions," by M. fIaissinsky, Radium Institute
(Paris), Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 31, No l.l, Nov 57,
Pp 2507-2516
An explanation is given for the effect of oxygen and of the Pg of the
medium on the radiation-chemical formation and decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide. For this purpose the cr~nditiona are defined under which a mole-
cule of oxygen can be activated by receiving an electron from an unstable
product of radiolysis. The general relationships have been formulated which
govern the transfer of charges in radiolysis and autooxida~~ion. The conclu-
sions which have been reached are used for the interpretation of the capacity
of halogen ions to stabilize hydrogen peroxide and also to inhibit the for-
mation of hydrogen peroxide and the chain oxidation of some inorganic sub --
stances,including phospi~orous acid, hydraziney and uranium (IV) sulfate.
[SIR~Note: Although the article by Haissinsky is published in the
form of an original contribution to Zhurnal Fizi,ohos_koy Khimii, it lacks the
customary English-language abstract. This possibly indicates that it was
translated into Russian from the French after being published originally in
French. The data on the behavior of uranium suli'ate under the action of
ionizing radiation which are contained in the article may be of some impor-
tance in connectior. with the chemical processing of fuel used in homogeneous
nuclear reactors and with the dissolution of uranium fuel elements.]
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Herbicides and Defoliants
22. Experiments With Preparations for Preharvest Removal of Cotton Leaves
' "New Preparations for the Preharvest Removal of Cotton Leaves,"
by F. Mauer and L. Abramova, Khlopkovodstvo (Cotton Production),
1956, rro 8, 24-27 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Bio1o i a No 22,
CPYRGHT 25 Nov 57, Abstract No 9 172 by T. L. Rivkind
"At the Inst~.tute of Agriculture, Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR, various
preparations were investigated for the preharvest removal of cotton leaves?
calciwn cyanamide with sodium fluosilicate, calcium cyanamide with calcium?
nitrate, magnesium cblorate, sodium ethylxanthogenate, endothal, thiourea and
aminotriazol.
"The cyanamide preparations reacted poorly because of low air humidity.
Magnesium chlorate gave the best results. It produced swifter and more com-
plete leaf removal and was not dependent on weather conditions. Spraying
with a d.4~i solution of magnesium chlorate did not lower the cotton yield or
impair the quality of the fibers and seeds."
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23. S oviet Geophysical Service
Soviet Geophysics Toward 'the ~FOth Anniversary of the Great Oc-
~~'Socialist Revolution" (unsigned article), Moscow, Izvestiy~a
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geofiziches1caya, No 11, Nov 57, pp
1318-1318
During 1957 over 20 scientific research geophysical institut~:s, divi-
sions, and laboratories carried on research in the USSR. Also during this
period there were established anew a series of services, i.e., weather,
6eoma~{netism, seismology, and ionosphere and propagation of radio waves.
Toward the end of 1957 there were more than 3,000 meteorcll.ogi.cal stations
in the USSR, lg magnetic observatories, 75 seismic stations, and 18 iono-
sphere and radiowave propagation stations. During the same year, 16 special
geophysical departments were established. 9.n universities for the training
of personnel in ,~,eneral and prospecting geophysics, end in the geologico-
proapecting educational institutions (institu~es and tekhnikums) special
geophysical faculties and departments were organized.
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IV. LLNCTRONICS
Communications
24. New Noise-Limiting Circuit
"A New Circuit for the Detection of Intermittent Signals Lying
Below the Noise Level," by A . A . Piro~rov, Sb . nauchn . rabot .
Vaea. zaoch. e~lektrotekh. in-ta. avyazi, Moscow, 195 , `l0 1,
pp 44-57 (from P,eferativnyy Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 6,
biay 5~,r, tibstra~~t No 13362)
The article describes a variety o_f c~.rcuita of mutua;;. correlation
used in separating intermt+,tent signals which are hidden ~y noise. In the
circuit is an "n"-phase heterodyne, the voltage of which as a reference
voltage is fed to a middle point of the input transformer and through two
arms of the latter to 2 n diodes (the frequency of the heterodyne equals
the frequency of the incoming signal). After phase detection the recti-
fied voltage is filtered and then reaches a common bus bar through output
limiting diodes. I?h~ is shown that this circuit gives a gain in a signal-
noiae ratio equal to N~10 lg G~2'FM db (~ is the pass band of the input of
the circuit; 2FM is the frequency band o#' the signal). The gain is shown
in relation to "white" noise. The article gives the basic formulas fo~?
computing the circuit elements, and a numerical example cf computation is
provided. In the event of a misalignment of frequency of the signal and
the heterodyne on the load of the common bus bar, there results a parasitic
modulation (PM) of puJ.aes due to the "many-phases" detection. It is shown
that in the reception of telegraph signals PM is not essentially important
even in two phases (because of the small percentage of PM). The article
points oat the application of the method in telephony and radar and also
in reducing impulse noises.
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Com onents
25. High-Precision Resistors
"Manganin Microwire Resistors With'Glass Insulation," by A. A.
Merkulov; MoF~?ow, Vestnik Elektro-Promyshlennosti, No 1, Jan 58,
pP 32-31+
Manganin (Cu, Mn, N1 alloy) microwire is prepared by a special process;
its diameter varies from 3 to 10 microns a,nd the thickness of the glass in-
sulation from 2 to 4 microns. The breakdown voltage of such an insulation
is as high as ]..5-2 kv due to the absence of surface scratches, a condition
practically unattainable for the conventional method of wire drawing through
a diamond die. The resistance of one meter of ouch microwire can be as
high as 60 kilohms or higher. Up to 3 kilometers of microwire can be wound
on a single bobbin.
The "noneks" type of glass is used for insulation of the manganin
microwire. A finished 10 megohm resistor is about 50 mm long and 8 mm in
diameter.
After 6 months of laboratory testing it was found that less than 40~
of the microwire resistors changed the value of their resistance by ? 0.001,
which can be considered as an exceptionally stable performance. The'reaist-
ance change with temperature is rather small for this type of resistor.
Precision resistors of 10, ]DO and 1,000 megohms can now be easily manu-
factured from manganin microwire.
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Instruments and Equipment
26. New Laboratory Instruments in USSR
"Toward New Achievements in Measuring Technique" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No 1, ~Tan~Peb 58,
~p 3-~F
CPYRGHT
The following passages are taken from the article;
"In the field of temperature measurement it is planned to develop a
method of measurement ba9ed on radio emission, a radiopyrometer, an ob~ec?-
tive type of spectropyrometer for checking up to 2,500?C, a device for check-
ing radiation pyrometers in the range below zero temperature (down to -100?C),
and metho~ia for checking ac operated industrial optical pyrometers. A method
will be developed for obtaining stable temperatures below lOoK, measurement
of temperature of infrared radiation, measurement of flame temperature up
to 8,000?C for noneteady processe,~s, and a number of thermodynamic measure-
ments, and the design of appropriate instruments will be undertaken as well.
"In the field of magnetic and electric measurements it is planned to
complete the development of methods and devi~es for checking gages and do
instruments having low resistance (up to 10- ), resistors up to 105 ohms
with a precision of 1~ for frequencies up to 50 Mc, weak ac current from
20 microampere up to one milliampere in the, audio-frequency range, standard
measures of capacitance at frequencies below 50 c and down to one cycle,
etc .
"In the field of radiomeasurements, a number of ste~ndard devices for
measuring steady power in the frequency range of 150-x+0,000 Mc will be de-
YhlAped. Also, instruments for measuring current at superhigh frequencies,
the impedance and the parameters of radio-frequency circuits, time parameters
of the pulses, intensity of the field and noise, and the parameters of di-?
electric materials will be developed.
"In the field of frequency and time measurement it is planned to com-
plete the development of a series of standard quartz and molecular oscilla-
tors .
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CPYRGHT
"Ae a result of present work in the field of acoustic measurements,
devices will be built for absolute measurements of ultrasonic pressure.
"At present extensive work is being done on the subject of form~::~-
ting 7-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR
for the years 1959-1965 ,"
27. Analysis of Asymmetrical Performance of Three-phase Rectifier
"The Asymmetrical Performance of a Three-phase Rectifier Supplied
by a Sinusoidal Current," by I . S . Kurdiani and 0. K. I4iomeriki,
Tr. Gruz. politekh. in-ta., Tbilisi, 1956, No 2 (43), pp 91-98
(from Referativn Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 6, May 57,
Abstract No 131 3 `
The article gives an analysis of the operation of a three-phase bridge
circuit of a rectifier, fed by a sinusoidal current source in an asymmetries
cal system. For solving the given problem, a graphoanalytic method of
computation was used, since the classical method of symmetrical components
results in unjustifiable awkwardness and less clarity due to the nonlin-
earity and commutation processes of a rectifier bridge. The degree of asym-
metry of currents of a three-phase system is determined by the relation of
the negative component to the positive component '~ . ~, where I1 is
the virtual value of the symmetrical positive-sequence component and I2
is the virtual value of the symmetrical negative-senuence component. The
indicated coefficient ~ together kith the angle Q clearly determine the
asymmetrical system of currents. Curves are given Yor finding average
values of rectifier current with the coefficient '~ and angle j, pnalyti-
cnl expressions for the voltage between phases .and oscillograme o! voltage
fob certain systems are provided. The results of the 'given analysis may
find practical application in research on asymmetrical systems of compound
wound synchronous generators and in the study oP relay projection on
operative alternating current which often must cperate at ~leymmetrical
shartcircuiting.
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28. Control of Leakage in Cathode-Ram Tubes
"Concerning One Source of Leakage in Cathode~Ray Tubes," by V. I.
Baranovakiy, a. M. Perel'tsveyg, Sb, materialov po vakuumnoy tekh-
1956, No 8, pp 3-8 (from Referativnyy Zhurna_ 1~_ Nlektrotekh-
nika, No 6, May 5?, Abstract No 13076)
The article points out that one of the reasons for leakage in cathode-
ray ?tubes is electron emission from the unprotected ends of the preheater
at the high-voltage input in the stem. P'or type LO-709 tubes, where only
one high-voltage electrode enters the stem, the authors suggested placing
e screen connected to a modulator between the preheater and the anode, which
satisfactorily eliminated the lose due to increased leakage. In other types
of tubes where high loss occurs, the presence of numerous high-voltage leads
in the stem makes a solution of the problem more difficult.
29. Soviet Plans for Develo went of Instrument $uilding Industry
"The Future Path in the Development of the Instrument Building
Industry" (unsigned article); Moscow, Priborostroyeniye, No 1,
,Tan 58, pp 1-3
C PYRG~ article includes the following passages:
"The present instrument building tempo demands the construction of new
instrument building plants because the production capacity of existing
plants is obviously insufficient. Capital investment appropriated for
such construction in 1957 was almost twice that for 1956, which will permit
starting production at several new plants in 1958, including a pyrometric
instrument plan: (which will produce, besides basic equipment, instruments
utilizing radioactive isotopes), plants for manufacturing instruments, which
will also produce new types of level indicators and some medical instruments
(electrophoresis equipment, high-speed centrifuges, etc.), and many others.
"One plant will specialize in production of miniature automation equip-
ment, instruments for the control of air conditioning equipment, etc.
'$y the end o~ 1958 a new plant will start production of electrical
servomechanisms."
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CPYRGHT
"A thermal instrument plant by the end of 1958 will start the productS.on
of variable rre~saure meters and new types of transducers for measuring temper-
ature and pressure fluctuation. Two new plants will start the production
of computers in 1958. In the same year a mass-spectrometer plant and a new
plant for manometers will go into, production. Anew plant now in the con-
struction s~,age will produce instrument fittings, cot:trol components, and
staacYard units for the instruments.
"It should be noted that the construction of the new plants was car-
ried out at a much slower pace than originally planned, so that the increase
of instrument building capacity lags considerably behind the scheduled tempo.
Conotruction of the new plants was conducted last year in an unsatisfactory
manner and therefore should require greater everyday attention on the part
of the sovnarkhozes (counciYs of national economy).
Computers and Automation
30 . Differentiating C1~ cuii:s
"Differentiating Circuits," by A. M. Oranakiy., Tr. R yazansko~o
radiotekh. in-ta., 1956, 1, pp 164-174 (from Referativayy:
Zhurnal -='Elektrotekhnika, No 6, May 57, Abstract No 12893)
The article offers an analysis of the performance of passive differ-
entiating circuits. It is shown that an error in differentiating depends
on the type of exciting function. The error increases with as increase in
the time constant of the differentiating circuit (T) and decreases with an
increase in allowable "observation" time., For a linear input signal, the
differentiation becomes sufficiently accurate at t >-4T. A table is pro-
vided for the quantitative evaluation tithe differentiation error and for the 'selection
of optimum parameters of differentiating circuits. Usually, direct current
negative feedback amplifiers are used for reducing errors iz~ differentiation.
But such amplifiers have considerable deviation, and their parameters depend
on individual tubes. The author suggests a circuit which is free from the
principle errors of differentiating circuits. Such a circuit is obtained
with a capacitance and resistance differentiating circuit if voltage from
a separate source is added to the input voltage which is equal to the drop
in voltage across the resistance of the diffe~?entiating circuit. This ie
easily accomplished by means of a cathode follower. It is pointed out that
this circuit is not susceptible to drift or changes in tube parameters.
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31. Computers Used in Operation of blarshaling Yards
CPYRGHT
"A Computer" (unsigned article); Moscow, Avtomatika. Teleme-?
~ i Svyaz', No 12, Dec 57, p 8
This short article reads as follows:
"At the observation post of the Losinoostrovskaya station, Ncrth~'n Rail-
road, mechanized classification hump a computer was installed.
"At the hump a radar installation which transmits to the computer
the data on the spee3 of the freight car decoupling is also mounted.
"Another device registers and sends data to the machine on the per-
formance of the couplers.
"Having obtained such data, the computer automatically calculates and
estimates the needed braking action for the cars, i.e., assures such a
speed at the time of decoupling that it will smoothly coast and stop just
at the contact with the cars standing on the tracks.
"The new machine (computer] will precisely and automatically perform
the functions of an operator of a mechanized hump and will relieve the car
attendant of heavy and hazardous work."
32. Analog Computer EI-S for Oil rields
"Mathematical Machine for Solution of Subterranean Hydraulic
Problems in Petroleum Mining Industry," by V. I. Loskutov; Mos-
? cow, Priborostroyeniye, No 1, Jan 58, pp ~-9
The solution of subterraner~.n hydraulic problems required the building
of a special mathematical machine based on the principle of electrical model-
ing, i.e., simulation of processes taking place in the oil-bearing strata
by means of special electric circuits.
An analog computer EI-S was recently built and put into operation at
the All-Union Petroleum and Gas Scie~etific Research Institute. The EI-S
machine solves problems related to the development and exploitation of
large oil fields having strata of any configuration and extending ea far
as 120 km. The EI-S model is intended for approximate solution of problems
related to subterranean hydraulics for either steady-state conditions (hy-
draulic pressure conditions) or for the transient-state conditions (elastic
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The basic components o!' the EI-S machine are a matrix of res:is ~,r,i?;:
and capacitors with their service circuits.
The theory of simulating the processes which determine the efficient:
exploitation of the oil field was developed by Prof' F. Pd. Belash. Tli~,
EI-S machine is made of the following units: central zone matrix of uleci;r.i,c
resistors, middle and peripheral zone matrix of electric resistor:;, ini-f:i~:~i..
state unit, functional transformation unit, assigned boundary condi~Lion
unit, a complex of control and metering devices, unit of primary stabilizers,
unit of electronic stabilizers, and th? power supply unit.
The initial values of the problem are placed into the matrix of resist-
ors and capacitors, which has about 20,000 nodal points and a flexible com-
mutation sys~;em permitting the handling of any possible configuration of
the oil-bearing, strata.
The matrix of the model is divided into three zones: the central,
which simulates the behavior of the oil strata; and the middle and peri-
pheral, which have a coarser mesh and are used to simulate the behavior
of the ad3acent water-bearing strata.
The process of the problem solution takes place in 20, 50 or 100
milliseconds, and is periodically repeated at designated intervals.
The EI-S machine incorporates 8,000 election tubes. The power consumption
of the machine is about 60 kw for a "large' problem, and the machine can
be easily serviced by a crew o~ eight men.
It is believed that the EI-S machine will considerably increase the
oil production of the fields.
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Magnetic, Dielectric and Semiconductor Materials
_36_
33? Use of Ascharite Ore in High-Volta e Pr~rcelain
"High-voltage Porcelain with IncreasFd Electromechanical Propcr?-
ties Using Boron-containing Raw Material," by G. N. Boronkof, A.
A . Zvyagilskiy, and N . T' . Kxetova, Tr . Goa . issled . elektrokeram .
in-ta, 1956, No 1, pp 5_16 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Elektro-
tekhnika, No 6, May 57, Abstract No 11 7
Due to the necessity of increasing the mechanical and electrical
characteristics of electrotechnical porcelain, the GIEKI (State Research
Electrical Ceramics Institute) has developed porcelain using boron-containing
(ascharite) ore, alumina, argillaceous materials, and a small quantity of
alkali-earth compounds. Quartz and feldspar are not used. The utilization
of ascharite ore (2Hg0?B203?H20) as the fusing agent, together with CaC03
or BaC03, and also the introduction of commercial A1203:into the mass with
an ircrc~ased amount ;,;' 7orcclain clay resulted in the formation of porce-
lain having a solid structure, in which the mullite crystals form
a netlike net and are evenly distributed in the vitreous phase.
The amount of free glass iri the ascharite porcelain is insig-
nificant, but there is asmall-grained accumulation of -alpha-?
alumina..Bec~use the thermal coeffic.~ent ~~f expansion of ascharite porce-
lain (3.9x10-' degreea-1) is lower than that of ordinary feldspar porcelain
(6x10-6), new glaz~:s were developed (white and brown) in which there was
a small percentage of alkaline oxides.
Due to the more homogeneous structure and other factors, ascharite
porcelain has almost twice thA mechanical strength of feldspar porcelain.
The presence of an alkaline-free vitreous phase results in a greater specific
volumetric electrical resistance and electrical strength in the ascharite
porcelain and sharply reduces thecHelectr3c loss ang~e. The process of prepar-
ing the mass and manufacturing the insulators mA.y he accomplished by the
usual methods used in the production of electrotechnical porcelain. An
additional operation is the introduction of sinter into the mass of as-
charit9 porcelain. The optimum temperature for firing ascharite porcelain
is 1,310-1,330 degrees. Insulators of ascharite and feldspar porcelain
may be fired together, but the sintering range of ascharite porcelain
(30?-40?) is somewhat less than the sintering range of ordinary electro-
technical porcelain (60?-80?). Ther:~ographic and chemical tests conducted
on ascharite ore have shown that for the production of elec+rotechnica?,
porcelain the ore must contain at least 22y6 B203 and 23~~P~~ The density
A p~-o,~ve~~`b~e~asQ'~~9~J/~39/~8S~C4R~f~~~1 ~o~15me~~6 must
p o excee
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3~+, Fsitted cordierite Porcelain
'~Rritted cordierite Porcelain," by S . I . Si1'vestrovich. Tr.:
Moak. khim-tekhnol. in-~ 1956, No 21, pp 100-112 (from Re of r1
atiw Zhurnal ~- Elektrotekhnika No 6, May 57, Abstract N
11
Ordinary feldspar is unable +o meet the demands of-the various fields
of technology. The lqw level of physicomcchanical and thArmal.pa?operties
of feldspar porcelain is due to thu :o~ge (50-60~) amount of quartz~feld~
spy ~treous phase. Tests have been crnducted with f5ritted cordierite '
parcelB~.n (produced in the same manner as ordinary electrotechnical porce~
lain) in which the feldspar was Partially or entirely replaced by frit, a
synthetic vitreous compound of 2Mg0.2A1 0 ?55102, a suitable iron-Pree;cordie-
rite. Fritted glass, obtained by means2o~ fusing magnesite, kaolini..and
quartz sand, ie distinguished by its increased strength, its increased.$olVeat
action in relation to qua~~tz and ax'gill.aceous materials, acid ?ite'tendency
to crystallize, especially in the range of 1,32,Q-.1j380' degrees . The sinter-
ing of cordierite porcelain takes place iv'a narrower temperature range;
hence, this process takes leas time than that by feldspar porcelain.
A distinguished characteristic of the microstructure of cordierite
porcelain is the presence of new crystalline formations apart from the
mullite crystal~e, which are caused by the crystellizatioa of the cordierite
frit. The vitreous phase has a granular quality and is considerab],y lees
thap that of feldspar porcelain. In relation to this, increases of 25-35
percent in the mechanical stability of samples of cordierite porcelain have
been obse~,-vc~i. Also observed have been a higher thermal stability sad
a much $mall.~r coefficient of thermal expansion (0.6-1.5x10'6 per degree
at 80 de~~~~ ~) . Rome increases is mechanical s',.abil'ity have sYeo been ob-
served in samples of feldspar-cordierite porcelain.
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35 . Relation oi' Secondary Emission to Thickness oi' Certa_Ln l~~:etal~; anti
Semiconductors ~---- -~-
"A Study of the Secondary Emission of Some Metals and S emi-
corductors in Relation to Their Thickness," by N. C~. Nakhodkin.,
Nauk. zap. Kyivs'k. un-t ., 1955, 11E, No 8, pp 209-221 (from
Referativnyy ZhurnaJ -- Elektrotekhnika, No 6,1Ray 57, Abstract
No 13023)
Examination of secondary emission characteristics in relation to the
~thicknesa of a test layer makes it possible to determine that portion of
the volume which is involved in the ph~anom~ncn of secondary emission, which
characterizes the effective depth of secondary emise;ion. This depth is
measured by the thickness of the layer at which the relationship of secon-
dary emission characteristics to thickness ceases to exist. The effective
depth of secondary emission is related to the depth of penetration of pri-
mary electrons in a substance as well as with the depth ox" escape of pri-
mary electrons. At first, the effective depth was n~eaeured by the coeffi-
cient of secondary emission on successively sprayed layers of the teat
' material on the base layer. However, the large scs~ttering of experimental
data and the imperfection of methods do not permit generalizations about
. this work. With the use of the wedge method, which. gives moi?.e accurate
results, experiments on effective depth of secondary emissicn were con-
ducted with six different substances: metals and semiconductors (Ag, Cu,
Cr, Sb, Te, Ce) in a specially built tube using an electron gun. A wedge-
shaped layer ~t" the test substance of necessary steepness was deposited on
a glass plate by the vaporization of a spherical, alm~irt pointlike source.
The target with the wedge was placed in the proper position in the electro:;
path by means of a magnet. The error ire determining thy-thickness of the
wedge due to inaccurate knowledge of 'the geometry of the system and weight
CPYRGHT`'f the volati,'_:s substance was estima~ed at appremimately ?0-23 percent.
The results of the experiment are given in the following table.
Energy of Pri-
Effective Depth
Coeff of Secon- mary Electrons
of Secondary
Maxin~umission Vp max. (v~lta)
Substance
Emission z0 (m~ )
Ag 1.1-`7 800
9-l0
cu 1.35-1.4G 600
10-11
Cr 1.35 600
!~ .5 _6
-3$-
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CPYRGHT
The basic conclusions were ns follows; (a) with a change from pure
metals to semiconductors the effective depth increases; and (b) in the
tented internal V the effective dept:i does not depend on the energy of
primary electrons the increase in effective depth in the change from metals
to semiconductors may be explainedt~- a decrease in lose of the primary
elec~~rons due to a decrease in concentration of conduction electrons.
Miscellaneous
36. New Electrography_ I~titute Organized in Lithuanian, SSR
"Institute of Electrography" (unsigned article), Moscow, Izveat-
~~ No 23$, 6 Or_t 57, P 3 ''
A Scientific Research Inati~tute of Electro~aphy (Tyauchno-Isslede~?s+_.ei.'-
skiy Institute L'1.ekfrografYi~1, of the Lithuanian SSR was organized in Vil'-
nyus. The institute is under the sovnarkhoz system of the Lithuanian SSR.
`She institute has been given a new building in the city for its laboratories
and shops.
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37. 5treoa and Deforrnation of an Tlastic Medium Studied
"An Elastic Medium With a Cylindrical Cavity," by G. r,. Chn.nk-
vetadze, Tr. Cruz. politekhn. in-ta, No 6 (47), 156, pp 3~y_l,(,,
( from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Melchanika, No 11, Nov 5'r, Abp trac t
No ] 2981 by S . V . Boyarshinov)
The stress and deformation constants of an inf:~nite elastic medium
havinE; a cylindrical cavity and loaded at a certain end section with a uni-
form internal pressure are studied. The solution is achieved by methods
of the mathematical theory of elasticity and is represented in Legendre
polynomials.
38? Effect of Holes in a Bod under Stress Studied
"The Effect of Circular and Crescent-Shaped Openings on Stresses
During Pure Shear," by M. A. Savruk, _Nauchn. Zap. L'vovsk. poli-
tekhn. in-t, No 38, 1956 (1957), pP 126-135 (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal -- Mekhanika, No 11, Nov 57, Abstract No 13011 by Ya. S.
Uflyand)
A plane proulem of the theory of elaetic~ty for an infinite body
weakened by openings, the shape of which was formed by the two arcs of
their mutually intersecting circumferences, is considered. The author
propof~es that at infinity the body will be in a condition of pure shear.
Using bipolar coordinates, two cases are studied: (a) one opening
having the form of a symmetrical circular opening (the solution has the
farm of the expansion of a Fourier integral) and (b) two circular open-
ings of simi~ar radius (the solution is presented in the form of a
trigonometric series). Numerical results pertaining to the concentration
of stresses are obtained in both cases.
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3'~~. New ;.soviet f'rofilorneter
"New F'iezoeleet~ic profilometer," by V. A. Yegorov and A. N.
Kartasheva; Mo3cow Izmeri~t;el'naya Tekhnika, No 5, Sep/Oct 5'l,
PP 15-1C
Research work at the A11-Union Scientific Research Institute of the
Committee on Standards, Mea:,ures, and Measuring Instruments has succesa-
.Cully produced an experimental model of a new piezoelectric profilometer,
designated DD, for measuring the roughness of surfaces in Chases 5-12 under
GOST 2789-51. The instrument was built at the Moocow 'lviati.~n Tech~r~ological
Institute and consists of a piezoelectric probe, an amplifier, and a motor
drive.
The probe consists of an electromechanical transducer which converts
the vibrations of the feeler into electrical oscillations. The piezoelement
in the probe consists of two 40 x 8 x 0.35-mm plates of barium metatitanate
reinforced at the base. The feeler at the free end consists of a fixed
sapphire needle with a radius of curvature of 10 microns at the point. ~?
The amplifier unit consists of a double cascade voltage amplifier with
two 6N2P twin triodes (left half). The right half of the first amplifier
tube is used for reducing interferences (by negative feedback), an3 the
right half of the second 6N2P tube acts as a phase inverter for matching
the output amplifier, which is nonaymmetrical in respect to ground, with
the pusri-pull circuit of the square-law rectifier. A voltage divider sepa-
rates the cascades of the amplifier. A slide switch can be installed in
four positions. The instrument has four measuring ranges: 0 - 0.1, 0 -?0.4,
0 -1.6,, and 0 - 6.4 microns.
The square-law rectifier consists of a push-pull rectifier circuit with
two 6N15P twin triodes. The circuit operates on the plate-detection princi-
ple.
The indicator is an M-24, Class 1, Microammeter. The drive motor is
sn AF'~~S-5, 18-volt induction motor. The probe moves at a rate of 2 mm per
second.
Tests on the profilometer ah;,w that the indication error does not exceed
plus-minus 18 percent (the Phillips instrument has an indication error of
plus-minus 25 percent, the KV-7 plus-minus 15 percent, and the PCh-2 plus-
minus 25 percent).
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CPYRGHT
The profilometer can be uued to measure the roughness of u i'.l~at. :.~~~
face, an outE~:Lde cylindriral surface (up to 1~~-torn ~i:t.nmeter) , tend un i.r~.~.i ~!~
cylindrical surface (up to 38-mm diameter) to a depth of 300 rnm. Th~~ e~ntir~:
instrument, including the motor, weighs 11.8 k~;.
~~0. Improved Reversing Rolling Mill Motors
"Flywheelless Assemblies for Main Drives of Reversing Rolling
Mills," by B. R. C;endel'man; Moscow., Elektrichestvo, No 12, Dec
57, pP 8-13
The following passages are taken from the article:
"Thus, for example, the previously used 7,000 hp (50/120 rpm) motors
with a rate, torque of Inn ton meter 'had the flywheel moment of 385 ton
m2, i . e . -~ equal to 3.85 .
"The new 7,500 hp (60120 rpm) rolling motor of the "Elektrosila"
plant has a rated torque of 89 ton m and flywheel moment of 275 ton,m2,
2
i .e .,~'M equal 3 .l .
"The KhEMZ (Khar'kov Electrical Machinery Plant) manufactures a rolling
motor PBx 250/145 type, 4,600 kw, 70/120 rpm, for which the value of this
ratio has been reduced to 2.2.
"Due to the reduction of the flywheel moment, the reserve power avail-
able for rolling is substantially increased. Also, the time consumed in
control operations (start, reversal) has been reduced below that for
identica 1 loading. Besides, there is a possibility of obtaining rolling
motor acceleration of the order 120-15~~ rpm per sec.
"The manufacturing of do motors to drive the auxiliary m311 mechanisms
has begun recently, in whicr. the ratio -G~2- is equal to 0.26, while in the
previously used motors .such A ratio was #'rom 0.6 to 1.5 ."
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Voltage of Kuybyshev-P~ioscow Power Line E~nioed to 500 ICV
"ICuybyohev Giant O~,eraten at ru11 Capacity," (unsigned article);
Moacow~ (~?~otekhninheekoyo$troitcl'etvo, No 12, Dec 57, pp 1-2
CPYRGH~assa~,e from the article reads as follows ;
"The fixtures and equipment installed on the Kuybyshev-PQoscow electric
power transminUion line were such as to perm~,t the raising of the line volt-
age up to 500 kv, thus increasing the power-transmitting capacity of the
line in the direction of DSoscow 31F o and in the direction of the Urals I+096 ,"
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Vl. ML:UtCtiVl.
Bacte,riolo~ry
h2. Chemical Characteristics of B. pestis Growth Stimulators
"Isolation crud Chemical Character9. sties of the Active Fructlorr
of lysate of Microorganism 'Feeders' Whicir Stimulate the Growth
of the Plague Pathogen," by A. A. Krichevskaya and K. S. Kar-
puzidi, Tr? Rostovsk.-n.-D. Gos? N.-I. 1'rotivo:humt:.. In-ta
(Works of the Rostov-na-Donu Scientific Research Antiplague In-
stitute), No 10, 195, pp 5~~-59 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal--
CPYRG Biol~1`~~' No 21, 10 Nov 57, Abstract No~9~7r 2,^by G, P. Kalina)
"An active, water-soluble fraction was isolated from the lysate of
Sarcinia 'feeders,' which stimulates the growth of B. pestis. Its activ-
ity was 1,000 times grer?.+,,er than that of the natural lysate. The method
of preparation was as follows: the lysate was centrifuged for 10 minutes
at 3,000 rpms; the super,?natant liquid was separated and ammonium sulfate
was added to it (45 ~; per 100 ml); the protein was separated by centrifu-
gation at'ter 2 hours and dissolved in a small quantity of water; insoluble
residue was removed by centrifugation; and the water-soluble protein from
the supernatant fluid was precipitated with an equal volume of acetone,
washed with acetone, and dried on filter paper. One milligram is added
to one liter of medium."
~}3? Biological Characteristics of B stis Cultured on Media With Growth
Stimulators
"A Study of the Basic Biological Characteristics of the Plague'
Pathogen Upon Culturing and Prolonged Preservation on Media
Containing a Growth Stimulator (lysate of Microorganism 'Feed-
ers')," by K. S. Karpuzidi and A. M. Kokhlova,Tr. Rostovsk.-n.-
D. Gos. N.-I. Protivochumn. In-ta (Worlts of the Rostov-na-Donu
State Scientific Research Antiplague Institute), No 10, 1956
pp 60-68 (from Referativn 7t~urnal--Biologiya, No 21, 10 Nov
CPYRGf-f~ Abstract No 9~3; by G. P. Kalina
"The addition of Sarcinia 'feeders' to a culture medium on which B.
pestis is being cultured is not reflected in the biological characteris-
tics, virulence, biochemical activity, or antigenic characteristics, and
does not increase or decrease the duration of the viability of B. pestis,
but it does extend the period of growth. The authors recommend lysate as
a growth stimulator az"ter B. pestis cultures have been isolated."
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CPYRGHT
R~:t3~crrckz err Dr~zci_ll.ct, f'~rutc~ut?r~l.lrz,~~in~:l ~1'~.rJ,~r.rt.rrin I3aat~r-i~~
"f)~?r~:;treriderll 'Tnvcstitjuti.1 unil c~~ l.loctj.ve c,:rfc?L-y
clurin~; thr: uti;l.l.zr~~tion oi' tira.r, inc~:ctictdc. Lver?y worker.' shoals; (;ct
sp~,ca~.~l instruction. 'i'lu.? uti:Li::zcl;ion oi' t;hi:~ pr?cpc.lr:.ation can be :.iccom-
p.lishccl on:iy by cent?,ral control. Juveniles, preE;nant tromen, and nursing
moi;ire:?s siroul.d rro~t lie Parinitted to ~rorlt with rnercaptophos .
''iviez?cuptopiros should he applied mainly by aviation spraying. Avi-
~yti.on cletuchments utilizing; urcrcaptophos should be protected by sui'ficient
urnorrrrt of rpeciul clothing whictr consists oi' two changes for each worker.
The cl::n~e c;hou].d consist o!:'; overalls with a IreLnet, apron made oi' poly-
chlorvin?~.1., ch^nrl.cally si~?sble glove, special shoes, gogles, and respi-
r?:stors equl.pped :rl.?th crctiva~tec:l rhurcor_il. The spraying; should be done only
in the mornini; or during; tlrc latter port oi' the day. Daily tirorh with
me.rcccptophos should not extend beyond !F hours. The local population
sho~zld bc~ ini'ormed oi' the place and time oi' aviation spraying. For 3 days
ui'tcr? spraying, people should not be per?rnitted to enter the treated area.
"hlcrcaptol.hos, us bell as the apparatus and equipment, should be
stored in a separate, special place in hez?metically sealed packages with
the notation 'poison.' MercapLophos can be issued only with the signature
oi' the authorized chief oi' the detachment. It is necessary to treat the
mercaptophos paclcaginl, with lime; i?t should not be reused. Areas where
mtrcaptophos is being prepared for application should be at least 200
meters i'rom any populated are:.>, and sources of drinking water. Workers
sho~.r] d ~~c.t their rood in special areas rnore than 100 meters from the place
wiierc the ruel?cuptophos is tieing prepared. Smolcing is i'ozbidden. Worlc
:aitli::rcrcwptophos shOUld be conducted only under the constant observation
of a meci.ical ;~rorkcI?. i3ei'cre beginning work, the workers should undergo
a prclirrinczry r.reclical examination.
"Cuntraindicatic^s f'or :rorl: with mercaptophos should be noted. It
is necessary to determine ~tirc cholinesterase activity of the blood of all
?.JOrl;ers rrorkin~ with r:rercaptophos i'rom the dr..y they begin to wori; and once
every ; or It days ciu.ring their work. If any lowered cholinesterase ac-
i;ivity i~ oUcerved, the arorlcers should be transferred to other work unt!.1
i:he original activity or ?thc enzy-r.e a.s restored. The maximum permissabl.e
concentz?ation of mercaptophos is approximately 0.00002 mg~liter."
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j'~. .~iU.Ct.1.ti.Lr'y Prcruttt;.l.onr; Dttt'ittt; UUC o'1' bletraphoo
"'i'he Pt'eventlon o:t' Icrtox:tcu~Llon IIttri.ng the A~;t'iculturul Use oi'
tlte. New Oi'brfa,nophosphortts Tnsccticidc, Metuphoa," by I. T.
13r~il:hnovu, Kiev, 1)56, acr'iyu Obmen Opytout, bli~ (i':rom Meditsin-
~ ~~.tly Reicratlvnyy Zhurnul, Pcrz?~t r+, Nov 5, Ma~,y 57, Moscow, p 19)
CPYRGni -
"Metaphos is prepared in the f'oxm of u 2.5,E dust with an inert f'illei;
and is pt?ucticully incolublc :in water. It i:t readily soluble in inorganic
solvents . The pt?ep;xrutiott Call be introduced into an organism and produce
toxicity through the respiratory tract, the uncovered skin, the eyes, or
the gastrointestinal tract. ArI absolute lethal dose of chemically pure
n:etuphos for white mlc~ is appr;.xima?tely 40 mg~kg, and far rats 30 mg~kg.
the predominant symptoms in the clinical picture of acute intoxication
by metaphos indicate an af'f'liction of the nervous system. If safety regu-
latlons are not observed during manufacturing, the preparation may enter
the organism of the workers over a protracted period of time. Daily ad-
ministration oi' small doses to animals for 3-fj months indicates that
metaphos possesaes an express cumulative action. Chronic intoxication of
animals is characterized by sluggishness, lowered appetite, and sharp lass
of weight. One of the early indications of intoxication is lowered cho-
li~testerase activity. An irnportant diagnostic indication, especially
expressed during chronic intoxication by Ietaphos, is the development of
toxic anemia. A study of labor hygiene conditions during the utilization
of metaphos dust fn agricttl~ture (aviation dusting) indicated that, in the
workers' zone, ttte concentration of the insecticide reached 'hundreds and
thousands o1' parts of a milligram per liter.' When safety regulations
were not observed, headaches, dizziness, nausea, and difficulty in breath-
ing were frequently encountered. Small decreases in cholinesterase ac-
tivity were observed, as were shifts in vegetative reactions e.g.,
increased tonus of the parasympathetic nervous system.
"To ensure the safety of workers who handle metaphos, it is necessary
to adhere to the following regulations: all the work should be done under
the direction of a responsible agronomist with constant observation on the
condition of tite workers' health by a:he medical personnel who should be
present at the site. A person selected for work with metaphos should
undergo a preliminary medical examination. Contraindications for work
with metaphos should. be listed. Juveniles, pregnant women, acid nursing
mothers slloulci not be permitted to work with metaphos. During the pre-
liminary medical examination, the following should 'oe tested: cholin-
esterase activity, blood sertun, complete blood analysis, blood pressure,
EKG, and the condition of the vegetative nervous system. Work with meta-
phos should not be continued for more than l+ hours a day. All the workers
should be protected with special equipment which should be laundered no
less thn.n than every 'j-10 days. It is also necessary to wear goggles,
respirators, and rubber gloves.
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CPYRGHT
"'Phe ~.rti:lization of uteL'ctplu~s a,r, p~:r?tn fled only in l:ol.kho?~es c;~nd cov-
]cltoc;; rtncl I;Itett c~ttly w:Ll.lt ;~peclc.il ;tirp,t~?c~tu::.. 1~1.c1d:; sltould be treated
with utetapho;~ during tltr_ utorntntr until evc:nint hotu?;,, w:ltli ..t tritid velocity
oi' 3 meter;; per sccorul. 13c:Core Lltc tirot:?Ic bc~:lns, the local. population
ohoi.tld bc~ wttl?necl that moas~tl?ct; allould be t~tlccn t.tp to 1-2.`; lci:lontetet?s
from ti-tr. t;LI'ca whirh it; to be treated in order i;o protect tltemselvcs, their
clomt~stic animals, and s0l.lrcc;: oi' clI?inlcing ti~uter. IIwnlns and pastt.tre ani-
ttucl:; J110tI1d rtot be perms-fled to entc,.? -the treut;ecl urea for ~ or. 3 days; .
"The: rnctaphou puckugl.ng slloul_d be uui?ned in a ; pocial, separate place.
In the ??rurehou:te, metuphoc shoul.cl be stored in special packages i~tith
proper markings, and should Ise role,:tared from fife ti~tar. choose only by written
rclracc from the director o:I' the lccl.khoz oi? covkho~. Necessary measures
tni.ISt be tulcen to provide i'or 1:`lrst ;.Lid uncl ntedicul assistance."
~6. S;si'e~ty in Handling Agricultural Chemicals
"WoI?lc Experience of a Fcldsher-Midwife Station on the Prophy-
laxis oi' Poisoning by Chemicals.,," by 1K. ya. PeI?lcuta, feldsher-
rni?~,~ife, Moscow, Fel'dsher i Alcusherka, No E3, Aug 57, pp 52-53
Agz?icultural chemicals contain arsenic, salty of hydz?ocyanic s.cid,
fluorine compounds, and other chemical substances which are dangerous
to the health of hwnans. When grain and other agricultural products are
being treated with insecticides, the air becomes contt3rainated and the
chemicals can enter the organism through the mucous membranes and the
skin, causing acute and chronic poisoning. Unless proper precautions are
ta.lcen, the chemicals can also enter the organism -through the gastroin-
testinal tract. The author therefore insists that workers be properly
:lnstr~tcted on the use of respirators or gauze teaslcs and o,n the careful
washing of their hal~ds before eating.
f31. health llazardc to Persons Working I~Iear High-Frequency Electromagnetic
Fields
"Observations of the State oi' Health of Persons Working in
Electrotagnetic Fields of High-frequency Currents," by V. G.
Piskunova, V . S . Anatovslcaya, hi. D. Truten' , and A. B. Tderu-
benko; Moscow, Gigiyena Trudy i Professionalniye Zabolevaniye,
PIo b, Idov~Dec 57, p 27
On 1~,lle 1~,"sis of data p>:?esented in this article concerning the health
of 12J p::I?sons wlio, in their work, were e:cposed to electr. omagnetic fields
set up bar high-frequency currents, the authors make the follo~ring con-
clusions:
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CPYRGHT
"l. I~utietional changes in 'the concl:ltion of tiic centz?ul nervous
s,y~tem unpcla,red in worker:; working near High-frequency currents .
"2. The changes tacrc unstable and not inclined to be pro6ressive.
"3. Nervous-system changes were more pronounced in persons working
near ~. generator than in persons Working farther away.
"l~. Women apparently are snore sensitive to the action of a high-
frequency current.
"5. The following sanitary measures should be introduced;
"a. Workers should be protected from electric and magnetic
fields (screened, shorter exposure time). .~
"1~. A suitable work and rest regime should be established."
Radiology
82. Radioactive Phos horns Proved Most Effective in Treating Erythremia
"The Use of Radioactive Phosphorus in Treating Erythremia," by
J. Kiauleikis, Sveikatos Apsauga, 1956, 8, ?.5-20 (Lithuanian)
(from Meditsinskiy_Referativnyy Zhurnal, Vol I+, Section 1, Apr
~~, , pp 5 -55
At the department of Hospital Therapy of the Republic Hospital of
Kaunas, radioactive phosphorus i~ras used in treating eight patients suffer-
ing from erythz?emia, from 1951+ to 1956. The average dose was 6 milli-
curies P32, Good therapeutic results were observed in all cases. The
author comes to the conclusion that P32 is the most effective means for
treating erythremia.
83. Therapy by Radioactive Fhos~phorus Proved Best Method in Mycosis
A'ungoides
"Case of Mycosis Fungo~.des Treated by Radioactive P32 Used In-
ternally (per os)," by J. Lelis and S. Oboleviciute, Sveikatos
A sau a, 1956, 8, 21-23 (Li?triuanian) (from Medi'csinskiy Ref-
erativnyy Zhurnal, No I+, Section 1, Apr 57, p 152
A 40-year-old patient suffering from Mycosis fungoides in 'the tumer-
ous stage was subjected to treatments by radioactive phosphorus, in-
ternally, per os, according to the method of tr=eating leukemia. Favorable
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??~~:;,ilt:, 1r~~r?cr oh~t,.~i.necl. '.l'hc at1~t'.lu7r ;;ra;rc that ?tlu: ttrc oi' radioactive pilos-
pl[ot?~t:.; fe,r? ~I;rcai,i.n~; i;h1.:; d1.:crt;~e is k;~ L':.~r? h~.~ttez? i;h::~n the ire,c o1' c;.r[y
oL-hcr m~~tl[od.
~;1[. X-Ruy Tl~[erc~py Proved Beneficial in Third-St.a~e Tz?achom?z
"Uce o1' X Rayc in Trca~tmcnt of Th:I.rd-Stage Tx?achorna," by L. Xa.
It..ilc:;on and Xe. S. Vanshteyn, Shoz?ni.k Infoz?[natcionno-
bietodicl[eclcikh Matez?ialov In-ta it _ni Ge1'mgol'tsu Collection
of Ir[formaL-ion -- Motliodicctil Data of the Irrc;tittrte imeni Gel' -
m~;~l'?ts) , Ile 1F, 1950, 111[-1.1.h (from Meclttsinskiy Ref'erati?fnyy
Zlnrrnal, No lE, Sect:Lon '', Apr >'(, pp 1T~'T_1 [C, i
Thirty-four patient:: sui'fcrinS from third-degz?ee tracho~na were
treated by X rays (single dose, 30 z?, and total o:f 3UG-350 r). In In
patients X-.r.;xy therapy was in conjunction with massage by synthomycin,
biomycin, and albucide. The remaining patients were treated only by
X rays. Trcat[nent by X rays in combination with massage and antibiotics
showed uo advantages over treatment with X rays alone. Tn conclusion,
roentgenotherapy exerted beneficial efi'ccts on third-stage trachoma.
35 ? Simple, Sai'e Measuz?i[ig lIopper fbr Radioactive Substances Designed
"Measuring IIopper for Radioactive Substances" (unsigned arti-
cle), Nleditsinskiy Rabotnik. Plo 1 (lf-,45), 3 ~'an 58, p 4
A measuring hopper f'or radioactive substances, suggested by Assistant
M. S . Rozanov, leas been desigr_ed at the Chair o.f' Medical Radiology of the
Central Institute fbr the Advanced Training of Physicians. This instru-
ment is used for measuring the dosage oi' therapeutic preparations of
radioactlv~ iodine used in treating thyreotoxic;osis.
The apparatus consists of a glass pipette which holds the radio-
active fluid which is released from a special reservoir b~- means of a
type of rotary pu[up. The pipette is automatically filled with a given
vol~.un~ oi' i'luid which in turn is admitted into the underlying vessels
after the addition of a constant ~~olume (about 1+0 ml) of water.
Paraffinned paper cups containing the radioactive fluids are moved
on special rails with electrometers from protected shelves, and taken by
patients wile are to drink the preparations. Used paper cups are discarded
into special containers.
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The neta c~ppai?utua :Lu oi' grrrlt convenience to ?the attending personnel
because of t;tie quick alul accurate measuring o:P the quantity o#' the prepa-
rufion ucLnin%stered to patience and because of complete protection from
ir?racliation by radioactive substances .
This measuring hopper can be used i',ir measuring not only radioactive
iodine, but also variouE radioactive, toxic, and disini'ecting substances.
b6. Change,?s in CarbohydrrL~t;e Metabolism Following Total Irradiation of
Experimental Animals by Small. Medium, and Large Doses of X Rays
Changes in Carbohydrate Metabolism Following Total Irradiation
of Animal Organisms by X Rays," by B. M. Grayevskaya and R. Ya.
Keylina~, Vopi?. Radiobiologii, Leningrad, 195b, 352-356 (from
Ref'erativn Zhurnal -- Biolo i , No 12, 25 Jun 57, Abstract
No 53079, p ~2
No changes were observed in thr., arterial blood sugs,r content of ex-
perimental animals irradiated w9.th 300-500 r. of. X rays. However, tests
with adrenalin proved definite disruption of hepatic gtycogenesis. Resto-
ration of this function was observed in rats in 4 days, and in dogs in
J-15 days, after total irradiation.
. After irradiation by 1,000 r, liver glycogen depots remained depleted,
and de;zth occurred within 9-15 days after total irradiation. Irradiation
with 2..~J00 r caused a sharp decrease of liver glycogen content, and death
fol~~,,,.~-~d in 3-5 days.
a7. Changes oi' Conditioned Reflex Activity of Dogs Following Var ng
X-Ray Doses
"Change5i of Conditioned Reflex Activity of Dogs Following X-Ray
Irradiation," by P. I. Lomonos, Vopr. Radiobiologii, Leningrad,
195b, 5-ly (from Ref'erativn Zhurnal -- Biolo i a, No 12,
25 Jun 5'(, Abstr. act No 530 2, p '2
Conditioned reflexes of dogs irradiated by 300-1,500 r which were
reinforced by 0.25 solution of HC1 were observed to be increased for
positive conditioned reflexes b0~i during the first and second days after
irradiation, there was noticeable disinhibition of differentiation, and
the latent period of conditioned reflexes was shortened. No changes were
? observed dux~i::,~ the second and third days after irradiation in dogs in
whom conditioned reflexes were fortified by meat-sugar powder, but after
the third day there was a slight increase, and starting with the 7th-8th
day conditioned reflexes started to decrease. After irradiation, the
inhibitory process was intensified without any signs of decreasing the
foz?ce of the stimulating process.
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Both s1nL;lc and repc~.tited irradiat:io~i oi' the ibdominal organs by
700-1E,000 r i'ollowi.ng reinf'orccmcnt oi' condil-~,:_,ncrd x?ri'lexen by meat-sugar
powder ~liurply clecre~.~:,ed the value of positive conditioned rci'lexcs (50-
"(0>v) cturinbr the i'irct days aftex? irradiation. (Durint, L?he first 30
cer_ondtz even unconditioned x?ei'1.exec decreased.) Ai`terward, conditioned.
reflexes gradually increased, althou~,h in some cases they did not rise to
the original value even after a long time. No s-:rarp changes were observed
in ca;;es where conditioned reflexes were rein forced by 0.2 jN IiC1 solution.
83. Distribution of Phosphoric Es-tors of Choline and Lth lene in a Living
Ox gsnism
CPYRGHT
"Distribution, Rate of Exchange, anal Conversion oi'~.he Phos-
phoric Esters oi' Choline and Ethylene in a Living Organism,"
by P. A. Komatiani, L. L. Tkeshelashvili, and T. A. Ofsyanko,
Tx_'ua,~ Pervo Zakavkazslcoy Konferentsii po Meditsinskoy Radi-
ologii, Wox?lcs of the first Transcn.ucasian Conference on Medi-
cal Rad:Lology), 195b, pp 262-269; (a'rom Meditsinslciy Referativnyy
Zlutrnal, Part TV, No 5, May 57, Moscow, p by
"The experiments tirere conducted on rats; inorganic phosphate and phos-
phoric esters oi' choline and ethanol_antine, labeled 1+rith radioactive phos-
phorus (P32)~ were utilized. It was determined that the phosphori~~ ~:?~..~rs
of choline and ethanolamine are contained in various organs and tissues in
comparatively large amounts (in fresh tissue varying be~cween 2 and 12 mg~;
the lar~{est amounts are found in the liver and the smallest in the mus-
cles). The exchange of these esters proceeds rather intensively and
approaches the restoration rate of phosphoproteids and macroergic com-
pounds. Phosphoric esters of choline and ethanolamine are not formed by
the decomposition of phospholipids, but as a direct result of phosphoryli-
zation."
Su.~~
89. Soviet "IIeax~t-Lung" Apparatus Permits Artificial Circulation and
Intracardiac Sur er on Cardiac Valves and Chambers
"Outstanding Achievements in Cardiac Surgery" (unsigned, arti-
clE~), Moscow, M_editsinslci Rabotnik, No 9 (1653), 31 Jan 58,
p 3,
lIistorical progress in cardiac surgery is presented with particular
compliments to Soviet surgeons who as early as 1930 saw the possibility
of intracardiac surgery. Such research was res~nrred after the war. In
response to the need for intracaxdiac surgery, the Institute 3.meni A. V.
Vishnevslciy, in conjunction with the Scien ~i~f'
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Exper:irncrttal Surgic~.tl Appr:tratus and Instruments, and under the ~{tzidance
of hl . C . /lruxn' yev, director oi' the institute, and of Ye . A . Vaynrib,
Candid.tte of Physicomrsttiematical Sciences, has developed and experimented
with artificial circulation for bringing about intracardiac operations.
The pump System and the oxygenation set up in this apparatus are
et'1'icient and differ ft?om non-Soviet models. This apparatus is called
ttte "AIK" (the so-culled Soviet "heart-lung" apparatus). It is compact
and easy to use. It has been successfully used in experimental and in
clinical work. Its output may be as high as 10 liters per min, and it
can s~Lturate blood with oxygen up to 10U~,. Prominent men engaged in this
work and apparatus inchzde engineers, surgeons, hematologists, and physi-
ologists. `1'wo such instruments are described; one the "5B-3" constructed
under the direction of S. S. I3ryukhonenko, which is for experimental use
and a second, the "AIK," for clinical use.
On 24 January 1y58, an 11-year-old boy ;aas presented to the con-
ference of the Moscow Society of Surgeons. The boy had been operated on
for stenosis of'~the pulmonary artery. The heart was excluded from the
circulation, and artificial circulation apparatus wP.;7 used. Retails of
the operation on this boy are reviewed. Results include improved respira-
tory function, disappearance of cyanosis, etc. In this case, the heart
was isolated from the circulation for 10 minutes, and artificial circu-
lation was used for 25 minutes. This "heart-lung" apparatus makes it
possible to repair cardiac valves and chambers. After the apparatus is
connected, `.he heart is excluded from the circulation, but continues to
beat with the frequency of the apparatus. A photograph of "AIK" apparatus
and a sketch of artificial circulation within the heart accompany the
article.
Mis cellazzeous
y0. Institute of Thera y, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR Expands
"Expansion of the Institute of Therapy" (una~~igned article),
Moscow, Meditainskiy Rabotnik, No 17, 28 Feb 58, p 3
The Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry USSR has handed over to the
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR its building, which the academy has
assigned to the Institute of Therapy. The building will now house a new
department established in the institute and a 500-bed clinic with labor
ratories.
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`l 1. Plew !lo;:.pitulo in Iiun~r,
";Jew IIospita7_s in iiLtn~rary" (unsigneil article), iudapest, Iietfoi
}[.i relt, 30 Sep 57, p 1
A new, I+00-i.~cd hospital is beinu built in Sztalinvuros near the a]_-
i?eady completed dispensary.
Plans have been completed for a 480-bed hospital in Diosgyor. p,
dispensary cupa,ble of hn.ndling 2,000 patients per day will be built at
the same time as the hospital.
Both Soii'o}t and Fehergyarmat are to get 260-bed hospita,is soon.
Other hospitals will be built in Karcag and Salgotar,jan.
92. Hunirari;:in Fospitals and Medical Facii ities To Be Extended
"The Heal~ttt Committee Recommends Appropriation Amounting To
Thirty Million Forints for the Purchase of Salk Serum," by
Sz. C.; Budapest, Esti Hirlap, 15 Nov 57, p 6
Ls.szlo Cserba, head of the Main Administration, Ministry of Health,
said at a meeting of the Committee on Social and Health Affairs that during
the Three-Year Plan the number of hospital beds in Hungary would be in-
creased by 2,000 ~to 2,200, while the number cf medical districts would be
increased by nearly 200.
The construction of a 1,200-bed hospital and megye health center in
Miskolc will be completed. A 400-bed polyclinic gill be established in
Pecs, and the old clinic will be turned into a hospital; the former castle
in Hatvan will be converted into a hospital, as will one of the barracks
in Salgotar,jan. Construction of a hospital will begin in Fehergyarmat.
Large medical dispensaries will be built at Ozd and in District III
of nudapest.
The obstetrical clinic of Pecs and the ophthalmic clinic of Szeged
will be renovated.
Isotope laboratories will be established at 24 hospitals.
In 1957, the central laboratory of. Szeged is to receive an electron
microscope. The universities at Pecs and Debrece will have such micro-
scopes soon.
Each megye is to receive a high-powered disinfecting truck.
In 1958, the Ministry of Health would like to spend about 30 million
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93? Ultrasonics in Crystallization of High-'T'emperature Aluminum Arlo s
~'._
Effect of U'Ltrasonic Oscillations on Primary Crys+,allization
of Aluminum P.Iloys," by V. I. Slotin and. G. I. Eskir~; Moscow,
Izvesti~a A}cademii Nauk SSSR, Otde_leniye Tekhnicheskikh Nault,
No 9, Sep 57, PP 33-3
Molten heat-resistant aluminum alloy of the A1-Cu-Mg-Si system con-
taining (yin percentage by weight) 2.0 Cu, 0.8 Mg, 2.5 Si, 1.0 Ni, 1.0
Pe, 0.3 Zi, and the remainder alumin~im was treated by a high-frequency,
100-watt, 800-kc generator at an intensity of 7-8 watts~cm .
The ultrasonically treated casting and a con~rol casting were halved
and OT1e half of each was heat-treated. Mechanical tests on the four
specimens showed that the tensile strength and hardness of the ultrasonical'~y
treated cast increased 20-25~, and 25-2'j`#i for the heat-treated specimen.
At the same time elongation not only did n.ot decrease but had a certain
tendency to increase.
Microstructural investigations showed that ultrasonic oscillations
improved the lattice structure of secondary crystallization and promoted
firer structure in the cast and heat-treated materials. They also pro-
duced a more uniform distribution of the decomposi~~ion products of the
solid solution along the grain boundaries.
The authors say that such treatment cou1S be put into practice in the
manufacture of small high stress items.
i
9~. New Casting Technology of Bearing Alloys
"New Technology of Applying B-83 Antifriction Alloy to the
Thrust Bearin6 Segments of a I~ydY'ogenerator," by N. N. Mosolov
and P. R. Virrilep; Leningrad, Sbornik "Elektro~ila", No 1~,
1956, pp 93-9~+
The thrust bearing of a large modern hydraulic generator supports
a specific pressure of 3,000 kg~cm2 and operates at a'peripheral speed
of 20 m/sec. The segments of such a ?;;hrust bearing are made oP 31~- to
120-mm-thick steel plates coated with a layer of B-$3 bearing metal, The
principal difference between the new technology oP applying the bearing
metal and that of the conventional casting technology lies in the fact
that the B-83 bearing alloy ie appl;ed to the base metal of the segments
not in the molten state, but in the form of pregeed plates.
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T}ie i3-E~3 bearing u11oy plntcL are cast separately into the metal mol~i;~
in the :;hi.ipe Llke hurt of the sLce1 segments, `1'he B-83 bearing plutea
thug; cu:;t arc ttren placed in special press dies, heated to 19U-20~)oC r~rd
subjected to u pressure of 800 '~.g~cm2. AFtei? the precs;.ng operation, tlrc
plate .rernuiniug in the die is coated with PUS-la0 tin solder. The steel
segments, previously h:~ated to 220?C, are th^n place~~. over the B-83 bear-
ing plates and the whole assembly is subjected to 1.5-2.0 kg~cm2 pressure.
Under the action of pressure and temperature the B-83 bearing alloy perZe-
trz:tes Into the Lrooves of the steel segment and also solders firmly on
the whole surface of the contact.
The composition oi' the B-83 bearing alloy is approximately 83~ Sn,
llyb Sb, and 6~}6 Cu. `?'he tensile strength, hardness, ductility, and
microstructure of ttie B-83 bearing metal processed by t'~is new method
are superior to those of the metal produced by th%- conventional method.
The application of this new technique in thc;:rianufacture of the
tiydrogenerator foz? the Kuybyshev Station will save approximately one ton
of B-33 mE?ta1 in each unit.
[For additional information on MetallU:~gy, see Item No 72.]
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Nuclear Phyr;ics; Atomic Energy Development
~5. Inc~truments in Nuclear Spectroscopy Used in USSR
Izvestiya Akademii PJauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya, Vol 2l.
rJo 7, Jul 57, Pp 907-1035
This issue of the periodical is devoted to the "Materials of The
All-Union Conference on Nuclear Spectroscopy," held in Leningrad 25-
31 J~~t~uary 1957. The following information on instruments is taken
from the various articles presented.
Problems of me:r;~ur ng alpha decays of Pu-238 and Po-210 were dis-
cussed 5y L. r1. Koridrat'yev, G. I. Plovikova, B. D. Dedov, rand L. L. Goldin.
The knowledge of such decay on successive levels is of major importance,
because it leads to conclusions or.. daughter nuc?ei. The instruments used
in Cris research were a tagnetic alpha-spectrometer and an ionization
chamber. Ot:rer methods as gamma-Qamrna coincidences were considered un-
reliable.
The magnetic alpha-spectrometer o= the Academy of Sciences USSR was
used in an attempt to find the cau?~e of the discrepancy in the measurements
of alpha-energy levels of Po-210, as measured by F. Asaro, F. L. Reynolds,
anti I. Pez?lman (Ph s . Rev, 87, 2?7 [1952 ]) and by L. Golding, Ye. Tret' ya-
kov, and G. Novikova Sessiya Akademii Nauk po rnirnomu is olzovaniyt~ atom-
noy ener.ii [Session of the Academy Sciences USSR on the Peaceful UFO of
Atomic Energy j, Moscow, 1955), these va~ucs deviating from 5,1;j6 -{- 2 kev,
as found by the Americans, to 5,482 -}- 0.6 kev, as determined by the Rus_
scans.
The spec+rometEr described indicute~ relative energy measurements
only; the strer:~;th of the magnetic fie'd was as low as 6-7 oersted, but
it could be varied to make the o~sez red alpha-particle move exactly on the
same path. TY:e final result of measurements was found to be 5,297 + 1.5
kev. _
Acl?~ieve;ment of higtrer accuracy in spectrometric measurements was
attempted bye making use of the ionizing power of nuclear radiation, as
described by S. A. Baranov, A. ;. Zelenkov, and Yu. F. Rodionov. For
this pux?pose an ionization chamber was used -- its design somewhat im-
proved by the addition of a grid -- which represented a R~~.ss:an copy of
an American design (0- Bu::,_.:>3nn and others, ran. J. Res. A2'j, 191 C1g~+91;
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'1'. R. Grv~n:;f!uw aru others, Cr!n J. fie:;, A,?E,, 21i3 1
O'tt1CrL, 'i'~1c? TCtll'1;;U['/1r11U1n 1'~1Cf11(?17'5 ~l~~~J~~~j ('r? ~~. ;i~iltiC)I'J% /t C1C~ Otf.r:'r;;,
'Pl~u~ Arc:ir!de Eleinentc [1~jYi7; D.W. Ent;elkemeicr una others,
Rev. Sc.
Instr., ~~,-3~~?95 1955].1, Tt~e ar.tion of the grid consisted in ~11.mi.nzt.~
ink the effect of positive ions to allow the amplitude of the electron
pulse to be indepr:ndent of the direction of the par?icles knocked out of
the to rget. This type of equipment was built in the USSR in 1 2-1-
It allowed the interct7ange of tour alpha-active sources without5alterin$
the physical conditions of the experiment. The pulses from the receiving
electrode entered the input of tt7e amplify:Lng stage and went through a
pulse height selector which cut off a part of the a'~plitude and amplified
that remaining to the desired level, This radio stage is necessary be-
cause the alpha-energies of the tint7lyzed rad3oactivs is-Mopes often dific:~r
by a few perc:en~t only. Frotr. the selector the pulses entered a multi-
channel differential amplitude analyzer.
The resolving power of the ec;uipmen~~ deper7d.s considerably on the back-
ground noise of the first amplif_er tube. To attenuate this noise the
filament circuit of 'the preliminary amplifier was supplied by direct cur-
rent and the first tub~? operated as a triode, thus reducing the noise
3~. A filament voltage of 3.5 volts was chosen as most favorable for
noise reduction, Tree optimal resolving power of the equipment was about
8 kev. Analysis of microquantities of alpha active isotopes could be
made by means of this equipment. The alpha-particl:.~ were recorded by
the ionization chamber and the gamma rays on a scintillation spectro-
meter. The multichannel analyzer received only those alpha-pulses which
occurred together with gamma rays of a certain ever
gamma decay of Np_237 could be recorded. ~`' ~~ the alpha-
useful in the studies of the decay scheme of elongtlivedtisotopesoand ofry
the multipolar;.ty of the corresponding transitions to daughter r_uclides.
A beta-spectrometer called `?Ketron?Y was used .for various studies of
conversion electrons. This instrument, first constructed and set into
op~;ration by the Radium Institute in 1951, had at that time the following
parameters: radi?.7s of curvature o~ the basic trajectory, i.e.~
the trajectory passing through the uniform field -. ~
of horizontal deflection -' 11 cm; angle.
ser. fiz, 18, 34?, of vertical deflection `.~ 30 (Izv AN.
563 11954]). For the studies of conversion electrons of
thulium the input slit was set 0.5 mm wide; the input window of the counter
bypassed electrons of 3.5 kev up. Thulium lactate was vapor_deposited
on an aluminum plate; the dimensions of tt.? coating were 1 x 10 x 0.005
min, The calibration of the instrument was based on measurements of con-
version lines In-114, Ce-111, and Yb-159, the energies of which were careRil~y
measured by J. M. Core and others (Ph s. Rev, 74. X557 [1.91+8]; abide yb,
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l:".J5 (L'l'~lt ]; iblr?. 10O, i;'37 ~ 1J~~ l ~ il~i.rln 7f~, `.>j (1~)4;~))) nand C. :;. Cook
~trnl othct~t (P} y_,~iluv,. 1:47, h(}t (192]1. ~`l'lt~~ rt~~rrn ~li;~cr~~1r..~nc,y of thr~ ~,r..L.i?~
r~ttr_d point:r !'torn the cont:lnc:ous ~:urvo did trot c~r,coed 0.3~~. ~,s r rec,ul.t ..
of t;}tc? lr uu;cuturemr:nt~, K. Yu. Cx?omov, P. S. Dzhelepov, cute f3. IC. Pre_
c,brazhenskly Councl L-hut conversion elec ~ron~ of neutron d~fici.ent Tu
Fruc tlon nx}Ylbi tcc] lines oC hr.tlf live:; oJ' bcl.ow 10 hr, 2 , hr, 9 ciay;;, and
55 clayo. 'I'hc:rc A~riods closr.ly upproachc~d data found by Seabori; and
ot}te~rct (Rev. Mod. Phv.~.. 2j, h69 [1953) crud cons.idernbly Fact.litLtteci the
identificutlon of 1L.~s.
Thy scone resear?clt methods were applied at tite Radium Institute stud-
ict, of the spcctrwn of the internal conrversion electrons of neutron de-
t'lcient Luter,i~n isotopee.. The a~tudiec were made by Yu, G. Bobrov, K. Ya.
Gromov, B. S. D~,hclepov, and B. K. Yt eobrazhenskiy. They claim to be the
First to ItClv(9 ~stabllslted sPectrc- of conversion electrons of Lutecium
.isotopes. 169, 170 , 171, 1'jz, 1'T3 and 171 .
`I'tte same typo of K;:tron spectrorneter with u resolving power of 0.25
wa;; uses} rt-; the Physics Laboratory of the Leningrad Institute of Rail-
road TrEUtsport Engineers by V. D. Vorob' yev, K. I. I1' in, T. I. Kol ~ chixr-
skaya, G. T. htity.,hev, A. G. Sergeyev, Yu. , N. Trofimov, and V. I. "r~deyev
for :z turfy of th4 n;E>.gne tic field by rneuns of proton resonance. For the
determination of energy vi conversion Plectrons the instrument was cali-
brated ac;curding to the series of line~~ of active radiothorium.
'Itiro-lens spectrometers wex?e used a t Leningrad State Univerbity for
s ~udving conversion spectra of erbium and holmium fractions separated
fx?om tantalum previous I y irradiated by protons of 660 Mev. The erbium
fraction was studied at a ,olid angle of O.j,~ ttnd a half width of spectral
lines of ;~,~,. N line E c lrlr ke~r, the in?ensit.;/ of trhich dropped during{
a few hours, t.~a, rev.te= much improvsc; (Izv, AN, Ser. Fiz.
curvy tare was !+, ~ ~ - 20' 3, (1956 ]) . The radius of
cm the divergence of the beam in the pla.ae perpendic-
ular to the field was 30o and in the direction of the field, - 1??, A
schematic decoy diagram of In-11lr was drawn and the difference in mass
between In-leer and ('d-11lt could be esta;~lished as 1.022 + 0.395 = 1.11+7 ~-
0.20 bleu. The writers consider their results more reliable than those
obtained by P. ~weifel (Phys. Rev. 96, 1572 [1954) from (2.07 t 0.20 Mev).
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!1L ttu? 1111-llnluu ;;cic:nl..1.I'i.c lrr,:cc:?rtr?c.ft [rt:,Li.lc.ti,~~ of t~cLrulogy lu.~.?ui
Mc~n~l~'l~~yc~v, I3, :~, 177hclcur,v ~:~ ; !1, ;;hce t~~?1,'tl~,ivrc Sri;tc?In))tr.v~l t,ti Ct; tctl,li:,h
a t,.:n~,l ~ r?~1;; r?C rt,.cl Iuuc L;i vi t:y I,y s t~,~clyit:?; t1:c ccimpl.cx F;atnui-.~ spec tru u# 1,ul',
`I'Iu:~ hrcp,rrrrt:ton wrte anal.yzcc for content: c)f Itrt'1'h ua.in~; the tlbovc-descril>c~,l
;;itrun,c :;i,crtrotnel;cr "I;Lci;ron." Thct t.,rurrunrt .ray enrrLTy waa nt~?asured i.n i,hc
most uc t.1 vc t?ct.,?ii,n of 2, 611t kr;~v, The c.aunter Crave ler;c; than 0.06 pulse
lict? mir,u;;c, `Che C~)U(lt cf the litu? ~,h50 kc~v oi' lia recorded 2.2 pulses I:,~~r
ntl.nute. 7`ttir Iiol.nts to tlt~_ conclusion ttult the t?adiurn preparr.>,tiau did
not ,::irrt.t.L11 RuTtt .1rt exec:... oi' 0.2~,~.
Research w.Itlt this, instrt.trnnnt Sri th somewhat improved light power was
continued b?y I, F. Uchevr.Ltkin and !1. C}lc,tc,pa:lova in the range of I;utnma
lines from ?,1t50 lcev to 2,700 kev. They fuund an excese of recoil elec-
tt??~r::;, suspec.tint; the existence of some yet t.tnlcnown garmna line:,.
Tho bit; syncltrocyclotrun of tho Jcint Institute for Nuclear Research
was used by G. h7, Gorc~dinsl:iy, A, N. bturar., V. N. Pokrovskiy, and B. It,
Prcobruzhenskiy 1'or studying neutron def.icic;nt isotopes of rare earths
or.t~inatin~ in the; spallation ~f tant;3lum induced by 66U-Mev protons. For
this purpose a Ta target w~~: irradirited in the synchroc,yr_lotron, either
1-2 hours by internal beaam, or several months by scattered beam, to obtain
sufficient activity of long-lived isotopes. The rare earths were separated
by u chrorn:>tographi.c method rind the separate fractions studied by a specially
us..;;mbled conventional gutntua scint~ llation spectrometer carried out ac-
cording to the usual : inLle cry; 1;u1. and single channel design. The adds-?
ti.on of several auxiliary attaclunents unproved its bypassing ability. The
sensit:[ve unit of the spectrometer was n PIr~,I (T1.) activated crystal 30 x
~0 r:tm c:nd a pl~otonn,tl.t:iplier FEU-?S. The .instrument had the following
ch., ,, r.r:d Cu uarc. fc~ ~ ~ ~
g ii:. ,0., r,u:r T?a ~ 0, 2; ttm:..>n -r- C.3 n>.m Cu),
In tl:ie (;e~~:nett?y t:r~ ha?.f widLi, of the Cs-1;7 I;~.ta~ra fins wus 9.3~,
.?;, ~a. Ku;:ne:sovrr an~i V, N. P?lekhedov, working it1 the joint institute's
Laborv~t?~ry of N,.r^.l~:.ir Problen;s, de-relcped a s ~ methodo?
P-ci;;:. to for radio-
c;te:ni.c~.c . rosor:rr`tt of ~:~,?~i,~.: uncler~c iti~, K??cahture. The equi~ent devised
w~ls c~i11o?:1 a magnetic r:nalyzer, Zt consisted of a Geiger counter record-
ing X runt, r,C X rt,.y,r i.n the; tuf.al electrrun~-ct,Tnetic r;miccion wa:~ i`c~~rn~1
by enc;,n:; ~,1' r~ ic~+ccl !'iltcrr O.:' nun !:~ricl;, lr,cr,lc?cl l~ef,wec~n t1:e maEmet'lc l)c,]
,::;
.:uch thlcl;rr~.:;,.~ i. ;; i;:?cu~t.i.cal.ly :~u.ff.'ic.lent fur r,hc total. ubsorptic?n oi:' X r?+ly;,
i?f the. elcrncnt:r uncle-~r study. `L'hc rat:i.c.~ of xr.; r
1'. i trc.)nr i:o electron,, wpectra of Gumtnurn and Dirac Pro agation Function Shown
"Sum by P..rths for Dirac Equation," by G, V. Ryazanov, Moscow
State University; Moscow, 2hurnal Eks erimental'no i Teoreti-
chesko,Y Fiziki, X101 33, No 12 , Dec 57, pp ~ 37-1
It is shown that under certain assumptions concerning electron
motion, ttie Feynmarl sum by paths :is identict~l with the propagation
function of the Dirac equation.
101. 50 Bev Synchrephasotron to Employ New Prinr?ipl~ of Acceleration
"Synchrophuso-trop of 50 Billion Electron~~;olts" (un-
signed article); Moscow, T_?ud, 3 Jan 58, p 1
The following is the text of a newspaper article datelined Leinin-
~;rad ?_ January 1958.
i "The Institute of Elr:ctrophysical Apparatus is planning a new
g gantic instal~Fition, a 50 B~~;r s3'nchrophasotron. This huge machine is
intended fir ? firing abeam of electrically charged parti~:.les used to
bombard atomic nuclei. The higher is the velocity of these particles,
the deeper will physicists be able to penetrate the secxet of the atomic
nucleus and understand the processes within it.
"In designing the new atomic machine, the members of the institute
ateDubna~ experience gain:~,i in con,atructing the 10 Bev syncl~rophasotron
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CPYRGHT
"'I'he new .,ynchr?ophasotrc:~n not only wi.11 aiffcr from the existir,~;
synchroPhacotrorr .I n y told tag prrr?t tcles o.f five-time:; greater enerE;y, List;
f t will ernplay tr new operat.tng principle. This pi?inc.iple is based otr
recently dirrcovcred strong focusing which permits a great decrease i.n
the :~(;,e rrl' the oscill+:rtions of raccelerated particles in their orbatcll
motion sand a slrntlar decease in the dimensions of the vacuum chamber.
"One of the most irnport;tint components of a synctu?ophasotron is the
electromagnet. It;; dimensions and weight rise sharply with an increar;e
in the energy ~~f the accelerated particles. In the new machine the dia-
meter. ~f the eler_tr?omagnet will reach 500 meters, but it; weight will be
reduced to 22,000 tons...."
102, Betatrons Manufactured for Use of Physicians and Physicists
"On Equipping Phy.;icians," by i;, Gal'perin, chief designer
of Special Construction Bureau of Transformer Plant, Moscow,
hlogkovskaya Pravda 30 Aug 57, p 1
Tire betatron is one of the smallest and Lightest apparatuses designed
for the acceleration of atomic particles by science.
The most powerful betatron in the world is the Soviet synchro-
phasotron which produces energy in the ~?ange of several tens of billions
of ele.,tror~ volts. The beam of protons which is dispersed in ~t is
accelerated to 300,000 kilometers per second and in intended to split
trtorric nuclei trnd make it possible for physicists to peer into the depths
of the Mont and learn its structure and study nuclear powers.
Betatrons, due to their stream of gamma rays with an energy of about
25 r:ev, will cure people from cancer, will help the metallurgists to pry
into a half a meter thickness of steel casts to discover its defects, and
will make it possible to study the structure of solid impervious sub-
~tances, etc.
Betatrons designed for these purposes exist even now, but, on the
whole, trey ??re stationary, too large and too hew
thus inconveniF~nt to use. Betatrons constructed at (he~;.~ tausof the
Transformer Plant area little smaller in size and weigh~~. Original and
Assentaally new technical solutions ~~ere discovered and used in their con-
struction, The weight of such b~etn,tr~ ns has decreased front the former ~.
tons to the present about half n ton.
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"'i,r_ n,?tir ,~,rf:,~b ~ ?
' ! 1c r,i~l ?~ , tu. ? ~ c.l::! 1~ .i ri?:, t 11 l ~,l :'u ,~n~_T1.1 r?~;?~~r,
II ~~i i t: 1. 1: t, :; 1.? ,:;'',lr; to ;Ir ?;,r,rlc! it: fr":n 1111 -~.r~il tnr ?r, ', _~ t';Y {1.
~,, ~~,~{7:;t'{.. `I'll:.; :4 ~~~;CI'::; I,Il:il't i.)lr' iU:i]E?T'J{'1{1, ;.,{' ~'I1,?;r' ~?. 1?iCS:l'I:'lli{Cil\r
(hic; i~h~t~~;r;.l~h ,~Cth tlu> t,et,~tron ;.lcrompctni?S fire zlrttcle) have ~?evhlopr~~3
vc~r?~ cr,nven Cru t mrcl:~lnl.:;ois fur the trr,;l;;i,, ~.r? !. ?a ttorl ?urd usr, ~,f the }:~t^tcl t;r?r)rl.
Tile u~I,ur~.tuc, ?::, st,,crted ~Tnd r~t?opPed from ~r ~.ontr~.;l. panel.
`1'htr; bet~rtr~.~il has a n4,ve1 c:assc~mtrly of thr, dirlphr+~tnn and of the
r'c'L:'-r1cltCn}c f.i lter::,. The ilirlp}rrri~,~rn rm~lte~ it p:~sutble to change the size
~?rld c{u.he of l;ho i'iolcl 01' Lz?r:~dauticn, and the f! 1te.rs create a uni-
i'~-,rm t;n COflfe'I?ence on Grp, ~~lectrani.es To De Held in Uc;~t, i
1 ~~~f3 - - ---- ______ _..
"Announcement" (unsigned i!rticle), Mosca~, Zhurnal Eksper~i-
Pent~a__1' no i Teoreticheslcoy Fiziki, Vol iii, No 1, Jan 5th,
G
CPYRGHT
"The Organization Conunittee for the Second All-Union Conference on
Grls Electronl.c:~ finnouncnL that the conference wa 11 be conducted by the
Ministry of Hlgher EducFitlon and the tl;aderny of Sciences USSK in October
1958 iZ the Hall of Moscow State University.
"The m,-~i~1 topics of the conference will be:
"1. Elementary processes in a gaseous medium.
~?2. Electric spark-ove_~? of rarefied gases and high vacuums.
"3. Electric sparks and Lightening and practical. appl:icati~ns of
sparks .
Electrodynamics and gasdynamics of strong currents in gases.
High-frequency curre~~f;s in gases.
"6. Methods of plasma res:arc}r ??- spectroscopic, mess-spectroscopic,
hfah-frequency, and sonde.
"Applicatiorl~ for papers and paper subjects mould be addressed to
Moscow, I3_23i+, Leninski;ra rory, Moscow State University, Chair of Elec-
tronics (Kafedra Elektroniki). Topics of papers (in two copies) may be
presented until 15 March 1958"
10i~. New Nuclear ~'ngineer{n~ Stu v Center Established in Czechoslovakia
New Center ;~?~r Nuo?lear En~{ineering Study" (unsigned article, )
1p~::sgue, R ~.rde rreivo, 18 Feb 8 2
-- 5 p
Or. 17 F'ebr~:ary, a specialist grcup for nuclear engineering w;gs es-
tablished in Brno as part of the C,ze,:hos;~ovak Scier.itit'?'~c and Technical
S;ciety (Ces'koslovenska vedecka technicka spolecnost). Its members,
workers from research institutes, advanced schools, a: electric power
plants, are n.lking it their task tea increase their :cnow2~dge of atomic
physics and further use ii~ in the ~ievelop,;,~nt of nuclear engineering.
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- ,~
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1-~-'~. Czec;}ro;;lovalc Atorn.Ic: 1?nc:r~?;y Industry
"`lhe G+rge Atom Industry in Czechoslovakia"
(un.tigned article),
Stuttgart, Deutsche 7eitun~, 1f~ Dec 5'(
An Ir;ct!tute for the Study of the Y~,ffect:, of Atornic Rad.lation, to
be carnpleted in 1959, will be built in Brno. An atomic electric p~~wc~r
plant w:i th a capac ity of 10,000 kilowatts will be built i_n Dc;hun:ir_e ne:+~-
'fr.?nava rind is to be completed in 1960. It wall have naturl+l. urcniurn as
the br:isic fuel Frnci heavy wzater as the moderator,
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1~+~. Czoclios]_ovui: LCfort;a ~.n Mea~surin,~_; L~wel, oi' Red r.o;LC ;ivit~,? lrr Sl:~Lcr
"Mcaaui?ernent; of Ver;;r Lo~?r Ac L- f.v:ity ~i.u ~?rnters," by Vladimir
Vesel.;f anti Ji..ri PJapra,vnilc, Ins'titu'te of Pluclec>x? P!rysi.cs of
'the Czechosloval: Academy of Sciences, :Ln PraSue; Pru,gue,
Jaderna Lnerr~te, No 1?, Dec 5'(, pp 40G-160
The article proposes a rnctlrod for mcasurin,; ?thc very lour ,:oni?ent
of beta and ~amrna-active cations contained in water samples. Tlie active
cat~.ons trrc concentrated by absorption on Czcchoslc~valc-produced ''io:r-
exes." Activity is indicated on an all-lass beta .:ounter located
ciirect;ly in the "i.onex'' column. This method enablPS ?thc measurement of
bei;a and t;an~tntl rtictivity at the 10-~( microcuries per m.i.11.i1ite,: level.
107. UzechoslovUlc Acllievernents in Atomic Ener~*y~ .>.n lg j
Into the New Year" (unsiCned as?ticle ), Prague, ~'adez rla. Ene?.~-
t,,,ie, lvo 1, Jun 58, r 1 --'-'-"-"'.
In 195'(, Czechoslovakia advar:oed in the area of atoms c enemy with
the openin? of 'the f:i.rst atom:i.c reactor and continuatio:?~ of joint plan-
nirlg ~~rith th.: Soviet Union o~.i the '3.rst Czechos'.oval~ r,;;;omic electric
power plant, to be staz ted i.n 19513.
A significant advance was also achieved in the ??reparations z'or
construction of plants for the producti~~n of heavy water and proce~~;+,n;g
of tu^anitun o~?es . A pi_an for the "semip~rodtcctiorn" equipment for thr?
production o1~ metallic uranium, which is i;o be c~?nstru :?'~e~_ '.r. 1958, 'has
been pz?epared.
Study, research, a.nd developments.]. worlt ix:. the nucleru~ field do-
veloped more titan ever.
Tlie~:d tras a marked increase in the number c?e nezr wUrkers in nu-
cleax f'.elds and in the Faculty of Technical and Nuclear Physics and
the Il~dustrial School of Nucleax ErrgineerinF;. Nuclear study courses
were a1.so taugllt in other advanced schools. Over 200 students and
"aspirants" from Czechoslovakia, are in Soviet ~.dvanced schools special-
izir~; in nuclear studies. Several tens of scientific workers, engineers,
and physicians took nuclear courses and practi.~?e in Soviet researcYi in-
stitutes in Ig57.
fTowever, great shortcomilzs exist in Czechoslovak book publications
and in the publication of periodicals. Although Jaderna Energie in-
creased in sire about one third in 1957, its coverage of foreign edd
domestic developments and criticism must brow in 1858.
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lU';. Con;;tri.ci;:Lon of~? i[urr~;a.ri,ztin l~~tor;ri.c Rea,c[;or Pro,z?cssin~;
Buda.I~es t-, Lsti II:i.r~, ; ~ci Uec j (; 1,
4lorl: on tlrc construction of the sh:Lelcl of the llunl;arian n_a,;oml.c
reactor s~ri].1 be,~.~in Lef'ore the end of 1957 ? Tlic sli:Le?.d ~?".' be made
of a special 'type of concrete, 90 ~~ntime tors th:Lclc.
In t;he sprin,;, the facade of the builc[in~~; ~rhich houses the re-
actor gill be fi.n?'.slied. `flee materials to be used az?e vitrified
brie; and travertine stone.
10~? ? Dr~;z:.nizat-. on and Il~nc~tione; or' Cr ~tra1 Physics Research Insti-
r,? 1
tu to , IIun,_,z r,~ -" ---
"We Iritrodi.ice the Centxal Phyaics Research Institute," by
Gyoruy Saz?bo, Budapest, Muszalci L1et. h Feb 58
Tice Cer,.tral Pliy~ics Research Institui,;e consists of six large
buildings si !,uated on grounds lravin~, an r,~t?ea .i 4G holds [one hold
equals .1.12 a.~res]. `.I'he departments of the institute. were establishEd
in the fallowing order: spectroscopy, cosmic radiation, electromag~
riE tic wF:ves, atomic physics, radiology, ferromagnetic phenomena, and
the departments of neutron physics, nuclear chemistry, and er~ineering,
wliicll opr:rate in collaboration with the reactcr now under construction.
A". present the institute has several hundred employees and is the
fourth-largest institute of this type in Europe.
Tlic Department of Cosmic I;adiat-ion, under the direction of Lajos
Janossy, Academ[cian, is conductin; research on cosmic radiation and
on high-ener;,rti~~ nuclear intera.ctl.on. The department began to e- ~lve
the GeiL;er cot:nter tecllni.que in 1/51. In 1953, the implemer?tation of
the sci^ntific pro;;ram of under era in the course of which high-ene:r~r
nuclear interactions zznd electromar_ctir_ interactions were investigated.
With the help of.' Geiger oounters and the Wilson chamber, studie~3 werel6
made of extensive aerial showers caused by very high-enerpr (1 - 10 )
nuclrear iriteractian. Tie department also mastered the so? .;aL'.ed photo-
emu.lsive technique and ; ?as clius able to participate in the international
.:s3earch project, con~?~rned aritll she investigation of electron and photon
s:iower;?, conducted by the USS1?, Poland, Germar~, Great Brit:~,in, Italy,
and Czec'-ioslovalcia. One research gs?oup of the department constantly reg-
inters the intensity of cosm~.c rad7.ation at a depth of 10 meters below
"round to determine the r~~latiorship between. variations in intensity and
solar erY?uptions, ma`;neti.~ s;~torms, a.nd other geophysical phenomena.
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'.I'trF~ ~~lteo2?etical I'esetu?rlt irtitiatei] by Janossy for investi;;ati:
fire rur?l,ure of t.lt2 S~rave i~..rticlc~ct of l~i_C;ltt clcserve:t a;l:~eeictl mention, nt;
present, the cltaracterie~;ics of 1i~,ht pulses ltttvit~ a duration of 10-~
seconds ar?e beinr~; investigated.
7'!te Department of A~L?omic Pltys.~cs is investi~atin~ the internal
struc`ure of atomic nuclei, nuclear reactions, and the interaction of
atomic pa2?ticleo. 2'}te departnterrt i~ equipprd ~ritlt accelerating in-
st-alla~,ion3 consistirtj; of ~ OO,OuO- and 600,000-volt cascade genera-
tors, a fait neutron sxcl:,rorneter, and a nearly completed l+-million-
volt "ribbon ~trterator," "one of the most mocaern research implements
in the field of ni.tcloar ph;fsics." All department equixmtent was made
t n 1 Iun~ary .
The followirt~ deprls?i-.men'ts t:,a?e associated with tl~.e atomic reactor
and arc under the direction of Pal Lenard, dspttty director of the
institute
Tlie Dep~,.,.?cment o~: Neutron Physics -- This department conducts in-
vesti~;ati~~:a in the fields of fundf -~.ent>:~t and applied neutron physics
as we71 as in the tec'uliques and physi%s of the reactor. Zfi% most
signific~,~tt research ?in the field of ~:undamental neutron physics is
the inve.3ti~ation of (n, ~) reactions and the experimental investiga-
tion of the mechanism of nuclea.;. fission. Research in the field of.
applied neutron physics is cuncerr_ed chiefly with the physics of solids?
lrffo2?ts are being made to clarify the influence o.f th.e lattice dis-
10Cat:LOns induced by eXposirt~ solids to radiation on the physical prop-
erties of said solids . The inelastic diffusion of cold [subtl?:.errnal? ]
and supercold neutrons occurrlr>tu~;; ;rhi eli cx-
,I?lei l:a uz?ari:L,tm clclx,t;:ii;c :tn l~a^ i, Cc:ri,tnny rc1,r,7?t;e; that the cornpar~,r 1rt13
shos~m a lor.;i of )10C) nei.ll:l.o,i I?t,.l; mr,.r!;~? t'ar t,hc. Masi; yccu?. The uraniLtm
ore as co].~l by i;lu~ comlx,.n;,f ~.~~ ~l;h~ [lSSti for .a l,ricc which barely covers
the proi'iuct:Lon cct; L ? `1'1,e t`C,;;I7 Zta,:i.ct or~l;,~~ 1r_50 m1.:l.lion Nta.st rn~.rlcs for all
or 1aui. ;; cor?c' :~ ~ i?o~tttc I;:Lc,t,, '~rlralc~ i,z?cdu~rt:ic:i ;:oc?l;s tr~:~re ,about t3~0 mil-
lion Lttt~ t m~?kc:.
Idc~ c h,,.rii c s
113. L:inerrs? Oscillation:.; in c1 17Lai;e Idc~v:tnn a.t Iii~-h Speed Considered
"Linear O;~cil.la.t:ions of a Plate hiovint; c.t IIi;;h Sp;:ed in a
Gas," by A. A. Mavchuu, 'L'.r. 3-~o Vset;. i~~r,tem. s'yezda., Vol
1, bi., AN SSSII, 19SC, p 20b from Itr?ferativny~,/' .,hurnal --
Mekhanikv, No ll., Nov 5f, Abstr?~,.,rt No 125 y
`.i'tic problem of l.inez,r oscillations of ra plate movirr~ in a. has is
considered. Tlie fnres of the r:xcc:ssive prr,:;sure is cdl.culated by an
approxim~a,te fors~ula. The problem ; :y reduced 't,o the investigation of
the ranee of the eige,n vr~,l,ues of .a. non- ,gel:'-c,d,~oint boundary-value
problem for a fourth ordar e~lutttiar_. ~~es?~Ca.in conclusions ccncerning
the stability of the nscill.at:ions co.n bG lrawrl from the changes in
eigen values with vario.tiorc' in tl~x~ bpc~ed of the plate's motion.
17.11?. Nonlinear Theor~t o~' a Comrre'~sibl~ 1'luict
"Nonlinear Theory for the L-~minar Bou:zdary Layer of a Viscous
Compressible I:1uid", by V. F. Shr~stapalov, Uch. zap. Khar'-
lcovslc. r;os. ped. in-ta; No ;,i3, 1.95, pp 113`:120 from Refer-
ativ ,,.f Ghurnad. -- biElcha.~~ttlca. No l.l, Dlov 57, Abstract No
12~~03 by V . A. Sulchnev
A sl;ort exposition of a nonlin~:ar theory of a viscous, compressible
fluid, based on the fact that the tensor of the pressures is the
quadratic function of the tensor of the deformation rates, is given. A
generalized equation of the motion s.ncl tr~lsfer of heat is presented.
The author regards, as the zone of application, the boundary layer where
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~;~.1. .LfL:;;Cr' ,';lYlcll.Ctlt,Lt C):L~ VC1.UC1.I,,tl?) rtll(1 1.Cllli'~ra,l',LII'Cti (`:Ci.L'P, L~.'1'Itl Ci:6'.l ~1:~:;-
I`t1nr; f,l;c' ~.1.11CtLl.' 'l'C~l.tl't,'l.n:l:;~! l l~ ~:~.(' I;llc' 't:Ct::1U1' O1' pr,~:3r:,1.~1'C:7 i,0 1,17r Grn;;(1)?
rr~(' '.:~c clc:L'ar:,c.~taolt rttt.cs t?r1r~Ic~i2 tLTC I;ra.icclt rx:; ~,l;c l~cL:.;tJ of i:ilc u.ua7.
l,Lco.r.?.tci of a vi.aco,u2 Cl,ui d. rntta'l:aolta o!.' a 1~litnc l.nananttr baund,,,r~~
7,c~;~cr. olr(:a.arred on tlrr ba:;:i.0 c~1.' l;ltc noIL1.1.r:cru? t;l:c;or;;~ of ;.t viacau:2
11u d, tla.lfer .Cz?or,. ordi:rnr;,~ en;.;rrt;a.ortu b;,~ ~l,lte pretence, a.n bol;lt of l;hr.
eciuationt of InOt:1.021, oY the ~Lex?m
~ i ~, .u~l Llte Inr~ l., i-
l;ttt:c of Gc:o:Lo~;?~ ttincl CcorltytSl.cci (Inst:LLute Gco1o;;:ti J. Cco:fizl.lci), atincl.
for urt cx~r4.ntcnL?tt1 :1)].tt,11t nrlci livltt,~; gt.tarLcra for :I.,Or)0 pcraoltr~.
"Simt.tltaneously t~ith the :Col?mution oi' tyre ~cieri~tific center in
Piovoa:Lb:Lrcl: a acconcl center :i.c p].aruir,d :i.n ~tltc tts?ett, of Irl,ui;sl:. Thu
Weu t Siberians Al;'Ci11.a.~t:e is local?ed in1"rlcut:;lc, anc] u scientific
center 1'oi? cltctrtJ.ca1 s.?cr3carcls ruin study (orf;a,nl.c chem:istxy, catalysis,
;;eochern:iatrf, and clrctrochemistry), for mctttl.lt,u~~*y, t;eolo~f, and
econotni.c l;eot~?a,I~lty 3? proposccl for establicltntent in the new city of
AnUarslc .
"In Yalntt,lc, a comr~l~~,c Institute of Diamonds (Institut Alazov)
is scheduled ?to be ort;atsizcd, and srorlc in Ilse field of Geology is to
be improved; in a,ddit:i.on, a scientific Group for power errGineerinG
and transports. t:i on i s i;o be formed .
"In Kemerovo, an Institute on the Problems of the Chemical Proc-
es~;inE; of Coal and Col:inr; (Institut po Problemam IQsimicheslcoy Obra-
botlti U;lya i IColcsovanlyu) is scheduled to be orGanized.
"BuildinGs are to be built in ICra,snoyassk for the Institute of
Physics and the GeoloGy Laboratr~ry~ and a building for the Far East
Affiliate in V1a.divostolc."
120. List of Institutes Within the Siberian Branah1_ Acaderr~y of Sci-
ence~ USSR
"'fttc formation of a Major Scientific Cents-r in Siberia,"
(unsiGned article); Moscow, Vestnilc Alcademii Nauk SSSR,
No 12, Dec 57, pp ~-11E
The fo11os1inG list of institutes and their directors shows the
organizationt~l breakdown of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of
Sciences USSR.
Institute of IIyc1s^oclynamics (Institute Gidrodinamilci); Academi-
cian Ivi. A. Laurent' yev, director
Institute of Tlseoretictll, and Applied Mechanics (Institut Teoretich-
eslcoy i Prilcladnoy Melclsanilci); Academician S. A. Kl~?istianovich, di-
rector
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P
en
er
Inc L
itui; blt~te-
nuLtil:i c V;,~clt.tr~litel'r~n '1'sentrom); Acader.iician S. L. Sobolev, dircecoi?
Institute of CeuS.ory and Geoplryoics (Institut Ceolo`ii i Ceofizil~i);
? A. A. Tr?ofimulc, Cori?es,pondiril; Mcntbcr of Academy of Science: USSR, ai-
rec for
Institute of Automation and Electrometry (Institut Avtomatilci i
Elel:trometri:l ); IC. D. Kax'andeyev, CorrespondinG Member of Academy of Sci-
ence:; Ukrainian SSR
Tnstittrte of Thermophysics (Institut Teplofiziki); I. I. Novilcov,
Doctor of Technical. Sciences, director
Institute of InorCanic Chemistry (Institut 1Veorgarrichesltoy Khimii);
A. V. Nikolayev, doctor of Chemical Sciences, director
InstitutE of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion (Institut Khimi-
chcslcoy Kineticci i Goreniya); A. A. Kova1.'slc3y, Doctor of Chemical Sci-
ences, director
Institute of Physics (Institut IYzilsi), G. I. 13udker, Doctor of
Physicomathematical Sciences, director
Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (Institut Eksperi-
mental'noy Di oloGii i Meditsiny); Ye. N. Meshalkin, Doctor of Medical
Sciences, director
Institute of Cytology and Genetics (Institut Tsitolo~ii i Genetiki);
N. P. Dubinin, Correspondint; Member of Academy of Sciences USSR
Institute of 1Jconomics and Statistics (Institut Ekonom~.lci i Stat-
istilci ); Academician V. S. Nemchinov, director
121. Role of the Technical-Economic Council of a Sovc~aslchoz
"On the Path Toward Techrr3?cal ProGress," by V. Novikov, chair-
man of the Leningrad Sovnarkhoz; Moscow, Sovetskaya Rossiya,
No 235, 1+ Oct 5'j, p 2
CPYRGHT One of ?l;lie basic functions of a sovnarls:~oz is to eliminate short-
comin~s in the application of scientific research to industry, i. e. ~PYRGHT
to put into ractice devei?oped by a scientific research in-
sti tute . ' An important rol ran ?EFi G~~ o +~,,~~ ,... ~L _ ~ _ _.___ .
conomic unc o a sov
essive technolo~?ict~l thou~l
e work of scholars."I In addition, it becomes
Inu t:L to to of 1~lutlierrw,ti ccz 1?lith a Com
u ter C
t
(
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CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
ncccuucl.rY tluLt I,lic.~rc bc~ o:r~
:.iC .Cn ; . .,~.L11, as iu the pant,
be COII(IllC'I?.n rl her (:n r.?l ter, 1CCD .. ._.~ nnrv. r. n
122. Pdew Pcriod:tcal 'Lo be Pl.lblislted b?t Karelitt.rt and ICola Affi] fates
of Acadetr~y of Sca.ence5 USSR
"On tltc ~tblication o:f i;he Pt:riodical Izvesti a Karel'slco 0
i Itol'slco~o F`illalo~- ~clemii Naulc SSSR, unsigned article ;
I~foucotr, Vestnil; A1;tr,clern:Li Naulc SSSR, No 12, Dec 57, p 85
291e Pi?esidiwn of the Academy of Sciences USSR commissioned the
Karelian and Kola Affiliates to organize the publication of their own
~ioint: periodical entitlwd, Izvestiya Kr~rel'slco.o i Itol'slco o ~l.lialov
Al;a,demii Naulc SSSR (News of the Ka,reli:3xr and Kola Affiliates, Acadert>,y
of Sciences USSR The perioclico.7., will be published four times a year
in 1,500 copies. The chief editor is V. S. Slodkevich, Doctor of Geo-
logical and rlineralogica:l Sciences.
Tile basic aims of the periodical will be to present the results
of scientific research, the exchange of experiences of scientific-
or~;anizational actions, problems on the coordins,tion of scientific
work, and to introduce into industry practical proposals in the fields
of physics, mats-ematics, geology, chemistry, biology, technology, and
the humanities.
123. Scientific Establishments in Slovenia
"Study of the Status of Scientific Establishments," by B.
L.; T,jubljana, Slovensltii porocevalec, 19 I'eb g8, p 2
On 18 T'ebruary 1958, the Council for Science (Suet za znanost) of
Slovenia undar the pre;_;.dency of Milks, Gorsic elected from its member-
ship three subordinate commissions for the social, natural, and tech-
nical sciences, which will expedite the work of the council by studies
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ica ticr.ir rosix:cL:Lvc areas and ley prcl~rtiz?:Ln;; crw.Lcrial. for flee meetl.n~;a
oi' flee counc:tl. Tlic council c~l.ao cliaciisacci rc,;i~].o,tion, on the found-
ir~~; oi' :-c:LeriL?ii':Lc eata'h.Lialunenta anti menaurec to be used ire dc~Lerrri.n-
:tng thr? atnL?us of scientific cata,blis]-rnenta. It aQoptecl a rcrula,tion
concernin? Llce regiertrcl~tion of acicrrL:Lfic esta,l>.lishmenta .
In connection with Provi.aiona of ~;lce republic law on scientific
establishments, passed by ~L?he People's Assembly of Slovenia, the
council considered the problem of certain scientific establislunents
wicoae fo~incle.rs, accordiru; to the law, can no longer found scientific
establislunenl?,a. Up to now, the republic Coc~neil and Education ~;erzer-
ally exercised the foundinL; riL;llt. Tlie new law permits the foundin6
of sc:Lentii'ic catabl:ishments by the People's Assembly of Slovenia, the
Executive Council, the srez PeoPle's councils, the Slovenian Academy
of Arts and Sciences, the university, the faculL:ies, and the economic
anti social organizat;.ons? The elected conunissions will study the
activities and problem .hose establishments whose founders have
been abolished am ~~+ill ae the organs which a
a,ccordin~ to the la~~ to tse the rights and responsibilit~estof a
founder for tl?iese establi s~unercts .
Tlce Council for Science announced that every scientific estab-
lishment governed by this law, within 30 days of the effective date,
must report to the Council for Science concerning its founder, its
organization and work, its personnel both scientific and professional
and its material means. On the basis of the commissions' investiga-
tions and recommendations, the Council for Science will decide which
esta.blishcnents will be entered in the register of scientific establish-
ments.
124. Russian Scientists Visit Czechoslovakia
~~F'rom the Day," (unsigned article); Prague, grace, 9 Feb 58,
PS
The Czechoslovak Minister of Education and Culture, I?r FY?~ntisek
Kahuda, received Prof Kozlo~~a, director of the Moscow Engineering-
Economics Institute imeni S. Ordzhonikidze and Prof E. A. Satel, di-
rector of the Moscow H?_gher Technical School imeni Bauman, on Saturday,
~ February 195#i.
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1~ j. Cltt~rll_rc~tt itl Acaclr_rntn S1.rtlca Repot?tecl
"Newa Dricf'n, " (una:ll~ned article ); Peiping, 1C' o-haueh T' unrf-
pao (Scientira.), No 20, l9jj, 1: 6110
Recent chanl;es in the Academia Sinica, which were :first app:?ovecl
by the State Council, :Include the follo~~ing:
Liu Chun-;)en ("~ ~ `~~ "I"r~) has been elected chairman of the
Institute of Nationalities :iesearclt (Min-chu Yen-chiu-so) Preparatory
Comrni ttee .
'Ptie Peiping Worlc Group of the Institute of Experimental Biology
has became the Institute of Experimental Biolo~,y, Peiping. Pei Shih-
chang ( ~( i1;~ + ;) i.s director.
- ~..
The Laboratory of Vertebrate Paleontology has been renamed Insti-
tute of Ver~r~Urate Paleontology. Its director is Yang Chung-chien
The Laboratory of Zoology has been renamed Institute of Zoology.
Ch' en Chen ( ~ ' i ) i s director; Liu Chino-fei (~ ~ { ,~.~"~ ~ ~' ),
deputy director. (Chen Chen died at the age of 63 on 15 Noveritber
1957, according to report in 1C'o?hsueh T'u ~-pao, No 24, 1957?
The Marine Biological Laboratory has been renames Institute of
Marine Biology and is headed by T' unrz T{ -^hou (~- ~~; I r j ;~, di-
rector; Tseng Ch' eng-k' uei. ( ~:~ ',~ f ,. ~~ . Chai~?3 Hsi' (~~ ~~i ),
and Sun Tzu-p'ing (, ); deputy directors. ~ ~-
The Commission for the .Preservation of Cultures of~Microorganisms
iras become the Peiping; Mtcrobiolo?ical Laboratory. Fang Iisin-Pang
( "'" ~ ~ ~' ;; ) i s deputy director .
126. China Acade President Visits USSR
McL$cow, Pravda, 111 Jan 58
Kuo Mo-~o, president of the Academia Sinica, arrived in the USSR
on 13 January to discuss Sino-Soviet cooperation in scientific re-
search work. He will hold discussions with the State Scien'.ific and
Technical Committee of the Council of Ministers USSR and the Academy
of Sciences USSR.
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127 . I[un;~n,r7.e~n Unaversi ty Dean on Sovie l- Lecture Tour
I3udapest, Es ti Eli.rlan, 17 Nov 5"l, p 7
Dr Miklos ICadar, Dean of the Lorand Eotvos University of Scien~c,
has left for a }~-week a~tay in the USSR. 1Ie is to lecture at the uri~.-
versities in Moscow and Lenii~rad.
128? Belgrade University Confers Doctorates
"New Doctors of Belgrade University" (unsigned article), Bel-
grade, Politilca, 5 Feb 58, F 8
"At a formal presentation yesterday afternoon at Belgrade Univer-
sity, 13 scientific -r~rkers received titles of doctor of sciences.
Vladimir Milanovic was given the degree of Doctor of Pe.iagogical Sci-
ences; Sto,jan Suk,otin, the dP~ree of Doctor of Letters; Mari,ja Naltic,
the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences; Laza~? Vu3icic, the degree
of Doctor of Forestry Sciences; Budimir Ilic and Rado~ica Kl,ja~ic, the
degree of Doctor o:F Agriculi;ural Sciences; Panca Kiroski, the degree
of Doctor of Economic Sciences; Jovan Reseta and Nebo,jsa Knezevic, the
degree of 1?octor of Veterinary Sciences; Dean Ba~jic, the degree of
Doctor of Technical Sciences; and Dobrosav P~risic, Svetislav Arand-
3elovic, and L,jubisa ~.losec~ic, the degree of Doctor of Jurisprudence."
CPYRGHT
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