U.S. STUDENTS WHO TRAVELED TO CUBA, AFTER CAUSING NEAR RIOTS ON CAPITOL HILL, PRACTICE OPPRESSION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200250025-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 9, 2004
• Sequence Number: 25
• Publication Date: September 18, 1963
• Content Type: OPEN

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16434 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD HOUSE September 18
in any community where Mexicans are sub-
jected to discriminatory practices.
The Labor Department has used this power
to act on a number of complaints. In Stam-
ford, Tex., barber shops and beauty parlors
were charged with denying service to persons
of Mexican ancestry. The complaint was
resolved when the mayor agreed to take
steps to remedy the problem.. In Levelland,
Tex., a movie theater refused to admit Mexi-
cans, but the owner changed his policy
when he was informed of the sanctions that
could be applied under Article 8. In Slaton,
Tex., similar intervention by the Department
of Labor led to the admission of Mexicans to
a hitherto "white only" city swimming pool.
Yet the record does not disclose any out-
pouring of southern Democratic indignation
over alleged infringements of property rights
under Public Law 78. On the contrary.
Southern legislators have been among the
strongest proponents of this measure to pro-
vide low-cost labor in rural areas. Are we
to conclude that it is perfectly proper to use
Federal power to protect the civil rights of
foreign nationals?but that it is somehow
un-American to protect the rights of citizens
of the United States?
PROPOSED TEST BAN TREATY
(Mr. GONZALEZ (at the request of
Mr. EVERETT) was given permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. GONZALEZ. Mr. Speaker, the
lengthy hearings and the extended de-
bates over the proposed nuclear test ban
treaty have clearly demonstrated the
wisdom of the administration for having
4
negotiated it.
Certainly, reasonable men can dis-
agree, and those opposed to the treaty
are not to be castigated simply because
they are opposed. But in this case the
opposition has resorted to one weightless
argument after another. For example,
some critics have argued that the Soviet
Union has surpassed the United States in
the area of high yield nuclear explosives
and that since the treaty prohibits at-
mospheric testing we can never catch
up. Yet Dr. Teller himself has rejected
this argument and has testified that he
does not regard the high yield weapons
that the Russians have developed as par-
ticularly significant, and that they do
not bear importantly upon security con-
siderations.
They have argued that the treaty was
written in the Soviet Union and that it
is being dictated to us. But the truth
is that it is almost the same treaty that
we have been urging for years and that
we wrote the draft of the treaty.
They have argued that this treaty, is
an act of unilateral disarmament. How
a bilateral agreement can be construed
as a unilateral act of any nature is con-
cept beyond my understanding. It is
a contradiction. In fact President Eisen-
hower said on August 22, 1958:
As the United States has frequently made
clear, the suspension of testing of atomic
and hydrogen weapons is not, in itself,
a measure of disarmament or a limitation of
armament. An agreement in this respect is
significant if it leads to other and more
substantial agreements relating to limita-
tions and reduction of fissionable material
for weapons and to other essential phases
of disarmament. It is in this hope that
the United States makes this proposal.
Perhaps the most dangerous of the
arguments presented is the insincere one
whereby an amendment relating to Cuba
would- be tacked on to the treaty in the
Senate. The proponent of this amend-
ment admits that it involves a side issue
not contemplated by the treaty. Fur-
ther, he 'admits that even if the amend-
ment were adopted, the treaty would
still not be acceptable to him. This is
hypocrisy and I submit not worthy of
being presented in such an august and
deliberative body as the U.S. Senate.
The critics have also argued that we
need more time within which to bar-
gain with the Soviet Union. But time is
of the essence. It is short. It is the
stuff that -is running out on the radio-
active clocks of the world. Time should
be utilized for constructive purposes, not
wasted.
The purpose of the treaty is to stop
the testing of nuclear explosives so as
to put a halt to the further contamina-
tion of the atmosphere with radioac-
tivity. The babies of the world, living
and unborn, cannot afford to absorb?any
more radioactivity. The level of stron-
tium 90 has already reached frighten-
.ing proportions in certain parts of our
country.
The President has said that the treaty
represents a small step toward world
peace. How, in good conscience, can
any reasonable person refuse to take it?
(Mr. GONZALEZ (at the request of
Mr. EVERETT) was given permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
FM %.GIEZALEZ' remarks will appear
rea n the Appendix.]
. . STUDENTS WHO TRAVELED TO
CUBA, AFTER CAUSING NEAR
RIOTS ON CAPITOL HILL, PRAC-
TICE OPPRESSION
(Mr. CRAMER asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and' to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, I at-
tended and was shocked over the well-
planned efforts to create havoc and,
hopefully, thus to downgrade the Con-
gress by the U.S. students who traveled
to Cuba which occurred in Washington
last week at the time of the House Un-
American Activities Committee hearings.
These outbreaks, in direct violation of
committee rules, and 'exhibiting no re-
spect whatsoever for Government, were
done in the name of so-called freedoms
which the students were asserting, in-
cluding the claimed right to violate any
laws with which they disagreed.
It is interesting to note how this obvi-
ously Communist inspired and well-in-
doctrinated group, which aided the Com-
munist efforts by visiting Cuba in viola-
tion of U.S. laws, have carried out the
Communist design while in Washington
and are continuing to carry out that
design in New York at their meeting to
protest the travel ban to Cuba by com-
pletely reversing their position?a trick
not uncommon to, the Communist strat-
egy?and practicing most oppressive ac-
tions which violated the rights of all
those who protested this meeting.
The actions were directed toward two
anti-Castro groups who oppose Castro
and who are in favor of retaining the
travel ban. Such oppressive measures
invoked by these U.S. student travelers
to Cuba and their sponsoring organiza-
ti-Ins included:
First. Inspection and frisking of all
persons attending.
Second. Demanding that all anti-
Castro sympathizers leave despite the
fact that they had paid for admission to
what was advertised as a public meeting.
Third. Physical expulsion of anti-
Castro sympathizers even though they
had caused no disturbance.
Fourth. Actual physical violence and
physical force used to kick out anti-
Castro sympathizers, resulting in per-
sonal injury and the letting of blood.
Fifth. Refusal to let any opponents of
the pro-Castro rally to speak or be heard.
This aetion by the pro-Castro student
group puts in proper focus and makes a
mockery out of their protests over being
denied what they claimed were their
rights before the House Un-American
Activities Committee and indicates they
believe they have a right to demonstrate,
even before a duly constituted congres-
sional committee, but that people who
oppose their views have no right to even
attend a meeting or to be heard at a'
meeting sponsored by their group and,
further, that actual force to remove any
such persons is justified.
This is typical of the Communist con-
spiracy philosophy which is?demand all
sorts of rights and privileges in order to
accomplish the Communist objective and
deny all such rights to those who oppose
you.
I wish to insert in the RECORD at this
point, for my colleagues' attention, an ar-
ticle on this matter which appeared in
the New York Times of September 16.
The article follows:
THOUSANDS OF EXILES MASS NEAR TOWN HALL
To ASSAIL GROUP PROTESTING TRAVEL BAN
TO CUBA?FIVE ARE 'ARRESTED
(By Peter Kihss)
Thousands of anti-Castro demonstrators
swarmed in and around the Times Square
area yesterday protesting a Town Hall rally
by American students who had traveled to
- Cuba.
The rally, from which two groups of anti-
Castro demonstrators were forcibly ejected,
wound up with 'the police escorting 1,400
participants in the meeting along 43d Street
to the Times Square subway station.
One anti-Castro Cuban was cut above the
eye; five persons were arrested in scUffles
waged at various points in the area; a police
inspector and a newspaper reporter were hit
by an egg, and a police horse was gashed
when thrust against a car.
But the meeting went off as scheduled
from 2:15 to 4:45 p.m. Phillip Abbott Luce,
one of the leaders, said the Student Commit-
tee for Travel to Cuba would sponsor another
trip to Cuba?perhaps next January or
June?to uphold its claim to freedom of
travel, despite a State Department ban.
REPRESSION CHARGED
At the rally, Conrad J. Lynn, panel
moderator, asserted that "we are making a
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE 16133
me, has picked a rather unusual occasion
to bring out his newest crying towel. We
in New England view the oncoming
winter season with much apprehension.
We are informed that the quotas on
residual fuel which we are to be allowed
to burn in our schools, hospitals, power-
plants, apartments, and industrial
buildings are inadequate to carry us
through the winter.
BAD WINTER?BAD NEWS
In fact, if we have a particularly se-
vere winter, as we did last winter, we
will face a severe shortage. We realize
that through Mr. Moody's very effective
lobbying, the lifeblood of our economy
is threatened. We know that, at best,
even if the Department of Interior?in
another magnanimous gesture?gives us
a slight increase in our quotas, we will
still?once again thanks to Mr. Moody's
efforts?have to pay a substantial price
premium for the fuel that we burn.
Secretary Udall, of course, is familiar
with our problem. When he dusted off
Passamaquoddy a while ago, he men-
tioned New England's high electric rates,
which the oil quotas help keep up. High
rates, high quotas, and high moun-
tains?Mr. Udall has an affinity for all.
NEW ENGLAND PAYS COAL SUD6TDY
Possibly it has not occurred to Mr.
Moody that residual oil quotas are a
form of Government subsidy. There is
no difference between a Government
quota system which raises the price of
a vitally needed commodity and a system
by which the Federal Government fos-
ters the growth of the atomic power in-
dustry with development funds. When
New Englanders pay $30 million a year
in increased prices for residual fuel, it is
a subsidy to the coal industry?no mat-
ter what you call it, it is still a subsidy.
I am forced to conclude, Mr. Speaker,
that Mr. Moody is well aware of the fact
that his industry is being subsidized by
the Federal Government by the inequi-
table means of residual oil quotas. Per-
haps it is time we reminded Mr. Moody
of the ancient truism that "what is sauce
for the goose is sauce for the gander."
It is difficult for me to understand how
Mr. Moody can plead for subsidies for
his industry in the form of residual oil
quotas and at the same time decry sub-
sidies for the development of nuclear
power.
I hope, Mr. Speaker, that we have not
reached the point wherein the self-in-
terest of one fuel producing industry can
block or even retard the genuine prog-
ress which our country may experience
in exploring the vast and yet unknown
potentials of nuclear energy, a potential
which can so dramatically benefit all of
mankind. I hope also, Mr. Speaker,
that we have not reached the point where
the self-interest of one fuel producing
industry can bring about Government
policies which discriminate against and
oppress a vital region of our country.
The rather shameless display of hypoc-
risy on the part of the National Coal
Policy Conference as evidenced by this
appeal, Mr. Speaker, underlines more
vividly than ever the need for removal
of residual oil quotas.
SEL CAPACITY OF THE NATION
(Mr. BOW (at the request of Mr.
BArrrN) was given permission to extend
his remarks at this point in the RECORD
and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, time and
time again during the last presidential
campaign Candidate Kennedy deplored
the fact that the steel capacity of the
Nation was not operating at a higher
rate.
Although domestic output has seen
a slight uptrend over the last 4 weeks, it
still remains under 60 percent of in-
dustry capacity. Meantime, foreign
steel moving into the country hit a rec-
ord high of 600,000 tons in July, sur-
passing May's previous mark of 516,000
tons.
It. becomes apparent that the trade
policies of this administration continue
to prevent a higher rate of capacity in
steel and, also, contributes to high un-
employment.
In this regard, may I point out that
in my hometown of Canton and else-
where in the Nation during that cam-
paign Candidate Kennedy said:
We are going to have to find 25,000 Jobs,
a week for the next 10 years if we are going'
to find jobs for your children who are com-
ing into the labor market-25,000 jobs a
week, 52 weeks a year for 10 years, if we are
going to maintain full employment in the
United States, and It is going to be a matter
that le going to be of concern to us all, Can-
ton. Ohio, and the United States, We want
to make sure that any American who seeks
a job, who honestly wants to work will have
a chance to work. That Is our objective.
Glowing promise, but where are the
jobs?
I think it is well to ask, Mr. Speaker,
when will we have the capacity in steel
production that will put our steelworkers
back to work? I wonder if the candi-
date of 1960 who 113 obviously preparing
his campaign for 1964 will have an an-
swer to these questions?
? SYMPATHY FOR BIRMINGHAM, ALA.
(Mr. GALLAGHER (at the request of
Mr. EVERETT) Was given permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. GALLAGHER,. Mr. Speaker, our
Nation is in mourning for the four young
people of Birmingham, Ala., who fell vic-
tims of an act that must be recorded in
history as one of the most dastardly and
barbarian of our time.
Our sympathy goes out to the parents,
relatives, and friends of these young peo-
ple who are, without question, martyrs
In a just cause.
But sympathy is not enough. We must
assure that these young people did not
die useless deaths.
I am confident our Government will
leave nothing unturned in its efforts to
place the blame, to cause the person or
persons who committed this beastly act
to be brought before a court of law and
there to answer for their horrible mis-
deed.
But blame and punishment arc not
enough. It is a question of responsibility.
It is a question of the moral obligation
that failed to protect the lives of these
young citizens. If it is beyond the capa-
bility of the officials of Alabama to pro-
tect its citizens and to guarantee their
constitutionally given rights, then I feel,
the Negro population has the right to
expect the protection of the Federal
Government.
We must act to protect our citizens,
In the South and elsewhere, to guard
against further violence in a State where
today fear prevails.
How many children must die? How
many families must be grieved before we
take the actions necessary to assure that
all men may enjoy the full rights of
citizenship and live in peace, free from
threats and bodily harm.
Sympathy, blame and punishment
are not enough, for if we do not act with
utmost speed .to bring full rights of
citizenship to all Americans and to
secure domestic peace, the beasts will
continue to ravage the just arid the law-
ful, and surely those young Americans
will have died in vain.
The Congress has before it legislation
that will so guarantee and I urge that
we now give highest priority for action
to this critical measure.
Again, as we did on August 28, we
are witnessing a tremendous demonstra-
tion of civic responsibility and good
citizenship as the Negro leaders of Ala-
bama and throughout the Nation plead
with their justly outraged people to fol-
low the path of law to justice.
It is our hope that all men, in Ala-
bama and elsewhere, will heed that plea.
And as we pray for the souls of the
children who lost their lives let us pray
also that in the days ahead right and
justice will prevail and that all Ameri-
cans can work and worship in safety
and with dignity.
A SOUTHERN PRECEDENT
(Mr. GONZALEZ (at the request of
Mr. EVERETT) was given permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. GONZALEZ. Mr. Speaker, I have
previously pointed out the odd and am-
bivalent attitude of many backers of the
bracer() law, because they willingly sup-
port the antidiscrimination clauses of
that law, but do not support similar
measures now sponsored by the admin-
istration. Today's Washington Post
points out this dichotomy:
A SOUTHERN PRECEDENT
Of all the southern objections to the civil
rights bill, one of the weakest Is that the
public accommodations provisions Involve a
wholly novel Federal Infringement on prop-
erty rights. It is pertinent to point out that
southern legislators themselves have sup-
ported a public law that embodies the very
philosophy that underlies the public accom-
modation section of the civil rights bill.
This little-noticed precedent exists in Pub-
lic Law 78, which governs the importation of
Mexican labor for harvest work. Article 8
Of the law contains a strong prohibition
against discrimination, and empowers the
Secretary of Labor to prohibit use of braceros
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE 16435
demonstration here this afternoon not so
much for Cuba as for America."
"There will be no peaceful solution to
American problems if we are going to have
repression of expression," he said.
The Times Square area has been ruled out
for mass demonstrations by an order of Police
Commissioner Michael J. Murphy since last
October 24. The ban is from 40th to 59th
Street between 5th and 9th Avenues.
But before yesterday's gathering at Town
Hall, 113 West 43d Street, between the Ave-
nue of the Americas and 7th Avenue, Cuban
exile groups opposed to Premier Fidel Castro
had been calling their forces from as far away
as Miami and Washington to protest. The
American students, the Cuban exiles had
heard, planned to make favorable reports on
the Castro revolution.
TURNOUT ESTIMATED AT 3,000
Alfred Estrada, assistant secretary general
of the exiles' Cuban Workers Democratic Rev-
olutionary Front, estimated that up to
3,000 anti-Castro adherents from many
groups had turned out.
They ran into a reminder by Assistant Chief
Inspector Anthony S. O'Connel, of the anti-
picketing ban. But the police official said
he would allow 25 pickets on West 43d Street
across Town Hall. He suggested the others
might disperse to demonstrate at such areas
as the United Nations.
Chief O'Connell reported he had more
than 100 policemen on hand by 1 p.m. They
included mounted policemen wearing World
-War I helmets. The police screened pedes-
trians to make sure they had tickets to the
rally or business in the block.
By 1:30 p.m. motor traffic was being turned
away by police barricades. Fifty pickets?
double the authorized number?were march-
ing across from Town Hall between the Hotel
Diplomat and Henry Miller's Theater. Some
of their signs said, "America Do Not Believe
the Red Liars" and "Dismantle Castro."
The student group was also screening
everyone entering Town Hall with its own
security force, led by Jacob Rosen, 24 years
old, of 636 West 174th Street, who said he
has been assisting racial integration efforts
in Monroe, N.C.
Mr. Rosen said he haa 150 men and women
committee members at the doors and in the
audience. They inspected pocketbooks and
ran their hands over the pockets of those
entering to make sure no "Molotov cock-
tails, stink bombs, or weapons of any kind"
were being brought in.
Just before the meeting started, Mr. Rosen
said he spotted about 30 anti-Castro sym-
pathizers sitting in the back rows of the
orchestra section. He said he asked them
to leave and offered to refund their money.
(Tickets had sold for $1 and $2.50 apiece.)
When the anti-Castro grout. protested, Mr.
Rosen's committee members began hauling
them out. In a melee, Rafael Alvarez, 28, of
168 State Street, Brooklyn, a member of the
anti-Castro revolutionary recovery move-
ment, was struck above the right eye. Blood
streamed over his face, and four stitches
were taken later at St. Clare's Hospital to
close the wound.
BALCONY GROUP OUSTED
A few minutes later, Mr. Rosen's forces
sought to eject from the balcony a group of
members of the anti-Castro Cuban student
directorate. Jose Antonio Lanuza, Miami
chief of informatiOn for the group, asserted
that 80 members had bought tickets at $1
apiece but intended no disturbance.
"I'll give you 3 minutes to get out," Mr.
Rosen said later he had told them, when- the
group became boisterous. The anti-Castro
students started singing the Cuban national
anthem and then poured down the stairs
and out into the street, with their secretary
general, Luis Fernandez Rocha, instructing
his members to refrain from any disorder.
Corliss Lamont, writer and lecturer-, served
as chairman of the meeting after Carleton
Beals, another writer, had asserted that an-
nouncements that he would take part were
unauthorized. Mr. Lynn, a lawyer, acted as
panel moderator after I. F. Stone, another
writer, had withdrawn from the program.
Student ,speakers in a panel session in-
cluded Mr. Luce, assistant editor of a
mlnthly put out by the Emergency Civil
Liberties Committee; Levi Laub and Steve
Martinot, organizers of a Progressive Labor
Movement club at Columbia University last
year; Albert L. Maher, bearded former Har-
vard student and cowboy, whose father, John
F. Maher is a wealthy Houston industrialist;
John Wayne Thomas of Oakland, Calif., and
Martin A. Nicolaus, of Fontana, Wis.
Other speakers included James Higgins,
assistant editor of the York (Pa.) Gazette
and Daily, who helped take a collection for
the students' legal defense, future trips and
the family of one traveler who died in Cuba.
Others were Maxwell Geismar and Truman
Nelson, authors.
Mr. Lamont announced that the traveling
students were accepting the challenge of
the Cuban Student Directorate to a debate
"on the proper occasion." He expressed the
hope that Madison Square Garden might be
the locale for the debate.
Mr. Luce declared that "we have broken no
law, because there is no law" against travel
to Cuba?only public regulations and
notices.
Mr. Thomas said Premier Castro had ruled
that "anyone who discriminates against any
man is a counterrevolutionary and can be
shot."
Mr. Laub said Cuba had "wonderfully
honest leadership" but a "serious problem
of bureaucracy." Mr. Martinot described
Cuba's single-party system as "eliminating
egotism which arises from the competitive
system." Mr. Nicolaus asserted "the vast
majority of the Cuban people backed Fidel
Castro and the Socialist revolution."
While Mr. Maher was talking about folk
culture in Cuba, a man dashed up On the
stage to demand, "What about freedom to
go out of the country?" Two guards hustled
him away. Mr. Maher replied that "on the
plane to Madrid a number of Cubans were
leaving" and that when transportation be-
came available, he was sure anybody who
wished to leave could.
A heckler shouted from the balcony in
Spanish and was also hastily ejected.
The rally was to end at 4:45 p.m., with
the last part of the program consisting of
written questions from the audience. But
Mr. Rosen and other group leaders became
worried about the departure of the throng,
and, after vainly trying to chafter a fleet of
buses or taxis, arranged with the police for
a guarded exodus to the subway.
At 4:23 p.m. Mr. Lamont interrupted to
announce this move to the crowd. Ten
minutes later, Mr. Rosen went to the stage
to appeal to everyone to file out together,
promising police and security guard protec-
tion.
Outside, mounted policemen and more
than 100 dismounted but blue-helmeted
policemen formed in rows to guard 'the
crowd. Chief O'Connell said later he had
sent for 76 extra motorcycle men at 2:45 p.m.
ANTI-CASTROITES SEALED OFF
By the hundreds, anti-Castro demonstra-
tors were being walled off by the police at 44th
Street, across the traffic island at Broadway
and 43d Street, and south of 42d Street, with
two blocks of Broadway barred to traffic.
Amid denunciations from the anti-Castro
protestors, the Town Hall spectators made
their way down a narrow stairway next to
the New York City Information Center to the
IRT and BMT subway lines. Only one
woman change-collector was on hand to sell
tokens; a police sergeant pitched in to help
her until another collector arrived.
George Calvo, a 19-year-old Sunnyside,
Queens, member of the Cuban Student Di-
rectorate, perched on shoulders of other anti-
Castro demonstrators and through a micro-
phone shouted to the police:
"American people, especially New York
police, we think you have a right to tell your
Government what you think. * * * We
would like to see the day you Americans and
we the Cubans are fighting shoulder to
shoulder against the Communist enemy
* * *. We don't want to fight you, your
horses, the American people."
On 42d Street, individual Cubans im-
plored policemen, "let's just get one or two
beards." Patrolman William T. Walsh, 25, of
the tactical patrol force, reported two anti-
Castro demonstrators swung at him and in-
jured his finger at Broadway and 42d Street.
The two were arrested and booked as Andre
Mondros, 22, a painter, of 600 West 140th
Street, and Roberto Villate, 29, a busboy, of
322 West 89th Street. They were charged
with felonious assault, disorderly conduct
and resisting arrest.
Earlier, the police had arrested Fred Jerome
of 69 East Seventh Street, editor of the
monthly periodical of the Progressive Labor
Movement, on a charge of felonious assault
in the injury to Mr. Alvarez. Two anti-
Castro demonstrators charged they had seen
Mr. Jerome hit Mr. Alvarez as he was being
ejected from Town Hall. Mr. Jerome insisted
he was a block away at the time.
Two other anti-Castro demonstrators were
arrested an simple assault charges flied by
two men after altercations at 43d Street and
the Avenue of the Americas. Th,ey were
booked as Osmundo Rodriquez, 32, of 561
West 143d Street, and Bernard Leon, 49, of
11-31 79th Street, Long Island City, Queens.
Nevertheless the 1,400 Town Hall partici-
pants 'made their way without incident
aboard subway trains from the Times Square
station, and by 5 p.m. the station was back
to its normal air. On the street, policemen
began dispersing the last anti-Castro demon-
strators. The Paramount Theater movie
marquee might have made a fitting caption.
It read: "A Ticklish Affair."
STUDENTS WHO TRAVELED TO
CUBA ILLEGALLY MADE ANTI-
AMERICAN REMARKS IN CUBA?
TRANSLATIONS MOM CUBAN
NEWSPAPERS
(Mr. CRAMER asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at
this point in the RECORD and to include
extraneous matter.)
Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, upon my
request of some weeks ago, the State
Department sent me the translations of
newspaper accounts, appearing in Cu-
ban newspapers, of the 59 American
beatniks who ventured to Cuba and of
some of their anti-American, pro-Castro
statements. Because of the timeliness
of this subject, and the recent repre-
hensible conduct of many of these peo-
ple and their followers during the hear-
ings of the House Committee on Un-
American Activities, I am asking that
these reports be placed in the RECORD.
I am also renewing my request that
the cell leaders of this unrepresentative
group of American young people be pros-
ecuted to the fullest extent of the law.
Failure to do so will merely encourage
further disrespect for U.S. laws and fur-
ther undermining of our anti-Communist
efforts in this hemisphere.
The translations, which speak for
themselves, follow:
tween Canada and Russia, $33 million tilication or its routes south or New York. manner witn tne tune anotteu
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41g4):IANT.-11X_STaien,
ON -1Allsgair,Wwjas.
Source: Hoy, July 3, 1963, p.1)
AFidel met with the students from the
- United States at Varadero. He chatted at
length arid ,played ping-pang with them.
4,1#4,9,a_great impression on all the stu-
? PkiroPrao, July 2 (by Reinaldo Peffalver
MoraL of _prensa Latina) .?The Prime Min-
later, _Mat Fidel Castro, chatted at length
? today- in this sInniner resort with the group
of An stildents who traveled to Cuba
,111 Order "to get to know the Cuban situation
at close range." ?
The young students?totaling 59?are
lodged at the Hotel International at this
beach, where th,ey have been enjoying a rest
since their?agiYalinSuba 3 days ago, defying
the tlireata end Pbstacles placed in their way
by the U.S. Department of State in order
tO prevent the triP?
The supreme leader of the Cuban revolu-
tion, who Unexpectedly arrived at the hotel,
had a pleasant chat with the visitors and
later engaged in interesting games of ping-
pong with.thera, four Of whom he -defeated.
?-Before leaVIng, Fidel Castro suggested to
the_American students that they should tour
the interior Of the country extensively and
promised to raeet them again in order to
, Converse and exchange views.
He also congratulated them on the firm
decision to which they held when they re-
, Celved the ? frOrn _the Yankee NBC broad-
casting station.
Vilisaggo, (by Benito, special correspond-
ent) .?With regard to the news that reached
Havana abel.it the threat by the U.S. author-
? Kies to eanCel the passports of the 59 stu-
dents and ,to take other coercive measures,
:Levi Loud, an American student who heads
?the.large group, stated that such threats
did uot woxry them and they would con-
tinue on their "historic trip through the
island of Cuba."
Purtherrnpre? in connection with the visit
paid by the Pi/2e Minister to the Hotel In-
ternational at Varadero, the leader of the
Snlerican group 'stated that "Fidel is an
extraordinary man, completely different from
?the _way the press depicts him."
The-Minister of Economy, Regino Batt and
the Director of EWER Jos?lanusa, spent
all of yesterday afternoon and evening with
-the 59 American students who are lodged
? at the Hotel International at Varadero, and
'Answered many questions on certain aspects
of the reV91tion formulated by the Ameri-
Cen. fients?, ?
ewiss, Jos?ebellOn, Joaquin M?
1V1.8441.1no_Chinza2ez, and Daniel Inclan, the
leaders of the Federation of University Stu-
dents, accompanied by Captain Fernando
Ravel% a Member of the National Committee
of the ,UJC, were exchanging views with the
American students,
lCa,ption under he picture: "Fidel plays
?ping-pong with a young American."'
DEPARTIVENT OF STATE,
DIVISION OF roANGUAGE SERVICES.
(SMUTS: Hoy, Habana, July 3 1963 p.8)
NEW YORIL TIME5 ADVOCATES TEARING DOWN THE
Wall ERECTED AGAINn ova&
"Although the imperialist newspaper con-
demns the _trip of the students, it says that
It is a Mistake toprevent trips to the island."
?-,19W Yoaa,?? July 2.?The New York Times
WA, out today in favor of having the
,Jatteti States tear down the wall prohibiting
eriOan citizens from traveling freely to
editorial, however, comments adversely
deeleion of 59 students from Amer-
OSA, lyersltles to travel to Cuba in spite
Of the threats of the Department of State.
' The New York Times states that the 59
stUclentS "broke a Government regulation"
and that "they will have no right to com-
NO
DP6&
v
plain" when they are condemned upon their
return to the country, but it points out that
the prohibition against visiting Habana is
"a mistake."
Then it rejects the two so-called qfficial
arguments for preventing Americans from
traveling to Habana:
(1) That there is no U.S. Embassy in Cuba;
and (2) that after visiting Habana Americans
"lend themselves to Cuban propaganda."
The editorial defends the theory that the
United States ought to be better informed
about Cuba. "If travel to Cuba were open
to all Americans," it emphasizes, "the pic-
ture the United States would get * * *
would be varied, rounded, and honest."
The New York Times also asks: "If the
Castro revolution is mostly bad, as most of
us believe, why not trust intelligent adults
to find this out for themselves?"
Lastly, in connection with the prohibition
against the trips, the American newspaper
suggests a criticism of President John F.
Kennedy by recalling that on June 25 in
West Berlin he stated that "we have never
had to put up a wall to keep our people in,
to prevent them from leaving us."
NEW Yoarc, July 2.?Rose S. Rosenberg, a
Los 'Angeles lawyer, today ironically asked
the members of the Committee on Un-
American Activities of the House of Rep-
resentatives to devote themselves to investi-
gating "what is happening in the South"
instead of engaging in "witch hunts."
Dr. Rosenberg was the first person who
appeared before the House committee which
today began hearings on trips to Cuba.
While the session was being held in the
Federal building at the civic center about
a hundred persons were displaying signs in
the adjoining streets reading "Get Rid of the
Witch Hunters."
Dr. Rosenberg was interrogated for an hour
but she took refuge behind the 1st, 5th, 9th,
and 10th amendments of the U.S. Consti-
tution. ?
Rose S. Rosenberg traveled to Cuba in the
spring of last year and, it was said, nego-
tiated in Los Angeles to have medicines sent
to Cuba.
? [From Revolucibn, July 1, 1963]
(First part of article, on p. 1 of the paper,
missing; this is the continuation, on p. 4 of
the paper.)
(Headline: "Arrival of a group of * * *.)
To RevoluciOn by Levi-Laub, a young stu-
dent at Columbia University, New York, on
arriving in Havana yesterday, heading the
American student delegation that is visiting
our country at the invitation of the FEU
(University Students Federation).
As is already known, a group of 59 students
and graduates of various universities of the
United States was invited by the University
Students Federation to visit Cuba last De-
cember, but they were unable to come be-
cause of the pressure of the Yankee Depart-
ment of State, which not only threatened
them With 5 years in jail or fines of $5,000,
or both, if they made the trip, but also in-
directly blocked the possibility of the group's
being able to travel by way of Canada.
Steadfast in their idea of getting face to
face with the truth about Cuba, and resisting
all threats, these young people of both sexes
and extremely varied racial origin?Negroes,
Jews, Pureto Ricans, white Americans?and
of different political persuasions, left New
York on June 25 last for Paris, the first stop
on their trip to Cuba.
"In Amsterdam and Prague," Jos?aria
Lizw_t, a PlierVv. Rican who has just been
gradiihted with a degree in mathematics from
the University of California, told us, "we were
approached by officials of the American Em-
bassies in the Netherlands and Czechoslo-
vakia, who in solemn official language warned
us of the grave penalties to which we would
be liable if we continued with our project.
I am l a Socialist by convictio,u. In My coup.-
September 18
try I have fought in the ranks of those who
want independence, because I believe that
independence from the Yankee yoke is the
only path open to Puerto Rico. A month
ago I learned about the trip to Cuba that
was being organized by the Permanent Stu-
dents Committee on Trips to Cuba, and I
gave notice of my intention to participate in
the excursion. And here I am, anxious to
submerge myself in the Cuban revolution."
The group includes students and graduates
of the Universities of Columbia, Harvard,
Wesleyan, Indiana, Michigan, North Caro-
lina, California, San Francisco, New York .
City College, Oakland City College, and other
lesser schools in the United States.
They were met at the Jose Marti Airport
by representatives of the foreign affairs sec-
tion of the FEU and the Cuban Institute of
Friendship Among Peoples.
Levi Laub, leader of the delegation, told
the reporter about all the inconveniences
that had preceded their arrival in Havana:
"We left New York on Tuesday, June 25,"
he said, "bound for Paris, and we made stops
in London and Amsterdam. As if it were an
order from our Department of State, we were
threatened in the three places by consular
officials of the United States."
"Our passports were withdrawn for a num-
ber of hours," continued Laub, "and finally
a long list was read to us, stating our sup-
posed violations of the law by visiting Cuba.
In Prague the same thing happened. The
consul received us at the airport and gave
us the familiar warning: 'This is going to
cost you a jail sentence.'"
Levi did not look tired despite the long,
journey. His companions also appeared
smiling and animated. The newspaper in-
terview continued for more than half an
hour through the immigation and customs
sections of the airport. Our colleague,
Tomas Toledo, who had accompanied them
aboard the Britannia on the flight from
Prague, putting together his impressions,
which we print here, was surprised at the
group's perfect cohesion, despite the fact
that the majority of them had become per-
sonally acquainted with each other only
when they assembled in New York on
the 25th.
"We are not a political group; we are
students, of various beliefs, and each of us
is going to draw his own conclusions from '
this visit," Laub added. "As our fellow citi-
zen, Stanton Evans, wrote In his book,
"Revuelta en el Recinto Universitario" ["Re-
volt in the University Precincts"], 'We are
not sponges absorbing ideological juices.'
We simply aspire to be molders of opinion."
Levi further commented that they were
certain that they were going to like Cuba
and that they hoped to interview Fidel Castro
and other leaders of the revolution, as well
as the American Negro leader, Robert Wil-
liams, an exile in Cuba, a refugee from the
racial terror of his own country.
There are 10 Negroes in the group; this is
particularly important to the United States
because of the fact that these students are
visiting Cuba, where the revolution has
eradicated odious racial discrimination.
"x FEEL HAPPY IN CUBA"
Philip Abbot Luce is another one of the
students who are visiting us. Furthermore,
he works for the National Guardian, a weekly
publication, and the daily York Pennsylvani-
an.
"After having wanted to come for a long
time, at last I am in Cuba," he exclaimed.
"As for the threats that hang over us on
our return to the United States, I say simply
that they do not frighten me."
"THE FUTURE LIES IN SOCIALISM"
John Milton has firm convictions:
"I believe that this journey will serve to
confirm my conviction that the future lies
in socialism," stated the young student from
ADA Ilnivetsity of San Frane4sc0. "One can
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RESS1ONA
a het-spirit in the Soc_ialist, countries.
en are looked upon as men, not as things."
?Marcus Gordon is studying painting_ in
New York. "This trip is something_I have
long dreamed of and desired anii now I-am,
here," he said:toi4411mes
me Veliha . s e rom t e program that
_ _
w11419.11:t ,14:Prilfir ,?es,9-2,5
, AP
ly can of Cuba, I am especially in-
in gettingnin, _touch withi Cuban
paintera?
.f'irsiim, XC vvoi?strixiqui,
Aieherl. oyl1eJ.a rgblieigegr .119.ent
- ;z?qi
frcFri_ ?the ,Unixereity, of California. _
' ?Even without haying visited Cuba," he,
said, "I had a very friendly" feeling toward
you. Fidel has accomplished something
marveloug; not only in the elimination of the
reinains Of racial ?discrhpinitlep. but in the
fact that with a small country he has the
moral force that is missing in the Govern-
Ment of the 'gutted _States, Thus _ja.e? pan_
denounce the_rufing classes of my country
without fear. ,He represents the power of
the people."
Referring to the racial crisis in the -United
States, he said:
"The leaders of thisTcrUsade, Wyatt Walker,
Martin Luther_ King, and Ralph Abernathy,
are very -fearless, valiant men, and so are
the people_ who participate every day in the
street -denionstratioup. The _Negro student
leaders have Ulso,been characterized by their
c-o?hrade'and bravery In this campaign, which
has inspired solidarity among the people."
"But we must recognize," he concluded,
"that they do have the weakness of .fearing
- that they may offend the _group from whom
they are demanding the freedom that Is
denied to thm In.t11P VAlteC1--504W.
"They have no right to prohibit us from
traveling"
arcia, Qlenn, a graduate of the Univer-
y of Indiana, who specialized in Latin
Arn,ericAll civiligation? was, trenchant_ in her
bonunents:, "I am. p.ot lathe least concerned
09* what the 0.9Yernineht of_the,lInited
- States may do to me. They have .no right
whatever to_ keep from from corning to Cuba.
-I Mulder myself very fortunate to have this
opportunity to learn about this country and
Its revolution. Iam very excited about the
,
, rAuvf_ATt#T-T-i*
We noted,anflir of cieterMinatiou in all
the members of ,the, delegation.
Q sum , up their firm attitude in the ?face
? _
he campaign of intimidation by the State
Department, it is sufficient to quote a para-
-graph from the official statement prepared
v
by the group: ,
are traveling to Cuba, despite the press
- communiques of the State Department at-
tempting to limit the traVeL Of American
citizens, because we believe that it. is our
right to travel where we _wish and_ when
we wish." -
RrCEITiLY 2[4/-44T
-Man 14kg.W.g.411 CAPTAP4- AND
RUSSIA Eyjp,pICZ$ TtLAT,
,111cQMP4MNQ
AISTAQ'S ,qommuzliam
(1S(fr. cRiimg4 asked, and was given
Vernlission to, aclaress the House for 1
minute and,tQrevtse and extend his
)
ze-
?
pAk_er, another
x o 11\C ,_&nnedy administration
being asleep at the switch with respect
-to the Communist challenge in this hem!-
- .sphere is beStevidenced by the failure
of the administration_to protest the re-
cent $506 rnilli9n wheat _agreement be-
tween ,canad And ,1=!, si 33 million
of which will be shipped directly from
Canada to Communist Cuba.
Recent press reports indicate that the
Government of Canada itself stated that
the U.S.Government had been informed
if these negotiations and that the Cana-
- titan Cfovernniertt,had xeceived no pro-
test.
Mr. Speaker, the administration should
register a formal protest and should have
done it a long time ago. It is time for
this Government to call for a halt to the
trade agreements which will help sustain
the Castro government.
It is about time this administration
started exerting some leadership in this
area, It is about time that the nebulous
New Frontier withdrew its head from the
clouds and took a good, hard look at the
results of its anemic policies on Cuba.
While we are asking Latin American
nations to stop trading with Cuba, it
makes little sense to them?and also our
other allies?to, at the same time, timidly
acquiesce to trade being carried on be-
tween Cuba and our so-called allies to
the north.
This double standard makes us look
weak and foolish to those Latin nations
that have joined us in this economic
embargo of Cuba. It raises serious ques-
tions as to our sincerity in trying to rid
this hemisphere of communism.
Mr. Speaker, this fiasco indicates fur-
ther that there is little chance for any
meaningful action in combating Castro
communism in this hemisphere by this
administration, and this includes the
President's refusal to use his discretion-
ary authority to withhold aid to nations
who are trading with Cuba, recently re-
written into the foreign aid authorization
bill on the floor of the House.
The manner in which this discretion
Is not being exercised relating this wheat
deal proves again the necessity of Con-
gress approving my amendment remov-
ing such diseretionJu cases of withhold-
ing aid to countries trading with Castro
as I offered to the AID authorization bill.
The SPEAKER. Under previous order
of the House, the gentleman from Ohio
[Mr. VANix] is recognized for 15 minutes.
[Mr. VANIK addressed the House
His remarks will appear hereafter in th
Appendix.]
'*CERABATIC/NW44*1.4QUGt_T-F-SCP15-13EPTCfrON-
The.$PRAKEH, __Under previous order
'Ple 1-19uni EentleMan_fram Alas-
--sadiiiietts [Mr. mAcDoNALD] is recog-
nized for 15 minutes.
Mr. MACDONALD. Mr. Speaker, the
-majority membership of the Civil Aero-
nautics Boatd once again has acted in
the pattern that has been made clear in
-their Northeast Airlines New York-Flor-
ida decision; that is, one of harsh and
preconceived judgi4nt.
On Thursday of last week the Depart-
ment of Justice filed with the Civil Aero-
nautics Board a petition for leave to in-
tervene in the New York-Florida renewal
case which involves the application of
Northeast Airlines for permanent cer-
'fl ? 9, L- ?oltb Of CW 1;,,
At the same time, the Justice Depart-
ment filed a petition for reconsideration
by the Board of its August 15, 1963, de-
cision. The Justice Department's brief
was _weiLdocumented, thoughtful, and
presented to the Civil Aeronautics Board
the public interest point of view, which
by congressional mandate is the Civil
Aeronautics Board's function to protect.
The thrust of the Justice Department's
argument for reconsideration was that
the Civil Aeronautics Board has disre-
garded long-established policy with re-
spect to competition in major traffic
markets and the Board's holding that
only two carriers were needed in the
New England-Florida market was con-
trary to the clear intent of Congress in
the language of the Federal Aviation
Act and established antitrust principles.
The brief of the Justice Department
noted that the increase in the east coast-
Florida traffic since the Civil Aeronautics
Board allowed Northeast to participate
therein was greater than the total traffic
in which three carriers share in the
Chicago-Miami market. It pointed out
that the share of the Boston-Miami run
carried by Northeast Airlines in 1962,
almost 98 million passenger miles, was
greater than that shared by three airlines
between Chicago-Tampa, Chicago-At-
lanta, and New York-Birmingham. Af-
ter setting forth comparative statistics
of passenger traffic between various cities
in the United States, the Justice Depart-
ment concluded that it was clear on eco-
nomic grounds alone that "if the New
York-Miami pair does not require at least
-three carriers, there is not a market in
the country that does."
I wish to call to the attention of my
colleagues the clear and compelling rea-
sons, listed in the Justice Department's
brief,for reconsideration and argument
of the New York-Florida renewal case:
The traffic statistics, the decisions of the
clear intent of Congress, the firm policy of
the Federal Aviation Act, all clearly demon-
strate that the east coast-Florida market, one
of the richest in terms of profits and the
largest in terms of passengers, must be serv-
iced by at least three carriers.
The Board's decision is based an a finding
that Eastern and National can meet the
present needs of the market. Using such a
finding as a rationale for its decision is con-
trary to its enunciated policies of more than
20 years.
On Monday, the first business day
after it had read the Justice Department
brief, the Civil Aeronautics Board, in a
curt one-paragraph order denied the
Justice Department the right to inter-
vene. The Board said, in essence, that
the Department of Justice was late in
seeking to intervene and had not shown
good cause which would justify late in-
tervention.
It would seem to me that the Civil
Aeronautics Board acted with tremen-
dous and unnecessary rapidity in hand-
ing out its decision in this matter. As
we all know, the Justice Department is
charged with the duty of preventing
monopoly in trade and commerce within
the United States and the 16-page
brief that was filed with the CAB by the
Justice Department could not have been
digested and disposed of in a reasonable
with ,t13,g timg allqte to_ it,
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- ,
Approved For Release 2004/06/23 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200250025-8
16438 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- HOUSE September 18
which amounted to just 1 working day.
I would hope that one agency of the
Government should feel incumbent to
give serious weight to the indictment of
'Its reasoning by a fellow agency, which ?
Is charged with the duty of protecting
the public interest. In addition to being
an affront to the Department of Justice,
the CAB's action in giving a cursory
brushoff to the Justice Department's
brief is completely unsound from both
a legal and a policy standpoint.
The Attorney General and Assistant
Attorney General William H. Orrick, Jr.,
of the Justice Department are to be con-
gratulated for their forthright action in
this matter, and I would hope that their
attention will continue to be riveted on
this situation which seems to tend to-
ward the growth of monopolistic serv-
ice to the air traveling public of Massa-
chusetts, New England, and the entire
eastern seaboard.
MEXICAN BRACEROS
The SPEAKER. Under previous or-
der of the House, the gentleman from
Texas (Mr. GONZALEZ] is recognized for
10 minutes.
Mr. GONZALEZ. Mr. Speaker, I rise
again in connection with the proposal
that Public Law 78, known as the bracero
law, be extended. Dramatically, though
tragically, last night in California 28
braceros died as a sort of underline or
emphasis of some of the things that we
have for years been trying to bring to
the attention of the American conscience.
I was recently assailed by a Mexico
City newspaper that quoted an anony-
mous official of the Mexican Ministry of
Foreign Affairs who was quoted anony-
mously for he did not have the courage,
the honesty or forthrightness to identify
himself. He attacked me in the news-
paper by describing me as having made
a demagogic expression concerning this
law. I called Public Law 78 a slave labor
law, and I reiterate that statement to-
day.
It is a pathetic thing when the officials
of a government do not have the courage
nor the ability to defend even their own
citizens and It is more pathetic when we
in a free country do likewise for less
reason. By the enactment of the revived
type of indenture servitude which had
been proscribed by the Congress in
1885, we have gone on record as saying
that we will enter into Government
agreements to protect this kind of servi-
tude and guarantee certain things that
we deny to our own native labor.
So the newspapers last night said
"Twenty-six Mexicans Die as Train Hits
Bus."
Let us look to see what is behind this
story. Was it a bus? I have investi-
gated, and I have found that this acci-
dent took place in the very county in
California that has proclaimed the loud-
est indignation and protestation that
these imported workers were being cared
for, that they had all kinds of protection,
that they had legal protection and sane-
tions as to safety in transportation, work
hygiene, sanitary conditions, labor
standards, and so forth.
Let us see about that. We checked
and found the accident involved a
truckload of braceros, not a busload, but
a truckload.
What was this truck? It was a flatbed
truck with four rows of benches, with a
capacity of 69 passengers. This truck
was hit by a train and wholly demolished.
Twenty-eight are dead up to this point;
13 are critically injured, some of whom
may be expected to die; yet that truck
met the legal standards.
How many braceros have been killed
like this? What are the full statistical
facts, even as poorly garnered as they
have been? In 1959 we know 16 were
killed in Arizona in a bus crash; in 1960,
throughout the United States, 52; 1961,
129 were killed; in 1962, 76 were killed;
and in 1963, so far, 43, or a total of 316
are dead from_all causes in the last 5
years.
These statistics are not exactly com-
plete or completely accurate because
these are those things that prompt the
attention of people only through acci-
dents such as the one reported in the
newspapers last night and this morning.
I say that my witnesses have not been
my own remarks uttered here on the
floor. My witnesses are the 28 known
dead and the many more who are
maimed. This testimonial is more elo-
quent, I am sure, for men of conscience,
that is. My reply to the newspaper re-
ports that this Mexican Government of-
ficial had criticized me for utterances I
had made in the American congress
against Public Law 78 is, I just wonder
what would be the expressions of the
gentlemen who have been so adamant in
their public expressions here if some
American newspapers had criticized a
Mexican congressman for utterances he
had made on the failure of the Mexican
Congress.
So my reply to those newspapers in
Mexico City and my "reply to that un-
known, anonymous Mexican Foreign
Minister, and my reply to my own native
colleagues here, is the tragic death of 28
men whose only protection is the luck
of destiny and fate that may dictate that
when they have been used and worked
they will be returned summarily to where
they came from, unless they jump the
contract, which about 10 percent do, and
Then it is up to the Immigration and
naturalization officials to try to locate
them.
This is something that I have not
heard as a third witness or from a third
party. I have been from one end of
Texas, where this labor has been used
for 10 years, to the other. The facts
have confirmed, not disaffirmed, what
some of us have said.
In my State last year the Labor De-
partment changed the minimum wage
for braceros from 50 to '70 cents. The
use of the braceros dropped 76 percent.
These are the same people who were say-
ing they had to have this labor, but they
dropped 76 percent in its use. Where did
they get the labor they said they had
to have? Naturally, even at this wage
they found they could get domestics.
I have testimonials and letters from
the growers in the valley of Texas. I
have visited them in the valley. I have
letters and telegrams and statements in
which they say, "We have a surplus of
domestic labor. We do not need the
bracero. We used to use the braceros
but we do not need them any longer."
I have been accused of attacking Pub-
lic Law 78 merely from the selfish stand-
point of protecting the domestic migra-
tory worker, but may I say once again
that this is one of the principal reasons
but it is not the main and only and ex-
clusive reason. My main reason is that
we have sowed the wind and we are go-
ing to reap the whirlwind with this type
of practice that crystallizes and encases
and embalms this indentured labor prac-
tice.
I have talked to Mexican officials who
work for the Mexican consulate in the
United States and privately and per-
sonally and off the record, they tell me,
"What can we do? Your Government
controls Mexico. You say you need it.
Our Government officials cooperate. We
succumb to pressure. There is not much
we can do. If you really want to put a
stop to it and if you put a stop to the
bracero law, then make sure that you en-
force the law preventing illegal entry
into the United States. But you do not
do it and you never have."
What do we do? Mexico is close to the
United States. One of them even made
the remark, "This has been the bad luck
of Mexico, that it has been so far from
God and so close to the United States."
These are the sentiments that you do not
hear publicly. These are the utterances
that you do not hear quoted. But a hu-
man being can tell the difference be-
tween laeing treated justly and being
treated unjustly. Even a dog can differ-
entiate between being kicked and being
stumbled over. These people may be
Ignorant?and the overwhelming masses
of the braceros are. They cannot speak
English. They cannot read or write,
but they are human beings and they can
tell the difference.
I agree that even at 50 cents or 60
cents, if that amount were paid, in most
instances even that agreement was not
kept. And we cannot, mollify our con-
sciences and say that we have enforced
this?yes, you have some who will and
' some who will not?but I am talking
about the cases in which it is not en-
forced?and if you have these situations,
these things are bound to come back to
haunt us. And that tells us better than
anything that I can say or argue back
and forth?and the stark realities and
the occurrences that we are confronted
with daily tell us the facts better than
anything I can say. So the bracero who
comes here and earns even 50 cents or
60 cents is earning more than he can
earn in the place that he comes from.
But nobody argues that. That is not the
point. But, oh, the men who say they
love this laborer and who say that they
really want to help him are the very ones
that will not help him to come here in
freedom.. They do not want inunigra-
ton. If we need the Mexican laborer,
why not let him come here in freedom
as our parents did and as a freeman
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
FURTHER PERSONNEL INCREASES
The agency hasn't yet determined at what
point its manpower requirements will level
off, and further increases in personnel prob-
ably will be asked for fiscal 1965. The agen-
cy's work force stood at 29,000 on July 1 and
probably will rise to about 32,000 by next
June 30. Even without additional staff, ap-
propriations and expenditures for personnel
and operations probably will rise about 10
percent in fiscal 1965. The fiscal 1961 request
Was $552 million and Congress authorized
$518 million.
The major factor in the agency's apparent
ability to hold the line on its fiscal 1965
appropriations is a leveling off in the de-
mands of its manned space flight program,
accounting for about 70 percent of the agen-
cy's total budget. Planners calculate fiscal
1964 will represent the peak appropriations
requirements for some segments of the
manned space flight effort.
It isn't anticipated, for example, that ap-
propriations requirements for the two-man
Gemini spacecraft, under prime contract to
McDonnell Aircraft Corp., will be as high as
this fiscal year's $306 million. It's also esti-
mated that appropriations requirements for
Project Apollo have reached or are nearing\
their peak. Prime contractors for Apo1lo ares
North American Aviation, Inc., Mid rum
man Aircraft Engineering Corp.
MASSIVE CANADIAN WHEAT DEAL
WITH U.S.S.R. HURTS CAUSE OF
FREE WORLD
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, yes-
terday the newspapers disclosed that
Canada had just closed the biggest wheat
deal in history with the Soviet Union in
an agreement to sell the Soviet Union
$500 million worth of wheat. Frankly,
I was shocked and surprised by this
agreement. The Soviet Union does not
need additional wheat for its own con-
sumption. It produces more than it
needs. It has been in the past a wheat
exporter, and it is still an exporter of
wheat.
The Soviet Union will use this wheat
to continue to have economic influence
? and domination over its satellites by
using such wheat for export.
Thirty-three million dollars worth of
that wheat?and this is firmly in the
agreement?will go to Cuba; and the
Soviet Union will be saved a great deal
of freight cost by shipping it from Can-
ada to Cuba instead of from Black Sea
ports to Cuba.
From any standpoint, it seems to me,
this is not good for the free world or
the United States.
There is another article in the New
York Times, on the following page, un-
der the heading, "U.S. Hopes To Gain
From Wheat Sale." It is true that we
gain indirectly in our balance-of-pay-
ments situation, because the wheat was
sold for gold. It is true that Canada
is our best customer. It is true that
there may be some benefit in opening
up markets?the wish is there ex-
pressed?for our wheat in future years.
But it must be realized that whatever
surcease from a hot war we may be able
to achieve through the test ban treaty?
and we all hope and pray to achieve it?
we are in stern and strict economic com-
petition with the Soviet Union. Khru-
shchev has said he intends to bury us,
and he intends to do it.
? This wheat deal is bound to help the
economy of the Soviet Union as almost
no other kind of assistance could.
The Soviet Union is suffering primar-
ily because she has an inefficient farm
economy. Almost half of her people
work on the farm. This means that
those people cannot be taken off the
farms and put into factories. This wheat
deal will be of great benefit to the Soviet
economy. It will have a similar favor-
able effect on Castro's economy.
I hope this kind of agreement, which
was reportedly not objected to in Wash-
ington, will be given far greater consid-
eration, in all its implications, before
this kind of an agreement is approved in
the future.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed at this point in the RECORD the
following articles which were published
in the New York Times of Tuesday:
"Huge Wheat Sale Closed in Canada";
"U.S. Hopes To Gain From Wheat Sale";
"Soviet Crop Loss Estimated at 10 Per-
cent," which appeared in today's New
York Times; and "Khrushchev Calls
Farms Wasteful."
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the New York Times, Sept. 17, 1963]
HUGE WHEAT SALE CLOSED IN CANADA
(By Raymond Daniell)
OTTAWA, September 16.?Canada closed an
agreement today, to sell the Soviet Union
nearly $600 million worth of wheat, the
largest sale of grain for delivery in 1 year.
ever transacted.
Cuba was a direct beneficiary. Of the
total 198 million bushels in the agreement,
16.5 million bushels of wheat and flour worth
$33 million are for delivery by the Soviet
Union to Cuba.
The only transaction comparable in size
is a $680 million foreign-aid sale of U.S.
wheat to India. That agreement, to expire
June 30, 1964, covered a 3-year period.
The agreement, the third between the two
countries, calls for deliveries five times as
large as those provided for under any previ-
ous agreement with the Soviet Union. The
Soviet purchase is also larger by about 10
million bushels than the recent long-term
purchase by Communist China of 187 mil-
lion bushels.
UNITED STATES INFORMED
Mitchell Sharp, Minister of Trade and
Commerce, who negotiated the agreement
for Canada, said the United States had been
informed that part of the wheat was to be
delivered to Cuba and had offered no objec-
tions. The Soviet Union will be responsible
for transporting the wheat, he said.
Recently, the Ontario Wheat-Marketing
Board, acting on its own, sold 1.8 million
bushels of wheat to a foreign buyer and it
was reported that It was destined for Cuba.
Canada has been selling skimmed milk pow-
der to Cuba directly for some time.
Under the terms of the agreement signed
today, Canada will deliver at its ports 6.3
million long tons or 198 million bushels of
wheat and 575 million long tons or 29.5
million bushels of wheat flour by July 1964.
From the ports, the Soviet Union has the
responsibility of transporting the grain.
The azreement was signed by Mr. Sharp,
and S. A. Borisov, Soviet First Deputy Minis-
ter of Foreign Trade, who has been here as
head of a Soviet trade delegation for the
last 2 weeks to negotiate the purchase.
The agreement provides for short-term,
Government-guaranteed credit through July
1964. The Soviet Union has agreed to buy
16467
500,000 long tons or 18.7 million bushels
more wheat or flour in 1965. This would
be worth about $36 million, a relatively
small amount, which it was said might be
increased if the Soviet Union needs to sup-
plement its own crop further.
It Is understood that the Soviet Union is
acting as an intermediary for Cuba because
Havana lacks the dollars to buy wheat di-
rectly. The Soviet Union is understood to
have accrued the necessary dollars through
recent gold sales. Mr. Sharp noted that
Canada insists on payment in dollars.
VaLuME SURPRISING
What is most surprising about the agree-
ment is the volume of deliveries. Fulfill-
ment of the commitment within a year will
pose serious logistical problems, tax the ca-
pacity of Canadian flour mills and lower the
reserve in Canadian granaries to about the
safety level or less than 500,000 bushels.
Mr.. Sharp said at a news conference that
the agreement, coming after Canada's sale
this summer of 187 million bushels of wheat
to Communist China over a 3-year period,
would not interfere with commitments to
supply major markets in Britain, Europe,
Japan, Asia, and elsewhere under the Inter-
national Wheat Agreement.
It might, however, prevent Canada from
carrying out her planned expansion of for-
eign aid to underdeveloped countries in the
form of gifts of grain.
Canada, Mr. Sharp said, will not try to
sell any more wheat this year. However, it
is reported that a Polish delegation is com-
ing to try to make additional purchase. Po-
land has bought Canadian wheat for several
years.
Mr. Sharp said the Soviet ,delegation had
made no secret of its intention to distribute
some of the huge grain purchase among its
satellites in Eastern Europe as well as in
Cuba.
Mr. Borisov said in a statement, read in
Russian and translated, that weather in the
Soviet Union had adversely affected the So-
viet wheat crop, forcing his country to buy
from other countries. The Soviet Govern-
ment has also bought substantial quantities
of wheat from Australia.
Future purchases of wheat from Canada
for delivery to Soviet ports near Canada
could be "economically justified and proper,"
Mr. Borisov said. He declared that this
would "depend on how much Canada is able
to enlarge its purchases of Soviet goods."
Because the economies of Canada and the
Soviet Union are somewhat similar, any
great expansion of Russian exports to this
country is regarded as unlikely.
The wheat sale was made possible by the
Export Credit Insurance Corporation, a Gov-
ernment body, which agreed to provide guar-
antees to a maximum of $200 million at any
one time. The sale was for 25 percent cash
for each shipment, with one-third of the
balance payable after 6, 12, and 18 months
from the date of shipment.
The agreement is expected to set a record
for wheat export in a single year. The
Canadian Wheat Board, whose chairman,
W. C. McNamara, took part in the negotia-
tions, estimated that total exports this year
would amount to 660 million bushels, against
386 million bushels in 1952-53, the best post-
war year. Sales of 550 million bushels would
represent foreign-exchange earnings of more
than $1 billion.
Wheat sales to Communist China and the
Soviet Union will go a long way toward en-
abling Canada to cover its chronic imbalance
of trade with the United States, running at
the rate of about $1 billion a year.
The wheat and flour purchased by the So-
viet Union for delivery this year, including
purchases outside the agreement, amount to
239 million bushels.
Because of the immense volume of grain
movements to the ports in so short a time,
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16668 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE September 18
N. R. Crump and Donald Gordon, presidents
of the Canadian Pacific and the Canadian
National Railways, were consulted on the
ability of their lines to handle the traffic.
They expressed confidence that they could
do so, although It would mean doubling the
traffic.
Arrangements have been made, Mr. Sharp
said, to speed the movement of grain carriers
through the St. Lawrence Seaway for the
time left in the ice-free season and from the
time it reopens next spring.
Even if Canada Is able to get the required
amount of grain from the prairies to the
ports on her east and west coasts, it was
suggested. that the Soviet Union might find
trouble in getting ships to carry the cargoes
to its own ports.
'Prom the New York Times, Sept. 17. 1983]
UNITED STATES Hopes To GAIN FROM WHEAT
SALE
WASHINGTON, September 18.?U.S. agri-
cultural officials speculated cautiously to-
day that Canada's 11500 million sale of
wheat to the Soviet Union might benefit
American producers.
Any benefit, it was said, would come from
Canada's leaving open some world markets
and from the United States filling demands
with dollar sales. Some officials said the
United States could increase its wheat sales
by more than 200 million bushels In the
next year RS a replacement for Canadian
wheat. This could raise U.S. wheat ex-
ports to a record.
While farm officials speculated on possible
benefits, officials at the State Department
said the Soviet plan to send Canadian wheat
to Cuba posed no issue between the United
States and Canada.
The State Department officials said that
wheat was in the category of food and that
Washington had never prohibited the ship-
ment of food and drugs to Cuba under Pre-
mier Fidel Castro. Traditionally, they said,
the United States has acted on humanitarian
grounds?even toward Communist China.
POLICY UNDER STUDY
Washington also wonders whether the Sa-
yler purchase will spur the United States
to open its surplus agricultural products to
the Soviet Union and to other Communist
countries.
There is no legal prohibition of govern-
ment-to-government sales with the Soviet
Union, provided that commercial exporters
obtain export licenses from the Department
of Commerce. The policy, however, has been
to rule out trade in farm products with
Communist countries other than Poland and
Yugoslavia.
This issue has agitated Congress for several
years. Congress has prohibited aid to any
country known to be dominated by commu-
nism or Marxism. But It has permitted sales
and gifts of surplus farm products where the
President finds them in the national in-
terest.
Senator HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, of Minne-
sota, the Democratic whip, asserted today
that the United States must change its
outdated export policies if it was to share
la world markets.
Wheat is not a war material, he told the
Senate in commenting on the Canadian-
Russian agreement. Canada, he said. Is get-
ting dollars for its wheat at a time when
the United States needs gold to help Its
dollar balance.
HODGES FAVORS EXPANSION
There was no official indication that the
Soviet purchase had stimulated a re-exami-
nation of the U.S. policy. Earlier today Sec-
retary of Commerce, Luthern H. Hodges said
he had planned to suggest to President Ken-
nedy that the United States might expand
trade with Communist countries in the wake
of the easing of tensions and the treaty for
a limited ban on nuclear testa.
Mr. Hodges spoke on the television pro-
gram "Today" over the National Broadcast-
ing Co. network before Canada announced
the Soviet agreement. He did not specifically
include farm producta. The Secretary said,
"We ought to follow somewhat more what our
allies have been for the last several years?
namely, to sell goods."
The Department of Commerce will hold a
White House conference tomorrow on pro-
moting exports. President Kennedy will
speak, and Mr. Hodges said he planned to
carry his plea to the President then.
Analysts of Soviet agriculture and the
Department of Agriculture commented that
the Canadian sale might indicate that the
Russian grain shortage was worse than had
been believed. But they had no definite
word.
Agriculture officials indicated that if the
United States could add to its exports, wheat
prices would generally be strengthened. But,
they pointed out, this applied to the cur-
rent wheat crop and would have no affect
on the 1964 crop.
PRICE DROP EXPECTED
Official predictions are that wheat prices
will drop sharply next year. This le based
on producers' rejection of the administra-
tion's tough new wheat-output control pro-
posal earlier this year. That program would
have guaranteed producers $2 a bushel, com-
pared with the predicted 1964 price of about
$1.30.
One cause of worry, officials said, is that
with the Canadian sale opening sales for
U.S. wheat, and with a resultant stif-
fening of prices, producers may be in-
duced to plant more. Winter wheat, the
bulk of the U.S. crop, is going Into the
ground now for harvest next year.
One reason for caution by farm officials is
that Canada has had two successive bumper
wheat crops. The 1962 production was 550
million bushels; this year*. yield, estimated
at 700 million could amount to 750 million.
Canada could easily handle the 560 million
bushels for domestic and export needs, the
officials said, but this year's crop provided
her with a 200-million bushel surplus to be
drained off by the Soviet Union. At the
same time, they noted, Canada has notified
some customers that she cannot fulfill all her
commitments.
'From the New York Times, Sept. 17, 1963]
SOVIET CROP LOSS EEiTIMATED AT 10 PERCENT
(By Tad Szulc)
WAsHINGTON, September 17.?U.S. special-
ista on Soviet agriculture and trade today
ascribed Moscow's purchase of Canadian
wheat to a drop of perhaps 10 percent In the
Soviet crop.
A contract for the Russian purchase of
more than 8 million metric tons of wheat and
wheat flour was signed in Ottawa yesterday.
The purchase was necessary, the U.S.
speciallsta said, because even in past years
the Soviet crop has provided only slightly
more than enough to meet consumer
demands.
This year's drop, combined with the new
needs of Cuba and Eastern Europe, left the
Soviet Union with a substantial deficit.
Weather conditions were believed to be the
main cause for the decrease in output.
The estimate here was that the Canadian
purchase was the equivalent of about 1
month of Soviet domestic consumption.
Officials warned that precise figures were not
possible because Soviet export commitments
are not fully known.
DEMANDS ON CROP SHOWN
The demands on the Soviet wheat crop,
both domestic and international, were illus-
trated by Soviet insistence that the entire
agreement be conditioned on Canada's ac-
ceptance of the shipment to Cuba of 465,000
metric tons of wheat and flour from the
purchase.
Canada advised the United States of this
condition when the State Department asked
whether the deliveries to Cuba were an essen-
tial part of the transaction.
Figures for Soviet wheat and flour exports
to Cuba indicated today that Moscow had
decided to meet its pledges of wheat to
Cuba through purchases of Canadian wheat.
This, experts here stressed, showed that the
Soviet Union would rather pay in dollars for
supplying Cuba with wheat and flour, now
among the essential staples consumed on the
island than take them out of her own
supplies.
The Cuban wheat and flour needs grew
from 292,000 metric tons in 1961 to the
465,000 tons this year, largely to make up
for a drastic decrease in Cuban food produc-
tion Including rice, black beans, and me-
lange, a turnip-type edible root.
MOSCOW WILL SAVE
In overall terms, however, the Soviet Gov-
ernment is making a saving in buying the
wheat for Cuba from Canada, because freight
costs from Canada to Cuba are only a frac-
tion of what Moscow pays for shipments
from Black Sea ports.
ALLIES IN BLOC MANE DEMANDS
In addition to the rising Cuban needs, the
Soviet Union is known to be under pressure
to provide wheat and grain in considerable
quantities to its Eastern European allies,
notabij Poland and East Germany, because
of their own crop failures, also caused by
poor weather.
Even before the Soviet harvest shortages
became known, Poland indicated her eager-
nem to obtain additional U.S. wheat on loan
under the commodity surplus program and to
purchase a sizable amount of wheat in
Canada.
She had been receiving U.S. wheat and
other farm commodities under the surplus
program for the het 6 years, but she is re-
ported to be having difficulty in opening
negotiations with Washington.
Cuba, which ran out of foreign exchange
in 1961, has been depending exclusively on
Soviet shipments financed by credit ar-
rangement. In an article in the June issue
of U.11.8.8., a Soviet magazine in Spanish,
a Soviet trade representative, P. Sakuia, wrote
that "the supply of bread to the Cuban
population is carried out completely through
the supply of Soviet wheat and flour."
What now appears to have been one of
the first signs of Soviet difficulty in deliver-
ing wheat and flour to allies came in a
broadcast by the Havana radio last month.
The radio announced that the production of
crackers and noodles would have to be cur-
tailed temporarily.
U.S. specialists say that while the
Soviet Union reported a wheat produc-
tion of 70 million metric tons last year, the
figure was probably closer to 55 million tons.
The size of the Canadian purchase indi-
cates that the 1963 production will be less
than 50 million tons.
[Prom the New York Times, Sept. 18, 19631
HIIRUSHCLIEV CALLS FARMS WASLA2 uL
MOSCOW, September 17?Premier Khru-
shchev has demanded an all-out effort to
"Improve the management of Soviet agricul-
ture."
Speaking in Volgograd yesterday to re-
gional officials responsible for state farms
and irrigation projects, the Premier chided
"people who cling to their old habits and
who cannot get rid of the bureaucratic
style of management."
The speech was printed tonight in lz-
vestia, the government newspaper. It occu-
pied the greater part of the paper's front
page and almost an entire inside page.
The Premier stressed the questions of
fertilizer and irrigation, both long of spe-
cial interest to him.
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
He disclosed that the central committee
of the Communist Party, after prolonged de-
bate, ?had decided recently to create a new
administration exclusively responsible for
the construction and operation of all- irri-
gation works in the country.
OUTPUT TO BE INCREASED
Mr. Khrushchev also said the central com-
mittee had concluded that it was of prime
national importance to increase the produc-
tion of mineral fertilizer and to insure that
existing stocks of fertilized were being used
effectively.
"We must spare no effort to increase the
production of fertilizer," Mr. Khrushchev
added.
He said that present plans called for an
increase of fertilizer production from 20
Million tons this year to 29 million tons next
year and to 35 million tons in 1965. The
goal of 35 million tons is equal to the 1962
fertilizer output of the United States, Mr.
Khrushchev noted.
The Premier cited the care with which
American farmers protected their fertilizer in
plastic bags in contrast with the neglectful
practices in the Soviet Union, where, he said,
piles of fertilizer were allowed to freeze for
children to sledge down on.
Mr. Khrushchev also criticized the cost of
vegetables, declaring that it was "a shame"
that Soviet agriculture with its modern ma-
chinery had allowed the price of vegetables
to rise so high.
Mr. Khrushchev said he was "not pleased"
with what he had seen and heard in the
newly irrigated Volga-Don region, which he
inspected yesterday and where he made his
speech,
"If you continue to work like this, then
the bread received from such irrigated lands
will become bitter because you spend a lot
to produce it," he cautioned.
YUGOSLAV FARMS PRAISED
Mr. Khrushchev said that during his re-
cent visit to Yugoslavia he had been im-
pressed by the high yields obtained on state
farms there and by the effective use made of
fertilizer.
Although state farms make up only 20 per-
cent of the Yugoslav agricultural area, he
said they produce 60 percent of the country's
bread grain.
Mr. Khrushchev hinted that instead of ex-
tending the acreage under cultivation as in
the past under his virgin lands plan, the
Soviet Union would in the future-concentrate
on intensifying production on existing acre-
age, mostly through the wider use of fer-
tilizer,
The Soviet leader said that on the average
the Soviet Union was using 154 pounds of
mineral fertilizer a hectare (2.47 acres) of
arable land compared with 499 pounds in the
United States, 1,115 in France, 1,885. in
Britain, and more than 2,200 in West Ger-
many.
"Comrade leaders," the Premier said, "it
is necessary now to improve the management
of agriculture in the most resolute way."
Mr. KEATING subsequently said:
Mr. President, supplementing the re-
marks of the distinguished Senator from
Wisconsin regarding the sale of $500
million worth of wheat to the Soviet Un-
ion, it seems to me we must view it with
mixed emotions.
So far as the Soviet Union is con-
cerned, it conclusively proves the failure
of the Communist agricultural programs
and demonstrates to the world what a
poor farmer the Communist bloc is. As
far as Canada is concerned, the sale is
undoubtedly a good bargain and eco-
nomically useful.
But insofar as this deal specifically
includes, as the Senator from Wisconsin
pointed out, $33 million worth of grain
for Cuba, it involves a very serious
breach in U.S. efforts for economic and
political isolation of the Castro regime.
Canada has always refused to join
the Organization of American States and
participate in hemispheric planning ef-
forts, but this move goes a step further
than that. It is a direct repudiation of
the efforts of the OAS to isolate Castro.
It will invite leftists throughout the
hemisphere to press for renewed ties with
Castro and may open the way for an
even greater flood of Communist influ-
ence into Latin America.
Furthermore, reports indicate that the
Canadians have also been selling skim
milk powder to Cuba for some time.
It is ironic that for some time the
United States has tried to move carefully
and restrict its Public Law 480 sales of
grain, which represent a substantial and
effective part of our foreign aid program
In order not to offend nations like Can-
ada. Our aid to underdeveloped coun-
tries, in other words, has been deliberate--
ly held down to please Canadian grain
sellers. Yet, Canada has one of the
smallest foreign-aid programs in the en-
tire free-world, Proportionate to Can-
ada's gross national product, the coun-
try supplies only one-fifth as much aid
to poorer nations as the United States
does and ranks practically at the bottom
in free world aid programs.
Increased international trade is all
very well and dollars are important to
every nation. But I think it is extremely
unfortunate that the Canadian Govern-
ment, in its pursuit for profit, should de-
liberately flout the mutual interest of the
entire hemisphere in encouraging a So-
viet withdrawal from Cuba. In fact,
what the Canadians have done is to
strengthen the Soviet position in Cuba,
by allowing the Soviets to take the credit
for alleviating the food shortage.
This action, although on a larger scale
dollarwise, is comparable to the inten-
tion of a French firm in Paris to sell
Castro equipment to build a sugar-waste
processing plant, by which waste sugar
cane may be chemically processed into
yeast. This undertaking, on which I
have just received what I consider posi-
tive confirmation from Paris, will, like
the grain sale, tighten the Communist
grip on Cuba.
It is regrettable, and a sign of the
half-hearted manner in which our own
shipping and other restrictions have
been applied, that there has been not
one single word of protest or condemna-
tion by our Government on these moves.
-
I did not know until the Senator from
Wisconsin spoke that our State Depart-
ment had actually approved of this sale.
At least I know that there has been no
protest or condemnation of it. I hope it
is not indicative that there is no real
will in Washington to enforce a strong
boycott against Cuba, and that our Gov-
ernment is content to drift with the tide
and roll with the punches that come,
not only from the Communist bloc, but,
alas, in increasing number from our
allies.
I am greatly distressed by this trans-
action insofar as it represents a sale to
Cuba, indirectly, and I share the concern
16469
of the distinguished Senator from
Wisconsin.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
should like to make a brief statement.
I have been following with consider-
able interest the statements being made
on the wheat deal between Canada and
the Soviet Union, with some of the wheat
being shipped to Cuba.
It is a little surprising to me to hear a
Member of the Senate state on the floor
that this was done with the approval of
the administration in Washington. I
was always under the impression that
Canada, being a sovereign nation, does
what it does in its own best interest, as
we do also.
While I certainly have my doubts and
do not approve of the action with regard
to Cuba, I point out that this matter is
Canada's business, and Canada's business
alone.
I would also point out, on the subject
of wheat, that we have shipped a good
deal of wheat to our friends in Western
Europe, and that certain allegations have
been made on the floor of the Senate, and
certain proofs have been forthcoming,
to the effect that some of the wheat
which we shipped to our friends in West-
ern Europe has, at times, has been milled
and shipped behind the Iron Curtain.
Therefore I would suggest that we look
at this matter with a little understand-
ing. I do not approve of what Canada
has done, but Canada, being a sovereign
country, does what it desires, and what
it does is not dependent upon approval in
Washington. To the best of my knowl-
edge there has been no approval in Wash-
ington of what Canada has done in con-
nection with this wheat deal.
Mr. AIKEN. The colloquy we have
been hearing in connection with the sale
of Canadian wheat to Russia has been
quite interesting. It is significant that,
as the need for wheat in Communist
China increased, our own exports in-
creased materially. There is no use try-
ing to fool ourselves. If any of the coun-
tries behind the Iron Curtain want
American goods, they can get them, al-
though they must go through a third
country, which skims off the cream.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Usually they are
our allies.
Mr. AIKEN. Yes; our own allies.
They are doing a land office business. I
do not want to add to anyone's discon-
tent, but I have just read that the Aus-
tralians have sold $100 million worth of
wheat to Russia.
What is the solution? Shall we sever
relations with Australia and Canada?
Instead of constantly complaining, we
should make some suggestions about
what to do about the situation. So far
as I know, the only thing we can do is
to break off diplomatic relations with
Australia and Canada, and perhaps also
with Germany, France, Belgium, Hol-
land, and Italy, and all our other good
friends.
? I am satisfied that our friends are
doing a land office business with Com-
munist countries and taking a very sub-
stantial profit on the materials and pro-
duction which we sell to them.
If Cuba wants to get powdered milk
or flour from American wheat, it can get
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16470 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE September 18
it; so can Hungary and Rumania and
Russia. To get it, of course, it must go
through a third party.
Therefore, we ought to hear some rec-
ommendations as to what to do about
the situation.
Certainly the U.S. Government does
not have to approve Canadian transac-
tions or Australian transactions with any
other country. The only recourse would
be retaliation. What form that retalia-
tion should take, I do not know. The
fact remains that our best friends are
cleaning up on us, and we are taking it
out on complaints.
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President. will
the Senator yield?
Mr. AIKEN. I yield.
Mr. PROXMIRE. The article pub-
lished in the New York Times, which I
read, states:
Mitchell Sharp, Minister of Trade and
Commerce, who negotiated the agreement for
Canada, said the United States had been in-
formed that part of the wheat was to be de-
livered to Cuba and had offered no objections.
Another article published in yester-
day's New York Times states;
While farm officials speculated on possible
benefits, officials at the State Department said
the Soviet plan to send Canadian wheat to
Cuba posed no issue between the United
States and Canada.
At least no objection was made by the
U.S. Government, and certainly no re-
luctance was shown on our part toward
having the deal go through. There was
no protest. No reservation was ex-
pressed with regard to it.
Mr. MANSFIELD. The Senator from
Wisconsin ought to be fair. I know he
wants to be fair. So far as the State
Department is concerned, it has not been
asked, and it should not be asked by the
Canadians as to what they should or
should not do. After all, Canada Is a
sovereign nation, as I have tried to indi-
cate. What the Senator says does not in-
dicate that the State Department had
approved the wheat deal.
Mr. PROXMIRE. I read again from
yesterday's New York Times:
Mitchell Sharp, Minister of Trade and
Commerce. who negotiated the agreement
for Canada, said the United States had been
informed that part of the wheat was to be
delivered to Cuba, and had offered no ob-
jections.
Mr. MANSFIELD. What good would
it have done?
Mr. PROXMIRE. We could at least
have disagreed with it. We could have
said we do not like it. We could at least
have stated our position.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Suppose they told
us they did not like what we were doing.
Mr. PROXMIRE. So long as they in-
formed us, it seems to me that if the
State Department did not like it, it could
have said so. It is possible Canada
might not proceed against our expressed
opposition. If she did proceed. It would
be possible for this country. to consider
steps that might discourage such action
in the future.
Mr. MANSFIELD. That is Canada's
business. That is the answer.
Mr. AIKEN. If the Canadians ship
wheat from Canada to Cuba, it is less
expensive than shipping it from Russia.
Last year our exports of wheat to west-
ern Europe increased tremendously, go-
ing above 100 million bushels. No doubt
some of that was shipped to Red China.
It is cheaper to ship Canadian wheat
to Cuba than to have it reshipped, and
the same is true with respect to wheat
shipped to Red China, or to any other
part of the world.
Mr. PROXMIRE. The point I wish to
make is that we should try to make it as
expensive, difficult, and onerous for the
Communist nations as possible, not as
easy and convenient as we can make it.
Mr. AIKEN. Does the Senator from
Wisconsin recommend that the United
States sever diplomatic relations with
Canada, Australia, France, West Ger-
many, and Belgium?
Mr. PROXMIRE. Certainly not; I say
we should have protested and made our
position clear.
Mr. AIKEN. Does the Senator think
we should tell Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, and other nations how to con-
duct their business?
Mr. PROXMIRE. I say that when
Canada informs us that she plans to sell
to Russia wheat that Russia will send to
Cuba. we should say we oppose that ac-
tion because it is a bad thing to do. Our
allies can do it; they are sovereign na-
tions. But we should at least make our
position clear to them; that is all I ask.
Mr. AIKEN. They will go ahead and
ship it anyway.
Mr. PROXMIRE. Why assume this
great nation is so impotent? This way
they do it with our tacit approval.
Mr. AIKEN. Even if we should say,
"No," very few countries would do what
we ask. Even Vietnam would not do
what we want it to do.
Mr. PROXMIRE. We can hardly
blame or criticize our allies for assisting
the Communist bloc if our State Depart-
ment, which is informed of these ac-
tions, does not at least go on record dis-
approving them. If Canada takes such
action, as it has done, without notifying
our Government, or does It over the pro-
test of our Government, we should criti-
cize Canada. But when Canada informs
us, and our State Department Indicates
no objection, the criticism and it should
be emphatic should be lodged with the
State Department, not with Canada.
A FLOWER FOR THEIR GRAVES
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, last
night's Washington Evening Star con-
tained three interrelated items on the
disgraceful and loathsome happenings
In Birmingham. Ala., *here repeated
bombings and now the killings of in-
nocent children while attending Sun-
day School in their church have put the
spotlight on the too-long delayed strug-
gle for cqual rights for all the people of
the United States regardless of the color
of their skin.
The first article, written by columnist
David Lawrence, urges the Negro to go
slow?not to push things too fast. It
occurs to me that Mr. Lawrence should
ask himself whether if he were born a
Negro he would consider It pushing too
fast if, 100 years after he had been
promised equality and was still being
denied equal educational opportunities,
equal employment opportunities, equal
accommodations, he too would think
It was pushing things too far to
want these constitutionally guaranteed
rights?now.
The second item is an editorial in the
same issue of the Star disagreeing with
Mr. Lawrence. I agree with that edi-
torial. I agree with its view that Mr.
Lawrence's comments are "tasteless and
absurd." In the light of what has been
happening in Birmingham, as the Star
says editorially "this is a time for shame,
not for self-righteousness."
Finally, a column from the Atlanta
Constitution, written by its editor, Eu-
gene Patterson, a native Georgian, en-
titled "A Flower for the Graves," tells
eloquently what should be in the hearts
of all of us.
I ask unanimous consent that these
three items be printed at the conclusion
of my remarks.
There being no objection, the article
and editorial were ordered to be printed
in the RECORD, as follows:
[From the Washington Evening Star,
Sept. 17, 10631
ANSWERING BIRMINGHAM BOMBERS?ALL SIDES
URGED TO WORK OUT REFORMS AND Rox
THEM. INTO CITY ORDINANCES
(By David Lawrence)
The tragedy of Birmingham reflects the
conflicts of angry men. It emphasizes a de-
feat for the rule of reason and a triumph for
the spirit of mobocracy.
To preach nonviolence, yet to sanction
street demonstrations which incite to vio-
lence, is to stir up the deepest emotions. Un-
der such circumstances, men on both sides
tend to feel rather than to think.
Responsibility for the recent outbreaks of
violence will be attributed by each side to the
other in the integration controversy. It will
be said that, if the churches themselves had
not become active participants in the public
demonstrations, there would have been less
resentment in the communities. It will be
argued in reply that there was no other way
to dramatize what was felt to be an innate
injustice, both in law and morality.
There is no question about the fact that
the bitterness of those who have been dis-
criminated against because of race or color
produces an anger that often brushes aside
pleas for a rule of reason and for the opera-
tion of a system of law. Not so many years
ago, the anger of the mob caused the lynch-
ing of many an innocent man. The mob
always felt sure that the suspect was guilty
and cried out: "Why wait for the courts?
he's guilty." The cry today is: "Why wait
for the process of law?it's too slow."
The air is filled with threats. It is being
said that, unless this or that reform is im-
mediately granted, there will be race violence.
No constructive purpose is served by such
threats and, when uttered by clergymen, they
are even more discouraging. For what is
lacking in the controversies today is the re-
straint that comes from a true religious
spirit. Saint Thomas Aquinas in his famous
book said:
"The angry man is energetic in the pursuit
of justice. But anger can destroy the reason-
ableness and prudence of our actions. Fre-
quently angry men exact a greater vengeance
than the injury done to them merits."
This applies particularly to the men who
bombed the Negro church in Birmingham.
They do not represent or reflect a majority
sentiment in the community. They gave
vent only to their own passions of anger,
and their evil deed will bring about an ad-
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