CUBA

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200240043-9
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• Document Page Count: 6
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 18, 2004
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
be a party to any movement that will re-
sult in your people and mine paying 25
to 50 percent or more, additional, for
various food items because the Congress
had not given our Government the au-
thority to negotiate with our sister Re-
public of Mexico for bringing In a sup-
ply of supplemental labor in those In-
stances where there is a shortage of do-
mestic farmworkers to do this work?"
If this law is not extended, a shortage
of workers will result, forcing food prices
1961
-_?-------------
upward appreciably. We have but to
1962--------?-------
1963 (estimated) _ __ _
look at the actual facts in comparing the
for the week ending May 5, there were
508 carlot equivalents in 41 cities avail- UBA
able, and the cost was $4.55 a box. For ( r. BATTIN asked and was given
the week ending May 4, 1963, there were permission to address the House for 1
only 190 carlot equivalents in Florida minute and to revise and extend his re-
oranges and the price was more than marks and to Include the text of a joint
doubled. They cost $9.63 a box. This resolution on Cuba.)
was due to a shortage- of supply due to Mr. BATTIN. Mr. Speaker, I have to-
inclement weather which was the result day introduced a House joint resolution
of a spring freeze. The same price rise dealing with Cuba and subversion In the
will occur due to a short labor supply.. Western Hemisphere.
The gentleman from California [Mr. The resolution is simple and ? direct.
TEAGUE] and I are introducing bills call- It reinstates the Monroe Doctrine and
ing for a 3-year phaseout of this pro- declares that Soviet presence in this
gram. This type of proposal was pre- hemisphere Is a violation of the Monroe
sented by Mr. MCGOVERN, of South Doctrine.
Dakota, in 1960, which provided for a 5- This resolution was adopted in Denver
year phaseout. It Is most urgent that by the Republican National Committee.
Congress act at this session on extend- We can no longer, as a government,
ing this most essential law. hesitate with a policy on Cuba. We
Let us look at snapbeans: For the week must reassert our leadership In the field
ending April 30, 1963, there were 249 car- and follow the actions of Presidents
lot equivalents in 41 'cities. The price Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman,
was $4,50 a bushel. In the week ending and Dwight Eisenhower, in stating that
May 1, 1962, there were 167 carlot equiv- the Monroe Doctrine is fundamental to
alents in these cities and the price was $6 our foreign policy.
a bushel. I reject completely the Idea that in our
Let us look at cucumbers now where time the doctrine Is dead or modified.
the situation b
y years was reversed The
. carlot supply in 41 cities in 1963 was
317, and the price was $5 a bushel, but
a year earlier, for the week ending May
1, 1962, there were only 157 carlots avail-
able in the same cities, and the price
was $9 a bushel.
These figures were taken from the
USDA Weekly Summary of Shipments.
These are indications of what will
happen if Public Law 78 is not extended
which would give these Mexican workers
an opportunity to come to America and
pour back the dollars to the various
provinces in the Republic of Mexico.
Without this legislation, there would be
a loss to Mexico of some $35 million per
year, based on the number who entered
this country in 1962. No wonder the
Mexican people and its Government are
troubled over the failure to enact Public
Law 78 extension, which has built strong
the good will and understanding between
immediately preceding fiscal years, and in no
event more than 150,000 in 1964, 120,000 in
1965 and 90,000 in 1966, and no workers shall
be made available hereunder after December
31, 1968."
Approximate limitations under proposed
Fiscal year
1.964 (estimatedk ___
Workers
f3322
3-year
average
--?-?--
3 , 389
4 ,175
1 ,666
Available
?------'?-?-
1964-152, 795
1963-123, 66$
1966- 01,833
10795
policies," and with the assistance of the
United States, loyal Guatemalans removed
their Communist rulers forthwith.
Secretary. of State Christian A. Herter de-
clared on August 24, 1960, at San Jose "any
Communist regime established in any one
of the American Republics would in effect
constitute foreign intervention in the
Americas."
The foreign ministers of the Organization
of American States at Punta del Este in
January 1962 declared: "The present Gov-
ernment of Cuba has identified itself with
the principles of Marxist-Leninist ideology,
has established a political, economic, and
social system based on that doctrine, and
accepts military assistance from extra-conti-
nental Communist powers, including even
the threat of military intervention in Amer-
ica on the part of the Soviet Union."
The international Communist movement
has increasingly extended into Cuba its po-
litical, economic, and military sphere of
influence.
In the light of the foregoing facts: There-
fore be it
Resolved by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled-
(a) That the United States regards the
Monroe Doctrine as continuing to be funda-
mental to its foreign policies;
(b) That the United States regards the
existence of a military base in Cuba sup-
ported by Soviet equipment and Soviet
personnel as a clear violation of the Monroe
Doctrine;
(c) That the objectives of the policy of
the United States with relation to Cuba must
be-
1. Termination of Soviet intervention;
2. Establishment of conditions under,
which the Cuban people may freely exercise
their right of self-determination;
3. An end to Con)anunist subversion, sabo-
,Warfare against the people
misp ere.
TEXT OF HOUSE JOINT RESOLUTION ON CUBA J RESTATEMENT AND FULL IMPLE-
Joint resolution expressing the determina- MENTATION OF MONROE DOC-
tion of the United States with respect to TRINE RELATING TO CUBA AND
the situation in Cuba and the Western COMMUNIST SUBVERSION CALLED
Hemisphere FOR
President James Monroe, announcing the
Monroe Doctrine in 1823, declared that the (Mr. CRAMER asked and was given
United States would consider any attempt permission to address the House for 1
on the part of European powers "to extend minute and to revise and extend his re-
their system to any portion of this hemi- marks and to include extraneous mat-
sphere as dangerous to our peace and ter.)
safety."
In pursuance of this application of the happy Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, I am
Monroe Doctrine, the United States protested pjoin with the gentleman from
against the movement of Spanish troops into Montana [Mr. BATTINI, chairman of the
Santo Domingo in 1861 and demanded the Republican Task Force on Cuba and
withdrawal of French military forces from Communist Subversion in the Western
Mexico in 1866. Hemisphere, having the privilege my-
The Government of the United States self of being vice chairman of this task
warned in 1940 that assumption of control force, in calling for the restatement and
of any part of the American continents by full implementation of the Monroe Doc-
Axis Powers would violate the Monroe trine. The Republican. policy commit-
Doctrine.
tee and the Republican National Com-
mittee have recently endorsed'this posi-
tion.
age number of workers to enter the coup- `rot ca tine political institutions of any
try for various years follow: American State by the international Com-
f et hevpolitic extending to this hemi-any
Be it enacted by the Senate and House o m
extra Representatives of the United States of continental power. wouldconstitute a threat
America in Congress assembled, That section to the sovereignty and political independ-
510 of the Agricultural Act of 1949, as amend- ence of the American States, endangering
ed, be amended to read as follows., the peace of America."
"SEc. 510. For the calendar years 1964, 1965, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles as-
knd 1966, the number of workers made avail- serted June 30, 1954, that "the intrusion of
able for employment under this title shall not Soviet despotism (in Guatemala) was a di-
exceed 50 per centum of the average num- - rect challenge to our Monroe Doctrine, the
ber of workers made available in the three first and most fundamental of our foreign
I am Particularly encouraged that this
position, as reaffirmed by the resolution
introduced by the gentleman from Mont-
tana, is firmly anounced by the Republi-
can Party, having introduced a similar
resolution, House Joint, Resolution 227
on February 4, 1963. It is becoming
more and more obvious that the New
Frontier is seeking "accommodations"
with the Communists, throughout the
world as well as in this hemisphere.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 24,
The aim of today's resolution and
House Joint Be-solution 227 is the imple-
menting of such political, diplomatic,
economic or military action as may be
necessary to enforce the Monroe Doc-
trine throughout this hemisphere.
The failure of the President to take
any firm and meaningful action with re-
gard to the. Communist threat In Cuba
and throughout this hemisphere makes
it incumbent upon the Congress to ex-
press its position in a resolution of this
nature.
I do not believe the American people or
the Congress can long condone the New
Frontier apathy that exists towards this
d secur-
-
to the peace an
very real threat
ity of all the Americas-Which is lead- foreign policy. We believe that the President, ??--e --- - ________- -
ing the United States toward a coexist- is completely wrong in believing that the The Vice President said, "We want to get rid
attitude of the American public toward the of Castro," only to have this declaration re-
Soviet accommodation with Communist. Soviet Union Is a major cause of the Nation's vised by McGeorge Bundy to read "we can-
The President has recently called for a conflict with communism and that Khru- not sympathize" with Castro's "course of
"reexamination of our attitude toward shchev's heart can be melted if this Nation policy" and "we must range ourselves" ainst 10 the Soviet Union." Our reexamination adop ts sa eems attitude
Tree o and hi he age st time to time the administration has
eeper given the Impression that the presence of
should be one looking toward a tougher l President to urge upon the Nation a dfor
policy. admiration of the Soviet Union for such at- Soviet troops and military equipment in
In light of the recent reports by the tributes as courage and industry at a time Cuba produces important advantages for the
Organization of American States, the when the Ink is hardly dry on an OAS report Uniteed prStates. esence Sometimes Cuba Is a Sid thate the
Stennis committee and Selden subcom- declaring "Intervention by Sino-Soviet pow- Sovi makes " of
eople of
states turns ns the perpeCe of
mittee reports, pointing to Communist era in this hemisphere, by way of Cuba, has Communist other Latin American failure" " and
away m
infiltration and subversion in this hemi- Increased considerably during the past year."
sphere, a reaffirmation and implementa- The report which follows is offered In the monists. Sometimes it is said that the
strain munis
tion of the Monroe Doctrine would be hope that it will direct attention back to the maanannce economicof Soviet for oceshe Couba Im-
type of basic decision that must be made by poses
an obvious necessary start toward a the leaders of this Nation in order to win the world. Sometimes it is said that the Soviets
tougher, more realistic policy toward So- cold war. exercise a restraining influence on the vola-
viet influence in this hemisphere. SECOND INTERIM REPORT tile Cuban Government.
I am gravely and deeply concerned The Nation needs a Cuban policy. It has The inadequacies of statements of policy
about the signs that point toward seek- no Cuban policy primarily because the Presi- would be less important if the actions of the
ing an "accommodation," an expression dent and the Democratic Congress have administration revealed h consistent and pur-
failed to make up their minds about the poseful movement toward a clearly recog-
Univerrs sity the Prm ace a his American Nation's goal. nized objective. But the actions of the ad-
To Uni commencement address this a President who is fond of nautical ministration have been as inconsistent as Its
year in redefining the New Frontier for- metaphors, we say that a course cannot be words.
eign policies, in calling also for a reexam- charted until the port which we want to The Attorney General, who said in April
!nation of our attitude toward the Soviet reach has been determined. Until the des- 1961, "The neutrality laws were never de-
Union-in Cuba and elsewhere. tination has been firmly fixed, the Nation signed to prevent individuals from leaving
will continue to drift. the United States to fight for a cause in
we open up I 5i co when cum- The statements so far Issued by adminis- which they believe" has confined a score of
mercia l air r corridors to o none nonsch cdtiled tration leaders to define the goal of Cuban Cuban exile leaders to the Miami areas. He
airlines owned and operated by Castro's policy have been ambiguous, Inconsistent, has shown great vigor in providing immunity
Communist government over the United and incomplete. The joint congressional from exiilleattacdent Cuba dec aced Cuban ship-
States as was done a few weeks ago by resolution signed by the President on Octo- ping. The t
main-
a regulation of the FAA long a, these ssttatemen82 of thepnational~policy goal-is tained arantinentil II ited Nations Inspection of the
planes going to and from Canada, y forr deficient in clarity, in comprehensiveness, withdrawal of Soviet missiles was obtained,
ing with Canada which h is a country for in courage. ended the quarantine without securing on-
transshipment from many of the Iron Consequently, the Congress should adopt, -
Curtain countries, stop in one of our ma- and the President should sign, a new joint
jor cities for inspection-One of which resolution stating the goal of the policy of
is Dulles Airport outside Washington, the United States toward Communist Cuba.
D.C. Thus, Castro's planes can be flying THE sseewurrv or THE GOAL Or CUBAN POLICY
over and landing within a few miles of The joint congressional resolution, like
the Nation's Capital. Apparently the the President's statements of September 4
quid pro quo for this "accommodation" and 13, 1962, expresses opposition to the es-
is that. Cuba will now guarantee safety tablishment in Cuba of an offensive military
-
and the FAA has issued an order per- the
hemisphere. It expresses opposition to the is the administration "looking toward some
a
mitting such flights. export of communism to other Latin Ameri- kind of reconciliation, perhaps on the basis
Perhaps this is why the New Frontier can nations by force or the threat of force, of a Tito-type arrangement for Cuba?"
is so unconcerned about Russian trawlers It is silent, however, on the attitude of the ? "The President has been careful not to
violating our territorial waters. United States toward a Soviet military pres- declare openly that the Monroe Doctrine
Perhaps this is why little Is being done ence in Cuba which is defensive In character either does not apply in the Cuban case at
to discourage other free nations from or which does not immediately threaten the this particular time or that it is an obsolete
trading with Cuba-a practice that is security of the United States or of other political concept in terms of present-day
American nations. It is silent on the attl- . realities. But the administration spokesmen
ever increasing in recent weeks. I cite tude of the United States toward Commu- have made it fairly clear that the President
as justification for this Monroe Doctrine nist subversion carried on by means other does not believe that the Monroe Doctrine
resolution introduced today and House than the use or threat of force. Is really applicable under the present cir-
Joint Resolution 227 the second Interim Many of the statements that relate to our cumstancea," Ted Szule, New York Times,
report of the Subcommittee on Special Nation's goals are open to the Interpretation Sept. 23, 1362. a 41 Projects on Cuba and Subversion in the that this Nation Cuba is ready or Cuba coexist n ti with seek 196 Issues and Answers" ABC-TV Oct. 14,
Western Hemisphere which follows:
SE:OND INTERIM REPORT OF THE SteCOMMPrrEx to impose communism on other nations .1
ON Cuss AND Sue4ER.51ON IN THE WESTERN They suggest that a Soviet presence in Cuba
IiI MISPxERE -A TASK FORCE Or TITY REPva' which does not involve offensive weapons,
LICAN POLICY COMMITTEE, SUBCOMMITTEE ON Nation cabn rrm wal, Is ith. something which our
SPECIAL PROJECTS
PREAMBLE Confusion about the objective of our na-
Within the past week the President of the tional policy Is reflected In the utterance of
United States has made it foreign policy ad- the President as well as in those of lesser
dress calling for a reexamination of the atti- leaders of the administration. The President
tude of Americans toward the Soviet Union. has refrained from reaffirming or repudiating
The theme of this address was that the Soviet the Monroe Doctrine but has offered a trun-
Union could be led to adopt a more enlight- cated version of the doctrine, which one ad-
ened attitude if the United States changed ministration lieutenant called the Kennedy
its attitude toward peace and put aside its doctrine' The President spoke boldly be-
belief that the Russian people are lacking fore the released Cuban prisoners about the
in virtue. return of their flag to a free Havana In Miami
It must be presumed that the purpose of In December 1962. But, less than 3 months
the President in making his remarks of June later, at San Jose he omitted from his re-
,,arks the statements in his prepared text
is enced in a recent report from
tivesy evid
Freedom House entitled "What Can We DO
About Cuba?" The report, stating the con-
sensus of the deliberations of 25 experts on
Cuba in late April 1963, declares that the
following are troubling questions: "Is Amer-
ican Cuban policy geared to a negotiated
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
site inspection to verify the removal of the
missiles.
There can be no doubt that the adminis-
tration would prefer that the Soviet Union
pull out pf Cuba and that it hopes that Castro
will disappear. This wishful thinking, how-
ever, does not constitute a policy goal. There
is a world of difference between a wish that
the existing situation change and a deter-
mination to do all within our power to bring
about a change.
A PROPOSAL FOR A NEW CUBAN RESOLUTION
This Nation has a historic policy opposing
intervention in this hemisphere by despotism
based in other parts of the world-a policy
laid down on December 2, 1823, by James
Monroe.
President Monroe asserted that "we could
not view any interposition for the purpose
of oppressing" Latin American states "or con-
trolling in any other manner their destiny,
by any European power, in any light, than as
the manifestation of an unfriendly disposi-
tion toward the United States," He warned
that "we should consider any attempt" on
the part of European powers "to extend their
system to any portion of this hemisphere, as
dangerous to our peace and safety."
The Monroe Doctrine barred any further
"interposition" by European powers to extend
their system or exercise control in this hemi-
sphere. It said simply, "Hands off." It made
no distinction between offensive and defen-
sive weapons or between forcible and pacific
means of intervention.
The purpose of the Monroe Doctrine, as
Elihu Root once explained, was to prevent
the development of a situation that could
endanger hemispheric security. The Ken-
nedy doctrine, by contrast, appears to per-
mit intervention by non-American states in
this hemisphere up to the point at which a
danger to security has reached an acute
stage. The difference between the Mon-
roe Doctrine and the Kennedy doctrine is the
difference between preventative medical care
and treatment which. begins after the de-
velopment of a high fever.
In earlier periods of our history the Gov-
ernment of the United States asserted that
the Monroe Doctrine barred the presence
of Spanish troops in Santo Domingo and the
establishment of a French puppet emperor
in Mexico. In 1940 Secretary of State Cordell
Hull served notice that the Monroe Doctrine
prohibited the exercise on any authority by
Axis Powers over any part of the hemisphere'
In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt extended the
Monroe Doctrine to Greenland and sent
American troops to that island to forestall
Nazi occupation.
In 1912, when Mexico proposed leasing to
a Japanese fishing company, a. port area in
Lower California, the U.S. Senate, re-
lying on the Monroe Doctrine, asserted,
"* * * when any harbor or other place in
the American continents is so situated that
the occupation thereof for naval or military
It is interesting to note that the argu-
ment used by Hitler's government and re-
jected by Hull in 1940, contending that U.S.
participation in the affairs,,of Europe made
the Monroe Doctrine obsolete, was adopted
by Senator JOHN SPARKMAN.
"The nonintervention in the affairs
of the American Continent by European na-
tions which is demanded by the Monroe
Doctrine can in principle be legally valid only
on condition that the American nations for
their part do not interfere in the affairs of
the European Continent," Von Ribbentrop,
July 1, 1940.
"This change has greatly altered the con-
ditions governing our implementation of the
Monroe Doctrine, which was based in part
on the assumption that the nations of the
Western Hemisphere would remain unin-
volved in the conflicts of Europe," Senator
JOHN SPARKMAN, Sept. 20, 1962.
purposes might threaten the communica-
tions or the safety of the United States, the
Government of the United States could not
see without grave concern the possession of
such harbor or other place by any corpora-
tion or association which has such a rela-
tion to another government, not American,
as to give that government practical power
of control for national-purposes."
In 1954 Secretary of State John Foster
Dulles declared that "the intrusion of Soviet
despotism (in Guatemala) was a direct chal-
lenge to our Monroe Doctrine, the first and
most fundamental of our foreign policies."
With the assistance of the United States,
loyal Guatemalans removed their Communist
rulers forthwith.
Along with the United States, the other
nations of the hemisphere have used the
language pf Monroe to serve notice that tres-
passing is forbidden to communism. The
Ninth Inter-American Conference at Bogota,
in 1948 condemned "interference by any
foreign power, or by any political organiza-
tion serving the interest of a foreign power,
in the public life of the nations of the Amer-
ican Continent." The 10th Inter-Ameri-
can Conference at Caracas in 1954 declared
that "the domination of control of the politi-
cal institutions of any American State by
the International Communist movement, ex-
tending to this hemisphere the political sys-
tem of any extracontiiliental power, would
constitute a threat to the sovereignty and
political independence of the American
States, endangering the peace of America."
Three years ago Khrushchev told the
world that the Monroe Doctrine was dead,
saying "the remains of this doctrine should
be buried as every dead body is, so that it
does not poison the air by its decay," The
Eisenhower administration replied, "* * *
the principles of the Monroe Doctrine are as
valid today as they were in 1823 when the
doctrine was proclaimed." The Kennedy
administration has so far failed to contra-
dict Khrushchev either by word or by deed.
What is needed is the positive policy of
the Monore Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine
is being violated by the presence of Soviet
troops in Cuba-whatever their strength,
whatever the nature of their equipment.
The doctrine is being violated as long as
there is any type of Soviet Intervention in
Cuba.
The removal of Soviet troops and the
elimination of other types of Soviet interven-
tion in Cuba is an urgent policy objective.
The ultimate objective of U.S. policy must
be the elimination of the Communist re-
gime in Cuba and its replacement by a gov-
ernment freely chosen by the Cuban people.
Let the President and the Congress act.
APPENDIX I-ATTITUDES ON THE SCOPE AND
STATUS OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE BY RE-
SPONSIBLE SPOKESMEN OF THE LAST FOUR
ADMINISTRATIONS
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-45), Cordell
Hull, July 5, 1940:
"The Monroe Doctrine is solely a policy of
self-defense, which is intended to preserve
the independence and integrity of the
Americas. It was, and is, designed to prevent
aggression in this hemisphere on the part of
any non-American power, and likewise to
make impossible any further extention to
this hemisphere of any non-American system
of government imposed from without. * * *
It made clear that the future transfer of
existing possessions to another non-American
state would be regarded as inimical to the
interests of this hemisphere. This has,be-
come a basic policy of the Government of
the United States."
Cordell Hull, April 12, 1940:
"There is an express application of the
Monroe Doctrine by the United States re-
garding Greenland. There appears to be no
serious question about Greenland forming
part of this hemisphere as contradistin-
10797
guished from the European side of the At-
lantic. * * * The German forces occupying
Denmark could easily cause the Govern-
ment of Denmark to issue orders about
Greenland, as they could about vanish ship-
ping throughout the world. For this reason
it's important that Greenland should receive
our attention under the Monroe Doctrine."
Public Law 32, 77th Congress, approved
April 19, 1941:
"Resolved by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, (1) That
the United States would not recognize any
transfer, and would not acquiesce in any
attempt to transfer, any geographic region
of this hemisphere from one non-American
power to another non-American power."
Harry S. Truman (1945-53), President
Truman, December 27, 1945.:
"We believe that the sovereign states of
the Western Hemisphere, without interfer-
ence from outside the Western Hemisphere,
must work together as good neighbors in the
solution of their common problems."
President Truman, April 5, 1947:
"When we- hear the cry of freedom aris-
ing from the shores beyond our own, we can
take. heart from the words of Thomas Jeffer-
son. In his letter to President Monroe, urg-
ing the adoption of what we now know as the
Monroe Doctrine, he wrote: `Nor is the oc-
casion to be slighted which this proposition
offers of declaring our protest against the
atrocious violations of the rights of nations
by the interference of any one in the internal
affairs of another.'
"We, like Jefferson, have witnessed atro-
cious violations of the rights of nations.
"We, too, have regarded them as occasions
not to be slighted.
"We, too, have declared our protest.
"We must make that protest effective by
aiding those peoples whose freedoms are
endangered by foreign pressures.
"We must take a positive stand. It is no
longer enough merely to say, 'We don't want
war'. We must act in time-ahead of time-
to. stamp out the smoldering beginnings of
any conflict that may threaten to spread over
the world."
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-61), John
Foster Dulles, June 30, 1954:
"This Intrusion of Soviet despotism [in
Guatemala] was, of course?a direct challenge
to our Monroe Doctrine, the first and most
fundamental of our foreign policies."
John Foster Dulles, June 30, 1954:
"If world communism captures any Ameri-
can State, however small, a new and perilous
front is established which will increase the
danger to the entire free world and require
even greater sacrifices from the American
people."
John Foster Dulles, March 4, 1954:
"It is time to make it clear with finality
that we see that alien (i.e., Communist)
despotism is hostile to our ideals, that we
unitedly deny it the right of prey upon our
hemisphere and that if it does not heed our
warning and keep away we shall deal with
it as a situation that might endanger the
peace. of American * * *. There-is no place
here for political institutions which served
alien masters."
Henry Cabot Lodge, June 20, 1954:
"I say to you, representative of the Soviet
Union, stay out of this hemisphere and don't
try to start your plans and your conspiracies
over here."
Department of State, July 14, 1960:
"The principles of the Monroe Doc-
trine are as valid today as they were in 1823
when the Doctrine was proclaimed."
John F. Kennedy (1961 to date), John P.
Kennedy, September 13, 1962:
"Question. Will it require force to con-
travene the Monroe Doctrine or does the
presence of a foreign power in any force, but
not using that force in this hemisphere,
amount to contravention of the Doctrine?"
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 24
"The PRESIDENT. Well, I have indicated
that if Cuba should possess a capacity to
carry out offensive action against the United
States, that the United States would act. I
have also indicated that the United States
would not permit Cuba to export its power by
force in the hemisphere."
Congressman WAYNE HAYS. Democrat,
of Ohio, September 26,1962:
"I think if a determination to made that
the buildup in Cuba reaches a. point where it
is a threat to the United States, then it is a
violation of the Monroe Doctrine.
Senator JOHN SPARKMAN, Democrat, of Ala-
bama, September 20.1962:
"This change has greatly altered the con-
ditions governing our implementation of the
Monroe Doctrine, which was based in part on
the assumption that the nations of the West-
ern Hemisphere would remain uninvolved in
the conflicts of Europe. But In discharging
our obligations under the Monroe Doctrine,
we must act with full regard for the fact that
the problem of Cuba and of Communist de-
signs in the Western Hemisphere is not an
isolated one but part of our worldwide strug-
gle against Communist Imperialism."
Senator DENNIS CHAVEZ. Democrat, of New
Mexico, September 20, 1962:
"?? ? s how can we justify saying we object
to the Russians being in Cuba when we have
a base within 60 miles of the Russian border
in Turkey? I have been at our airbase in
Turkey, 60 miles from Russia. How can we
justify that and at the same time object to
the Russians being in Cuba?"
Senator STEPHEN YovNG, Democrat, of
Ohio, September 20,1962:
"The Monroe Doctrine has been altered be-
cause we have foreign commitments and
responsibilities.
"I submit, therefore, that we can neither
morally nor realistically take action which
would jeopardize the security and indepen-
dence of our allies.
"It is not the same Monroe Doctrine as
that of 1823; and our historians have been
reporting that fact to us for some decades.
They are correct."
Congressman CoRNELris GALLAGHER. Dem-
ocrat, of New Jersey, September 20, 1982:
"The Monroe Doctrine of 150 years ago
has been amended by the necessity of a Ken-
nedy doctrine which recognizes that a few
sailing ships and men armed with muskets
differs critically from a thoughtless armed
action which can escalate Into a nuclear
holocaust and incinerate the Western
Hemisphere."
Congressman ELMER J. HOLLAND, Democrat,
of Pennsylvania, September 28,1962:
Mr. HOLLAND Inserted in the CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD an editorial which was entitled,
"Monroe: Obsolete Doctrine." The editorial
said, "The Monroe Doctrine Is Dead." Con-
gressman HOLLAND called it (p. A 178) "An
excellent editorial on the present `hot' cold-
war situation. ' ' ? It is good to know that
we have responsible and levelheaded publish-
ers and editors throughout the Nation who
are dedicated to reporting the facts,"
ARA, SUGARBEETS AND PEANUTS
(Mr. LANGEN asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. LANGEN. Mr. Speaker, I recently
called your attention, and to the atten-
tion of my colleagues, how the Area Re-
development Administration was getting
into the sugarbeet business by granting
technical studies designed to prove the
feasibility of growing beets In areas of
questionable suitability, while proven
beet areas continue to beg for acreage
allotments.
Mr. Frank L. King of Long Prairie,
Minn., took note of the situation and
promptly sent me the following letter
which, even with tongue In cheek, por-
trays the foolish and unwarranted
actions we have noted from the Area Re-
development Administration since its
Inception. I respectfully submit Mr.
Ron. ODIN LANGEN.
Longworfh Office Building,
Washington. D.C.
DsAs CONGRESSMAN LANGEN: I have been
giving some thought to means of replacement
of the loss that the Red River Valley will
sustain, and is sustaining, as-a result of the
Department of Agriculture and the Area
Redevelopment Administration withholding
a 50,000-ton sugarbeet allotment for the
purpose of experimenting with sugarbeet
raising in Cayuga County, N.Y., and I have
suddenly found the answer.
While poking around in my garden last
evening, I dug up a peanut. Now If I can dig
a peanut out of the ground in my garden
without even having planted one, just think
of what would happen If I planted them.
Instead of the ARA making a grant of $118.-
000, as it did to experiment with beets in
Cayuga County. N.Y., I would be willing to
conduct an extended experiment with pea-
nuts in Todd County, Minn., for $118. Per-
haps with a slight additional grant I could
experiment with the idea of growing a pea-
nut already salted In the shell, or perhaps
with a further grant I could experiment with
growing preroasted peanuts. Now. at first
blush you may not consider my ideas as
practical, but I beg of you to give them
serious consideration with a view toward
submitting to the Department of Agriculture
and the Area Redevelopment Administration,
because if these departments can be con-
vinced that the Ideas are feasible, then they
have to be feasible, It you will but consider
the infallibility of the New Frontier's ideas
of "getting this country moving."
Now the question arises: What will we do
with all of the peanuts we will raise In Todd
County? I have that problem solved also.
My Idea should gain very popular support
from legislators who are so dependent upon
and are dictated to by labor leaders. Instead
of spending $20 million for a plant, to be
paid for with taxpayer's money, we could
find lots of space for the employment of
many people to hand-shell the peanuts, and
the finished product could then be pur-
chased by the government and the many
thousands of additional employees that are
being taken on by the Department of Agri-
culture since the Inauguration of the New
Frontier could be paid their monthly salary
with the finished product. This would in no
way detract from the Cayuga County project,
because peanuts will not serve as a substitute
for sugar.
Respectfully yours,
LABOR-MANAGEMENT STEEL -
CONTRACT
(Mr. MADDEN asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his remarks,
and to- include extraneous matter.)
Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, de-
spite continued charges that collective
bargaining has broken down the United
Steelworkers of America has concluded
an unprecedented agreement in that it
was conducted without the threat of a
strike. The union and the industry have
been experimenting with a labor-man-
agement committee-a Joint study com-
mittee-whereby negotiations could be
carried on without the pressure of the
termination of the agreement. This
built-in contractural procedure empha-
sizes that collective bargaining id a con-
tinuing process and should not be left
to the tension generated during the last
few weeks prior to the end of the labor
contract.
President McDonald of the United
Steelworkers of America should be con-
gratulated for leading his union In this
pioneering endeavor to perfect the in-
stitution of free collective bargaining
without reliance upon Government inter-
vention. It has certainly broken with
the procedures followed in past negotia-
tions with the steel industry and should
reassure the American people that the
public interest can be best served by col-
lective bargaining. I enclose -a copy of
the statement passed by the wage policy
committee which spells out the terms of
the agreement.
STATEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL WAGE POLICY
COMMITTEE, UNITED STEELWORKERS OF
AMERICA, Juwz 20, 1963
I
After the great steel strike of 1959, the
United Steelworkers of America and the
major steel companies came to realize that
a drasticchange would have to be made in
the nature of their relationship If a repeti-
tion of that experience was to be avoided.
Accordingly, It was agreed that a joint study
committee would be established, to be known
as the human relations research commit-
tee, which would attempt during the term
of the agreement to study the mutual prob-
lems of the parties and to arrive at mutually
satisfactory solutions. It was hoped that
this device would make possible a more
thorough exploration of problems in a more
cooperative atmosphere, free of the pressure
of imminent deadlines. The wage policy
committee wholeheartedly endorsed this ef-
fort to find a new approach to collective bar-
gaining.
This imaginative experiment bore its first
fruits in 1962. In that year, the United
Steelworkers of America and the 11 major
steel companies made a historic agreement-
months in advance of the expiration date of
the 1959 agreement-which was based in
large part upon the work which had been
done by the human relations research com-
mittee.
Not surprisingly, the 1962 agreements pro-
vided for the continuation of the human
relations research committee, under the
name of human relations committee, on
a greatly expanded basis. A number of very
broad, difficult and important problems
were specifically referred to that committee
for study.
Since the principal problem facing our
members is the problem of unemployment,
most of the issues which were referred to
the human relations committee were issues
affecting job and income security. These
included the following:
1. The creation of employment opportuni-
ties through vacations of longer duration.
2. The contracting out of work which
could, be performed by bargaining unit em-
ployees.
3. The scheduling of overtime work for
some employees while others are on layoff
or working less than a full 40-hour week.
4. The performance by supervisors of
work normally performed by bargaining unit
employees.
5. The assignment to employees outside
the bargaining unit of work which has been
or could be performed by bargaining unit
employees.
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A-3996 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX
institution of learning. No small measure of
the success is due Superintendent G. W. Ban-
nerman, the energetic and widely recognized
educator who has insisted upon one of the
finest high school staffs anywhere.
Cited particularly for his leadership was
Mr. Taylor, who, while comparatively new on.
the job as principal, has pushed for new and
higher goals for. our school. As the award
citation states, he has "presented an image
deserving of the Bellamy Award."
Teachers were specifically cited for "ex-
ceptionally high caliber" and for having
"tireless devotion" and being "without jeal-
ousies."
Students have demonstrated good citizen-
ship and patriotism which has made their
school worthy of the award.
Other specific reasons are cited for grant-
ing the award to Wausau High, including bne
that says that the "local press is thorough in
promoting a good local educational system,"
according to Miss Margarette Miller, Ports-
mouth, Va., director of the award. We are
particularly proud of that statement because
a good educational system is a continuing ob-
jective of this newspaper:
But giving credit where credit is due, the
award was won, as previously stated, by out-
standing administration, teachers and stu-
dents. We salute you, educators, and stu-
dents.
No Job Discrimination in Washington
County, Md.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CHARLES McC. MATHIAS, JR.
OF MARYLAND
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, June 18, 1963
Mr. MATHIAS. Mr. Speaker, I would
like to call to the attention of the House
the following article on nondiscrimina-
tory hiring policies practiced by the over-
whelming majority of business establish-
ments in Washington County, Md. The
intensive study by the United Church
Women of Washington County reveals
the progress which has been made in
achieving equality of job opportunity for
all county citizens. The report calls
attention to those factors other than dis-
crimination which prevent Negroes from
obtaining jobs. The Congress of the
United States would be wise to reflect on
these factors with an eye to considering
remedial legislation in this important
area.
JOB BIAS UNSEEN AT 23 FIRMS HERE
(By Harry Warner)
Twenty-three business establishments in
Washington County employing 4,256 persons
have reported that their personnel practices
are completely nondiscriminatory with re-
spect to race.
Ten of these establishments employ 57
Negroes at the present time. Thirteen of
the employers, whose work force consists of
286 persons not including any Negroes at the
present time, indicate that they would give
consideration to qualified Negroes for any
job in their employment when vacancies
occur.
These figures are part of the report of an
intensive study made by the United Church
Women of Washington County in coopera-
tion with the Washington County Council
of Churches. The project grew out of a study
entitled "Assignment: Race."
A special committee of the United Church
Women, including Negro members, prepared
and distributed a questionnaire, with as-
surance to employers that names of persons
and businesses would not be released and
that only summary statistics Would be Issued.
The purpose of the project is to give en-
couragement to employers, to Negroes, and
to the community at large for progress in
human relations, and to strengthen the sense
of Christian social responsibility for fair
employment practices in Washington
County.
The number of replies is sufficiently large
and diverse, the committee believes, to indi-
cate trends and to be representative. Mem-
bers of the committee have expressed deep
appreciation to the many employers and
personnel officers who not only filled out
the questionnaire but added explanation and
interpretation, providing real help In the
study.
Replies to the questionnaire were received
from 243 businesses, employing 8,486 persons,
including 214 Negroes.
Although 1960 census figures reported
23,379 employed in the county, this figure
includes. self-employed persons, businesses
limited to members of the family of the
proprietor, domestics, and jobs covered in a
previous study of employment practices in
hotels, motels, and restaurants. Other em-
ployers, some of whom employ a substantial
number of persons, are not counted in the
statistics in the committee's report, because
these employers indicate that their records.
do, not include information on race. Some
employers answered only parts of the ques-
tionnaire.
Although the figures may not represent
jobs vacant at the present time, 25 business
places employing some Negroes indicate that
a limited number of additional job classifi-
cations are open to Negroes.
A total of 52 employers who do not pres-
ently employ Negroes indicate that they have
areas of work other than janitorial and
maintenance which are open to Negroes; 19
employers offer only janitorial and mainte-
nance work to Negroes; and 77 employers
indicate they would employ Negroes in a lim-
ited number of other areas including pro-
fessional positions, sales, secretarial, me-
chanical, and general office work.
Of those employers now providing jobs for
Negroes, two indicated that Negroes are not
eligible for advancement on the basis ap-
plied to white employees. Seven stated cate-
gorically they would not employ Negroes.
A limited number of businesses reported
willingness to provide seasonal employment
for white or Negro students. Five employers
limited opportunities for such seasonal work
to white students.
One of the more unexpected features in
the replies was the report by 52 employers
that no Negro has applied to them for em-
ployment. Fifteen employers said they had
received applications from Negores not qual-
ified for the jobs they were seeking.
. Correspondence attached to question-
naires returned and information supplied in
interviews indicated these factors other than
racial discrimination affecting employment
of Negroes in Washington County: Competi-
tion for jobs due to high rate of unemploy-
ment, the influence of seniority in rehiring,
the need of Negroes for more training, and
the assumption, unwarranted in some in-
stances, that employers would not -hire Ne-
groes even if, they were qualified.
As a further development of this project,
the United Church. Women plan to prepare
and make available to employers a file of
job applications filled out by Negro young
people who- are recent graduates and by
other young people who believe they could
qualify for higher classifications of work
than those in which they are presently
employed.
Members of the Christian social relations
committee of the United Church Women
who prepared the questionnaire and par-
June 24
ticipated in its distribution are Mesdames
Kenneth Adams, W. H. -Arata, William H.
Babylon, William H. . Brish, J. Russell
Butcher, Robert H. Dowse, Asher Edelman,
Fred C. Ernst, W. Ronald Fearer, Walter C.
Hollins, Aaron E. Johnson, Frank F. Lusby,
Patsy Marks, Harry G. Miles, Howard Spes-
sard, W. C. Shroeder, W. H. Stewart, Law-
rence N. Strunk, George Whetstone, and
Miss Ann Whitmore.
Members of the Washington County Coun-
cil of Churches who cooperated in an advi-
sory capacity are the Reverend W. Ronald
Fearer, the Reverend. G. Bartow Harris, the
Reverendf Ivan G." augle, and W. H. Stewart.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. STEVEN B. DEROUNIAN
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
-Tuesday, June 4, 1963
Mr. DEROUNIAN. Mr. Speaker, the
Kennedy administration has been mov-
ing closer and closer to appeasement
with the Soviets and Castro. Robert S.
Allen and Paul Scott, in a very disturb-
ing report, indicate what is going on.
The President should be frank enough to
state the same without hiding behind a
New York attorney who has no business
making foreign policy for the United
States.
The report follows:
A SHIFT ON CASTRO STUDIED -
(By Robert S. Allen and Paul Scott)
WASHINGTON. President Kennedy is delib-
erating a gradual shift in U.S. policy toward
Dictator Fidel Castro's Communist regime in
Cuba.
For more than a month, the President and
his top foreign policy advisers have been dis-
cussing a plan under which the United
States would resume contact with Castro
on both an informal and formal basis, -
Under this backstage scheme, New York
attorney James Donovan, who negotiated the
$53 million ransom of the ill-fated Bay of
Pigs invasion prisoners, Would fly to Havana
and Moscow to seek the withdrawal of all So-
viet combat forces from Cuba.
In exchange for their removal, the United
States would agree to a step-by-step normal-
ization of diplomatic and trade relations
with the Red-ruled Castro dictatorship over
a 2-year period.
As a first step, the United States would re-
open its Embassy in Havana by sending a
Charge d'Affaires there. At present the Swiss
Ambassador is handling U.S. affairs.
An exchange of ambassadors and lifting of
the trade embargo against Castro would fol-
low after sufficient time had elapsed to make
such a drastic readjustment palatable to the
people and Congress.
This far-reaching shift in Cuban relations
is part of President Kennedy's policy of seek-
ing accommodations with Russia and its
satellite bloc for the avowed purpose of re-
ducing the risk of nuclear war by moderating
tensions.
White House_ insiders say the proposed
switch in Cuba policy fits squarely with
strategy enunciated recently by the Presi-
dent in a speech that "Any plan of action in
the Caribbean has to take into account con-
ditions/ and potential developments between
the United States and U.S.S.R."
The President favors 47-year-old Donovan
for this highly explosive diplomatic mission
for two reasons: His acceptability to Castro
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A3993
on bone formation. Our own blood is red
because it contains a complex organic mole-
cule containing iron. Some of the creatures
that live in the oceans have blood that Is
green, however, because it contains copper.
There is even a primitive kind of animal In
the ocean, called the ascidian, whose blood
contains the element vanadium. We need
to know a great deal more about the func-
tions of these metals in such biological sys-
tems, and again neutron activation may be
the instrument that will tell us much which
will ultimately be useful in maintaining hu-
man health and vigor..
A better understanding of the biochemical
processes of aging may yet let us extend
our lifetimes far beyond the Biblical three-
score and ten. Improved medical care and
prevention and even total eradication of
many diseases may not be far off.
Yet an ever-increasing population. and
one which lives longer and longer will bring
with it a whole horde of new problems-
social, economic, political, and particularly
educational. The world will be more com-
plex and the teacher's responsibilities and
opportunities much greater.
It would seem that a shorter workweek,
resulting from increased automation, will
almost certainly appear. Our children will
have more and more time available to them-
theoretically-as leisure. Perhaps by 1993,
the average office or factory worker will be
putting in only a 24-hour workweek. with
plenty of long weekends.
? ? ? ?
We are well aware of the quantitative
demands that will be placed on undergrad-
uate schools in the years ahead. It appears
that, whereas some 18 percent, or 400,000, of
the Nation's 22-year-olds took baccalaureate
degrees In 1960, some 25 percent, or 875,000,
will receive such degrees in 1970. If we keep
as our goal the maintenance of high quality
in education, these figures appear staggering.
Yet we are not without experience with ex-
plosive expansion, although on a smaller
scale, since in 1940 only 6 percent, or 190,000,
of our 22-year-olds acquired baccalaureate
degrees.
There Is one suggestion about the under-
graduate curriculum I should like to dis-
cuss in more detail. It has to do with the
education of the generalist upon whom we
depend so much for leadership and for In-
formed influence in the democratic process.
Let me define in part the problem' of edu-
cating the generalist by considering the
kind of individual who can live a conse-
quential life in, and who can contribute
significantly to, a free and dynamic scientific
society. I believe he must have a firm
grasp of his liberal-humanitarian heritage.
He must comprehend the value of freedom
and truth, and be sensitive to significance
in art, literature, music and philosophy.
He should be intellectually flexible, and re-
ceptive to new knowlcdge,and to new pat-
terns of living as old worlds crumble. He
must be able to differentiate between In-
trinsic and superficial values; to under-
stand and act upon the knowledge that
the value of creative evolution Iles not In
mere acquisition of material wealth and
leisure but in the capacity of these things
to help him achieve more meaningful ful-
fillment. He must be responsible, and con-
tribute his full share, intelligently, to dem-
ocratic processes.
My discussion here of the undergraduate
curriculum will revolve about a single
theme: that tens of thousands of young
men and women are leaving the halls of
higher education each year with allegedly
liberal educations but who in fact have lit-
tle or no knowledge of science. If a lib-
erally educated person is one who can make
critical judgments of his society and his
time, who today is liberally educated if he half of our scientific research, demonstrates
knows nothing about aplence? It would be that techniques can be developed which in-
foolhardy and undesirable to try to make crease the capacities of our graduate schools
every bright student a scientist. It would without depriving them of their indepen-
be impossible to stock a general student's deuce. The Federal Government appears to
head with scientific facts sufficient for him be a needed source of the funds required for
to be knowledgeable, even for a brief time the necessary expansion. It appears likely
after graduation, about the broad expanse that growing support for Federal assistance
of science. Yet it is most unfortunate to will help place the ambitious goals of ex-
send him into a world evolving swiftly under panston of graduate education within reach.
the impact of scientific knowledge without In summary, we have inherited a revolu-
a grasp of scientific method, an elementary tionary philosophical concept of man as an
undertanding of the larger principles of architect of his environment, a concept that
science, an appreciation of the influence of seemed to flower only about two centuries
I
thi
id
science in philosophy, economics and history,
and a knowledge of the power and dynamics
of science in creative evolution.
The implications for your task of making
critical decisions In higher education seem
obvious. Your responsibility is to educate
the leaders of tomorrow's world. That world
will be dominated increasingly by science
and technology. Wherever your future
graduates go-into business. politics, in-
dustry, government, teaching, or whatever
field-they will find their effectiveness and
their rewards greatly Increased by a knowl-
edge of science. In the healthy working
of the democratic process. a wider under-
standing of the dynamics of science is Im-
perative. I believe that one of the critical
decisions the participants In this Confer-
ence could make would be to work for a
return of science to a significant place in
general education.
It Is not my suggestion that broad cultural
Instruction should be reduced at the expense
of Increased science content. A sound foun-
dation in our cultural heritage, in appre-
ciation of art, music, literature and human
thought, to essential to the fulfillment made
possible by creative evolution. Therefore. I
would by no means confine my academic
cross-fertilization to the inclusion of science-
oriented professors in nonscience depart-
ments. Rather, I would give some appoint-
ments In the science departments to teachers
who have special interests In the arts, the
humanities and the social sciences-men who
could relate these cultural Interests to the
natural sciences.
In these ways, I believe we could signif-
icantly increase literacy of science. as well as
increase cultural literacy among scientists,
without doing violence to the academic
structure.
in connection with this whole area of
cross-fertilization, I should like to mention
a contribution that is being made by one of
the Atomic Energy Commission laboratories,
the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Starting
on June 17, Oak Ridge will conduct a 6-week
summer institute of "Humanistic Discussions
In Science" The institute is designed to
provide nonscience university and college
teachers with an increased awareness of sci-
ence In general and nuclear science in par-
ticular in order that they may incorporate a
fuller discussion of science within the con-
text of their own disciplines. Participants in
the institute will be selected primarily from
departments of economics, government, his-
tory, philosophy, political science and soci-
ology. An important consideration in select-
ing the 30 participants will be the applicant's
degree of Interest in science. I believe pro-
grams of this kind merit the careful consid-
eration of the academic community.
I cite these developments as a prelude to
another major recommendation fora critical
decision In higher education: Namely, that
you work to extend. as far as feasible, your
graduate programs with the assistance of
the Federal Government. There has been
considerable debate about the desirability
of Federal support, especially for faculty and
facilities. I believe the experience of the
post-World War II period, in which Federal
Government has come to support more than
n
s
ea
ago. Dien gained confidence
when their economic energy and inventions
brought unparalleled modifications of life
through the Industrial revolution. In the
period start:ng some two decades ago, which
mhy be designated as the beginning of the
third revolution. Western man became irrevc
ocably dedicated to the concept of creative
evolution, The future of the third revolu-
tion-of man's power to mold the world to
his liking-is almost unlimited.
Wausau High Gets National Recognition
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. GAYLORD NELSON
of WISCONSIN
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Monday, June 24, 1963
Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, the
senior high school at Wausau, Wis., has
been selected as the 1964 winner of the
Bellamy Flag Award.
Judging in the 23d annual competi-
tion for the Bellamy Award was limited
to Wisconsin high schools. Wausau
Senior High School won out over 73 other
schools in Wisconsin for the honor.-
The award presentation will take place
October 11, 1964.
I ask unanimous consent to have an
editorial from the May 17, 1963 issue of
the Wausau Daily Record-Herald printed
in the Appendix of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
WAUSAU HIGH GETS NATIONAL RECOGNITION
A high honor, one of a number received
in recent year has been bestowed upon
Wausau Senior High School. There is every
indication that our public high school richly
deserves the national Bellamy Flag Award,
perhaps the highest tribute ever paid the
local Institution and one which is highly
coveted among the secondary schools of the
Nation.
Only one such award is made each year
III the United States. While judging was lim-
ited to Wisconsin schools this year. our school
won out over 73 others nominated for the
honor. We join a select list of 22 past win-
ners, Including Central High School, of Chat-
tanooga, Tenn., the 1963 winner.
An indication of the importance of the
award is that Principal Marshall Taylor has
already received letters and telegrams of con-
gratulations from 14 Governors, 18 Senators,
10 Congressmen and a host of other noted
educators, Cabinet members, widely known
entertainers and others.
There are three good reasons why the Bel-
lamy Award will be presented at Wausau
Senior High on October 11, 1964. They are:
Administration, teachers, and students.
From the top, the Wausau Board of Edu-
cation has set down ground rules which have
made possible the growth of an outstanding
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