REMEMBER THE 'MAINE'

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200250011-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 24
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 9, 2004
• Sequence Number: 11
• Publication Date: April 23, 1963
• Content Type: OPEN

Approved For CV1VC fi?g I4gNAL B8 65 a ST000200250011-3
the Congress, as a whole, is discussing
minority staffing, meaning staff members
responsible and reporting to the minor-
ity. A good example of this is the
Newark Sunday News of March 31, 1963,
which said in part:
In addition to the recent controversy, in
which Republicans charged they were not re-
ceiving a fair share of the available staff
assistance on congressional committees,
questions have arisen concerning the uses of
staffs and the advisability of increasing staff
allowances for both parties.
Senator HUGH SCOTT, Republican, of Penn-
sylvania, recently summed up the argument
for more staff for both majority and minor-
ity: "The most severe limitation to the effec-
tiveness of a Representative or Senator is
time." "Staff," SCOTT said, "was essential to
increase the effectiveness of Congressmen by
relieving them of a variety of chores and by
keeping them informed."
This same newspaper in its edition of
March 25, 1963, also said in part, ex-
plaining the need for adequate staffs:
A sturdy defense of big congressional staffs
comes from Dr. George B. Galloway, senior
specialist in American Government for the
Library of Congress and former staff director
of the Senate-House committee that con-
ducted hearings on the reorganization of
Congress in 1946.
"The increase in staff is one of the most
favorable developments in Congress," Gallo-
way said in an interview. "It is a third
force that provides Congress with informa-
tion and intelligence to counteract the in-
terested opinions that come to Congress from
interesting parties on the one hand and from
the executive department on the other."
In Galloway's view, the cause of most of
the mushrooming is quite simple: "The
problems of Congress today are far different
and far more complex than the problems of
Congress when CARL VINSON was a freshman."
The problem of obtaining adequate
staff responsible to the minority con-
tinues to be a serious problem confront-
ing the Members of Congress of both
parties, and their respective leaderships.
In the April issue of Roll Call, the
newspaper of Capitol Hill, an article
appeared which indicates some of the
problems being faced on one of the com-
mittees of the House. I was shocked
recently to learn from several secretaries
working on the Hill that a fine young
lady working for the minority had re-
cently been forced to take a very sizable
cut in salary because of the reduction
of staff funds available for clerical help
for the minority. This one human
drama is a problem which has appeared
in other places and has not been dis-
cussed openly or been brought fully to
light. However, the conscience of the
Members of the House will have to solve
some of these serious problems and han-
dicaps facing the minority in the months
ahead.
Below follows the full text of the article
which appeared in Roll Call:
GOP MOVES Pon ADDED EDUCATION AND LABOR
FUNDS
Hard-pressed Republicans on the House
Education and Labor Committee are putting
up another battle for staff funds.
As the controversial group continued plow-
ing through some. of the administration's
most vital proposed legislation, GOP mem-
bers sponsored legislation to give themselves
another $35,000 a year for minority purposes.
Their request would go toward hiring staff
help in addition to the two professionals and
one clerk now allowed Education and Labor
Republicans. At the start of the last Con-
gress, they had one more employee.
Representative CHARLES GOODELL, Republi-
can, of New York, a "young Turk" Education
and Labor member, introduced the resolu-
tion for more minority funds. He is also on
the House Administration Accounts Subcom-
mittee which will first consider the proposal,
The GOP has been grumbling about its
treatment ever since the House scaled down
Chairman ADAM C. PowELL's, Democrat, of
New York, request to $200,000 a year. Chair-
men of six subcommittees were given control
of $25,000 each, leaving PowELL with only
$50,000.
Some Republicans admit POWELL treated
them as favorably as could be reasonably
expected, considering the amount of funds
he had to work with. Representative PETER
FRELINGHUYSEN, JR., Republican, of New
Jersey, ranking Education and Labor minor-
ity member, has been trying to pry loose
some funds from subunit heads but has re-
ceived none.
REQUIRING FUTURE DISTRICT GOV-
ERNMENT EMPLOYEES TO LIVE IN
THE DISTRICT
(Mr. SCHWENGEL (at the request of
Mr. KUNKEL), was -given periliission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD.)
Mr. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker, to-
day I am introducing legislation that
would require future District Govern-
ment employees to live in the District.
This is certainly not asking for special
treatment for the District. Nearly every
major city in the United States has a
requirement that its employees reside in
that particular city. Until the District
of Columbia has home rule, and I hope
this day is not far off, this legislation
is certainly a minimum requirement if
the citizens of the District are to have
confidence in their own officials. And
it would certainly aid these officials in
their duties by giving them a better un-
derstanding of the community in which
they would both reside and work.
The District of Columbia faces finan-
cial problems paralleled by few metro-
politan areas in the United States. Over
one-third of the 30,000 municipal em-
ployees of the District live outside the
District. Their salaries total $60 million
a year. It is grossly unfair for District
taxpayers to export such a sum to the
suburbs. Residential requirements for
city employees would be one step in
bringing funds into the District.
In the interests of fiscal equity, social
harmony, and good government practice,
we should pass this legislation. It should
be noted, finally, that this legislation will
only apply to the hiring of employees in
the future. The current employees of
the District will be unaffected by this
amendment to the District,C.ode.
"RE1G1E1Cf$"R-THE 'MAINE' "
(Mr. JOHANSEN (at the request of
r. KUNKEL) was given permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
6485
Mr. JOHANSEN. Mr. Speaker, one
swallow does not make a summer and
one Washington Post editorial does not
necessarily add up to a firm and con-
sistent policy or program.
Nevertheless, the lead editorial in this
morning's Washington Post entitled
"Remember the Maine-seems to indicate
a significant, albeit much belated, dou-
ble discovery; namely, that the Kennedy
administration has no meaningful Cuban
policy and that the American people are
becoming completely fed up with this
bankruptcy of leadership.
The editorial states, for example:
The broad proposition on which there is
accumulating accord is simply this: that the
existence of a communist regime, linked to
the Soviet Union, in this hemisphere, is a
threat to the safety and survival of the
United States and of all other free countries
in this part of the globe. No administration
that openly opposes this belief can long sur-
vive. Sooner or later an administration that
denounced this maturing conviction would
be followed by an alternative government
committed to it.
These are strong words-although no
stronger than the sorry record of this ad-
ministration warrants.
To some of us this conclusion comes
with no "Damascus Road" flash of reve-
lation. What is startling is the acknowl-
edgment of this truth by the Washing-
ton Post.
It seems obvious to me that this state-
ment would not have been made and in-
deed would be entirely pointless if the
Washington Post had not come to the
conclusion, however relucant, that the
Kennedy administration is perilously
close to acquiescence in a permanent So-
viet occupation and Communist control
of Cuba,
The Washington Post calls for a policy
and program "of minimum risk," and
for the public disclosure of its policy is,
by implication at least, a fearful indict-
ment of the gyrations and lack of clear
and firm policy of which this adminis-
tration is guilty.
There is no need at this point to docu=
ment in detail the evidence of these
gyrations. The latest example, I might
say, is the pronouncement last Sunday
by the Attorney General-whose office
seems to have an uncommon prominent
role in foreign affairs-that Cuban exiles
in this country should perfect their unity
of leadership and purpose. These are
the same exiles, if memory serves me
right, upon whom unprecedented re-
strictions were imposed by the President
only 3 weeks earlier.
I cannot forbear calling attention to
one striking coincidence in connection
with today's Washington Post editorial.
In the same issue-and in fact on the ad-
joining page-appears a typical con-
tribution by the Nation's chief apostle
and advocate of appeasement, Walter
Lippmann. Once again Mr. - Lippmann
pontificates that "Cuba is no military
threat to the United States and is not
very much of a threat to Latin America."
I am not prepared to assume on the basis
of a single editorial that the Washing-
ton Post is at long last throwing off the
deadly spell of Lippmann appeasement.
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 6486 Approved For
CON e6?3P65NJR000200250011-3 April 23
Nevertheless, the juxtaposition of the
Washington Post editorial and the Lipp-
mann article underscores the agonizing
reappraisal which the Kennedy adminis-
tration is going to have to face vis-a-vis
its Cuban policy. As the starting point
of this reappraisal, the administration
is going to have to decide whether it
accepts the Washington Post conclusion
that "this sense of jeopardy is begin-
ning to pervade the whole body politic"
or whether it is going to continue to ride
along with the comforting Lippmann re-
assurances that neither Castro nor So-
viet occupation of Cuba poses any real
threat.
Under leave to-extend and revise my
remarks, I include the Washington Post
editorial, the Lippmann article, and
an address of the Cuban situation
which I delivered on the Manion Forum
April 7:
"REMEMBER THE 'MAINE"'
Something like a consensus on Cuban pol-
icy Is beginning to emerge in this country.
The debate over when and how that policy
is to be executed should not conceal the
growing accord on the policy itself. Last
week, the President. the former Vice Presi-
dent, the State Department and Republican
critics of the State Department had different
things to say about Cuba, but on two points
there was general agreement. And on these
two points there is a gathering agreement
in the country.
The broad proposition on which there is
accumulating accord is simply this: That
the existence of a Communist regime, linked
to the Soviet Union, in this hemisphere, Is a
threat to the safety and survival of the
United States and of all other free countries
in this part of the globe. No administration
that openly opposes this belief can long sur-
vive. Sooner or later an administration that
denounced this maturing conviction would
be followed by an alternative government
committed to It. In a negative way, there is
almost the same accord on how this policy
should not be pursued. There is almost uni-
versal agreement that invasion, openly and
directly. immediately or In the near future,
is not the way to pursue our policy.
This aversion to foreign control of Cuba
by a hostile power is the constant of Amer-
ican attitudes toward our island 'neighbor.
The Monroe Doctrine was an expression of
a view already long held in this country.
It was given even fuller expression in the
administration of John Quincy Adams when
this country made known its opposition to
the transfer of Cuba from Spain to France,
England, or any other power. The practical
basis of this policy was clearly stated In
Daniel Webster's support of President Adams'
decision to send delegates to a conference
with South American countries, in which
the great orator said:
"A member has said that if Spain chose
to transfer the Island to any other power
she has a right to do so, and we here cannot
interfere to prevent her. I must dissent from
this opinion. The rights of nations In mat-
ters of this kind are much modified by cir-
cumstances. Because France or Great Brit-
ain could not rightfully complain of the
transfer of Florida to us, it does not follow
that we could not complain of the cession of
Cuba to one of them. The transfer of Florida
to us was not dangerous to the safety of
either of these nations, nor fatal to any of
their great and essential interests. Prox-
imity of position, neighborhood, whatever
augments the power of injuring or annoying.
very properly belong to the consideration of
all cases of this kind. What might other-
wise never be thought of is justified for these
reasons and on these grounds'"
If the American people are aware of such
dangers now, they are aware of other dangers
that unhappily and unfortunately also exist
and that must be weighed with equal care
and caution. Impetuous and Impulsive and
Ill-considered acts by this country might
bring on the dangers of thermonuclear war
without diminishing the dangers of Soviet
occupation of Cuba.
Therefore, it must be the object of the
Government of the United States to develop
some alternative to direct action that will
further the policy of this country without
incurring the hazards of invasion or like
military intervention. It Is very urgent that
the Government develop such a policyand
that it disclose it. It In very plain that,
throughout this country, the conviction that
the Nation is In peril is_hardening to a point
where no threats and no fears may be sum-
cient to inhibit the demand for action
against the forces that occupy Cuba. Demo-
cratic governments are not wholly free
agents. A government that does not develop
a program of minimum risk runs the danger
of being coerced into a program of maxi-
mum risks, almost against Its will. The
absence of an affirmative design. In such a
situation, is dangerous-dangerous to this
country, to Its neighbors and to the peace
of the hemisphere and of the whole world.
The Government of this country, the
governments of friendly countries and the
government of the Soviet Union as well had
better take note of the Increasing sense of
Americans that the United States is en-
dangered by the Soviet occupation of Cuba.
This sense of jeopardy Is beginning to per-
vade the whole body politic, The Soviet
Government, whatever Its fears and doubts,
felt compelled, by such an impulse, to send
Its forces into Hungary. It ought to under-
stand the much greater force that such sen-
timents exert upon democratic governments.
Every day that passes without the termina-
tion of the Soviet occupation of Cuba In-
creases the certainty and multiplies the
likelihood that another Maine disaster will
put the spark to the combustible materials
In the Caribbean.
Tao KENNEDY-ELATING CUBAN POLICY
(By Waiter Lippmann)
Cuba got a good airing last week before
the American Society of Newspaper Editors,
and the significant fact about the speeches
of the President, Secretary Rusk. and Sena-
tor Keating was that there is substantial
agreement about what the United States
should and should not do. It is hard to
say what Mr. Nixon's Cuban policy would
be. He sounded like a man who was ready
to go to war. But all he actually said was
that he wanted the Cuban exiles to make
hit-and-run raids.
Senator KEATING, who is the most con-
spicuous of the critical opposition, began
by saying that "it Is foolish to pretend that
there are easy answers to the Cuban prob-
lem." He did not pretend. Then in the
course of his speech he admitted that he
agrees with the main theses of our present
Cuban policy. He is opposed to an inva-
sion. He is opposed to a blockade. He is
opposed to hit-and-run raids mounted from
American soil. He is in favor of "greater
atreas on nonmilitary measures," and he
wants to exert Increasing economic pressure
so that the Soviets "will be driven to the
conclusion that the price of maintaining a
base in Cuba is too high."
This is the same story which the admin-
istration is telling. Senator KLATnic's dif-
ferences are not in the substance of the text
but in the editing, the typography, the lay-
out, and the captions. The Senator, like
the President, excludes in present circum-
stances the resort to war-Invasion, block-
ade, and raiding; like the President he too
would deal with Cuba by surveillance, con-
tainment, isolation, economic pressures, and
propaganda.
There Is no doubt that at least for some
time to come the Kennedy-Keating policy
will leave the Soviet troops 90 miles from
Florida. This is an affront to our pride.
Not since Napoleon III put French troops
Into Mexico to enthrone and support the
Emperor Maximillian has anything like this
happened so close to us. In the end the
French troops went away. But, because
there was no prudent alternative, Lincoln
put up with the Bonapartist troops for
several years.
How long must we put up with the Rus-
sian troops? The honest answer is that we
must put up with them until they can be
gotten rid of by measures short of nuclear
war. Here Is the sticking point in the argu-
ment with Governor Rockefeller and Mr.
Nixon. They sound, they intend to sound,
as if they know a way to get rid of the Rus-
sian troops promptly without waging nuclear
war.
What is this prompter way to make the
Russians go away from Cuba? They do not
tell us, but the most reasonable interpreta-
tion of what they say is that the prompter
way is not to make war but to threaten war.
Both Governor Rockefeller and Mr. Nixon
have avoided saying plainly what they do
mean. But if what they sound like has
genuine meaning it is that they believe the
United States can deliver an ultimatum
which the Soviet Union will bow to.
If this is not what they mean, what in
the name of commonsense do they mean
.with all their big words? If they are pre-
pared to be so bold with the Russians, they
ought to be bold enough to talk plainly to
their fellow Americans.
The Rockefeller-Nixon position appears
then to be that Cuba can be liberated by
ordering the Soviet Union to withdraw from
this hemisphere, and to stand by passively
while we blockade Castro and arrange for
a replacement of Castro's government. If
this is what they have in mind, they are
making an enormous guess. For nobody
can possibly know that the Soviet Union
would surrender its whole position in Cuba
as It surrendered its offensive weapons last
October. It is the supreme folly in the
nuclear age to drive a nuclear power into
a corner. And If the Soviet Union refused
to bow to the ultimatum, all this would do
for us would be to make us look like fools.
The President of the United States can-
not play with an ultimatum to a govern-
ment like that of the Soviet Union. He
cannot use an ultimatum unless he is pre-
pared to go through with it and begin a
war. If he is not prepared to go to war,
an ultimatum is a bluff and everyone will
soon see that it is.
While the present policy doesnot promise
a quick withdrawal of the Russians or the
fall of Castro. It is surely not true to say
that it is complacent do-nothingism. To a
degree which is just short of war Cuba is
being photographed, patrolled, embargoed
and squeezed, and isolated. If Cuba were
a great power, we would be at war- with
her for what we are already doing. I doubt
whether there is any precedent where we
have exerted such strong measures short of
war on any other country.
However much we are Impatient and
frustrated we have to grasp the fact that
Cuba is no military threat to the United
States and is not very much of a threat to
Latin America. The worst of Castro Is his
example and a long way after that such
agents as he Is able to train and infiltrate
into the Latin American countries. He is an
affront to our pride, he is a nuisance, he is
a misehlefmaker. But he Is not a mortal
threat to the vital Interests of the United
States, and therefore, in this age of thermo-
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL ~tECORV 5
nuclear war, we must deal with him by the success of any long-range economic aid
measures that are short of war. program for Latin America "is dependent on
reducing and finally eliminating the threat
ADDRESS BY HON. AUGUST E. JOHANSEN, of subversive aggression."
MANION FORUM, APRIL: 7, 1963 Isn't the emphasis on economic aid at this
More than 40 months ago, in a public ad- point like arguing that the foundations of a
dress October 29, 1959, I asked this question, house should be repaired while the house is
apropos of the Communist threat posed by in flames?
Castro's takeover of Cuba: "Where better Whether effective joint efforts will result
than in our own hemisphere and continent from this conference adequate to stem Com-
can we take the stand which survival itself naunist infiltration of arms' and personnel re-
dictates must be taken?" mains to be seen. The President has de-
In the years since, I have been repeating clared that "further action, invasion, or
that question in varying forms and with blockade, at this time would (not) be
many elaborations, so have countless other fruitful."
Americans, in and out of public office. Meanwhile, the propagandists for the do-
The answer, in terms of adequate policies nothing, or do-nothing-more philosophy, are
and deeds, has not been forthcoming either operating full blast. Walter Lippman pon-
under the previous or present administra- tificates that "there is no clear and certain
tions. For a moment, before the fiasco be- solution in the present phase of the Cuban
came evident, we thought we had found the Problem."
answer at the Bay of Pigs. We are sternly warned against a "Cuban
For a brief few days last October we fixation"-which means, "quit worrying
about it." And Columnist Murrey Marder
thought the stand was baindded oattaken. But this sees the best hope of a solution in some un-
firm n answer quigne faded nv the
an
on foreseen and unpredictable "lucky break."
pledge, t willingness to give a no-invasion
si for For 40 months we have followed a "wait
pledge, with inspection, a the demand and see what happens" policy. The results
on-site inspection, qud and with uarantinethe premature have been calamitous. There is every reason
lifting o not of need to naval q. to believe that results of a continuation of
past the this policy will be no different-unless they
I many other adverse re demind my listeners is o the of
many months -or dver situation on today. othe even more calamitous.
do call your attention the situation But We may wait-but events don't wait, Mr.
I 40
February call by President e a statement "I cou last Khrushchev won't wait, and the Latin
make e any 7 pr ctioena t li couldn't American countries and people who face the
my prediction about ut the e elimination loss of their freedom to Castro-type take-
(of communism in Cuba). I am quite ob- overscan'twait.
viously hopeful that it can be eliminated, Even more disquieting is the second half of
but we have to wait and see what happthe President Kennedy's statement at his Febru-
mber * * *. I is about a bertion, of talk the ary 7 news conference. He said the reason
Barry e95as about liberation, how Eaas stern no action was taken to back up the talk of
hudope was goingto be liberated. Then w and liberation of Communist-captured countries
nod Hungary, P'ske . The and Er eason Germany
no action inn in the 1950's was that it was "felt strongly
no actio was o tak ak n en waswas t that t they felt strongly tronglly if they f hey if they did take action it would bring on
was another war."
war.,, take action it would bring on another Does this mean what it seems to mean?
w Granted Are we telling Mr. Khrushchev that we auto-
Granted that this statement was made in matically reject any measures against Com-
response to a newsman's inquiry-under the munist takeover in Latin America or against
catch-as-catch-eat conditions to which the Castro which he-Khrushchev-might decide
President subjects himself in his. news justified his launching nuclear war?
conferences. Isn't this an open invitation to nuclear
Yet, how can even the most responsible blackmail? Isn't this an abandonment of
Member of Congress or any thoui htful citi- the courageous willingness to risk war which
zen avoid asking what message this state- Mr. Kennedy briefly displayed last October?,
ment signals to our rnrmi?9-to Khrushchev, Doesn't this confirm Senator LAuscHE's blunt
Castro; to the torn^tional Communist warning: "Khrushchev is pushing us, we are
plotters of prow-e 1sive rr of Latin retreating. The more we retreat, the more
America and of uLtiw ate world rld conquest? he will push."
How can we avoid asking whetherLthis I submit that there is not a single argu-
as to our
t
- -
Cubae, pvr-tu
action regarding Cuba wnicn cannot be of-
o o? o policy?
n policy-or lock of policy? fered with equal force and logic against ef- Commerce. The citizens of Liberty,
Cuba
I address myself to two aspects of the fective action regarding any future Cubas. where I have visited many times and
President's statement. Is there any doubt that there will be addi- where I have enjoyed the hospitality of
It was Charles Dickens' famous character, tional Cubas? some of their homes, are justly proud
Mr. Micawber, who immortalized the attitude Or that these same arguments against of this honor. Their Congressman, is
of "waiting for something to turn up." Are action will again be advanced? likewise proud of this honor and is grate-
we not in truth row following a Mr. Macaw- And will not any risks we might run in ful for a news item that refers to an
her foreign policy so f^r as Cuba and the calling a halt now also be present in the face outstanding award such as this instead
Communist threat In Latin America are con- of new Cubas-and, indeed, may not such
me
corned? Or, at the very least, are we not risks in the future actually be magnified? of of the merely dark continuing g to to our mention ion some depressed
o
giving our enemies the basis for so assum- And so doesn't the "wait and see" attitude
ing-thereby laying the foundation for very and the "risk of war" argument all add up to economy. Below is the news item that
grave miscalculations on their part? piecemeal, and ultimate, capitulation? many will find stimulating and inspiring
Unfortunately I see no convincing evidence There is another, immediate, grave prob- in the face". of misfortune and hardship
of any meaningful policy other than that of lem. Is it now administration policy to pre- that. are, like the poor, with us always:
"wait -d see." The Subcommittee on Inter- vent, at all costs, any liberation efforts by The city of Liberty has been declared the
American Affairs of the House Committee on Cuban exiles themselves-on the grounds 'No. 1 city in Kentucky.
Foreign Affairs, in a report dated March 14, that such action will irritate Soviet Russia The county seat of Casey County was pro-
flatly declared, after extensive hearings, that and risk war? Can we expect to retain world claimed the overall State winner in the 1962
"no plan for collective action against Com- respect or our own self-respect-or can we Kentucky Chamber of Commerce commu-
munist subversive aggression has been put expect to silence the Cuban exiles them- nity development contest today at the State
into effect."
WHILE WE "WAIT AND SEE"-THE
selves-if we by words or worse openly oppose chamber annual meeting in Lexington.
their own future liberation efforts? Liberty won over 7 district winners who
Are we to do to any future Cuban libera- represented an original field of 84 entries.
The recent San Jose conference has appar- tion leaders what we did to Chiang Kai-shek The No. 1 city in community development
ently produced no specifics-except stepped when the 7th Fleet, on President Truman's is not a newcomer to the winner's circle as
up aid to Central American countries; and orders, blockaded him on Formosa during they won in the district competition in the
the same subcommittee report noted that the Korean war? Is this what is meant by 1960 and 1961 contests.
6487.
waiting to see what happens? I am con-
vinced that such a colossal blunder is ac-
tually in the making.
OUR ALTERNATIVE NOW: STAND UP TO COMMU-
NISM IN CUBA OR, SURRENDER
In February, I introduced a joint resolu-
tion expressing this Nation's determination
to take, jointly with other free nations or
unilaterally, such political, diplomatic, and
military action as may be necessary, to re-
move and hereafter bar Soviet or other for-
eign Communist military forces from Cuba;
to liberate Cuba itself; to neutralize Cuba as
a base for Communist subversion, infiltra-
tion, sabotage, and aggression in this hemi-
sphere; to establish representative constitu-
tional government in Cuba through free elec-
tions, and to exercise such on-site inspec-
tion and supervision as are necessary to ac-
complish these results.
I believe these actions should proceed
from less drastic to more drastic steps as
eircum.stances may require; such as termina-
tion of diplomatic relations between West-
ern Hemisphere countries (including the
United States) and the Communist coun-
tries (including Soviet Russia); effective re-
strictions on importation of personnel and
arms from Cuba to Latin American coun-
tries; restoration of effective naval blockade
of Cuba; firm notice, with a time limit, that
Soviet troops must be withdrawn; and
finally, liberation of Cuba, either by the
forces of a Cuban exile government, of by
joint OAS forces, or by the United States
alone--as may be necessary.
For 40 months I have lived-and, more
importantly, the American people have
lived--with the question I asked in October
1959. The question persists: "Where better
than in our own hemisphere and continent
can we take the stand which survival itself
dictates must be taken?"
N.O. 1 CITY: LIBERTY, KY.
(Mr. SILER (at the request of Mr.
KUNKEL) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. SILER. Mr. Speaker, a high
honor and significant recognition has
come to one of the cities in my congres-
sional district. The city is Liberty, Ky.,
which I hope and trust will always live
up to that sacred appellation, and it has
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A new look came to Liberty through a
well-planned and executed beautification
program. Streets were repaved, new homes
and churches were constructed, retail estab-
lishments were remodeled and improved, a
"litterbug" contest was launched and a
memorial shrub center was planted on the
Liberty graded school lawn.
The presentation of a plaque designating
the top spot was made by Malcolm Mason,
Lexington, chairman of the State chamber's
community development contest. The honor
was received by Mrs. Arlis Sanders, repre-
senting the Liberty-Casey County Commun-
ity Development Association. Later, Mason
announced, a bronze plaque Will be placed
in a prominent spot In Liberty for genera-
tions in the future to see the city's recog-
nition in the 1962 contest.
Receiving the runner-up awards as district
winners were: Barlow, Campbellsville, Flem-
ingsburg, Prestonsburg. Somerset, and
Sturgis.
INCOME TAX REFORM
(Mr. ALGER (at the request of Mr.
KUNKEL) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.) -
Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, after many
weeks of hearings before the Ways and
Means Committee on President Ken-
nedy's tax proposals, it has become in-
creasingly clear that the Kennedy tax
reforms will not achieve the results
promised. For the information of my
colleagues, I think it is important to
point out that witness after witness be-
fore the committee has testified that
the Kennedy proposals are self-defeating
and, If passed, would curtail, not unleash
our economy.
Certainly tax reform Is needed. Most
assuredly tax cuts are a necessity if we
are to strengthen our private enterprise
system, Our present hodgepodge of tax
law, our almost disregard of fiscal re-
sponsibility when it comes to Federal
spending which results in taxes which
are bordering on being completely con-
fiscatory, is drying up the basic food of
capitalism, risk capital.
Several responsible proposals have
been presented for workable tax reform.
A number of us support the Baker-Her-
long formula for gradual reform with tax
adjustments in every bracket. I, my-
self, have introduced a measure to pro-
vide discussion for a flat percentage tax
which would cost all of us less, provide
greater equity and reduce the costs of
tax collection.
To provide the latest available ma-
terial in connection with our tax studies,
I will include at this point in the RECORD
an article from the U.S. News & World
Report, by Rene A. Wormser. a leading
tax authority. I think Mr. Wormser's
study will convince many of the need for
an entirely new tax code:
IS IT TIME To WRITE A WHOLE New Ixco,t
TAx LAw?-WHAT A LEADING TAx AUTHORITY
SAYS
(NoTE.-"Reform" the income tax law?
Not on any piecemeal basis, urges a top
authority on taxes.
(The only solution, say Rent A. Wormser, is
to start over and write a new law_ As for
the present law, "Congress has created a
monster." Here, In detail, Mr. Wormser sets
out the taxpayer's problem and offers a solu-
tion. In this article, written for U$. News &
World Report, he draws on 40 years' experi-
ence as a leading New York lawyer, specializ-
ing in taxes and estates.)
(By Rent A. Wormser)
Prompted by a message from President
Kennedy, Congress is now struggling with
proposals for the reform of our Income tax
laws.
There is general recognition that tax rates
are far too high and that the system is badly
maladjusted.
But the specific proposals of the President
for reform are largely designed with political
motivation, and, in great part, are unsound.
They are likely to Increase the harassment of
already distressed taxpayers. They do not
begin to strike at the basic fallacies of our
tax system.
What is urgently needed is a careful re-
examination of our whole tax structure.
Tinkering with the tax laws Is not the an-
swer-Congress has created a monster. As a for-
mer Internal Revenue Commissioner has put
it: There is no answer short of wiping the
slate clean and starting over.
Tax laws should be understandable to the
citizen of average intelligence, but our Inter-
nal Revenue Code is so infinitely complex
that It is far beyond the comprehension of
all but experts.
Indeed, there are few experts, if any, who
know and understand all Its provisions.
In Its rates. and often in its theory, our
income tax system is frequently very harsh
and even punitive. Therefore, considerable
sections of the American bar and of our ac-
countants apply their brains and energy to
the devising of ways in which to get around
objectionable features of the law by legal
means.
A way Is found in which legitimately to
avoid a harsh rule, whereupon the Internal
Revenue Service-at its own Instance or
prompted by a legislator or a pressure
group--concludes that a loophole has ap-
peared is the law. The loophole is then
closed by a new piece of legislation. Intended
to be remedial.
Generally, more complexity results.
It Is often impossible to anticipate the full
effect of a remedial provision. It frequently
opens up further loopholes of which clever
tax experts take legal advantage. So the
process of opening and closing loopholes goes
on Interminably until we have a pyramiding
of provisions which truly are enough to con-
found genius.
An for the businessman who must deal
with this complex monster, he not only can-
not understand the beast himself but cannot
always got a positive and clear answer from
his confounded advisers.
Many of the President's current proposals
are attempts to close what he or his advisers
deem to be loopholes. Some, offered In part
to simplify some rule, certainly will end by
adding further complications to existing
intricacy.
Consider, first, the impact of the tax laws
themrelves, and the effect of changes pro-
posed by President Kennedy.
We have lived under the system of pro-
gressive tax rates so long that most of us have
come to accept it as a self-evident logical
application of the "theory of paying in ac-
cordance with ability to pay.
Yet-a top rate of 91 percent to a man whose
Income runs Into the hundreds of thousands
per year punishes him far less than a rate
of 50 percent reached by a single man after
attaining a taxable Income of ?18,000, or a
married man after reaching $82,000.
Nor are the top tax brackets realistic,
They produce very little in revenues. Not
only can the wealthy use tax-exempt invest-
ments, but all sorts of mechanisms are
available to them devised by tax experts for
reducing the Income tax impact.
This has been recognized now, even
y
those most anxious to use the income tax Ayr
sociological reasons.
The President has suggested that the top
rate eventually be reduced from 91 to 85 per-
cent, though he proposes an absurdly small
reduction, to only 84.5 percent, for 1983.
But the unfairness of the progressive-rate
system would persist If, in reducing the top
rate, there were merely an approximately
proportionate reduction in middle rates.
Suppose, for example, the top rate for a
single man after attaining a taxable income
of $16,000 were reduced from 60 to 35 percent.
The Impact of this rate upon him would be
far greater in actuality than the impact of
a 65-percent rate on a man with hundreds
of thousands of dollars of income.
The conclusion is inevitable that the citi-
zen who is most hurt by the progressive per-
sonal income tax system is the man in the
middle, the man In the economic class which
is most Important to our society. The class
Includes the professionals, the self-employed,
the high-grade artisans, the teachers, the
small businessmen. -
This class, In particular, is hurt by two
philosophic absurdities which underlie the
progressive tax system. The reward granted
for extra work and greater effort is the im-
position of a higher tax rate; and, after a
member of this class has gone through what
is usually a long period of economic struggle.
his peak income is clipped off by the tax
law during that often short period in which
he has attained financial success. Indeed,
Government-created Inflation increases his
tax burden.
Many Idealistic reformers want to use the
income tax to Improve and extend education
and to protect the public health.
Yet these same reformers are unwilling to
give adequate tax relief to the citizen who
wishes to support education or to protect his
health.
This is a grave example of the distorted
use of the tax system to sociological ends.
Why should a citizen have to pay any in-
come tax on the money he uses to pay for
his and his family's medical expenses?
If my family suffers Illness, my ability to
pay is certainly reduced, but the tax law
gives me only very partial relief.
Pressure for public health-relief measures,
such as medicare, are based in part on the
fact that medical expenses have increased
materially over the years. Why not, then,
allow me to deduct my full medical expenses
on my income tax return?
Similarly. Federal aid to education is
pressed an the ground that education has
become so expensive. Why, then, an I not
permitted to deduct the expenses of educat-
Ing my children?
The President's reform proposals indicate
that be recognizes the logic of the foregoing
arguments only in part. He proposes no
relief for educational expense. He does-
admirably-propose the abolition of the ceil-
ing on medical deductions. But he suggests
that the floor on medical deductions-includ-
ing drugs-be increased from 3 to 4 percent
of adjust gross income.
There is a direct conflict here between
those who believe that the Individual should
be encouraged to help himself and those
who believe that he should be prevented
from helping himselfrin order that the Gov-
ernment could step In, as a father, to protect
him.
The President proposes an overall 5 percent
floor on all itemized deductions-including
medical. This could be tragic to many tax-
payers. If a deduction is proper in theory,
why should it not be deductible in full?
Here is but one of the odd results which
would follow the President's deduction pro-
posal: A taxpayer paying alimony to his wife
could not deduct it In whole even though
his wife, in turn, would be obliged to include
the full payments In her own tax return.
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no slaveholder would care about owning the
man if he can own the products of the
man's labor. A slave is a person to whom
economic freedom is denied. From this
premise the denial of all other freedoms
follows.
(8) For every right there is a collateral
responsibility. The rights with which an
individual is endowed by the Creator im-
pose on him a duty to use those rights in
conformity with the moral law as derived
from such statements as the Ten Command-
ments and the "'Sermon on the Mount."
From this source flows that Inner restraint or
self-discipline which is essential for a free
social order. Edmund Burke said, "Society
cannot exist unless a controlling power upon
the will and appetite is placed somewhere;
and the less of it there is within the more
there must be of it without," Unless there Is
a generally prevailing individual self-disci-
pline, which stems from devotion to the
moral law, it is impossible_to achieve that
balance between public order and personal
freedom which is essential for spiritual and
material well-being.
The ACA program consists of two parts.
Part 'A is to distribute educational materials
to inform our citizens with respect to the
principles of constitutional conservatism, the
organization and functions of government in
a free society, the nature of the national
crisis which now confronts us, and many
related subjects. A great deal of such edu-
cational work is carried on effectively by
other organizations. Therefore, ACA limits
its activities in this area to providing sup-
plementary aid and distributing publica-
tions which apply specifically to ACA's work.
Part B of our program is in the area of
political action. Here we aim to furnish pro-
fessional assistance to conservative candi-
dates for the Congress in primary and gen-
eral elections. In addition to expert advisers
on political organization and procedures,
ACA furnishes news releases, campaign lit-
erature and other data to the extent per-
mitted by our financial resources.
While Congress is in session, we issue a
monthly "Digest and Tally" which contains
analyses of crucial measures pending In the
Congress and records the vote of each Sen-
ator and Representative on such measures.
At the end of each session of Congress, we
publish the. "ACA-Index," which contains
the voting records of all Senators and Repre-
sentatives on those crucial measures acted
on in the session just ended, as well as cumu-
lative voting records from 1955 for Senators
and from 1957 for Representatives.
The ACA-Index is comprised of one major
and six subsidiary indexes which constitute
the basis for rating the voting records of
legislators. They are defined as follows:
(1) The consistency index: For safe-
guarding the rights of the individual and
strengthening constitutional Government
and against group morality, a socialized
economy and centralization of government
power.
(2) For sound money and fiscal integrity
and against Inflation.
(3) For a free market economy and against
Government price fixing and controls.
(4) For States rights and against Central
Government intervention in local affairs.
(5) For private ownership of production
and distribution and against Government
ownership and competition with private in-
dustry.
(6) For individual rights and responsi-
bilities and against coercion and regimen-
tation by Government. - -
(7) For strengthening our national sov-
ereignty and against surrendering control
of our foreign or domestic affairs to inter-
'tional organizations usually dominated by
`ns whose ideals differ drastically from
'.most Americans.
`4exes are used to calculate the
votes as entered in the- official records of
the Congress being marked "plus" or "minus"
depending on whether it supports or op-
poses the principle enuniciated in the index
or indexes under which the vote is listed
by ACA. -
By means of the ACA-Index voters
throughout the country can learn what cru-
cial issues were acted on by the Congress
and how their representatives voted on them.
This information can serve as a useful guide
for -our citizens in political and govern-
mental affairs.
In addition to the ACA-Index and the
Digest and Tally, ACA has organized 28 local
chapters throughout the country, and more
are being formed.
ACA issues public endorsements of those
legislators whom it will support and who
desire such endorsement. At the end of each
Congress, distinguished service awards are
presented to Senators and Representatives
whose voting records indicate their sub-
stantial agreement with the principles of
constitutional conservatism, and who wish
to. accept the award.
In the. 1960 national elections, the first in
which ACA was active, we assisted, in vary-
ing degrees, in 180 contests for 21 Senate
seats and 159 House seats. One hundred
thirty-three or 74 percent of the candidates
supported by ACA were elected.
In the 1962 national elections, we sup-
ported 184 candidates in all, 19 for the Sen-
ate and 165 for the House. Of these, 135
or 731/2 percent were successful.
We are frequently asked whether we would
be more effective if we affiliated with one or
the other of the two major parties. We
believe we would not.
The 1962 elections revealed that both
parties consist essentially of three groups, a
liberal left, a conservative right, and a
middle-of-the-road.
This presents a problem for the voter who
wants to direct his moral, financial, or work-
ing support to one or the other of these
groups in either party, because, in most
elections the party label is the only distinc-
tion between opposing candidates. That is,
a candidate receives the support of his party
even though his political stance and his vat-
Ing record differ greatly from those generally
prevailing in that party..
This occurs frequently. The resulting con-
flict between party loyalty and the desire to
support only candidates who will promote
the political and economic views which the
voter favors often induces him not to vote
at all. If this practice grows, it may well
cause a breakdown of representative
government.
While the theory of party responsibility
is in accord with American political tradition,
it ceases to have significance when there are
no -generally prevailing fundamental prin-
ciples which govern party policies and which
distinguish one party from the other.
This, explains why legislators frequently
cross party lines in voting on such crucial
issues as packing the House Rules Committee,
medical care for the aged through social
security, foreign economic aid, Federal aids
to education, U.S. assistance to Communist-
dominated countries, curbing the coercive
power of labor unions, and others.
ACA provides a means by which citizens
can support candidates in eitherparty who
vote to preserve the. principles of constitu-
tional conservatism.
In the foregoing I have tried to show that-
without individual self-imposed inner dis-
ciplines, the free society cannot endure; that
our Republic was founded and grew pros-
perous on the doctrine of interdependence
of religious and secular rights and duties;
that in recent decades we have moved
sharply away from the concepts of our polit-
ical forebears; that, in consequence, we now
face a national crisis of morals; and that
it is the duty. of each of us to shoulder
April 23
his share of the responsibility for correcting
our defections.
It is easy enough for any people to have a
King John. All that is necessary is for, good
men and women to do nothing. But in such
case we must ask: "From whence will come
the barons who will fight to regain our lost
freedoms?" No one can delegate his per-
sonal responsibility to anyone else. If each
one here today joins with all other like-
minded patriots throughout our land, we can
regain and preserve our sacred heritage.
I conclude with these inspiring lines from
Edward Everett Hale:
"I am only one, but I am one
I can't do everything, but I can do some-
thing
And what I can do, that I ought to do
And what I ought to do, by the grace of
Coexisting With Castro-An Editorial
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ABNER W. SISAL
OF CONNECTICUT,
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 23, 1963
Mr. SIBAL. Mr. Speaker, the follow-
ing editorial is taken from the Vision
Letter, -,a privately published, weekly
analysis of Latin American affairs. The
editorial states propositions and asks
questions that command attention and
demand forthright answers in regard to .
our policy toward Cuba, if it can be
called that. The editorial speaks clearly;
we must all wish the administration did
likewise: -
COEXISTING WITH C'ASTRo-AN EDITORIAL
A major policy decision on Cuba has been
taken in Washington. Despite protestations
to the contrary, the administration has de-
cided to "coexist" with Fidel Castro. This
is - the inescapable conclusion to be drawn
from recent Government statements and ac-
tions, beginning with the President's "wall
of dedicated men" speech in San Jose, Costa
Rica, and ending with the clampdown on
Cuban exile raiders.
The U.S. press in recent weeks has been
nibbling at this story, sensing it but never
quite believing it. The U.S. public, as a re-
sult, is in the dark. But it is a fact. After
years of noise and alarms, troop movements,
bellicose speeches and pronounciamentos,
capital intrigues, etc., the Kennedy admin-
istration has finally thrown in the towel.
Out of bafflement as much as insight, the
guessing game is on as to whether there is
a "deal" behind it all: either between Ken-
nedy and Khrushchev or Kennedy and
Castro. But for the simple reason that the
United States is getting all the bad, none of
the good, the theory Is doubtful. The Com-
munists carry on, business as usual, openly
in Vietnam and Laos, covertly in Asia, Africa,
and Latin' America. And the Red regime in
Cuba, with Washington's blessings, goes on
as serenely as its own mismanagement per-
mits. And -the- United States gets a con-
solation prize: only 12,000 Soviet troops in
the Caribbean instead of 21,000.
The President must set the record straight.
If there is a deal, the people should be told
what they have gained to make a Communist
Cuba more palatable. If there is no deal,
they have a right to know about that too.
If Castro's overthrow Is no longer a prime
U.S. aim, then the public not only of the
United States but of the whole hemisphere
should be told why. For the situation today
 ApprobV"r8?0 4~b CIAA1383R000200250011-3 A2401
for women, a defect not corrected until 1920
by the 19th amendment.
Furthermore, while the Virginia Declara-
tion was specific in defining the citizen's
right to use and dispose of his honestly ac-
quired property, our Declaration substituted
an ambiguous paraphrase which asserted the
individual's right to the "pursuit of happi-
ness." Over the years, zealous "do-gooders"
and political opportunists have interpreted
this to mean the "right to happiness, at the
expense of someone else." They choose to
overlook the fact that our forebears asserted
only the right to "pursue" happiness, the
responsibility for catching up with it resting
with the pursuer.
Later, there were detected in the Consti-
tution real or imaginary ambiguities In the
wording of the general welfare clauses, the
interstate commerce clause, and most recent-
ly, the provision In the first amendment
which prohibits Congress from making any
"law respecting an establishment of fell-
gion." As was to be expected, these alleged
ambiguities have been seized upon as vehi-
cles to enhance government power and to
impose social changes on our people by use
of government force, rather than to achieve
them peacefully by education and persuasion.
But, in spite of these defects, which are
in essence but reflections of that frailty
characteristic of all human endeavor, our
Constitution stands as a sturdy bulwark of
Individual freedom In these United States,
this "last best hope of earth."
While this progress was being achieved
in America, grave events were brewing in
France. These culminated In violent revolu-
tion. In 1789, the French Constituent As-
sembly voted a Declaration of the Rights of
Man and the Citizen. This was a major
contribution to the progress of liberty. But
it contained the seeds of its own destruction,
as is evident when we compare certain con-
cepts of our founders with those of the great
minds of France who prepared their declara-
tion.
The political agency envisioned in our
Declaration and made operative by our Con-
stitution was designed to end man's con-
trol of men. The goal was a society in which
each person would be free to govern himself,
with political intervention sanctioned only
to remove outside interference with this aim.
The disciplines and controls were to come
from within a man's own being as he sought
to live out the demands of his religion. Our
founders held that Individual freedom can-
not survive unless it Is policed by the inner
disciplines of the moral law.
By contrast, the French revolutionaries of
this period tossed both religion and histori-
cal experience overboard. They tried to
establish a completely rational and com-
pletely new society, one which sought to
emphasize the primacy of the rights of man
by dening the existence of God. The result
was the reign of terror, which ended in the
dictatorship of Napoleon.
George Washington probably had both
America and France in mind when he said
in his farewell address:
"Of all the dispositions and habits which
lead to political prosperity, religion and
morality are Indispensable supports.
And let us with caution Indulge the supposi-
tion that morality can prevail without re-
ligion. ? ? . Reason and experience both
forbid us to expect that national morality
can prevail in exclusion of religious prin-
ciple."
Nevertheless, the French Declaration of
Rights has a place of honor on the roster of
great pronouncements on human liberty. It
is notable that it asserted that the "public
force," which we designate as the "political
power, is instituted for the advantage of all,"
and is not to be used for the benefit of those
who control it. Furthermore, although this
provision was later to be "more honored in
the breach than in the observance," their
Declaration held that private property is "an
inviolable and sacred right."
There remain in the chronological listing
of the great documents of freedom the
Emancipation Proclamation of President
Lincoln in 1883, and the Women's Suffrage
Act of 1920, to whleb I have already referred.
As to the Emancipation Proclamation, the
fact that Its application was limited to "all
persona held as slaves within any State or
designated part of a State the people where-
'of shall then be in rebellion against the
United States," and that slaves in States
whose people were not in rebellion were not
freed, raises the suspicion that the noble
motive which inspired the Proclamation was
somewhat tainted by the demands of politi-
cal expediency. Even so, the Proclamation
constituted a gigantic step toward the abo-
lition of human slavery in the United States,
which was ultimately achieved by the 13th
amendment In 1865.
I have described these historic pronounce-
ments on the rights and duties of man be-
cause I believe that, collectively, they con-
stitute the guiding light by which we must
chart the course of our thoughts and actions
if we are to regain and preserve our sacred
heritage of freedom in America.
Your President has suggested that I tell
you something about the organization which
I have the honor to head and whose purpose
Is to promote the principles I have described.
Americans for Constitutional Action was
established In 1959 by a group of citizens
who believe that the United States now faces
a crisis of such proportions as to involve
their very survival as a Federal Republic and
ourselves as a free people.
The basic Issue is freedom of choice for
the individual. Freedom of enterprise,
speech, worship, assembly and the others,
are but reflections of this basic freedom. Im-
pair free enterprise, free speech or any other
and you are sure to Impair the right of some
individuals to choose freely.
To minimize the danger of obstructing
freedom of choice, our governmental struc-
ture was designed to prevent concentrations
of monopoly power in any branch of govern-
ment or in any sector of society.
A system of checks and balances was de-
vised to make sure that the power of the
Government in Washington would be offset
by the powers of the States. And within the
States, there were to be similar checks on
State powers by subordinate units of gov-
ernment. Furthermore, at each level of
government there were-to be balancing forces
between the legislative, executive, and ju-
dicial branches.
Our political forebears believed that only
by dispersion or fragmentation of power,
whether it be physical, economic, social, or
political, can one avoid the hazards of its
explosive force.
Unfortunately, we have departed to an
alarming degree from the principles which
guided them. This is indicated by the gi-
gantic growth of the Federal Government
and the parallel shrinkage of State sover-
eignty and personal freedom.
The Federal Government now owns 33.8
percent of the land acreage within the
boundaries of the 50 States. It owns and
operates more than 3,000 business and com-
mercial activities in competition with Its
own citizens, and its functions are carried
on by some 2.000 major operating units.
Parenthetically, the land acreage now
owned by all levels of government, Federal,
State and local is 39.1 percent of the total.
This constitutes an alarming restriction on
the freedom of our citizens to undertake new
ventures and thus to stimulate economic
growth.
Our institutions-political, economic, edu-
cational and social-are largely In the hands
of the enemy. I do not refer here to avowed
Socialists and Communists. The bald fact
Is thatthe American people and their once
free Institutions have been engulfed by the
welfare state and its protagonists whose
goal Is to centralize all power, political, eco-
nomic and social in the hands of the politi-
cal apparatus in Washington.
What does ACA propose to do about this?
We are a nonpartisan, nonprofit, nation-
wide, political action organization dedicated
to two basic theses: First, that the Constitu-
ton of the United States, as originally con-
ceived, provides a solid foundation on which
was built the structure of our free social
order, and second, if we are to preserve that
order, we must restore the original Integrity
of Its foundation and then protect it from
erosion or destruction.
ACA believes that if a significant number
of dedicated constitutional conservatives
are elected to the Congress of the United
States, they will retard and, eventually, re-
verse the current movement of our Nation
into socialism and toward a completely regi-
mented society.
To this end, ACA helps to elect those
candidates who, by their actions, have
proved their allegiance to the original spirit
and principles of our Declaration and Con-
stitution. We have defined these principles
as follows:
(1) Man derives, directly from the Creator,
his rights to life, to liberty and to the
means of acquiring and possessing property.
These rights are inherent and Inalienable.
They are not mere privileges granted by
Government, subject to withdrawal at the
whim of Government, as decreed by political
overlords.
(2) To deprive a man of his God-given
rights Is to violate a natural law. This will
call forth its own penalties, as does the vio-
lation of any natural law, moral or physical.
(3) No man has a right to deprive his
posterity of their God-given rights. Just
as he may not sell them into slavery, so may
he not vote away their economic or political
freedoms. Jefferson held that the act of
deferring payment on the public debt, thus
Imposing this burdens on future generations,
Is tantamount to enslaving them.
4. The powers of government are ob-
tained from God, or by forcible seizure, or
from voluntary delegation by the individual
citizens. Long ago we rejected the doctrine
of "divine right of kings," as well as "divine
right of majorities." Nor do we concede
the right of government to seize powers
which belong to Individuals. There remains
only one morally sanctioned source of gov-
ernmental power, f.e., voluntary delegation
by individuals. But, since one cannot dele-
gate that which he does not possess, it fol-
lows that governments can exercise, with
moral propriety, only those powers which
Individuals first possessed and then delegated
to government.
5. Because the essence of government
is power, which Is wielded by fallible human
beings, safeguards must be erected against
the abuse of government authority, to make
sure that the instrument forged to protect
the rights of the people will not be used to
destroy those rights.
8. To secure the blessings of economic
freedom, from which all other freedoms flow,
we must preserve a free market, with govern-
ment intruding only to protect individual
rights and to prevent predatory action. it
to only under this system that the individual
can exercise his freedom of choice effectively,
using his dollars as ballots with which he
can vote for those enterprises which serve
him best.
(7) Onerous or punitive taxation, includ-
ing the cruelest tax of all, inflation, destroys
economic freedom. It Is unfortunate that
we have carelessly surrendered freedom In
the economic sphere, forgetting the old
adage "whose controls our subsistence con-
trols us." Slavery is commonly thought of
as ownership of one man by another. But
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- PPE
Another Forward Step and substantial supply of silver for its
fs just the opposite of what Kennedy has coinage needs by making available for this
promised day in and day out for more than purpose the stocks of silver bullion backing
2 years: tough talk ennt no action ogists offer EXTENSION OF REMARKS the presently outstanding $1 silver certifi-
To critics, Government apologist OF cates. This amounts to approximately 1,300
now monotonous answer: "What should be e GRABOWSKI million ounces.
done? 'You tell us." This is the ultimate HON. BERNARD F. GRABOWSKI (2) To eliminate the obsolete and largely
etn of 'defeat. Who outside the ring- inoperative provisions on the statute books
to all the strings of CONNECTICUT requiring the acquisition and holding of
ernment can have access
of information and analysis that would go IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES requi in our acquis reserves oho putting
toward making such a decision? to What such Tuesday, April 23, 1963 a Government floor price of 90.5 cents an
the job of those in office except make such ounce under newly mined domestic silver,
decisions and take action accordingly? Mr. GRABOWSKI. Mr. Speaker, as a which is far below the current market price.
From the day of President Kennedy's in- member of the Banking and Currency For many years now silver has not served
to u oust Cst Cas, tro and there his were regime: three obvious invasion, r- ways Committee, I want to express my sin- any major purpose as a monetary reserve
lu
to
nomic blockade, , internal revolt. Failure Cere.gl'atification at the passage of H.R. metal. While it has been held as a reserve
of nerve undermined the Bay of Pigs in- 5389, the administration's much-needed behind outstanding relation o certificates, cur-
rcuthese in lation is small (approximately total
off; in 1961 when air cover was called silver legislation. And to take this op- amount t of
, compared
failure of nerve negated the blockade portunity to congratulate all those who re in c cu silver certificates, p otal cur-
last October when the Navy was ordered to helped bring this about. with $30 billion in Federal Reserve notes).
let oil tankers through the cordon; and, As Congressman-at-Large from the Our basic currency is the Federal Reserve
col-
now, failure of nerve is canceling the final State of Connecticut, I am privileged to note which is backed by 100 percent col-
altern, to beth ahe supply of basis for arms and which would have ammunition represent an area wherein some 22 es- lateral, 25 percent in the form of gold.
to
to insurrectionary groups inside the island. tablishments are engaged in the use and inReworiawlde dhave emandnfort silver forreinas-
Despite all the failures, however, a basic fabrication of silver as silver products ilugtrial, professional, and artistic use-
Cuban policy had been thrashed out in and platedware employing approxi- which is in masked contrast to the siuses
Washington over the past 4 years. Its goals mately 6,000 employees. The payroll in h fisting inked when the Silver tu-
were: to work actively overthrow the 1958 for about 3,947 employees was $19,= chase Act was passed and in subsequent years
Castro government and, in n the interim pe- 196,000. The value of shipments out of up to about 1959.
diod, to block the spread of the re. The Connecticut in 1958 was $67,186,000 with Today, silver is at a point where current disease more important theortant half rest oo the hemisphere. The
more of this program has now a value added of $34,621,000. While this world production is not sufficient to meet
been jettisoned, and Washington's word for figure would be subject to modification current coinage annual indus ulal demands.
1963 is "isolation." But there should be no because of the impossibility of differen- Most ccenty, mined allvefree world r has amounted produc-
con-
mistake about it: isolation means nothing tiating out nonsilver products of these tion ou of 200 million ounces, compared has u a d to
more or less than coexistence. Castro is producers, the modification would be sumption of around 350 million ounces.
here to stay. smaller for Connecticut than the Nation Since November 29, 1981, we have been
This is a near tragic mistake, a mistake due to the location in Connecticut Of retiring the $5 and $10 silver certificates, re-
foisted on the Government by the legions of such companies as the International placing them with Federal Reserve notes, and
doom criers who preach a doctrine W e partlyr Silver Co., Wallace Silversmiths, and utilizing the silver so released for the coin-
a voice o of f rs m- Handy & Harmon Co., manufacturers of age subsidiary
a reason is a raisedtomic-war.that the e Kr Krems
Coinage requirements isappeary to
lin will not start a war for the same reasons brazing alloys, silver paint, and silver increasing each year, eat least as a
that we will not-the apocalyptic racket be- contacts, and so forth, used in defense result of the ever-gear, pa use of vending
comes deafening. So we cannot step on Mr. production; companies which produce machines. Last year they amounted to about
Khrushchev's Cuban toe. the lion's share of such silver products 75 million ounces.
Cuba today is seething with unrest, its for the entire country. In addition, our' increasing population
economy in tatters, its people sullen and During the course of the hearings be- leads to a steady growth in the number of
angry. The sugar harvest, the wellspring of fore the Banking and Currency Commit- $1 bills required for circulation. Since at
Cu, lower in a dec de. An is and t rad fie has been once tee, I was privileged to confer at length present $1 bills can only be issued in the
a he A island paradise that gnn with Mr. Douglas Dillon, the Secretary .form of silver certificates, this leads to a
Latin te highest standard sfood, Mr. John B. Stevens, further annual requirement, which last
Latin America now rations of living In clothing, of the Treasury, year amounted to $49 million, or roughly 38
and n and even soap. Monitored broadcasts of . vice president and general manager of million ounces.
Castro's own radio admit executions, food the International Silver Co., and many Problems arising if $1 Federal note not
riots, mass arrests, and counterrevolutionary representatives of mining and producing authorized: If the $1 Federal Reserve note
fighting in the hills. And suddenly, the interests both from Connecticut and is not authorized,. the Treasury will soon be
United States intervenes on Castro's side. other areas. But early in these hearings, in the untenable position of being forced
The running of guns to Cuban revolu- I came to believe sincerely that such into the market to buy silver for its coinage
yia rs leements has been going he for 60 legislation is in the best interest of the needs. Since U.S. production is only one-
way. Washington time-honored ode other Nation-as a whole for many reasons. third of our industrial requirements, all
way. It the tn method of get- silver for coinage would have to be acquired
tang rid o of Cuban n tyrants, , the method used Mr. Speaker, although it is not usually from abroad, thus putting an unnecessary
by Castro himself. Now, when for the first my practice to introduce printed testi- strain on our balance of payments.
time in those 60 years the tyrant is a Com- mony in my remarks, I should like to pre- The next excerpt, from a statement by
munist, the U.S. Government changes the sent the following excerpts as I believe
rules, even earning a thank you from Castro that they very appropriately present Rear Adm. Donald J. Ramsey, U.S. Navy,
himself. the questions in a suitably brief and retired, is of value because it dispels, I
Throughout the world the Communists easily understandable form. think, some longstanding misconcep-
are spreading the message that they repre-
sent the wave of the future. In Cuba to- First, I would like to quote from the tions I have noted regarding the intrinsic day, and only in Cuba, the United States has testimony of Mr. Dillon as contained in monetary value of silver.
the golden opportunity to give the lie to the "Hearings Before the Committee on Silver as the gold dart ors our ch l1,
Communist boasting by breaking off a piece Banking and Currency, House of Repre- 1900, established liehed value. The Gold Reserve Ac-
Act
of the Red bloc and restoring it to freedom. sentatives, 88th Congress, 1st session, 9d unnitoes t an ounce h gold will exchange
With that prize in reach-in fact sitting in on H.R. 4413.? His statements, I think an for $35. Silver was actually demonetized in
its lap-the Kennedy administration decides aptly present the need for and purpose 1873 and is not a standard unit of value.
that the risk isn't worth the candle. It will of this legislation: it has no guaranteed value despite the use
coexist with Castro.
The Cuban dictatorship is held together by Basic purposes of legislation: H.R. 4413 im- in various laws of such words as "standard
force; the only way it ever will be taken apart plements the recommendations of the Presi- silver dollars," "monetary value," "seignior-
is by counterforce. For the United States dent, going back to his instruction to me age," and so forth.
not, to face up to this responsibility-and, in November 1961 to suspend further sales Despite the 40-percent increase in the
opportunity-is to betray its history dating of silver, and repeated in his Economic Re-
back to the Monroe Doctrine, its present-day port in January of this year. Its basic pun- price of silver during the last 15 months,
hemisphere commitments and alliances, and . poses are twofold: domestic mine production of recoverable
its future role of world leadership. (1) To afford the Government a sure silver rose less than 5 percent in 1962.
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 A2404
In fact, mine production in Nevada, What this means in terms of selling
Utah, and Washington declined. The prices is that the retail price of a typical
gain in Arizona silver production reflects five-piece sterling place setting, includ-
greater output of copper ore yielding ing the 10-percent excise tax, has had to
byproducts of silver. An Increase in the be increased from $32.50 to $39.50 as a
price of silver does not mean an increase result of the increase In the price of
in production because silver is largely a silver which has taken place in the last
byproduct in the production of copper, year alone, if we are to maintain current
lead, and zinc. These base metals are in profit margins, The retail price of a
oversupply. sterling teapot has had to be Increased
Annual consumption of silver in the from $145.75 to $182.
United States in now averaging 105 mil- When one considers the essential uses
lion ounces. A few large producers ac- of silver in defense production as well
count for most of the 35 million ounces
of domestic production. Approximately
40 percent of this production comes from
ore mined primarily for its silver con-
tent-mostly in Idaho. The remaining
60 percent comes incidentally in the
production of copper, lead and zinc,
It should always be borne in mind
that foreign producers greatly benefit by
our silver policies. Two-thirds of our
annual consumption now comes from
abroad. Such purchases amount to
about 70 million ounces a year which
result in a claim against our gold sup-
ply of about $90 million.
Secretary Dillon stated that the silver
producing Industry has no further need
for Government assistance. He pointed
out that since late 1961 the producers
have seen a spectacular Increase in the
price of their product amounting to
about 40 percent. He stated that the
recent rapid rise has created difficulties
for the users, who have had to cope as
best they can with these increased costs.
Mr. John B. Stevens, vice president
and general manager of the Internation-
al Silver Co., Meriden, Conn.. said before
the House Banking and Currency Com-
mittee:
I do not feel qualified to discuss the mone-
tary aspects of silver, but I would like to
confine myself to what I understand-sliver
as a raw material."
In his economic report of January
1963, President Kennedy said:
I again urge a revision in our silver policy
to reflectthe status of silver as a metal for
which there is an expanding industrial de-
mand.
as in less critical products such as silver-
zinc batteries, alloys and solders, dental
and medical uses, electrical controls,
contacts and circuits, and mirrors, and
so forth, and the smaller, less diversified
companies dependent upon moderate
price margins for survival, the price of
the raw material assumes a greater sig-
nificance. This last excerpt from a
statement by Mr. C. Edwin Ireland, vice
president and treasurer, Hamilton
Watch Co., on behalf of Wallace Silver-
smiths, points up some of these difficul-
ties:
Our company buys about 2 million ounces
of silver annually. The sudden increase In
the price of silver has therefore added, quite
unexpectedly, about ;700.000 to our manu-
facturing costs. To state the situation
bluntly, our profit expectations have been
substantially lessened.
The question might properly be asked
that if the entire industry is faced with
the same increase in the cost of raw
materials would not an industrywide
price increase in the cost of the finished
product pass the burden on to the con-
sumer and reserve the profits for the
manufacturer. Unfortunately, it just
isn't that easy.
Changing our prices, once a year, in a
period of rising costs can be handled.
Changing prices twice s`year in unusual
circumstances canbe tolerated. To do
so more of ten is impossible.
Because of the wild fluctuations in the
cost of our raw material, it is impossible
to quickly adjust our selling prices to
recover the added costs and still be com-
petitive. In any industry, a price change
A year earlier President Kennedy said: normally entails careful forecasts of raw
It is rearlier
uneconomic for the Kennedy said: material costs based on past, current and
to lock up large quantities of useful silver anticipated cost levels. With most raw
in the sterile form of quantities
durrency reserves. materials, forecasts can be made within
reasonable degrees of accuracy. With
This I understand and applaud be- silver, It is impossible under present
cause silver is the single most important conditions. Asa result, we find ourselves
raw material which the International continually in need of price adjustments
Silver Co. buys. In a single year we to recover, at least in part, the fluctuat-
use over 4 million ounces in our silver- ing cost of silver.
plated and sterling silver products. Sil- With continued upward and unpre-
ver is, of course, the largest component dictable fluctuations In the silver market,
in the cost of sterling silver products together with consequent Increases in
and a surprisingly large element in the our product selling prices, our retail cus-
cost of silverplate. For example, at the tourers are confused and wary as to their
present price of silver bullion of $1.27 purchasing policy. In general, they are
an ounce, the silver content comprises restricting their purchases awaiting
75 percent of the manufacturing cost some clarification to emerge from which
of sterling silver knives, forks and they can gain some assurance of nor-
spoons, and 60 percent of the cost of malcy.
sterling silver holloware, which is the We believe that the price of silver will
trade name for coffeepots. teapots, can- become far more stable and predictable
dlesticks, bowls, trays, platters, and so If it is freed from all artificial controls
forth. Even in silverplate such as the and supports and is permitted to react
famous 1847 Rogers Bros., the silver con- to the normal pressures and Influences
tent is 20 percent of the manufacturing of a free, competitive market. As we
cost of knives, forks and spoons. understand it, there was no shortage in
22 QQ44 r
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April 23
the supply of silver during 1962 and that
all industrial requirements were satis-
factorily met from regular suppliers of
the commodity. If this is true, then we
cannot believe that the elementary law
of supply and demand was permitted to
operate in that period. In our opinion,
there Is no other way to explain a 38-
percent increase in price when there
was no shortage in supply.
As we interpret the effects of H.R. 4413,
silver will find Its own proper price level
as a commodity. To make this possible,
it seems to us of great Importance that
the bill be passed in its entirety. The
Secretary of the Treasury must not be
required to enter the market for artificial
reasons. At the same time, the 50-per-
cent transfer tax must be eliminated so
that buyers and sellers can operate nor-
mally, and without penalty, in a free
market.
Mr. Speaker, I have gone to more
length here than I ordinarily would, but
so strongly do I feel passage of this legis-
lation to be in the national interest, that
I wanted to acquaint as many as possible
with the subject matter of the bill. I am.
also going to -urge the two U.S. Senators
from Connecticut, Senators THOMAS J.
DODD and ABRAHAM A. RIBIcorF, to give
this proposal careful consideration when
it comes up in the Senate. Not only
would it aid Connecticut industry, but
also strengthen the United States by
placing somewhat less reliance upon for-
eign producers for our silver, at least as
far as U.S. coinage is concerned.
Bonneville Now Losing Millions Annual-
ly-Wants Larger Area To Lose More
In
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN F. SAYLOR
OF PENNSYLVANIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 23, 1963
Mr. SAYLOR. Mr. Speaker, on April
11, 1963. the House adjourned for an
Easter recess to meet again on April 22,
1963. In the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD for
April 11, 1963, I placed the fourth of a
series of editorials from newspapers pub-
lished in the State of Idaho. These edi-
torials were highly critical of the pro-
posal to extend the Bonneville power
marketing area Into southern Idaho. I
advised my colleagues that the series of
editorials would be resumed after the
Easter recess. Today I am inserting the
fifth of the series of newspaper editorials
or articles relative to the desire of Bon-
neville Power Administration, which is
now losing millions annually, for a larger
area to lose more In.
I have been reliably informed that
Secretary Udall has on his desk an
order extending the Bonneville power
marketing area into southern Idaho.
The issuance of such an order, so I am
told, only awaits a propitious political
moment for two of its sponsors, the
senior Senator and the senior Congress-
man from Idaho.
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 Approved For R CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
6405
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, will the I am Indeed grateful to the Senator memory is the Nixon prescription of how
Senator yield?, from California [Mr. KUCXEL] for his to deal with Cuba. Nixon on Cuba in
Mr. JAVITS. I yield. fine support and for the splendid en- 1963 is nothing more nor less than the
Mr. KUCHEL. I have been attending dorsement which he has.given to this 1952 Republican prescription for dealing
a meeting of the Committee on Appro- work. with China.. "The more things change,
priations, and I have -come into the the more they are the same," according
Chamber just now. I understand the ESTABLISHMENT OF WATER RE- to the French proverb. Richard Nixon
Senator is speaking about the recom- SOURCES RESEARCH CENTERS is the living proof of the truth and ap-
mendations which he made to the North plicability of that axiom to the policies
Atlantic Parliamentarians' Conference. The Senate resumed the considera- of the modern Republican Party.
Is that correct? tion of the bill (S. 2) to establish water The Nixon prescription for Cuba,. like
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ad- resources research centers at. land-grant the 1952 Republican prescription for
ditional time of the Senator from New colleges and State universities, to stim- China, consists largely in big talk and
York has expired. ulate water research at other colleges, easy promises of liberating both these
Mr. JAVITS. I ask that I be granted universities, and centers of competence, victims of communism. The "activist"
2 additional minutes. and to promote a more adequate na- quality in both cases is remarkably sim-
Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. President, I tional program of; water research. ilar. Eleven years ago, we heard about
ask unanimous consent that the time of Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. President, I how China would be freed by "unleash-
the Senator from New York be extended ask unanimous consent that, notwith- ing" Chiang Kai-shek; Saturday night,
for 2 additional minutes, without it standing the previous unanimous-con- we heard that Cuba is to be freed by "un-
being charged to either side. sent agreement entered into, the senior leashing" the Cuban exiles.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Senator from Oregon may be permitted During the 8 years of the Eisenhower
objection, it is so ordered, to proceed for 25. minutes and that at administration, it must be presumed
Mr. JAVITS. In response to the ques- the conclusion of his statement the that Chiang Kai-shek was. indeed "un-
tion of the Senator from California I junior Senator from New York, [Mr. leashed." One cannot be sure because
would say that we have actually orga- KEATING), may proceed for about 3 min- not much of anything happened, except
nized the Atlantic Community Develop- utes, without any of this time being that after a few years, all expectation
ment Group for Latin America. It has charged to either side on the pending that Chiang's forces would actually in-
been financed. It is enthusiastically bill. vade the mainland of China disappeared.
backed by all elements of the economy The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there Those expectations disappeared when
in Western Europe, the United States objection? The Chair hears none, and it becaifie evident that the forces to be
and Latin America. We are at work it. i~ so -7---a
kind of investment from Europe in
sociation with the United States and I. MR. NIXON AND FOREIGN POLICY ?ile ""I'e. IL nnany cecame perfectly
put-
Latin America, may be forthcoming. Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, last Sat- ting clear Chi to the most gullible that put-ang'
against
forces We have a target of a billion dollars a urday night the American Society of the e Chinese ese s Communists would into battle
require
year. As I said a moment ago, I know Newspaper Editors and the American vast American air and sea support, and
it can be done. The only question is public were treated to a replay of the that unless those Nationalist forces were
whether we can do it.r I know it can be old Nixon theme song. It made use of to be abandoned to their fate, a full-
done. all the same old techniques of forensic scale American invasion in support of
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, I rise deceit that have come to be so closely as- . them would be necessary.
to pay a deserved tribute to the Senator sociated with Mr. Nixon
"If only I were
.
The question that Mr. Nixon raises in
from New York. The Alliance for Prog- the `partisan type'," he began, "what a my mind is whether this is not what he
ress is of importance to the people of field day I could have." One cannot really has in mind in Cuba. The prin-
the United States, because a part of our help wondering whether Mr. Nixon cipal element of his Cuban policy is that
destiny is historically and naturally in meant the chuckles to come at his char- the Cuban exiles in this country not be
tertwined with our neighbors in Latin acterization of himself or at his charac- "leashed." Instead, he calls for open
America. It is also of supreme impor- terization of the administration's record. support of what he calls, but fails to de-
tance to members of the Atlantic Com- Certainly Mr. Nixon holds some kind of fine, "forces of freedom." It is his rec-
munity. I well remember, because I was unofficial title in this country as a cham- ommendation that we openly support
a delegate to that conference with the pion partisan infighter, and it is unbe- forces organized to overthrow a Commu-
Senator from New York, the enthusiasm lievable that he meant the description of nist-controlled government in the West-
with which his original recommenda- himself to be taken seriously. ern Hemisphere.
tions were received by our parliamentary But just in case anyone might have On the face of it, Mr. Nixon is calling
colleagues representing the nations of any question of this man's ability to de- for official violation by the U.S. Govern-
NATO. ceive himself with words, even when his ment of its laws against participation
What he has said means that the audience remains undeceived, we are by residents in his country, either citi-
NATO nations will share our own in- then treated to the shopworn and trans- zens or noncitizens, in attacks, raids,
terest in keeping the South American parent tactic of making a charge by or invasions of any kind aimed at na-
countries free and share the burdens denying that the charge is being made. tions with which we are not at war. Per-
which the U.S. Government have under- "Nor do I charge that this administra- haps Mr. Nixon had it in mind that he
taken. tion is trying to appease Mr. Khru- believes those laws should be changed
I salute the Senator from New York shchev," says Nixon. `Nor do I charge and just did not spell it out.
for his excellent statesmanship in the that because of the failure of the econ- But even so, what he is really advocat-
fruition of the recommendations which omy to grow as fast as was predicted ing is a program of aid to the Cuban
he made last fall in Paris. when the administration came into office exiles that would bring the military
Mr. JAVITS. I express my gratitude we are in deadly peril of being outpro- power of the United States into play
to the Senator from California and also duced by the .Soviet TTninn and the Co`"
--- gala i'"-u ui rigs, oecause nnancing; organizing,
opment of this project. that old verbal technique.. It carried and training the Cuban exiles was not
I also wish to add my appreciation to Richard Nixon a little further than it en
h e
n
oug
ven i
1961.
the Senator from Oregon [Mr. MORSE], carried Joe McCarthy, but not much The Cuban exiles were unleashed
who is Chairman of the Subcommittee further. I would have more respect for for some 3 years. The 'results were
on Latin American Affairs of the Com- the man if he made these charges hon- nothing more than nuisance raids that
mittee on Foreign Relations. I have estly and straight out, instead of dis- were followed by attacks on U.S. ship-
kept him informed on what we were do- guising them with pious semantics, ping. The following is a resume of the
ing. He was most generous in helping But the old refrain from this speech raids by the Cuban exiles and their re-
me with respect to this subject. of Saturday that really strikes a chord of sults:
No. 58-6
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 Approved CONGRESS 2004/06/23: GRAD-RDP56E
6406 5N'AW3R000200250011-3 April-.J3
August 24, 1962, First raid, Revolu- to full-scale U.B. Invasion. I think the in the United Nations, because we have
tionary Student Directorate Group American people know that. They did a duty in this era of civilization to see
shelled hotel on Havana waterfront not want any part of that kind of policy to it that we do not follow a course of
causing minor damage. toward China, and I do not believe they action of International outlawry. In es-
September 10, 1962: Five-man crew are any more interested in such a policy sence, the proposals of Nixon the other
from Alpha-66 group fired on a United toward Cuba. night were proposals .that this country
Kingdom vessel and a Cuban vessel near "UN EAssED" POLICY Z US AL.RSADY ,'AMIM should become a party to international
Cayo-Frances causing slight damage to They might be, were it not for the very outlawry. If he was aware of the
both vessels. fact which Nixon brings up in support treaties the United States has signed, he
October 8, 1962: Estimated 10-man of his own case. it is that the Cuban ex- ignored them In the preparation of the
party representing Alpha-86 staged raid Iles cannot be expected to carry alone speech he delivered the other day when
on harbor installation at Isabela de the brunt of opposition to the Soviet he spoke to the newspaper editors.
Sagua causing undetermined number of Mr. President, I am not In favor of al-
power which has been psawted in Cuba. lowing the United States to be drawn
October casualties. 12,1962:A six-man party un- openly s supppupo rrt t says the exiles. hiwwhy But It should also into military involvement on behalf of
or because of tCexiles. Neither
der the direction of Manolo Quiza ma- means that only the U.S. military power am I in favor the h which uses
chinegunned a Cuban vessel In the sea can successfully challenge the Commu- am exiles o a Cuban b as a front, policy y wahihi as an
area off the port of Cardenas. The ves- nist power In Cuba. The exiles have al- excuse h Cuban for American Involvement. Let
sel was reportedly sunk and two of the ready had the benefit of U.S. open sup- not the Cuban exiles forget that posset
four crew members were injured. port extending to financial aid, train- nnotty, either. Trefugees here in the
December 4, 1982: Several dozen raid- ing weapons, and transport. The Bay United States The
some 4
account for only
ers, representing the second front of the of Pigs was the result. Even If Soviet
Escambray, in two small craft fired on troops were not still present in Cuba, the percent of the people of Cuba. Ninety-
installations in the port of Caibarien. Cuban exiles could not do any better now six percent of the Cuban people are still
March 17, 1963: Vessel carrying small than in 1961 without American troops in Cuba'
number of raiders representing Alpha-68 to help them. In my judgment, they I am not in favor of 'keeping this rela-
and the second Escambray front raid could not do it nearly so well. If Nixon tively smallpercentage of its people on
the harbor at Isabela de Segua causing is advocating a U.S. Invasion, why does a string to use as a convenient pretext
minor damage to the Soviet freighter he not say so to the American people for an American Invasion of Cuba.
L' Gov. There may have been casual- with intellectual honesty? The policy he After Cuba, what? British Guiana?
ties. outlined must eventually bring about Brazil? There are voices in America
March 26, 1963: An estimated six raid- American military involvement In Cuba. right now who will swear that the Cov-
ers representing the L-66 group attacked He knows that. Why does Nixon persist ernment of Brazil and the Government
the Soviet vessel Baku in the harbor of In believing that all the American people of Venezuela are both Communist-
Caibarien. Substantial damage was can be fooled all of the time? .dominated.
caused to the Soviet vessel. I have said many times from the Sen- The extreme right in this country
SUMMARY ate floor that I do not rule out the pos- should leave no room for doubt on the
Cuban exiles have carried out seven sibility of American military involve- part of the thinking people of the coun-
hit-and-run pinprick raids against went in Cuba. We saw it occur last try that they want war. They represent
Cuba beginning with the attack on a October, when there was a direct threat the war party of America. I believe
Havana waterfront hotel in late August to American national security. We may that the challenge of statesmanship first,
win
the improvised attacks in the main were Wem have the m they Cof the th~sc days uban fight against communism on the basis of
tmpravtsad and with the exception u of threat with the use of our military power. bloodless combat. We will shed our blood
the irtually attack on a Soviet vessel caused I repeat again, as I have said several If It ever becomes necessary to do so to
virtually no damage. times from this desk and many times protect the security of this Republic.
v
Mr. JOHNSTON. Senator Mr. President, will from the platforms of America, that the But I am one Senator who does not in-
Mr. MORSE. Mr. MO rRSE. from I will Oregon yield yield? when I American people have every reason to tend to sweep under the rug attacks
finish place complete confidence in the purpose such as the one from Nixon the other
questions.speech; then I shall be glad to answer of the President of the United States to night. I believe the people must be
qu proceed immediately, at any critical mo- warned at all times against the danger-
Mr. President, to this Mr. ed? Surely men- to protect the security of this Re- ous propaganda of the warmongerers,
of how Cuba would be liberated? Surely public whenever Its security is challenged such as Nixon, who seek to poison the
U. knows it require not
presence or endangered by either Castro or Khru- thinking of the American people by wav-
of large rand air support, of but the s to make shchev or both acting jointly. ing the American flag into tatters. As a
of numbers Cuba U.S. troops to make The President has also made it clear patriotic American, I do not believe we
any invasion of Cuh a success. that he intends to keep this Republic pay due respect to the American flag by e Mr . Nmak thinks ha has shrewdly within the framework of International waving it Into tatters.
n
avoided making that bald assertion t to law. However, the speech by Richard I do not want to see any return to the
the American people. His speech the Nixon the other night was a warmonger- unilateral American policy of deciding
editor g it Intis off freeing reeng worded Cuba rded to give
without giving the ing speech which would have taken us when a government of Latin America
premi outside the framework of international is to be overthrown in furtherance of
the price be American bl ode that would law had we carried out Nixon's proposal. U.S. interests. That is what Mr. Nixon have to "Unleash the paid Cuban exiles," for et under his cries policy.
"Unlon. I thank my God that sitting in the the calling for. It would be a return 19th century diplomacy which made
But there is an unspoken corollary that White House is a man who recognizes
is fully known and appreciated by Mr. the sacred, solemn responsibilities of the United States a hated nation in the
Nixon, even if it was not uttered by him. being President of the United States, and hemisphere and did damage which has
It is that a continuation of the exile the duty to keep this Republic within required half a century to repair.
raids and eventual landings of exiles in the framework of International law. U.S. ALREADY AIDING NON-COMMUNIST
This President recognizes that an ag- GOVERNMENTS
Cuba would require massive American
participation to make them successful. Pressor course of action or a violation of A part of Mr. Nixon's prescription for
The American Nation has registered Its American-signed treaties or a violation Latin America is for open U.S. support of
rejection of these intellectual dishones- of our responsibilities to international those same "forces of freedom" in na-
ties of Richard Nixon. I suspect that the law cannot be justified in maintaining tions threatened by Communist activity.
disillusionment with the unleashing of our efforts In the realm of freedom But we have such a policy in full force
the Chinese Nationalists will put this around the world. and effect right now. The Punta del
newest "unleashing" shell game into Its If we sought to implement the aggres- Este conference of a year and a half
proper perspective. For the plain truth sor course of action, which was the very ago, to which I had the honor to be one
is that in either would be nothing more than unleashing nguard day, we would lose one allyafter another being the thtwo Senate e distinguished Senator from
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63 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 6407
Iowa [Mr. HICKENLOOPER] , spelled out case Castro and Khrushchev follow an never will vote a dime to a NATO country
some of the steps to be taken by all our aggressive course of action against the for the development of a national atomic,
governments to curb Communist activi- Western Hemisphere. We must not for- nuclear-weapons program. Here Is one
ties and influences in the nations of the get the the.Act of Punta del Este pledges Senator who will insist that, for the
hemisphere. A large part of that policy all the free nations of the Western preservation of civilization itself, we con-
includes the careful and effective pa- Hemisphere, including the United States tinue to maintain control of nuclear
trolling of the waters of the Caribbean and our. Latin American neighbors, to power, under international agreements
by American forces to prevent the smug- support each other whenever there is a with our allies. Here is one Senator who
gling of arms, propaganda, and trained violation of international law by an ag- repeats his statement made from this
personnel from Cuba into other Latin gressive course of action on the part of desk on January 16-namely, that he
American countries. Cuba and its master, Khrushchev. does not intend to see the United States
We send them large amounts of mili It is always hard to tell whether Mr. help or aid De Gaulle in any way in his
tary aid to maintain internal security. Nixon advocates a move of this kind be- program to make France an independent
Another large part of this policy is the cause it sounds like a good, cheap way of nuclear power.
Alliance for Progress itself. gaining something all Americans desire We cannot run the risk of encouraging
In short, I simply do not know what without ever having to put it to the test, individual nations to develop individual
Mr-Nixon is talking about when he says or whether he advocates this particular national nuclear weapons programs, if
we should openly support the forces of policy with. the full knowledge that ef- we are still to have any hope of preserv-
freedom in countries where internal fectuating it would bring about tremen- ing the peace in our time. Certainly we
communism is threatening. We are do- dous consequences for the American peo- have great moral obligations to the next
Ing it now. Let me say, parenthetically, ple, consequences he deliberately fails generation and to future generations of
that Brazil is one of the most Important to mention or discuss. Americans.
of these; yet Mr. Nixon derided our aid Fortunately, the American people have If Mr. Nixon were genuinely interested
to Brazil. It is hard to see just what decided,that they do not want to find in a closer political unity and control
kind of "open support" he would have out what he has in mind. They made over the NATO military forces, I cannot
us extend to Brazil, to keep communism that clear in November 1960. imagine that he would also propose to
from advancing in that country,. If he EUROPEAN POLICY COSTLY, DANGEROUS destroy that unity by setting up each
considers our present massive aid to be In some ways, Mr. Nixoxi's outline of member as an independent nuclear
a mistake. a policy toward our NATO allies was power. The kindest thing I can think of
There is one more point In Mr. Nixon's much more far-reaching and ominous Nixon's proposal is that he is resorting
Cuba policy which I should like to men- than his Cuban policy, and deserved to the practice of trying to "buy off" un-
tion. It Is that when asked for specifics more attention in the press, than what willing or recalcitrant partners.
of what action the United States should he said about Cuba. Mr. Nixon would, The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
take to oust communism from that coun- in Western Europe, have us fall back on BURDICK in the chair). The time avail-
try, he declined to name any that are the Republican theory of diplomacy able to the Senator from Oregon has
not already being undertaken. He thus which calls for arming every nation to expired.
left the exiles as the "front" for his the teeth as a means of avoiding w&r. Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
American involvement, when he could That was the Dulles policy, and Nixon is ask. unanimous consent that the Sena-
have spelled out the desirability of sup- apparently ready to carry it to a fatal tor from Oregon may proceed for 5 addi-
porting their invasion of Cuba with extreme. tional minutes.
American forces-which in my judgment As a member of the Foreign Relations The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
Is the proposal that is concealed and Committee of the Senate, I opposed the objection, it is so ordered.
imbedded in his program. But he was Dulles program %during the last 3 or 4 Mr. MORSE. Mr. ' President, I am
not Intellectually honest enough to tell years of his leadership in the State De- flatly opposed to any amendment of the
the American people what he really partment. In my judgment, we are still Atomic Energy Act which would permit
meant. The specific actions mentioned suffering terrible consequences because the transfer, the sale, or any other plac-
by Nixon are now being 'taken by the of the misconceptions inherent in the ing of nuclear warheads in the hands of
Kennedy administration, to remove the Dulles program. other nations, for their own use. If Mr.
Soviet presence in Cuba, and eventually The way to repair the Atlantic alli- Nixon is sincere in seeking a closer politi-
the Communist presence-political ance, says Mr. Nixon, is to give our NATO cal relationship with our European
methods, political pressures, and eco- partners nuclear weapons. He calls for allies, let him begin talking about.
nomic pressures. a change in the Atomic Energy Act that changes in the Atomic Energy Act that
We should, said Mr. Nixon, begin would permit "the transfer of a limited would release to a purely NATO organi-
with the minimum steps, and see what number of nuclear warheads for the ap- zation some degree of American control.
result they bring, before stepping up propriate use of our European allies." There is plenty of room for negotia-
what we do. It is too bad that Nixon is Is General De Gaulle unhappy because tion and maneuvering over how to
not willing to find out what results these France does not have its own national bring about better relations within
methods bring. It will surely take many nuclear forces? Then give ,him some, NATO. But, by and large, I believe that
more months before we know whether says Mr. Nixon. What interest of the among nations which are basically
they are effective or not. But he wants United States this conceivably could friendly, basically democratic, and have
to unleash the exiles, too, with all that , serve, Nixon does not say. From the con- the same basic objectives, a reasonably
implies. text of his remarks it appears that he straight line is the best one to follow in
Mr. President, as chairman of the simply wants to give our allies in Europe trying to reach agreement. There may
Latin-American Affairs Subcommittee anything they want, to keep them happy be some complex rationale behind his
of the Senate Committee on Foreign Re- and quiet. I do not see where Nixon even idea that the way to move toward unity
lations, and as one who for years has expects Europe to pay for those nuclear is to fractionalize. If so, Mr. Nixon has
been steeped in the problems of . the warheads, since he calls for their "trans- a lot more explaining to do.
United States vis-a-vis_ Latin America, fer," not their sale. . Mr. President, I close by saying, as a
let me say,. that in my judgment the pro- I find it especially surprising that member of the Senate Foreign Relations
posals made the other night by Mr. Nixon should offer such a proposal when Committee, that in my judgment the
Nixon would cause catastrophe through- he also calls for a move toward greater balance between war and peace in the
out Latin America and would end in political unity within NATO. He urges, world today is a very delicate one; and,
war. As I have said before, In my judg- in fact, a "confederation" to permit uni- in my judgment, there will not be any
ment, statesmanship calls for us with fied political control of the NATO organ- little wars. If we start a war in Cuba,
honor to do everything we can to win a ization. Giving France, Britain, and we shall very likely start a world war. I
bloodless victory, over communism in Germany-to start with-nuclear weap- think the leaders of all nations should
Latin America, although ready at all ons of their own is exactly the opposite recognize that. -
times to shed our blood in whatever of leading them toward greater political Therefore, whenever the warmongers
amounts may be necessary in order to unity. seek to spread their
protect the security of our country in Mr. President, here is one Senator who ganda of war-as MroNi onsdido the
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6108 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April
other day, before the newspaper edi- French troops went away. But, because people. The Government of the United
tors--irrespective of the political conse- there was no prudent alternative, Lincoln States joined the United Nations because
I will take to this floor in poral ut 9 with the Bonapartist troops for sev- we believe in peace. We continue to seek
quences, defense of trying to reach an honorable Hqw ions must we put up with the R.us- peace with justice and with honor in
peace and in defense of the great for- sian troops? The honest answer is that we this world.
eign policy program of a great Presi- must put up with them until they can be I believe the American people under-
dent, President Kennedy. gotten rid of by measures short of nuclear stand the ugly and dread hazard to the
The time has come to make perfectly war. Here is the sticking point in the argu- free way of life which is posed by inter-
ment with Governor Rockefeller and Mr. national communism. For that reason
clear to the warmongers that the Amer- Nixon. They sound, they intend to sound. again this year the representatives of
Iran people are entitled to the facts. as if they know a way to get rid of the the American people will vote to spend,
They are entitled to intellectual honesty. Russian troops promptly without waging in round numbers approximately $100
They are entitled to be protected from nuclear war.
the kind of deceit in which Mr. Nixon What Is this prompter way to make the billion to perfect our Defense Establish-
further the
arid
ment
engaged
newspaper it shocking speech to the ell~us.6but they mfrom Cuba? ost reasonableeinterpre- defensi a weapons of obliteration which
editors. tation of what they say is that the prompter modern science and technology have
I say to the newspaper editors, You, way is not to make war but to threaten war. brought not only to the free nations, but
too, have a patriotic obligation to keep Both Governor Rockefeller and Mr. Nixon also the nations under the yoke of
faith with the first amendment of the have avoided saying plainly what they do International communism.
Constitution, and, in the exercise of your mean. But if what they sound like has
precious guarantee of free speech, to pre- genuine meaning it Is that they believe the The American people are bitter.
sent to the American people the facts United states can deliver an ultimatum They object to the transformation of
about foreign policy, and not permit war- which the Soviet what they mean bow to. n what in the Cuba Into a Communist satellite. Their
mongers to give to the American people this s is y own feelings were reflected only a year
the big dose of intellectual poison and name of common sense do they mean with ago on the floor of the Senate when it
war propaganda that Mr. Nixon gave all their big words? If they are prepared adopted the following resolution:
to be so bold with the Russians, they ought
to your conference when he spoke the to be bold enough to talk plainly to their Resolved by the Senate and House of Rep-
other day. fellow Americans. resentatives of the United States of America
In conclusion, Mr. President, I ask The Rockefeller-Nixon position appears in Congress assembled, That the United
unanimous consent to have printed at then to be that Cuba can be liberated by States Is determined-
this point the fine analysis of the Cuban ordering the Soviet Union to withdraw from (a) to prevent by whatever means may be
policy by Mr. Walter Lippmann, which this hemisphere, and to stand by passively necessary, including the use of arms, the
appeared in this morning's Washington while we blockade Castro and arrange for a Marxist-Leninist regime in Cuba from ex-
replacement of Castro's government. If this tending, by force or the threat of force, its
Post. Is what they have in mind, they are making aggressive or subversive activities to any part
There being no objection, the article an enormous guess. For nobody can possibly of this hemisphere;
in Cuba the creation or use
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, know that the Soviet Union would surrender (b) prevent
as follows: its whole position in Cuba as it surrendered of an externally supported military capa-
TnE KENNEDY-KEATING CUBAN POLICY its offensive weapons last October. It 1s bility endangering the security of the United
(By Walter Lippmann) the supreme folly In the nuclear age to drive States; and
a nuclear power into a corner. And if the (c) to work with the Organization of
Cuba got a good airing last week before Soviet Union refused to bow to the ulti- American States and with freedom-loving
the American Society of Newspaper Editors, matum, all this would do for us would be Cubans to support the aspirations of the
and the significant fact about the speeches to make us look like fools. Cuban people for self-determination.
of the President, Secretary Rusk, and Sena The President of the United States cannot That resolution was approved by the
tor KEATING was that there is substantial play with an ultimatum to a government Congress and likewise by the President
agreement about what the United States like that of the Soviet Union. He cannot use of the United States. I think It fair to
should and should not do. It is hard to say an ultimatum unless he Is prepared to go say that it represents basic American
what Mr. Nixon's Cuban policy would be. through with it and begin a war. If he is policy. Our country will npermit
He sounded like a man who was ready to go not prepared to go to war, an ultimatum Is Cuba Our c a nuclear or never offensive
to war. But all he actually said was that he a bluff and everyone will soon see that it Is. to become an
wanted the Cuban exiles to make hit-and- While the present policy does not promise launching pad: and, to the everlasting
run raids. ' a quick withdrawal of the Russians or the credit of the President of the United
Senator KEATING, who is the most conapic- fail of Castro. It is surely not true to say States, the action which he took last Oc-
uous of the critical opposition, began by say- that it Is complacent do-nothinglem. To a tober indicated that our Cuban policy
ing that it is foolish to pretend that there degree which is just short of war Cuba Is was to be vindicated on that occasion.
are easy answers to the Cuban problem. He being photographed, patrolled. embargoed people continue to
did not pretend. Then In the course of his and squeezed, and isolated, It Cuba were But bitter the America continue p peoeo a to urge the be . They
speech he admitted that he agrees with the a great power, we would be at war with her American Government to take any action
main theses of our present Cuban policy. for what we are already doing. I doubt
He Is opposed to an invasion. He is opposed whether there ie, any precedent where we that can be taken to isolate and, under
to a blockade. He is opposed to hit-and-run have exerted such strong measures short of the very terms of the resolution, to ex-
raids mounted from American soil. He is in war on any other country. tripate from the Western Hemisphere
favor of greater stress on nonmilitary meas- However much we are Impatient and true- communism in any form.
urea, and he wants to exert increasing eco- trated we have to grasp the fact that Cuba receive letters from people In Cali-
driven pressure so that the soviets will be is no military threat to the United States I fornia receive letters demanding action.
driven to the conclusion that the price of and is not very much of a threat to Latin have written replies a and letters action. to in
maintaining a base In Cuba is too high. America. The worst of Castro Is his example I which I have said, "What co you mean
This Is the same story which the adminis- and a long way after that such agents as
tratlon is telling. Senator KsATINo's differ- he is able to train and Infiltrate Into the when you say `action'? If you are de-
ences are not In the substance of the text Latin American countries. He to an affront manding that I use my vote and my voice
but in the editing, the typography, the lay- to our pride, he Is a nuisance, be is a mis- upon this occasion now, immediately, to
out, and the captions. The Senator, like the chiefmaker. But he Is not a mortal threat demand a military invasion of Cuba, you
President, excludes in present circumstances to the vital Interests of the United States, are wrong, because I will not do that."
the resort to war-invasion, blockade, and and therefore, in this age of thermonuclear will the will not a no
raiding; like the President, he, too, would war, we must deal with him by measures that Neither
The President of the Ameri States has
deal with Cuba by surveillance, containment, are short of war. The, "now have the United S Sates before." isolation, economic pressures, and propa-fought wars -
ganda. Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, I ask And now we face, GM forbid, a continu-
There is no doubt that at least for some unanimous consent that I may speak for ing hazard of an obliterating nuclear
time to come the Kennedy-Keating policy 5 minutes. war. Nevertheless the American peo-
will leave the Soviet troops 90 miles from The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there ple intend that they and their Govern-
Florida. This Is an affront to our pride. objection? The Chair hears none, and ment proceed with honor and courage
Not since Napoleon III put French troops it is so ordered. and vigor, and firmness with respect to
into Mexico to enthrone and support the
Emperor Maxhnillian has anything like this Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, the communism in this hemisphere and In
happened so close to us. In the and the American people are a peace-loving any other clime around this globe.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 6409
"Deeds not words," was the Eisenhower people that we desire peace with justice twin language in section' 100(a) of the
phrase. It still goes. and honor. We seek it. For that reason, bill, which provides for research at the
Mr. President, I did not read the text we wish to continue to negotiate with land-grant colleges and institutes.
of the comments of former Vice Presi- the Soviet Union for a dependable and The bill now reads: "as may in each
dent Nixon, and therefore I cannot com- realistic test ban. That is why we hope case be deemed advisable, having due
ment very well upon the points which my and pray that the Atlantic Alliance may regard to the varying conditions and
able friend from Oregon has raised. continue strong. needs of the respective States and Puerto
There is no more vigorous advocate in I generally share my colleague's views Rico."
the Senate than my colleague the distin- with respect to the problem of the nu- In my opinion, that language makes
guished Senator from Oregon [Mr. clear deterrent. Quite aside from that, the bill uncertain. I do not know what
MORSE]. When I propose a measure the American people want our country is meant by "as may in each case be
which is controversial, I am always happy and our Government, as I say, to be deemed advisable." I do not know who
when my friend the Senator from Ore- united, to continue a policy of firmness determines what is advisable. So the
gon [Mr. MORSE] is on my side and toward our unyielding, unalterable purpose of my amendment is to be cer-
agrees with me. American goal-to protect our own secu- tain that the institution in the particular
I take the floor of the Senate on this rity, to eliminate communism from this State where the problems are being
occasion to say that from the newspaper hemisphere, and eventually to give to the studied is the judge of what. the prob-
accounts of former Vice President Nix- people on this earth an opportunity lems are and what is advisable, and in
on's speech, I do not considerjt a "shock- themselves to determine how their own what case it is advisable.
ing" speech. In my judgment his speech society shall conduct their own business. I felt certain that this was merely a
reflected the uneasiness of the American perfecting amendment and that the au-
people with respect to the continuing thor of the bill would be willing to ac-
presence in Cuba, 90 miles off our shore, ESTABLISHMENT OF WATER RE- cept it. I am sure it would not be his
of a Communist ideology. They hope SOURCES RESEARCH CENTERS idea that, for example, in the State of
and pray-I go further than that when The Senate resumed the consideration New Mexico the decision as to what was
I say they demand-that our Govern- of the bill (S. 2) to establish water re- to be deemed advisable would be made
merit do everything that can be done to sources research centers at land-grant here in Washington. I know that for the
isolate and eventually to eliminate that colleges and State universities, to stimu- State of Colorado I would have no de-
hazard from our way pf life. late water research at other colleges, sire to see the Secretary of the Interior
Former Vice President Nixon is an universities, and centers of competence, have control of money or a project where
American. He did not attack President and to promote a more adequate national he, has the say as to what is advisable.
Kennedy as an appeaser. He simply program of water research. Because of the many ramifications of
presented his views with vigor to an Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, what this subject, I think it.isfor the States
audience of newspaper editors which ex- is the pending question? to say which ones are advisable and
tended an invitation to him to speak The PRESIDING OFFICER. The which ones are not.
on the occasion of their convention. water resources bill, known as S. 2, is I may ask the distinguished Senator
I say very frankly to my friend from before the Senate. The bill is open to from New Mexico as to whether`he has
Oregon that, when the President of the amendment. objection to this amendment.
United States the other day approved a Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, I ask Mr. ANDERSON. I may say to the
loan to Brazil I did not denounce that unanimous consent that I may suggest able Senator from Colorado that I do
have opposition. It is not the objection
loan. But I say to him most sincerely the absence of a quorum, and that the which the Senator probably thinks I
that I desire more facts with respect to time for calling the role not be charged have, but I will discuss it shortly.
the reasonableness of that loan before I to either side. have, but I That being the case,
place my own personal stamp of approval The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there Mr. ALLOTT.
and having stated That
reasons for the
upon it. We must remember that a few objection to the request by the Senator amendment, I will reserve aso s for the remaindel,
weeks ago the State Department publicly from Montana? The chair hears none, of en time.
said that Communists were working and it is so ordered. President, I
their will in the government of Brazil. Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, I sug- Mrwish. to ANDERSON. time Mr. to the Sent, I yield The PRESIDING OFFICER. The gest the absence of a quorum. from Michigan some HART].
time of the Senator has expired. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The HART. Mr. President, it was nec-
es Mr. for me to be re Michigan was
yester-
Mr. Y_UCHEL. Mr. President, I ask clerk will call the roll. Mr.
additional legislative clerk proceeded to call
unanimous consent that I may have an day, and I was thus unable to join in the
additional 3 minutes. the roll.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I opening discussion of the pending bill
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there ask unanimous consent that the order for (S. 2) and in the compliments paid its
objection? The Chair hears none, and the quorum call be rescinded. chief sponsor, the Senator from New
it is so ordered. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Mexico [Mr. ANDERSON]. But as a co-
Mr. KUCHEL. A couple of days later objection, it is so ordered. sponsor of this bill, and also as one of
the State Department said that Comm u- Mr. ALLOTT. Mr. President, I call up the "minority of four" who had urged a
nists did not dominate Brazil. As an my amendment No. 54. more forceful report from the Senate
American citizen I say that if Brazil went The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Select Committee on National Water
down the Communist drain, it would be amendment offered by the Senator from Resources, I am delighted and gratified
another body blow to the cause of free- Colorado will be stated. that the Senator from New Mexico is
dom. We do not want our hemisphere forcefully pursuing the recommenda-
to go Communist. For that reason, I The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. It is _ pro- tions of our committee. He is not letting
shall continue to support the Alliance for posed, on page 3, line 9, after the word: them die on the shelf. He is proceeding
Progress. I desire that our ties with our "advisable", to add the following: "by the promptly, thoughtfully, and thoroughly
Latin American neighbors be strong. I institute or center,", to see that they are implemented. It is
wish to see us go forward in helping The PRESIDING OFFICER. How clear that he intends to see that we take
those countries eliminate many of the much time does the Senator yield to him- all possible actions to meet the Nation's
causes for communism-ill health, pov- self? water needs of the future as envisioned
erty, illiteracy, poor housing, lack of Mr. ALLOTT. I yield myself 5 . min- by our committee.
widespread individual landownership, utes. This particular bill has been most
sickness, and disease.. But I do not con- Mr. President, I think the purpose of warmly received in Michigan. Dr. John
sider the comments of the former Vice this particular amendment is clear. It A. Hannah, president of Michigan State
President last week to be susceptible of is an exceedingly simple amendment. It University, was given a draft of the bill
the interpretation which my able friend is a perfecting amendment. The pur- last summer. He endorsed the concept,
has placed upon them, as he has a per- pose of it is to keep the control of the re- and. said:
feet right to do. I merely believe that search in the hands of the institute or "The draft bill takes cognizance of the fact
he reflected the feeling of the American center. It is an amendment to cer- that the use of water constitutes one of the
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6410 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
most complex and pressing problems con-
fronting almost every State. In the country.
We in Michigan will put this program
to good use. I commend the Senator for
his initiative In the drafting of the legis-
lation and for his leadership in bringing
it to the floor of the Senate. I hope it
will be supported overwhelmingly.
I support the Senator in his opposition
to the pending amendment.
Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. President, the
Senator from Alaska wanted to speak
on the bill. I thought this would be
the best time for him to do so, and I
yield him some time.
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, we
are witnessing a historical change In
our national thinking, as we find cit-
izens becoming increasingly aware of
the value-indeed of the preciousness-
of our water resources. The bill we are
considering, S. 2, provides that, in addi-
tion to the land-grant colleges and State
universities, other universities and re-
search institutions may also be aided in
water resources research.
Our water resources are not by any
means inexhaustible. Nor are they at
present well tended. The cosponsors of
S. 2 heard testimony outlining the se-
verity of the water shortage which our
country faces. Some States have already
experienced the fears and frustrations
arising from inadequate water reserves.
I am pleased to cosponsor this legisla-
tion which should help solve some of our
water resource problems.
President Kennedy's task force on wa-
ter resources reported that water Is be-
ing used at an alarming rate. The Issue,
of course, Is how do we best utilize our
water? How can waste be eliminated?
How can reuse methods for water be
found? How can the waters of the sea
be desalinized at the least cost? How
can water pollution be ended? How can
we assure adequate water supply for the
future?
As I have had occasion to say before,
water conservation cannot be the goal
and responsibility of the States alone.
The language of 8. 2 makes available to
our great State universities and colleges
funds with which to establish within
each State a water resources research in-
stitute, center, or equivalent agency.
In my State of Alaska a water pollu-
tion research laboratory is being located
at the University of Alaska at College,
near Fairbanks. It will be seek to estab-
lish how the waters of the Far North can
be best put to work. The environmental
studies planned within our State will
have far-reaching effects in this country
and in other lands.
Strange as it may seem to men and
women unfamiliar with Alaska and its
vast regions, our usable water supply Is
limited. I remember when U.S. Public
Health Service employees examined our
water supply and found, in amazement,
that many of the streams within the
State were polluted with glacial flour.
This type of pollution could and does
impede the usability of other Alaskan
streams.
I doubt If the extent of Alaska's
ground water resources will be known in
even the near future. Possibly the State
will depend upon Its surface waters for
most of Its water requirements, but cer-
tainly these questions cannot be an-
swered until the proper research has
determined some of the answers.
In years ahead Alaska will have the
Industry It seeks today. It will have the
investment capital so needed today. It
will have Increased population. And it
will have all the problems these Improve-
ments bring.
Dr. William R. Wood, president of the
University of Alaska, has examined S. 2
as have members of his faculty. They
strongly support this proposed legisla-
tion. They believe. as do I. that the pro-
gram envisaged will complement the
work of the U.S. Public Health Service In
the Arctic research program which is be-
ing developed In the 49th State.
Mr. President, many groups have testi-
fied in support of S. 2. 1 will not attempt
to relate their findings In detail, but I
do want to mention. the statement of
Mrs. Haskell Rosenblum, director of the
League of Women Voters of the United
States. who said:
Efficient utilization and protection of our
water supply is so important to national well-
being that we think the Federal Government
has a responsibility to encourage research in
this field, research the need for which has
been supported by many eminent scientists
and politicians.
The League of Women Voters is non-
political. The league does a good job in
presenting the pros and cons of impor-
tant Issues to its membership, and it does
a responsible job. I applaud the work of
the league In the Important area of
water conservation, and I urge the favor-
able enactment of this legislation,
Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. President, this
amendment directly poses the question
of whether the paramount authority Is In
the Federal Government or the local in-
stitutions or centers. It happens that
Dr. Jerome B. Wiesner, Director of 'the
Office of Science and Technology, and
the Bureau' of the Budget, supported an
exactly opposit position to that being
proposed by the Senator from Colorado.
They sought greater Federal authority,
The Hatch Act and this bill both con-
tain sections providing that nothing
within the act shall change the relation-
ship between colleges or universities and
their States. This act carries that lan-
guage. The States are Jealous of their
prerogatives. They should not be over-
ridden. But there must be some Federal
participation in decisions.
A good many years ago, perhaps In
1945 and 1946 and 1947, the senior Sena-
tor from New Mexico worked on an agri-
cultural research bill, which was adopted
In 1947. We found at that time, by using
a punchcard system, that literally mil-
lions of dollars was being spent on proj-
ects by States who had ?no Idea that
their neighboring States were spending
money on similar projects.
We had the problem of dye affecting
cotton, not only in the Rain Belt, but
also In other places. Research labora-
tories were working on the problem of
how dye worked on cotton grown in
desert areas. My State was one of those
States. They included New Mexico, Ari-
Aprt`lt 23
zona, and California. We were dealing
with Irrigation cotton, and found that
this problem existed there.
These various agencies were not work-
ing together, but independently.
As a result of the passage of the Agri-
cultural Research Act of 1947 we were
able better to program the money appro-
priated. We did not interfere with the
State programs. We called their atten-
tion to what was going on in other areas
to solve this problem, and in the solu-
tion of which they could participate.
The Hatch Act has been on the books
for a long time. By using the language
of the Hatch Act in S. 2, we attempt to
carry over to the water field the same
mutually satisfactory relationship which
exists In the agricultural field, which in-
volves a sharing in the decisions as to
"advisability" of projects and policies
rather than a sharp granting of ultimate
authority to one side or the other.
I know that some feel it is advisable
to grant this final authority to the
States. I believe It would be preferable
to have the States and Nation work to-
gether, as they have done under the
Hatch Act. Furthermore, I do not know
of any objection being made to our pro-
posal by any land-grant colleges.
We have not stopped any land-grant
college by the exercise of blind authority
here in Washington.
There are many examples of how this
has worked. The language in the bill is
a compromise between two extremes.
We have, as Dr. Edwin West Allen has
said, set forth a "unique example of na-
tional administration in which influence,
rather than coercion, is the policy."
That is what should exist. That Is
why I find myself unable to accept the
amendment.
We have had a long history in this
field.
This matter has been under the ad-
ministration of many Secretaries of
Agriculture. So far as I know, no land-
grant college has ever objected to it,
and no land-grant college has suggested
that this proposed change should be
made. We worked up this bill with the
people from land-grant colleges to be
sure they were satisfied. As I have said,
no land-grant college has suggested that
this change should be made. They are
satisfied with the way the Hatch Act
has worked. They are satisfied with our
language in the water resources bill.
Mr. ALLOTT. Mr. President, I had
considerable difficulty in hearing the
Senator from New Mexico because of the
noise in the Chamber. However, I should
like to say that his arguments in behalf
of his position are not persuasive, to me,
at least. They add up to one thing, that
we are drafting a bill which is purposely
vague, and we are being vague because
we do not want to be tied down.
Congress has taken similar action
many times, and far too many times in
the past few years. Citing the Hatch
Act is somewhat analogous, but not com-
pletely, because we are dealing here with
completely different areas, the areas of
water. I believe we have a different type
of problem to deal with.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 23
disaster. It is a great, populous city.
Nonetheless, there are some rather open
areas in Staten Island, the county of
Richmond.
This is one time when New York needs
the Nation. I am confident that the
Nation will respond, as it does to disaster
wherever it occurs.
I appreciate the privilege of joining
with my colleague, so that we may do all
we can to alleviate the impact of this
misfortune.
Mr. KEATING subsequently said: Mr.
President, earlier today my colleague,
Mr. JAVITS, and I referred to a communi-
cation we had addressed to the Adminis-
trator of the Small Business Administra-
tion, in which we called attention to the
tragic fire on Staten Island, and re-
quested that that county be declared a
disaster area.
I am very happy to state at this time
that I have just received a telephone
call from the Small Business Adminis-
tration in which I was informed that
Staten Island has been declared a dis-
aster area. That means that Federal
loan programs will be extended to homes,
businesses, churches, and charitable in-
stitutions there which have been so badly
ravaged by the fire, and that the New
York office of the Small Business Ad-
ministration will begin promptly to han-
dle loan applications.
I wish to express publicly to the Ad-
ministrator of the Small Business Ad-
ministration my appreciation for the
prompt action taken to alleviate the
great distress suffered by this important
area of my State. I am deeply grateful.
SOVIET STRENGTH IN -ANA-
LYZED BY HANSON LDWIN
Mr. KEATING. Mr. resident, the
distinguished military affairs analyst of
the New York Times, Hanson W. Bald-
win, offers some very perceptive com-
ments on the Soviet forces in Cuba.
Mr. Baldwin reports in his column that:
There appears to be a consensus that no
major reduction in Soviet strength has taken
place and that the Russians are rotating
troops, rather than withdrawing them.
Mr. Baldwin's views are backed by
years of experience and proven accuracy.
I know that his analysis will be of inter-
est to many Senators and, therefore, ask
unanimous consent that his article be
printed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
SOVIET STRENGTH IN CUBA PUT HIGH-SOME
EXPERTS BELIEVE COUNT MAY BE 30,000 TO
40,000
(By Hanson W. Baldwin)
A recent reassessment of Soviet forces in
Cuba has convinced some intelligence ex-
perts that there may be 30,000 to 40,000 Rus-
sian military personnel on the island.
Many experts believe the number has not
actually changed greatly since last fall; the
upward revision of past figures stems from
a close study of all available intelligence
facts. The experts believe, too, that the
Russians are rotating troops to Cuba, not
withdrawing them.
These interpretations provide the back-
ground for the recent assertion by Senator
KENNETH B. KEATINO, New York Republican,
that Russian strength in Cuba, despite with-
drawals announced by the President, was
still about 17,000 men.
At a news conference April 3, the Presi-
dent estimated that a 4,000 Soviet troops had
been withdrawn in recent weeks. He did
not estimate the number that remained, but
left the impression that about 13,000 were
still there.
CAPITAL'S OPINIONS VARY
There is no consensus in Washington about
how many Soviet troops are in Cuba. In
fact, some of the highest Government offi-
cials and many intelligence officers admit
that they do not know how many are on
the island.
It is far easier to estimate tonnages of
equipment and numbers of guns than num-
bers of personnel. Last fall, emphasis in the
intelligence community was fixed on the
Soviet medium-range missiles in Cuba and
there was a tendency, until after the crisis
had passed, to neglect the details of the
ground forces and of conventional equip-
ment.
Moreover, it has been possible to estimate
approximately the numbers of Soviet troops
withdrawn from the island in recent-weeks,
but not how many have been brought in.
Many officials are convinced that the
total number has not changed greatly and
that the Russians are replacing the troops
they have withdrawn in a rotation plan sim-
ilar to those the United States uses for
its oversea units.
SOVIET UNITS LISTED
Details are lacking on what some Penta-
gon officials now call the "Soviet expedition-
ary force" in Cuba; But some experts be-
lieve the Russians are maintaining the
equivalent of a heavily reinforced motorized
rifle division. Such a division normally num-
bers about 13,000 men.
The four principal tactical ground units,
identified in the past as battalion size
units, are still on the island and have made
no attempt to conceal their identity.
Other units of field artillery, antiaircraft,
infantry, and so on, are said to be some-
what harder to pinpoint, and a large num-
ber of the Russian forces are crews for the
antiaircraft and coast defense missiles and
provide communications, maintenance, and
specialist services for their own and Cuban
forces. An unknown number wear civilian
clothes and blend into the population.
Though many intelligence experts and
some Government officials say they do not
know how many Russian troops are in Cuba,
one said he would bet a year's pay that the
number was closer to 30,000 than to 17,000,
and a month's pay that it was closer to 40,000
than to 17,000.
There appears to be a consensus that no
major reduction in Soviet strength has taken
place and that the Russians are rotating
troops, rather than withdrawing them.
The purposes of the continued presence of
so large a Soviet force in. Cuba could be
multiple.
VARIOUS FUNCTIONS SERVED
It was undoubtedly intended originally to
provide protection for the long-range mis-
siles that Premier Khrushchev attempted to
install there last fall, which have now-in the
opinion of most intelligence experts-been
withdrawn. Since the withdrawal of all or
part of these missiles, the troops appear to
have a number of functions:
To help protect the island against any
invasion by the United States or by exile
forces aided by the United States.
To perpetuate Premier Fidel Castro's rule
and to secure the Communist government
there against internal revolt.
To train Cuban forces and other Commu-
nist Latin American cadres.
To provide small infiltration and subver-
sion units capable of exporting armed com-
munism to other areas of the Western Hemi-
sphere.
To maintain a base of Soviet Communist
military power in the Western Hemisphere
for psychological and political purposes and
as a bargaining gambit in the world conflict.
Some experts believe the President may
not have known of the revised estimates of
some intelligence experts when he implied a
few weeks ago that Soviet troop strength
in Cuba -had been reduced to 13,000.
Some observers have been concerned that
official intelligence estimates that have
reached some of the highest officials during
and since the Cuban crisis may have been
shaped-perhaps unconsciously-to conform
with policy rather than evaluating the Rus-
sian capabilities baldly.
NAVAL COURT OF INQUIRY AND
THE SUBMARINE "THRESHER"
Mr. McINTYRE. Mr. President, I de-
plore the exaggerations and emotional
distortions surrounding the naval court
of Inquiry into the disastrous loss of the
submarine Thresher.
The purpose of the naval court of in-
quiry Into the loss of the nuclear attack
submarine Thresher is to draw from the
disaster all possible knowledge of future
benefit to the nuclear submarine pro-
gram. Our naval shipyard workers have
consistently demonstrated their mastery
of the painstaking and intricate tech-
niques required for the development of
modern weapons systems.
The modern submarine reactor plant
is a marvel of safety and power. Our
Navy command and combat personnel
have consistently shown skill and enter-
prise in the operation of these vessels. I
am confident that the record of the court
of inquiry will establish beyond doubt
the overall quality of shipyard work and
skill of Navy submarine personnel.
I deplore the misleading sensational-
Ism of some reports of Isolated details of
testimony before the court of inquiry. It
is worth pointing out that its purpose is
neither recrimination nor the reckless
fixing of blame. I have the utmost con-
fidence in the court and its staff, to pro-
duce not only fair, but permanently use-
ful findings.
No one should ignore the constructive
aspects of the inquiry and its positive
disclosures of meticulous inspection and
competent naval management and com-
mand.
The public has a right to know about
the inquiry proceedings. The doors of
the hearing room should not be closed to
the press, yet the importance of this in-
quiry imposes a responsibility upon all
news media to review the whole record
instead ' of sensational details. In that
way we will meet our obligation to the
men who went down with the Thresher
in learning the truth and making of it
an instrument for improving the sub-
marine service.
THE PRESIDENT'S TA2Z PROGRAM
Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, I am
increasingly disturbed over the reception
which the President's tax program has
been receiving. While I am not neces-
sarily in agreement with all the specific
reform proposals contained in the origi-
nal message, I am convinced of the- im-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE . 6397
ALBERT prefers the gentle touch with party
members if it can be used profitably.
"My view is that you get further with peo-
ple if you Work in a cooperative manner and
get them to go along willingly rather than
by putting on the heat."
[From the Tulsa Tribune, Mar. 22, 19631
CONGRESS' SENloRrrY PLAN A BRAKE
(By Jenk Jones, Jr.)
WASHINGTON.-It may seem odd that the
man charged with the responsibility of get-
ting new legislation through Congress should
revere the system which often makes his job
more difficult.
But House Majority Leader CARL ALBERT of
McAlester lauds the seniority system which
gives the heads of committees extraordinary
power in Congress.
For despite the fact his job is to effect
many changes. ALBERT favors the evolution
rather than the revolution of our laws.
"It was never intended that our Govern-
ment should change drastically" after each
election, he said.
There has long been criticism, especially
from liberal circles, that present system
thwarts attempts to pass legislation for new
programs.
ALBERT, however, sees the committee sys-
tem, based as it is on seniority, as an effective
brake against runaway legislation.
He said the committee chairmen, who are
generally Southerners or members of big city
machine politics, usually have a traditional
view of matters.
On the other hand, the "demands of the
last election" are expressed in the choice of
the-President and the congressional leader-
ship and in the new Member of Congress.
The merging of these opposites frequently
results in progress without reckless speed,
ALBERT contends.
"The response (,f Congress) should be to
the deliberative will of the people and not
to snap judgments."
Even when the President advocates a ma-
jor change, the interactions of Congress work
in an atmosphere that slows down the pro-
posal and "demands major justification"
for its acceptance, ALBERT added.
He listed two major benefits derived from
the existing system:
1. "It brings stability to the House, and
makes the direction it takes more Important
than the speed.
2. "Men become experienced in legislative
areas. The system enables legislators to be
come professionals in their fields."
ALBERT acknowledged there has been a
strong trend in recent years toward a larger
Federal Government and a more powerful
executive department.
The former is Inevitable, he said, because
of "the shift from an agrarian to an in-
dustrial population"
There Is now more interdependence of peo-
ple on one another, ALBERT added. This has
necessitated the Government playing an in-
creasingly important role in citizens' lives.
WEST VIRGINIANS PARTICIPATE IN
33D NATIONAL 4-H CONFERENCE
IN WASHINGTON, D.C.-NEARLY
2,286,000 YOUTH BELONG TO 94,707
CLUBS IN THE UNITED STATES
Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr.. President, the
worthwhile activities of 4-H Clubs are
part of the national educational system
of cooperative extension work in agri-
culture and homemaking in which the
U.S. Department of Agriculture, the
State land-grant colleges, and counties
participate.
More than 2,285,592 Yount Americans,
chiefly in rural areas, between the ages
of 10 and 21 years, belong to the more
every agricultural county in the United
States and Puerto Rico. Additionally,
there are approximately 307,745 adult
leaders and 114,959 junior leaders lend-
ing guidance to these useful activities,
And, the 4-H Club idea is now world-
wide, the plan having been adapted to
fit widely varying conditions In some 70
difief nt countries.
The 33d National 4-H Conference is
being held here In the Nation's Capital
from April 20 to 26, and attended by
delegates from each of the 50 States,
Puerto Rico, and Canada.
During a week of Inspiration, learning,
and fellowship the young people will have
an opportunity to attain an insight into
the individual and group responsibilities
of the American citizen. They will
achieve a deeper and keener apprecia-
tion of our rich heritage. They will
meet national leaders who are respon-
sible for determining major policy, and
discuss with them areas of particular In-
terest. Throughout, the delegates will
be encouraged to express their own ideas
and to ask questions, thereby bringing to
the conference the benefit of their own
background of experience in 4-H work
and community service.
This morning it was my privilege to at-
tend the breakfast with Congress' por-
tion of the conference, attended by many
Senators and Representatives. We en-
joyed a meal in a congenial and Informal
atmosphere designed to provide the
young citizens an opportunity to meet
the legislators from their own State.
On this occasion, Vice President LYN-
noN JoawsoN expressed greetings, and
the Secretary of Agriculture, the Honor-
able Orville L. Freeman, brought a help-
ful message.
Hon. HARLEY O. STAGGERS and Hon.
Kew HECKLER were at our table with the
4-H Club delegates from West Virginia,
as well as adult leaders from the Moun-
tain State who are attending the confer-
ence. Present were delegates Jorene
Butcher, Glenville, W. Va.; Rose Lee
Matthews, Monongah, W. Va.; Richard
Steven Hannah, Mount Clare, W. Va.;
and Edwin Hill, Chesapeake, W. Va.
During the conference Miss Butcher
serves as a member of the speakers com-
mittee, Miss Matthews Is on the hospi-
tality committee, Mr. Hannah on the
recreation committee, and Mr. Hill Is a
representative on the vesper committee.
Also representing West Virginia were
Miss Mildred Fizer, State extension 4-H
programs leader, and C. P. Dorsey, State
extension 4-H Club leader. These de-
voted citizens commented on the success
of the 4- H movement in West Virginia,
pointing out that there is representation
in each of our 55 counties, and that
membership now exceeds 35.000 and Is
growing rapidly. They also paid de-
served tribute to the efforts of the late
T. P. Kendrick, the first State extension
4-H leader for West Virginia. I, too,
was privileged to know and work with
this good and great 4-H organizer.
Two other responsible and civic-mind-
ed Americans were with the West Vir-
ginians during the breakfast program:
Miss Gertrude Warren, an energetic pi-
oneer at the national level in 4-H work;
and Miss Bonnie Rollins, representing
the Farm Journal magazine. It was val-
uable to our youth to share the think-
ing of these two ladies, and to discuss
with them the impacts of 4-H programs.
Mr. President, the 4-H Clubs are mak-
ing a significant contribution to the
mental, physical, and moral growth of
young people the world over. The mem-
bers of this purposeful organization, and
their dedicated adult leaders, are deserv-
ing of our highest praise for their devo-
tion to principle and patriotism.
FIRE IN STATEN ISLAND, N.Y.
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, a
tragic fire, swept by high winds, has de-
vastated hundreds of homes in Staten
Island, N.Y. Almost 300,000 acres of
land have been blackened in a fire which
Involved more than half of New York
City's fire department who fought this
fire with great courage and diligence.
Staten Island is a community of home-
owners and small busii?_esses populated
by hard working, prudent citizens. Our
sympathy is extended to them over the
severe and heart-rending losses they
have suffered.
In an effort to be of assistance to these
people. I have communicated with John
Home, the administrator of the Small
Business Administration, asking that
this county be declared a disaster area
for purposes of receiving emergency Fed-
eral aid. I have also Contacted Borough
President Man[scalco, expressing my ex-
treme concern for the people of this com-
munity and offering to do everything
possible to help them through phis crisis.
I take this opportunity to express my
support for the efforts of the people of
Staten Island to rebuild their homes and
businesses after this tragedy, and I as-
sure them that the Federal Govern-
ment-as is true. I am sure, of all their
Representatives in Congress-is working
to obtain help for them.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I join
with my colleague from New York in the
sympathy extended to the people of
Staten Island, whose homes have been
devastated by fire. This also is true of
the people in the parts of New Jersey
similarly affected.
I join also in paying tribute to the
heroism and high sense of duty of the
New York City fire department. As a
member of the Select Committee on
SmalLBusiness, I join with my colleague
In the request that this be declared a
disaster area.
I assure the people of Staten Island
of the indefatigable efforts I know we
shall make-and which I know the
whole New York delegation will make-
to see to it that the resources of the
Federal Government give to them such
aid in this disaster as is practicable and
possible.
It is not often, Mr. President, that we
think of New York City in terms of a
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The liberal can't believe that removing
the penalties for misbehavior or lack of per-
formance could increase human cussedness
and sloth. Instead, according to his theory,
what we need are more social workers, more
public housing, more youth clubs. And with
them we keep getting more chiselers, more il-
legitimate children, more delinquency and
crime.
One problem with the liberal is that he's
getting way behind the times. He can't
adjust his dogmas to new forces. He looks
at labor-management problems as though
the Pinkertons were still shooting the strik-
ers at Homestead. The significance of Jim-
my Hoffa eludes him. He is furious at the
price-raising attempt by United States Steel,
but unable to comprehend the cost-fixing
capabilities of the United Steel Workers.
He is still chasing Commodore Vanderbilt
and the beef trust.
The liberal thus deludes himself with the
comfortable assurance that he is far-seeing,
a progressive, a man of the future. In his
effort to cure injustice by piling on more
government he forgets that all the great
struggles for freedom have been directed
against the overblown force of government.
He has, with minor interruptions, been in
power in America for 30 years. He is getting
gray, and even a little quaint. He won't ad-
mit error or consider pragmatic results. He
has concocted his medicine, and as our colic
increases he merely calls for-bigger doses.
The liberal is a nice guy. He is loving us
CUBA
Mr. D K. Mr. President, many
would recognize. The other was to organize
economic
of us have been reporting, from all over sabotage, political subversion and i
This program could only have suc-
the country, to our colleagues and to pressure.
ceeded if the administration had been willing
members of the administration, the com-
to make bold political decisions. In a revo-
plete confusion on the part of the Amer-
lutionary situation, the most effective alter-
ican public as to what we are doing or
native is usually a group only a shade less
what we are not doing in terms of trying
radical than the faction one is trying to
to regain for the Cuban people, them-
overthrow. What was wanted was a political
selves, the control of their own
leadership for the Cuban underground-and-
ovement that shared most of Castro's
government. exile movement
radical social and economic program
have been among those who have original
but disavowed his terroism and his links to
felt that the policy of indecision has
Moscow. We shall never know if a left-of-
been so extreme that we have been left
center alternative, properly supported by
in a position of failure insofar as con-
the United States, could have brought Cas-
cerns the protection of other countries
tro down. The President and his brother,
and State Department
in Central and South America. The Robert and their CIA
the political sophistication
prestige of the United States has gone advisers lacked
and imagination to attempt it.
down sharply. We must develop a policy
President Kennedy chose the more direct
which will afford some assurance of suc-
alternative of an invasion. Since the Cuban
cess over the next few years. Such policy
exiles ranged from radicals to reactionaries,
should include a process of giving to the
a temporary coalition was pasted together
Cubans themselves the right to control
under the presidency of Miro Cardona, an
of centrist sympathies. But
their own government. honorable man
this coalition was not recognized as a gov-
In the New York Post for April 11, a
ernment in exile. The administration also
columnist, Mr. William V. Shannon, who held back. from providing the U.S. troops and
is rather noted for his support of the p lades necessary to bolster the exile force.
present administration, wrote an analy- Moreover, the CIA, with extraordinary poll-
sis of the Cuban situation under the title tical obtuseness, placed most of its reliance
of "Cuban Failure." I ask unanimous on the sons of the wealthy and on the sup-
consent that it be printed at this point porters of the fallen Batista. In short, the
In my remarks. White House policymakers avoided the polit-
Therebeing no objection, the article ical choices and the CIA made the wrong
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, ones.
There was nothing wrong, in my judg-
es follows: ment, with a mixed Cuban-and-American
CUBA FAILURE military intervention to throw out Castro ex-
(By William V. Shannon) cept that once embarked upon, it could not
WASHINGTON.-The Kennedy administra- be allowed to-fail'. President Kennedy did
tion's rupture with Jose Miro Cardona, com- allow it to fail.
ing on the second anniversary of the mis- But there was no reason, after that single
managed Bay of Pigs invasion, brings to a defeat, for panic or despair. The political
close a cycle of defeat, political ignorance, alternative could still be attempted, although
and moral confusion in America's relations now under less favorable circumstances, or a
with the Cuban revolution. Everything has second successful invasion could be properly
now been surrendered, including honor, and planned and carried out. Instead, the ad-
we have no policy nor recourse save. to wait ministration did nothing. The 18 wasted
for whatever good or bad tidings the future months from April 1961 to October 1962, are
April 23
may bring. Events have passed out of our in my opinion, a worse offense on the admin-
hands. istration's record than the defeat of the Bay
It is instructive to recall the state of af- of Pigs Invasion. What had appeared to be
fairs when Mr. Kennedy took office. Castro, a firm resolve to get rid of Castro proved,
having been in power for 2 years, had al- after only one setback, to be made of jelly.
ready alined himself with the Communists, The only conclusion drawn from the events
broken with the liberal elements in the rev- of April 1961, was that clandestine opera-
olutionary coalition, and was far advanced tions are impossible in a democracy. The
in transforming an indigenous radical up- exiles and thq underground were simply
prising into a self-shackled Communist de- written off as too divided and unmanageable.
pendency. Micawberism-"Maybe something will turn
A brave and active underground movement up"-reigned.
ured u the Russian missiles.
against the dictator was spreading. Exiles re p were
in Florida were alive with hope for his early Khrushchev had not wasted those 18 months.
overthrow. The United States which had Mr. Kennedy was able to force the Russians
encouraged Batista to depart and which had to withdraw the missiles by going to the edge
originally extended a sympathetic tolerance of nuclear war. We are all grateful to him
to the Castro government, was in a strong that his resolute firmness in October suc-
position to influence the course of events, ceeded, but he is scarcely entitled to any
both in its own national interest and in the credit for handling Cuban affairs in such a
interest of the freedom of the Cuban people. way that they produced a nuclear crisis.
There were then no Soviet troops and no The Introduction of the Soviet missiles com-
short-range Soviet missiles in Cuba. pletely exposed the shallowness of those,
The Kennedy administration took office in the administration and in the general
seemingly committed to a clear and sound public, who thought we could happily co-
policy that this country would not permit exist with a Communist Cuba. Because we
a Communist Cuba. Since the Monroe Doc- permitted Castro to stay in power, Khru-
trine of 1823, the United States had taken schchev very nearly 'utflanked us on our de-
the consistent position that we would not al- fenseles southern border.
low foreign countries to establish new col- The long-range missiles are presumably
onies or export alien systems of government gone, but Cuba is far stronger militarily
to this hemisphere. Since Castro had turned than it was 2 years ago. We cannot get rid
out to be only a stalking horse for the of Castro because his safety has now become
Communists, we had no alternatives except linked with Khrushchev's prestige. Cuba
to force his departure or compromise our has become like Berlin, a hostage in the cold
historic position. war. The suppression of the Cuban raiders
There were only two ways to get rid of and the dropping of poor Miro Cardona con-
Castro. One was to organize a mixed lnva- stitute the final admission that we have met
sion of Cubans and Americans under the total defeat on the Cuban front. The Cuban
aegis of a government-in-exile which we people have been left to the mercies of their
bearded tyrant.
DEATH OF DR. A. WHITNEY GRIS-
WOLD, PRESIDENT OF YALE
UNIVERSITY
Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, Dr. A.
Whitney Griswold, president of Yale Uni-
versity, died on Friday, April 19, at New
Haven, Conn. I knew him, served under
him, as a member of the Yale Council,
respected him and held him in deep af-
fection. But there are thousands of Yale
students and graduates, members of the
faculty, associates in the profession of
teaching, and people in every walk of life
who came in association with him, who
were moved by his teachings and writ-
ings, and who felt his influence. His in-
fluence in thought and action moved far
beyond the confines of Yale University,
and had its bearing upon our Nation.
He has been described as an eloquent
defender of academic freedom-and that
description is correct. He was a strong
believer in the fundamental soundness
of our system of government and our. po- )
litidal philosophy, and therefore he was
not fearful of academic freedom, and
freedom of inquiry throughout. our Na-
tion. He defended freedom, and advo-
cated it, courageously and joyfully.
There is so much that he said to
choose from, but I would like to quote the
following:
The only loyalty upon which true reliance
can be placed is the kind evoked by the in=
herent virtue of the cause or institution or
individual toward which the loyalty is felt.
In creating this kind of loyalty, oaths are
of little value compared to the devotion of
a man who has been free to examine and
evaluate the evidence and, on the strength
of that experience, in Cromwell's words,
"knows what he fights for and loves what he
knows."
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rV 6387
to our advantage to have a government,
whatever Its form, that Is hostile to the
Communist bloc and friendly to the
West.
We have helped to knock out Diefen-
baker, weaken Macmillan, Jar De Gaulle,
and to be Indifferent to Adenauer.
Ultra leftwingers of our country want
Franco of Spain and Salazar of Portugal
eliminated, even though they are friend-
ly to the cause of the West. We helped
in the eradication of Batista and the
establishment of Castro. As between
Batista, who was friendly to the West,
and Castro, who is hostile to it, it would
have been far better for the Western
Hemisphere and the people of the world
to have continued Batista in power.
Finally, if we are to continue destroy-
Ing our friends, our problems will grow
more dangerous as time goes on. This
we cannot endure. Manifestly, If we
are to serve the best interest of our
country, we must quit insulting and quit
weakening the nations which wish to be
friendly to our cause.
THE ADVOCATES OF FISCAL
INTEGRITY
Mr. DOMINICK Mr. President, re-
cently many of us who have been dis-
cussing the need for fiscal Integrity in
this country and for reducing the un-
necessary spending at the present level
have been accused of having old-fash-
ioned Puritan ethics and outmoded con-
cepts of government. We have been told
that the only way to move the country
forward is to spend more of the people's
money that we do not have and will not
have for many, many years to come.
Recently, Mr. President, I came on a
very thoughtful and entertaining article,
published in the Wall Street Journal,
which comments on this subject. I ask
unanimous consent that the article be
printed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Wall Street Journal, Mar. 13, 19631
How To Pica a Pocxxr OR Two
To a smalltown fellow come to the big
city it was bound to happen sooner or later.
and finally it did. On the way to Wall Street.
that den of iniquity, our pocket was picked
in the subway, that haunt of the huddled
masses.
Along with a couple of credit cards, an
untitled prescription for the drug store, and a
shopping list from the lady of the house, this
skillful disciple of Fagin made off with `100.
which for years we've kept secreted in the
back of our wallet against such grave emer-
gencies as running out of expense-account
money in San Antonio or St. Paul.
Now being imbued with a Puritan ethic, we
do not approve of pickpockets, especially
those who pick our own. But In all honesty
we must confess that purely from the stand-
point of the Nation's economic balance sheet
there was no net loss to the country. Indeed,
if some of - the economic theories bruited
about today are correct, It could be argued
that the Nation's economy had been helped
thereby.
For our loss of $100 was somebody else's
gain of $100, the one canceling out the other
insofar as economic statistics are concerned.
Furthermore, since there was a transfer of
funds from one party to another there was a
gain in the gross national product as well as
the national Income. The fact that we paid
an exorbitant price for the service received;
namely, a lesson in personal finance manage-
ment-is no concern in abstract economics,
Finally, we suspect the unknown artist of
the subway to less well endowed with worldly
goods than we are, less likely to keep the
money out of circulation as Idle savings for a
rainy day. So this transfer of our funds to
his pocket probably resulted in an increase
In the Nation's consumer spending.
Whatever our personal feelings, then, the
result represents a consummation devoutly
to be wished by the influential thinkers of
the day. The -whole object of current eco-
nomic policy Is to increase the transfer of
funds, raising the statistics of national in-
come and the gross national product, and
especially such transfers of funds as may
increase consumer spending. The sociologi-
eat objective is called the "redistribution
of income."
Hence the great emphasis on Government
spending, which has gotten to be a large
part of the gross national product. There's
no surer and more efficient way to transfer
huge sums than to take taxes from citizens
of, say, New York and spend them in New
Mexico or Mississippi. According to this
thinking, it's a further help If the dollars
can be transferred from corporations and
rich folk, who might have a proclivity to-
ward savings, to the hands of those who will
inject It more quickly Into the spending
stream.
We are told that the good effects of all
this are enhanced If the Government, unlike
our friend on the subway, can spend more
than it takes or at least seem to. Big defi-
ctts, especially those arising from tax cuts,
allow more dollars to be put In some peo-
ple's pockets without appearing to take quite
so much out of other people's pockets.
True, this is illusory; what the Govern-
ment spends it must take away from some-
body in some form. Nonetheless, there's no
denying It's less painful to steal a bit from
everybody's dollars by inflation than to take
the money away from them In immediate
taxes.
On the subway we had a blissful ignorance
of being plucked until, much later in the day,
we found ourselves less well off .than we
thought. And even now we think there must
be many a helpful pickpocket wbo wishes
that policemen understood the ethics of the
new economics.
LIBERAL FORMULA FOR HAPPINESS
Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President, over
a period of years we have been told by
many persons that the liberals have the
only true concept of government and
are the only ones who understand what
government is all about, and that some-
how or other all conservatives are but a
few centuries ahead of Louis XIV, and
that is about all.
I hold in my hand an entertaining
article, published on April 22 in the
Washington Star, which goes quite
clearly Into the concept of liberals in
government and what they are trying to
avow, insofar as the concept of govern-
ment Is concerned. It seems to me the
article is both timely and extremely per-
tinent to many of the debates In the
Senate. Therefore, I ask unanimous
consent that the article be printed atthis
point in the RECORD, In connection with
my remarks.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
LIBERAL FORMULA FOR HAPPINESS--SOME AC-
CUSED OF CHAMPIONING LMERTY WHILE
FAVORING CREEPING COERCION
(By Jenkin Lloyd Jones)
Self-styled liberals are generally nicer peo-
ple than sour-puss reactionaries.
It would be better to be cast away on a
desert Island with an outgoing and outglving
liberal than with a guy who's against every-
thing Including the construction of a raft.
But this doesn't mean that liberal govern-
ment Is a good recipe for equity or human
happiness. Many liberals suffer from smug
assumptions about human behavior and po-
litical theory that simply don't jibe with
reality.
They are capable of a great degree of
dogma, while imagining themselves to be the
foes of dogma. They honestly believe them-
selves to be champions of liberty while they
favor creeping coercion as long as they can
be the authors of the coercion. They are
so sure their theories are good for you that
they think they are only doing you a favor
when they tie you to a post, pry open our
jaws, and pour their nostrums down your
throat.
Willie Howard, the late great Jewish co-
median, had a skit In which he impersonated
a Communist holding forth in Union Square.
"Comes da revolution," shouted Willie,
"you'll eat strawberries and cream."
"But," protested someone In his stage
audience, "I don't like strawberries and
cream."
Willie asumed a contemptuous sneer,
"Comes da revolution and you'll eat straw-
berries and cream."
This is not a bad description of the lib-
eral formula for human happiness.
One of the chief characteristics of the pro-
fessional liberal in America Is his naive belief
In the corrective power of law. Every time
he sees social maladjustment or a personal
tragedy he wants to pass a law to correct it.
Gradually and with the best Intentions he
weaves a net of verbotens and must-do's that
paralyzes the Individual.
If you keep on passing laws to obviate
every possible Injustice, eventually you arrive
at the ultimate Injustice, the police state.
Although the liberal often professes a con-
tempt for money, he has almost a childlike
faith In Its power. What he can't cure with
a law he thinks he can cure with an appro-
priation. When mulish taxpayers balk at
such expenditures at the local level, he de-
mands that the Federal Government take
over, on the sound theory that the farther
the taxing agency Is removed from the In-
dividual the more chance there Is that the
Individual will be complacent about the tax.
The argument: "If Oklahoma doesn't take
the money, Maine will" is a potent one
.
Therefore, the liberal arrives quite logically
at his advocacy of centralized power. Cen-
tralized power is the device by which the
normal caution of the taxpayer is over-
whelmed by his greed. Federal aid to
schools will provide more teachers without
raising school district taxes. Ninety percent
Federal highway money means that he won't
have to pay for a bond issue. Increased
Federal relief means that local responsibility
can be shirked. And so supergovernment
grows and the liberal Is delighted.
He Is delighted because be questions
whether local government will ever have
adequate social vision. But he will see to it
that the supergovernment has. There will
be plans, bold plans of new frontiers en-
tered Into with vigor.
The liberal also seems to hold a double
standard In the matter of human behavior.
He is irate about the greed of corporations
and the evils of stock options. But the mug-
ger in the park who stabs for $20 is a de-
prived person who wouldn't have gone wrong
if there had been enoughsocial legislation.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 23
wise to discontinue its operations in Roch-
ester, and so did Meyer. He. and Lena loved
Washington and they returned to it where
he began the last phase of his active life.
Working first with Brookings and later with
the Library of Congress he put to use his
vast knowledge, his extraordinary experience,
his intellectual facility, his capacity for im-
provisation, and became of great value to
students, to researchers, and to Members of
Congress. This proved to be a happy period
in Meyer's and Lena's life. Their children
were grown up and married and on their own.
The Jacobsteins loved Washington. They
had many interests and many fine friends,
but this too had to come to an end and
Meyer returned to Rochester.
Those who knew Meyer only in this latter
period of his life when he was back home
and didn't know quite what to do with him-
self, hardly knew the Meyer whom most of
us here knew and loved. Although he did
direct an employment survey for Governor
Harriman, something seemed to have gone
out of him when he left Washington for
good. I urged him to write his life experi-
ence which was really extraordinary but ap-
parently this wasn't his talent or his in-
terest. He could speak with remarkable
charm, facility, delight, and humor about his
experiences on every level from the common
man up to Presidents of the United States.
But somehow he couldn't get around to write
about it.
We turn now from Meyer's external
achievements which tell us what he did but
not what he was, to the personality of the
man. We draw the curtain over these last
few years of decline and disability to the
man we knew for threescore years and ten
and more, for the personality that was warm
and vital, colorful, charming. We think of
the man who found everything interesting
and was interested in everybody and who
thereby became himself a very interesting
personality. We see his eyes light up as a
new idea strikes fire. His mind was facile.
It leaped from one thing to another quickly
and brilliantly. He had the capacity to
think through and around a question, see-
ing its various sides. We remember Meyer's
humor, his ready laughter, his charm.
There was indeed something warm and light-
giving in his personality. His very name-
Meyer-which could be translated as light-
giver-somehow expressed the light, the
warmth, that Meyer brought into the life
of others. He looked for the good in others.
As Shelley said in another connection, "Life
like a dome of many-colored glass stains the
white radiance of eternity."
I see in Meyer not only his. achievements
but the capacity to achieve. He symbolized
the best of the children of Jewish immi-
g
ve an
for the
grants to this land; out of humble origins love that he received. We thank Thee for
doing so much with their own lives and the nearly threescore. years of good com-
doing so much for America. 'He loved this panionship with his beloved wife. We thank
country. It was an inspiration to him. He Thee for his children and theirs who glad-
felt that he was only paying back, when he dened his life. Help us to the faith that
served it, a fraction of what it had done death is not the end. That such goodness,
for him and for his fan-lily. Perhaps because usefulness, love, do not the but live on in
of the influence of the Boys' Evening Home other lives better because of .them, live on
and Dr. Gannett 'and his associates at the somehow eternally with Thee. Help us with
Unitarian Church his Jewishness was broad. the faith to carry on in his spirit and to con
He was a profoundly loyal and devoted Jew tinue good works to which he devoted his
but he also had strong universal feelings. life. Strengthen us now with the faith of
He w
ld lik
ou
e to go to religious services his fathers which sustained him throughout
other than Jewish. He read the writings of his life and which should strengthen and
religious thinkers whose views were very comfort us now as we contemplate his death.
different from those of the official representa-
tives of the synagogue. He and Lena were Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, my friend,
particularly fond of the writings of Robert Meyer Jacobstein, is dead. That my per-
and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. In some sonal loss is great is understandable, for
way Robert Browning's -poem "Rabbi Ben our friendship endured many, many
Ezra" captures much of Meyer's spirit and years, both in and out of Congress. I
outlook, sought freely and he gave freely to me,
of his counsel, of his affection, of his
wisdom.
There are those who knew him only
and measured him only by the standards
of his attainments-as Congressman, as
editor and journalist, as educator, as
banker, and as economist. He had been
elected to the 68th, 69th, and 70th Con-
gresses from March 4, 1923, through
March 3, 1929, but did not seek renomi-
nation.
Formidable as these achievements may
be, they are as nothing when compared
to Meyer Jacobstein's depth of heart.
Meyer Jacobstein is known as a news-
boy Congressman. As a mere lad, who
sold newspapers on the corners of the
street, he never lost the common touch.
He had experienced hardship first-hand
and had retained the memory of, those
days so that to him the qualities of kind-
ness and of mercy bespoke the noblest
ideals of man. And these qualities were
reflected in everything he said and did-
in his political life, in his affiliation with
the Government, in his friendships, and
as husband and father.
After a day of tension, it was good to
be with Meyer. He put things into per-
spective. His smile was gentle, his voice
was gentle; and his soul was gentle. I
am poorer and the world is poorer for
his passing. I talk of my own sorrow so
much because Meyer Jacobstein was a
part of. my life, a very precious part.
When he left Washington, after his
retirement as economic counsel -in the
Legislative Reference Service of the
Library of Congress, I thought then that
life had become a little grayer because
Meyer was not there to break bread with
and to talk with, but we wrote to each
other and that was a measure of con-
solation. Now that he is gone from us,
that vacuum is complete.
It is not fashionable these days, I
know, to speak of one as "a good man,"
but I say that Meyer Jacobstein was a
good man, possessed of that rare com-
bination of mind and heart. The world
has need of men like Meyer. It is my
hope that there will be many who will
study the story of this man's life and fol-
low the ideals he set for himself and ful-
filled. His wife, Lena, his family, and
his colleagues, know that story. I hope
one day it will be written.
GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND
'REMARKS
Mr. HORTON. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that all Members
may have 5 legislative days in which to
extend their remarks in the RECORD on
the passing of Dr. Meyer Jacobstein,
The SPEAKER. Is there objection
to the request of the gentleman from
New York?
There was no objection.
ACTION NOW O
(Mr. ROGERS of Floritked and
was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute, and to revise and ex-
tend his remarks.) a
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"Grow old along with me 1
The best is yet to be,
The last of life, for which the first was
made;
Our times are in His hand
Who saith, 'A whole I planned,
Youth shows but half; trust God; see all,
nor be afraid.'
So, take and use Thy work;
Amend what flaws may lurk,
What strain o' the stuff, what
paid the aim!
My times be in Thy hand!
Perfect the cup as planned!
Let age approve of youth, and death com-
plete the same."
How can I begin to do justice to what
Meyer meant to his family. He was a source
of pride to them. He was helpful to them
in every way that was needed. He was a
loyal and devoted brother. His nephews
and nieces loved him.
The marriage of Meyer and Lena was so
good, so wonderful, so mutually satisfying
that one almost hesitates to speak of it.
They were such a perfect combination.
Lena with her keen, Lipsky mind, level
headed, wise and practical. Meyer, colorful,
volatile, constantly challenged and stimu-
lated with new ideas. And both blessed with
a sense of humor which enabled them to
laugh at each other, but more often with
each other.
How he loved his children, and how they
loved him. And how he loved his grand-
children, and how they loved him. This
was not the feeling toward a father or
grandfather based on a sense of duty, but he
was so much fun to be with that they just
loved being with him.
As we think of Meyer in decline, as we
saw how the frail body could not begin
to keep up with the spirit, we can't wish
him back. But we can remember him with
affection and iwith profound gratitude. He
gave us something as individuals and as a
community which was unique and for which
we will be eternally thankful. Remembering
his feeling of responsibility we, who knew
him and cared for him, should carry on where
he left off. Because of you.
We lift our hearts in prayer to the God,
God of Israel, God of all mankind, the God
of the universe, in whom Meyer deeply
believed. 0 God our Father and Friend,
we thank Thee for this good man. We
thank Thee for the richness and the warmth
of his personality, for his usefulness and his
helpfulness to his fellowmen, for the inspi-
ration that he gave to youth, for the herit-
age of good works that. he has left behind
him as an enduring monument. We thank
Thee for the love that he
a
d
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House of Representatives
The House met at 12 o'clock noon.
The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp.
D.D., offered the following prayer:
Proverbs 29: 18: Where there is no
vi Psion, the people cast off restraint.
Most merciful and gracious God, may
our President, our Speaker, and all who
hold positions of leadership and trust
lay hold of their many difficult tasks
with confidence.
May they continue to possess that soul
of adventure and that strength of vision
and faith which are often darkened by
doubt but never eclipsed; delayed and
disappointedby adversity, but never de-
feated.
Grant that the whole world may come
to see that our Nation is rooted in spir-
itual realities and ruled by a passionate
devotion to the Ideals of liberty and jus-
tice, friendship and fraternity.
Hear us in Christ's name. Amen.
THE JOURNAL
The Journal of the proceedings of yes-
terday was read and approved.
HOUSE BILL ENROLLED
Mr. BURLESON, from the Committee
on House Administration, announced
that that committee had on April 22,
1963, examined and found truly enrolled
a bill of the House of the following title:
H.R.4715. An act to incorporate the Elea-
nor Roosevelt Memorial Foundation.
ENROLLED BILL SIGNED BY THE
SPEAKER
The SPEAKER. The Chair desires to
announce that pursuant to the authority
granted him on Monday. April 22, 1963,
he did on that day sign the following
enrolled bill of the House:
H.R. 4715. An act to incorporate the Eleanor
Roosevelt Memorial Foundation.
arbitrator, and handling labor relationships
for clothing firms. He never ceased to be
an economist. In fact he became a better
economist as through Involvement in public
life as Congressman, banker, publisher, and
the head of a business Institute, he learned
more intimately, more realistically, what
makes the wheels go round. My brother
Irving. among many others, is greatly indebt-
ed to Meyer for direction, counsel, stimula-
tion, and Information, which he received
when Meyer was a member of the faculty of
that great Brookings Institution in Washing-
ton, Subsequently Meyer became of Invalu-
able help it his former colleagues when he
served on the staff of the Library of Congress
and gave help, guidance, Information, coun-
sel, to the Members of Congress as they
sought to think through the economic prob-
lems that confronted our National Legisla-
ture.
Because personally Meyer was eager and
ambitious and also civic minded with a
strong sense of public responsibility, he de-
cided to run for Congress. Everything was
against him. He was a Democrat, and in
Rochester Dmocrats then were very much
in the minority. He was a Jew. He was a
liberal and In those days a liberal might be
regarded as a radical. A powerful political
machine was lined up against him. Never-
theless, in spite of all these handicaps, by
the sheer power of his personality, his good
sense, his obvious usefulness, his hard work,
he was elected to the Congress of the United
States. There he remained for 6 years, and
could have stayed on indefinitely if he had
chosen. He was one of the best Congress-
men this area has ever had with a very strong
sense of responsibility not only to his own
constituency but also to the country, and
to Its welfare. In those days I would talk
with other Members of Congress who told
me hook highly regarded he was by his col-
leagues, which was understandable, because
he knew more tlaan most of them about the
problems that were confronting the Nation.
In that period It became clear that Meyer
was loved by the common man, and respected
by the uncommon one. The poor, the immi-
grant, the Negro found in him an under-
THE LATE DR. MEYER JACOBSTEIN own life. On my part it was a feeling of standing friend. The cultivated person saw
affection, friendship, of respect, and I think something of extraordinary worth in Meyer's
(Mr. HORTON asked and was given he returned this feeling. Out of that re- warm, multifaceted personality.
permission to address the House for 1 lationship I speak of him today. After a time he found the wear and tear
minute, to revise and extend his re- First let me talk about his accomplish- of congressional responsibilities too much
marks, and to include a memorial serv- meats. the externals of his life. Here was for him and his family. He also was con-
ice, conducted by Rabbi Philip S. Bern- the son of a poor Immigrant family, one cerned with building up his economic posi-
of nine children. He had to earn his way ped- tion for the future. So he returned to
stein of Temple B'rith Kodesh.) dling newspapers. And out of this difieult Rochester and before long this man who had
Mr. HORTON. Mr. Speaker, It is a background came his remarkable achieve- been a left-of-center liberal, an economics
sad duty that causes me to rise on this ments. He was one of the boys In whom professor. a labor authority, a Democratic
occasion, for I must report to my col- Dr. Gannett of the Unitarian Church took Member of Congress, became the president
leagues the death of a former Member of an interest, and which led to the founding of a bank. During the depression, Meyer's
Congress. of the Boys' Evening Home which meant.SO bank was absorbed by a larger one (we had
Thursday-April 18-in my home much In the lives of men like Meyer, and no bank failures in Rochester) and not long
Last
community Thu Of Rochester, N.Y., death Ben Goldstein, Sol Appelbaum, and others. thereafter he became the publisher of the
This broadened his horizon and led him on Journal American. My impression was that
took Dr. Meyer Jacobstein. Dr. Jacob- to new fields, he thoroughly enjoyed this activity. It en-
stein was 83 years old. He became a brilliant economist and, after abled him to express himself, to be In the
Dr. Jacobstein was the elected Repre- having taught for awhile in the Midwest, re- thick of community and national life. It was
sentative of the 38th Congressional Dis- turned to Rochester where his students liked challenging and stimulating to him, but
trict-now the 36th Congressional Dis- him very much for they found him progres- then in due course the newspaper found it
6439
TUESDAY, APRIL 23, 1963
trict-of New York State for three terms. live, intelligent, stimulating. He was inter-
He served successively In the 68th, 69th, ested in labor relationships and this was
and 70th Congresses. a comparatively early period in those re-
Today, only five men are in the House course sh he f In the clothing industry. In due
course himself a tabor mediator and
who served alongside Dr. Jacobsteln. .
As a Congressman, teacher, labor
mediator, banker, publisher, and scholar,
he impressed his vital personality on
the scene of Rochester, N.Y., for more
than half a century. His life was al-
ways one of service and concern for the
public good and much of his effort was
a community contribution.
During his 6 years of service in the
House of Representatives from 1923 to
1929, Dr. Jacobstein became widely
known and respected for the knowledge
and understanding he brought to the
many matters which were before the
Congress. He represented his constitu-
ents with dedication and ability,
Dr. Jacobstein was a constant inspira-
tion to those who knew him and came
under the influence of his intellect.
Our condolences on this personal loss
go to his widow and two daughters, Mrs.
Harold Berlove, of Webster, N.Y., and
Mrs. Joseph Thaler, of Spokane, Wash.
This past Sunday evening in Roches-
ter. N.Y., a memorial service was held
for Dr. Jacobstein, His longtime friend
and spiritual leader, Rabbi Philip S.
Bernstein, of Temple B'rith Kodesh,
delivered a moving eulogy.
MEMoaiAL. SzavICR FOR Da. Mrrza JACOBSr&tH
Meyer Jacobstein was one of the stars, one
of the luminaries, that swam into my horizon
when I was a youth in Rochester. I thought
of him then as a warm, colorful, extraor-
dinary personality, and I have never had
any reason to change that opinion. He was
even at that time a poor Jewish boy who had
made good. He was a professor of economics
at the University of Rochester where Jews In
those days were not very numerous. He
lectured brilliantly in the community and
was highly popular.
Then when I returned to Rochester as
rabbi of this temple in 1918, a relationship
developed which continued through the
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 6441
Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Mr. Speaker,
the release of 21 Americans from Cas-
tro's jails now provides the United States
With a clear path for new action to free
Cuba. No longer must U.S. policies be
based on fear of jeopardizing the safety
of Castro's American hostages.
And no longer can the U.S. Govern-
ment 'underestimate the growing ' con-
sensus in America that coexistence with
a Cuba dominated by a hostile foreign
power will not be tolerated.
The Communist world even now at-
tempts to shift America's attention from
Cuba by fomenting anxiety in southeast
Asia. For America to fall prey to this
tactic would only give Khrushchev an-
other cold war hot spot to turn off and
on at will.
As one who has long recommended
that this Nation lead the OAS into firm
sanctions against Cuba, it is gratifying
to me to see support for this approach
echoing from responsible places in our
Government. Is is gratifying and my.
hope that the release of these American
prisoners will now signal an intensified,
hard-driving, and comprehensive U.S.
program to topple Communist Cuba.
THE DEATH OF THE PRESIDENT OF
ISRAEL
(Mr. REID of New York asked and was
given permission to address the House
for 1 minute, to revise and extend his
remarks, and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. REID of-New York. Mr. Speaker,
I rise to inform the House this morning
of a sad event, the death of the President
of Israel, Itzhak Ben-Zvi. The Presi-
dent of Israel made, in my opinion, sig-
nificant contributions to the forging of
abiding ties of friendship between Israel
and many new and older nations of the
free world. He had many friends in this
country. He believed strongly in close
ties between the United States and Is-
rael. His loss will be much felt in this
country ? and throughout the free world.
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. REID of New. York. I am happy
to yield to the distinguished majority
leader.
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I appre-
ciate the fact that the distinguished gen-
tlemen from New York has taken this
time for this purpose. I had the honor
of visiting the State of Israel while the
gentleman was serving as ambassador
with great distinction and devotion. No
one is better able than he to speak the
life and service of president Itzhak Ben-
Zvi. I know we all join with him in an
expression of sorrow over the loss of one
of the great men of the world. I know
I speak for Members on this side as well
as the other side of the aisle when I say
this. I extend my personal condolences
to the family of the late president and
to the people of Israel.
Mr. REID of New York. I thank the
distinguished majority leader. I should
like merely to add that I believe it to be
the sense of the Congress that all of us
here would like to express our condolen-
ces to the people of Israel, to Mrs. Ben-
Zvi and to the family on the passing of
this statesman and scholar who. contrib-
uted much to the future of the world.
. CALL OF THE HOUSE
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker,. I make the
point of order that a quorum is not
present.
The SPEAKER. Evidently a quorum
is not present.
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I move a
call of the House.
A call of the House was ordered.
The Clerk called the roll and the fol-
lowing Members failed to answer to their
names:
[Roll No. 21]
Ashley
Henderson
Shelley
Betts
King, Calif.
Sheppard
Brock
Lennon
Skubitz
Buckley
Lesinski
Steed
Chenoweth
Lloyd
Talcott
Dent
Martin, Mass.
Tollefson
Fisher
Pepper
Vinson
Forrester
Pillion
Walter
Frelinghuysen
Powell
Whitten
Gubser
Purcell
Widnall
Hardy
Rivers, S.C.
Williams
Healey
Roosevelt
Wydler
Hebert
Schadeberg
The SPEAKER. On this rollcall, 392
Members have answered to their names,
a quorum..
By unanimous consent, further pro-
ceedings under the call were dispensed
with.
HEALTH PROFESSIONS EDUCA-
TIONAL ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1963
Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, by di-
rection of the Committee on Rules, I call
up House Resolution 305, and ask for
its immediate consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol-
lows :
Resolved, That upon the adoption of this
resolution it shall be in order to move that
the House resolve itself into the Committee
of the Whole House on the State of the
Union for the consideration of the bill (H.R.
12) to increase the opportunities for training
of physicians, dentists, and professional pub-
He health personnel, and for other purposes.
After general debate, which shall be con-
fined to the bill, and shall continue not to
exceed three hours, to be equally divided
and controlled by the chairman and ranking
minority member of the Committee on Inter-
state and Foreign Commerce, the bill shall
be read for amendment under the .five-
.minute rule. At the conclusion of the con-
sideration of the bill for amendment, the.
Committee shall rise and report the bill to
the House with such amendments as may
have been adopted, and the previous ques-
tion shall be considered as ordered on the
bill and amendments thereto to final passage
without intervening motion except one mo-
tion to recommit.
The SPEAKER. The gentleman from
Missouri [Mr. BOLLING] is recognized for
1 hour.
Mr. BOLLING, Mr. Speaker, I yield
one-half of that hour to the gentleman
from Ohio [Mr. BROWN], and pending
that, Mr. Speaker, all I will say is that
the reading of the resolution makes clear
that this is an open rule providing for
3 hours of general debate.
Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of
my time.
Mr. BROWN of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I
yield myself such time as I may consume.
(Mr. BROWN of Ohio asked and was
given permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. BROWN of Ohio. Mr. Speaker
and Members of the House, as the gentle-
man from Missouri [Mr. BOLLING), a
member of the Rules Committee, has ex-
plained, this. resolution makes in order,
under 3 hours of general debate and an
open rule, to be followed by the 5-minute
rule for consideration of amendments,
H.R. 12,
Mr. Speaker, the bill is designed to in-
crease the opportunities for the training
of physicians, dentists, and professional
public health personnel, and for other
purposes, which comes to us from the
House Committee on Interstate and For-
eign Commerce which, as the Members
know, has legislative jurisdiction over all
legislative problems and matters dealing
with the Public Health. Service.
The bill; as I read it and understand
it, really consists of two main sections
or divisions. One would provide Federal
grants to different types of schools in
the Public Health Service field for brick
and mortar construction either of new
buildings or for the reconstruction or
expansion and modernization of existing
buildings.
This particular provision of the bill
would be designed for the purpose of
furnishing training based on this con-
sideration, the population and the avail-
ability of trained technicians or phy-
sicians, pharmacists, optometrists,
podiatrists, nurses, dentists, or profes-
sional public health personnel in various
sections of the country. It provides some
$175 million in Federal funds to be
granted over a 3-year period for con-
struction purposes. Some of the funds
could be furnished on a matching basis
of as much as 75 percent to be paid by
the Federal Government and 25 percent
by the schools or other agencies. . In
some instances the Federal Government
would give 662/3 percent of the cost
of this brick and mortar construction
work.and in other instances the contri-
bution of the Federal Government by
way of grants for construction of these
schools and other facilities would be 50
percent, for a total cost, as I said, for the
3-year period, according to the report,
of about $175 million.
The other portions of the bill are de-
voted to establishing, creating or setting
up a loan program to furnish loans and
financial aid to students who might at-
tend these schools to study medicine,
dentistry, pharmacy, and the other re-
lated. professions in the Public Health
Service field; and those loans would cost
on the first 3-year basis, according to
the report on page 5, something like
$30,700,000 or $30,800,000. In addition
to that there would be administrative
expense over the 3-year period, 1964,
1965, and 1966, of some $1,150,000.
So there are really two questions be-
fore the House in connection with this
legislation. One is whether or not the
House of Representatives and the Con-
gress itself feels that the Government
should furnish financial aid for brick
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6442 . CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - HOUSE April 23
and mortar work in the construction of
buildings and facilities for medical,
dental and pharmaceutical schools as
outlined in this bill for a 3-year period.
I believe all Members will agree with me,
there are very few Members of the House
who are naive enough to believe other-
wise, that once this legislation Is en-
acted into law 3 years will not see the
end of it, but instead at the end of 3
years undoubtedly legislation will be
brought before this House to extend the
grant of aid for the construction of
medical and dental school facilities.
That has been the history of all Federal
aid programs In the past. That was
learned very well I think in connection
with the so-called Hill-Burton Act a
number of years ago.
A number of years ago at the end of
World War II many communities were
forced to suspend the construction of
hospitals because of a shortage of ma-
terial and manpower. Bonds had been
issued for the construction of these
hospitals. Funds had been raised.
When the war ended there were not
sufficient funds available to finish the
hospitals, and a bill was brought in from
this same committee. I happened to be
a member of it at that time and sup-
ported the legislation. It was a bill to
give Federal aid on a matching basis to
complete the construction of these hos-
pitals which had been interrupted dur-
ing World War U, $60 million a year, if
I remember correctly, for a 3-year pro-
gram. That was to solve the dilemma
of that day, just to finish the construc-
tion of the hospitals which had been
under construction and underway when
the war interfered with their comple-
tion. Yet that program still lives, it
still is carried on under the Hill-Burton
Act, Federal aid or Federal programs
for construction of hospitals throughout
the land. I am not sure as to the cost
this year but It is better than $200 mil-
lion, if my information is correct, in-
stead of the $60 million a year that we
started with; and the end is not in sight.
So I think in considering this legis-
lation as to the need, and seemingly all
the testimony indicates that there is a
great need for the expansion of the
physical facilities of these medical, den-
tal, and other schools of that nature,
then the question arises as to whether
or not the Congress thinks it is wise to
embark upon this new program.
Then the other question revolves
around the necessity and the wisdom of
keeping in this legislation those sections
that deal with the making of loans to
students. I would like to remind you, if
I may, of several fsets.
No. 1. The Congress of the United
States in its wisdom through the passage
of the Defense Ed?.ication Act has pro-
vided for the granting of Federal loans
to college and university students, not
quite as much as is provided in this bill
but sill providing for the Federal Gov-
err_ment to contribute 90 percent up to
a Iota: of $5,000, I believe, to assist
worthy students through the college or
university training courses. Those
funds are available now under present
law.
This bill would increase the amount
of loans that could be made to students,
and I will agree that the expenses of
those that take graduate studies In
medical, dental, and pharmaceutical
schools could run more than those in
other colleges.
But there are other sources. I have
here a letter from the officials of the
American Medical Association stating
the fact that that association does have
a program and a loan fund from which
it will make loans to any needy student
in any of these fields of education that
are covered in this bill, to any of them
and all of them. The testimony shows,
according to the statements of the
American Medical Association, that not
a single student in any of these schools
has dropped out because of the lack of
funds or the inability to get the aid they
need to complete their education.
It goes further than that. There are
other arrangements made for loans to be
made to worthy students available at
all times. I am rather proud of the fact
that the State from which I hail, the
State of Ohio, through the enactment of
legislation some time ago set up what is
called the Ohio Higher Education Assist-
ance Commission, under which the State
of Ohio through this commission, legal-
ly constituted and properly authorized,
will insure and will guarantee loans to
students to complete their higher educa-
tion, not only In schools where medicine,
dentistry, pharmacy, or public health
service is taught, but in all types of
schools.
These are schools for engineering and
schools for education and science and
where every type of education may be
available-not only in the colleges and
universities in Ohio but there are provi-
sions for any student If he is a citizen of
the State of Ohio to obtain a loan guar-
anteed by the State of Ohio. That stu-
dent may attend any accredited college or
university or any type of school-
medi-cal schools?-yes. Dental schools?-
yes. Schools of pharmacy?-yes and
others. This applies anywhere in the
United States so long as that person is a
citizen of Ohio who can meet the rather
easy requirements of the laws of our
State so that the commission and the
State of Ohio itself will put behind that
loan to that young man or that young
woman the full faith and credit of the
State of Ohio. It is the opinion of those
who have studied this problem and who
must live with it and who must meet it,
there is no reason in the world why by
the enactment of this bill, and as it is now
written and as it is now being considered
by the House, that we should set up an-
other and a different loan program for
those who may wish to attend these pro-
fessional schools. Because all their
needs and all their requirements can
and will be met by other methods that
are already establshed, already avail-
able and are just waiting for the stu-
dents to apply for these loans.
at me go further If I may. It just
does not appeal to me that It makes
commonsense to make loans to students
to attend schools if you do not have any
room for them in the schools. If the
Congress is to enact legislation of this
type, I think the first responsibility of
the Congress is to do the brick and mor-
tar job of furnishing the buildings and
the laboratories in which you may give
opportunity to students who desire to do
so to study medicine and dentistry and
pharmacy and all these other related
professions.
I think it is the first responsibility of
the Congress to do that before you begin
to make loans. Because, as I said a
moment ago, according to the state-
ments that have been furnished to many
of us, there has not been a single student
now going to any of these institutions of
higher learning in these particular fields
who has been compelled to stop his or
her educational endeavors because of
lacks of finance. There is plenty of
money available in other ways without
enacting into law this particular part of
the bill to make loans with all the related
provisions for forgiveness, and so forth
and so on, that are contained in this
measure which is rather complicated
and rather difficult to administer, put
into effect and carry through.
If this bill becomes law and later on,
after you construct these new buildings,
and after you Increase the capacity of
our medical, dental, and other profes-
sional schools to accommodate and edu-
cate more men and women, then if you
find that you need these loans, they can
be taken care of at that time, instead of
doing it in advance of the time when you
have room to put the students into col-
leFe or into training.
It just does not make commonsense to
do this particular thing, because It will
be here for a long time to come. If this
bill becomes law, if It is enacted it will be
with us for a long, long time.
I have made this statement on the floor
of the House because I understand there
will be amendments offered to strike out
the loan provisions of this bill so that
the measure may be considered only
upon that section. If the loan provi-
sions are stricken it will leave those
which deal with the construction of
facilities for the use of our medical,
chemical, pharmaceutical, or public
health training schools, and that is pro-
vided for in this bill. Without the loan
provision the bill does give a great deal
of authority, does provide for the
spending of some $175 million in the
next 3 fiscal years and, of course, as I
said in the beginning it would probably
be just the start of a long-range pro-
gram of Federal aid to-this particular
phase of our school system.
Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of
my time.
Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, I yield
such time as he may desire to the gentle-
man from Oklahoma [Mr. ALBERT].
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that the Committee
on Banking and Currency may sit dur-
ing general debate on Thursday next.
Mr. KILBURN. Mr. Speaker, reserv-
ing the right to object, I understand there
may be some objection to that. Will not
the gentleman withdraw his request?
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I with-
draw the request.
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would withdraw our objection, and I will
be glad to sit during special orders.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from
0 objection.
~-' the power of injuring or annoying, very pro-
"R,EME R HE `MAINE' " perly belong to the consideration of all cases
th rwise never
ht e
i
(Mr. ADAIR asked and was given per-
iylission to address the House for 1 min-
ute, to revise and extend his remarks,
and to include an editorial.)
Mr. ADAIR.- Mr. Speaker, I read with
pleased surprise this morning the lead
editorial in the Washington Post. It now
appears that that newspaper, or the edi-
torial writers, are aware of the fact that
we do have a problem in Cuba. I hope
that this is only the first of a number of
such editorials that we may.find in that
paper and elsewhere. Many of us dur-
ing recent weeks and months have been
saying on this floor and throughout the
United States that as long as there is an
aggressive Communist government in
Cuba, we have a problem which cannot
be solved simply by closing our eyes to it.
Mr. Speaker, it is my sincere hope that
the administration will now take active,
positive steps to remedy this evil and to
remove this cancer from our hemisphere,
The editorial reads as follows:
"REMEMBER TIIE 'MAINE' '
Something like a consensus on Cuban
policy is beginning to emerge in this coun-
try. The debate over when and how that
policy to be executed should not conceal
i-
could not rightfully complain of the transfer
of Florida to us, it does not follow that we
could not complain of the cession of Cuba
to one of them. The transfer of Florida to
us was not dangerous to the safety of either
of these nations, nor fatal to' any of their
great and essential interests. Proximity of
g
of this kind. What m
be thought of is justified for these reasons
and on these grounds."
If the American people are aware of such
dangers now, they are aware of other dangers
that unhappily and unfortunately also exist
and that must be weighed with equal care
and caution. Impetuous and impulsive and
ill considered acts by- this country might
bring an the dangers of thertnonucleai' war
without diminishing the dangers of Soviet
occupation of Cuba.
Therefore, it must be the object of the
Government of the United States to develop
some alternative to direct action that will
further the policy of this country without
incurring the hazards of invasion or like
military intervention. It is very urgent that
the Government develop such a policy and
that it disclose it. It is very. plain-that,
throughout this country, the conviction that
the Nation is in peril is hardening to a point
where no threats and no fears may be suf-
ficient to inhibit the demand for action
against the forces that occupy Cuba. Demo-
cratic governments are not wholly free
agents. A government that does not develop
a-program of minimum risk runs the danger
of being coerced into a program of maximum.
risks, almost against its will. The absence
of an affirmative design, in -such a situation,
is dangerous-dangerous to this country, to
its neighbors and to the peace of the hemi-
sphere and of the whole world.
The Government of this country, the gov-
week, the President, the former vice Pres
dent, the State Department, and Republican ernments of friendly countries and the gov-
critics of the State Department had different ernment of the Soviet Union as well had bet-
things to say about Cuba, but on two points ter take note of the increasing sense of
there was general agreement. And on these Americans that the United States is endan-
two points there is a gathering agreement in gered by the Soviet occupation of Cuba. This
the country. sense of jeopardy is beginning to pervade the
The broad proposition on which there is whole body politic. The Soviet government,
accumulating accord is simply this: that whatever its fears and doubts, felt compelled,
and communism in Cuba and its spread
throughout this hemisphere, in clear
violation of the Monroe Doctrine.
The dictator complex which seems to
be dominating the thinking from the
White House is further pointed up in a
news story in the Washington Daily
News of April 22 by Virginia Prewett.
This story reports the Kennedy admin-
istration has "been working on a plan
for Cuba-a so-called Laos solution
wherein the administration was actually
attempting to make a deal with Russia
to set up a coalition government to in-
clude Communists in Cuba. At the very -
moment his Laos solution is falling about
his ears and we are about to give the
Communists another complete victory in
Asia, the administration is negotiating
for the same kind of deal in Cuba. The
world" has been saved from the disaster
of such a sell-out of freedom in Cuba
only because of the magic Kennedy touch
which results in failure for every admin-
istration-sponsored enterprise."
Mr. Speaker, Congress and the people
must be aroused to the terrible danger,
we face from such arrogance, such dis-
regard of constitutional powers, such an
easy assumption to dictatorship now
taking place in.America. Once more,
in the name of the people of the Fifth
District of Texas, and as a responsible
Member of Congress, sworn to uphold
the Constitution and to protect from all
enemies, foreign and domestic, 2 call
upon the President to tell the American
people his plans for the kind of govern-
ment he envisions for this Republic.
I call upon the President to tell the
American people what his plans are in
connection with this violation of the
Monroe Doctrine and the taking over of
this hemisphere by the Communists and
to confide in-'us, without managing the
news.
the existence of a Communist regime, linked by such- an impulse, to send its forces into DISCUSSION OF ENTRANCE QUES-
to the Soviet Union, in-this hemisphere, is Hungary. It ought to understand the much TIONNAIRE FOR GUERRILLA
threat a ced totes Sta the safety and survival of- the greater force that such sentiments exert up-
United and the all other free ministia- on democratic governments. Every day that TRAINEES IN CUBA
In of i this part nl the glob t. No ie can ist long passes without the termination of the Soviet (Mr
t
looccupation of Cuba increases the certainty (Mr. CRAMER asked and was given
s that oe y opposes this belief
survive. S Sooneer r or later an administration and multiplies the likelihood that another permission to address the House for 1
that denounced this maturing conviction Maine disaster will put the spark to the minute, to revise and extend his remarks,
would be followed by an alternative govern- combustible materials in. the Caribbean. and include extraneous matter.)
meat committed to it. Ina negative way, Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, the
there is almost the same accord on how this amount of sabotage and subversion going
policy should not be pursued. There Is LAOS-SOUTHEAST ASIA-CUBA MESS
almost universal agreement that invasion, on throughout the Americas with Cuba
openly and directly, immediately or in the (Mr. ALGER asked and was given as the spawning grounds, as.well as the
near future, is not the way to pursue our permission to address the House for 1 high degree of efficiency on the part of
policy. minute and to revise and extend his re- the Communists in Cuba,' has been
This aversion to foreign control of Cuba by marks.) brought to my attention in the form of
a hostile power is the constant of American Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, as a Mein- a questionnaire which all guerrilla
at. Monro es toward our an exp neighbor of The ber of Congress sworn to uphold the trainees from the Americas have to fill
Monroe Doctrine was this ression of a view
already long-held in tcountry. It Was Constitution, I intend to champion capi- in upon their arrival in Cuba's training
given even fuller expression in the admin- talism, U.S. sovereignty, and the Repub- Camp.
istration of John Quincy Adams when this lie. Containing 38 questions, the question-
country made known its opposition to the So, it is necessary for me to describe naire was turned in by a Communist de-
transfer of Cuba from Spain to France, Eng- President Kennedy's program as a series fector who was being trained in Cuba
land, or any other power. The practical basis of failures on the one hand, and attempts for Communist subversion in South
of thi W bate policy was f Prel stated in Daniel to assume dictatorial power on the other, America. The list shows that Comliiu-
es tons support of Presi dent Adams' deci-
sion to send delegates to a conference with irregardless of existing law. gists, through Cuba as the beachhead,
South American countries, in which the Yesterday I mentioned a domestic spe- are blueprinting a plan for the com-
great orator said: cific. Today I want to call attention to munization of Latin America through
"A Member has said that if Spain chose the Laos-southeast Asia-Cuba mess. subversion, sabotage, armed action, and
to transfer the island to any other power Without authorization by Congress we encouraged uprisings, and every other
she has a right to do so, and we here cannot are at war in South Vietnam, by Presi- detestable Marxist-Leninist tool being
this opisropinioon. The prevent righer. hts I must nations in dissent mat- from dent Kennedy's dictation, we are subsi- taught in Cuban training schools.
this of this kind are much h modified b by errs dizing Communist takeover of Laos, and It shows the intent and purpose of
cumstances. ?Because France or Great Britain we are doing nothing about Khrushchev Cuban subversive training camps,
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namely, the overthrow of the govern- of office if any of them-occupies a position
ments from which the trainees come, of responsibility with the government, the
It shows that Cuba is the focal point armed forces, or the police.
versive activities by the international
Communist conspiracy.
It proves that the forceful overthrow
and sabotage activities, if peaceful politi-
cal subversion does not succeed, is the
program in the Western Hemisphere.
It proves long-range planning with
Cuba as the base for future arming and
training of subversives and for eventual
striking at vital installations and exist-
ing weak spots.
After the usual questions dealing with
the identity, occupation, and places of
residence of the trainee, more salient
questions are posed :
For example, question 15 asks: Give,a
description of the police organization
and the investigative agencies of your
place. Who are the officers In charge
of repression? What is their rank?
List the names and addresses of any vic-
tims of their repressive actions and state
if they are persons of strong opinions.
Question 17 asks: What are the possi-
bilities of guerrilla warfare in your re-
gion? What would be the morale of the
people with regards to this struggle?
Question 18 asks: What is the morale
and the preparation of the army for an
antiguerrilla war?
Some questions deal with smuggling
activities, such as question 23, which
asks: List the names and addresses of
persons whom you have knowledge to be
involved In smuggling activities; and
some questions deal exclusively with ob-
taining Information about military es-
tablishments In the countries In ques-
tion. Question 36 asks: Where are the
cupy positions of responsibility in the gov-
ernment, the armed forces, or the pollee
List the titles of their positions, the ad.
dresses of their offices, and make a brief
statement on the responsibtiities of their
positions,
B. Have you ever occupied a government
position? If so, list title of position, ad-
dress. the names and addresses of friends
employed there. Reason for leaving? How
long employed there? Are your friends still
employed there?
9. Past and present political affiliations.
Duration of affiliation and reasons for ter-
minating them.
10. Have you held any office in the labor
unions? In a cultural, social, or sport club?
What was the nature of the office held?
What was the political orientation of the
club or other organization? In the case of a
cultural or sport club, were there any events
and competitions sponsored by it? If mem-
ber of a sport club, what type of physical
training was administered? Did this train-
ing take place in the country? What Inter-
est was shown by the police or other au-
thoritiea about this training?
11. List the revolutionary organizations of
your place. Who are their leaders and what
Is their capability?
12. Describe your personal
the underground struggle.
13. Have you ever been arrested? How
many times? On what charges? Where
were you arrested? How did you obtain your
freedom?
14. Have you ever been deported? Rea-
son? How many times? When?
15. Give a description of the police or-
ganization and the investigative agencies
of your place. Who are the officers in charge
of repression? What is their rank? List
the names and addresses of any victims of
their repressive actions and state If they are
persons of strong opinions.
How many aircraft are there? How are 16. What means oftransportation are used
the airfields guarded? What type of What the repressive organs of your ation?
hat are the means of communication?
documents are needed by the workers to What type of information net they have?
gain access to the airfield? Are the 17. What are the possibilities of guerrilla
workers under vigilance by the author- warfare in your region? What would be the
ities? morale of the people with regards to this
Question 38 asks: Where are the naval struggle?
bases located in your region? Where 18. What Is the morale and the prepara-
are the river patrol stations located, if lion of the army for an anti-guerrilla war?
any? 19. What Is the morale of the police? Was
This list, the full text of which I am i 2p swat w acts he sabotage attitude i of ?the
placing In the RECORD, evidences that police subalterns and men in the eventual-
Cuba is a clear and present danger to ity of a revolution? Would they be favor-
the security of the hemisphere and that ably inclined?
it is urgent that we formulate planned 21- What repressive acts by the police or
action to eliminate Castro's communism. the army are considered the most oppressive
Incidentally, U.S. citizens going in. In your place?
Cuba for subversive training are called have 22. What acts ou the etstrong be the peoples
upon to answer this same questionnaire, of reiression t by the police?st measures
another reason why I am continuing my 23. List the names and addresses of per-
efforts to have the open door to subver- sons whom you have knowledge to be in-
sion in this hemisphere, the Cuban Em- volved In smuggling activities.
bassy in Mexico City, closed, and Ameri- 24. What are the articles most commonly
Cans who are taking this subversive route smuggled in and by what method?
to Cuba prosecuted. ^25_ Give the names and addresses of any
ENTRANCE QUESTIONNAIRE- FORLGUERRn.t.A
TRAINEES
1. Complete name.
2. Place and date of birth.
3. Residence address,
4. Professional training and occupation
before entering Cuba.
5. Names and addresses of parents, broth-
ers, and/or sisters.
6. Occupation of members of the immedi-
ate family. List title of position and address
be the best way to approach them? When
did you contact them? Where? Who are
the ones you have most confidence and
trust? On what basis?
26. What 1s situation on the borders of
your country? What type of control does
the government maintain? Who are the
border guards of your region? Whom do
you know personally?
27. By what means can one enter your
country and what are the necessary pro-
cedures?
28. Can one obtain personal identification
documents by paying cash?
29. What documents are the citizens of
your country required to carry and how are
they obtained normally?
30. Can a foreigner buy a home? Can he
establish a commercial firm?
31. How can one obtain the necessary doc-
uments for an accredited institution?
32. Where do government officials gather?
Where do the governing classes meet? How
can one obtain admission to these social
gatherings? How can credentials be ob-
tained? Can one pay his dues or fees in
cash?
33. How many persons know that you are
in Cuba? List their names and addresses.
34. How and when did they come to know?
35. What was the length of your military
service? Where? What units? What rank
did you attain?
38. Where are the military aircraft located
In your region? How many aircraft are
there? How are the airfields guarded?
What type of documents are needed by the
workers to gain access to the airfield? Are
the workers under vigilance by the authori-
ties?
37. Where are the military bases located?
Which are the units in garrison there?
What are the means of transport and com-
munization to them?
36. Where are the naval bases located In
your region? Where are the river patrol
stations located If any?
OHIO AMERICAN LEGION
WINNER
(Mrs. FRANCES P. BOLTON asked
and was given permission to address the
House for I minute, to revise and extend
her remarks, and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mrs. FRANCES P. BOLTON. Mr.
Speaker, the American Legion of Ohio
annually sponsors an American essay
contest among the young students of
our great State.
This year I am very proud that one of
my constituents, George Meese, a 12th-
grade student of 5132 East Farnhurst,
Lyndhurst, Ohio, is one of the winners.
One merely has to read his essay to
understand why George Meese was de-
clared a winner. He gives one the as-
surance that our youth of today have
an abiding respect for America and a
sincere sense of citizenship responsibil-
ity.
May I take this occasion to congratu-
late George Meese on his splendid essay,
and include it herewith in the RECORD.
The essay follows:
AMERICAN LEGION ESSAY "HOW CAN I HELP
PRESERVE THE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY"
(By George Meese, 132 East Farnhurst, Lynd-
hurst, Ohio. 12th grade, Brush High
School)
I am a high school senior. I am a series
of digits at a test-computing center; I am an
Impersonal, lifeless statistic on numerous
records; I am almost insignificant. Despite
this, one simple factor keeps me from be-
coming an oblivious atom In my own en-
vironment. I am an American.
I was created by a Supreme Being through
my parents, and at the instant of my crea-
tion, I became an American citizen. Because
a group of men had the courage and genius
to create a new and unique society, I am
not equal to a particle of dust, I am a human
individual.
Our American democracy Is founded on the
simple proposition that everymman Is a aov-
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