Sen Floor Debate (Cong Record)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP64B00346R000400070005-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
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• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 14, 2003
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: January 1, 1962
• Content Type: OPEN

Y 96~ Approved For Re~~~~~~~AZC~I~$PR~4BOOSENATE 400070005-0 1159
twice by its title, and referred to the
Committee on Government Operations.
The summary is as Follows:
SCIENCE AND TECnNOLOGY-HEARINGS, RE-
PORTS ON LEGISLATION, SPECIAL REPORTS
AND PUBLICATIONS-COMMITTEE ON GO{f-
ERNMENT OPERATIONa
Hearings on S. 3126: To create a Depart-
ment of Science and Technology; (to create
Standing Committees on Science and Tech-
nology in -the Congress) ; to establish Na-
tional Institutes of Scientiflc Research; to
authorize a program of Federal lo*ana .and
loan insurance for college or university edu-
cation in the physical or biological sciences,
mathematics, or engineering; to authorize
the estab)ishment of scientific programs
outside of the Unitec' Staten and for other
purposes-Science and Technology Act of
19b8, part 1, May 2, 8, and 7, 1958.
Hearings on S. 3126: Expansion of Fed-
eral program for coordination. of scientific
informatign and documentation, title I, and
on S. 4039, to authorize the expenditure of
funds through grants for support of scien-
tific research .(title II of S. 3126), Science
and Technology Act of 1958, part 2, June
25 and 26, 1958.
~. Rcpt. No. 2044 (on S. 4039) : To author-
ize the expenditure of funds through grants
for .support of scientific research, July 30,
1968. Public Law 934, September 6, 1958.
Committee print: Report on development
of scientific, engineering, and other pro-
cessional manpower (with emphasis on the
role of the Federal Government). (Prepared
by the Leg~slative.Reference Service, Library
of Congress,. April 1957), February 13, 1958.
(Quattlebaum report.)
S. Doc. No. 90: Science and Technology
Act of 1958, Analysis and summary pre-
pared by the staff of the Senate Committee
on Government Operations on S. 3126, to
~ create a Department of Science and Tech-
nology; (to create Standing Committees on
Science and Technology in the Congress);
to establish National Institutes of Scientific
Research; to authorize a program of Federal
loans and loan insurance for college or uni-
versity education in the physical or biologi-
cal sciences, mathematics, or engineering;
tb authorize the establishment of scientific
programs outside of the United States; and
for other purposes, April 17, 1958. (Com-
mittee print of same published February
13, 1968.)
Hearings an S. 878: To create a Department
of Science and Technology, and to transfer
certain agencies and functions to such De-
partment; and on S. 588, to establish a U.S.
Department of Science and to prescribe the
functions .thereof, part 1, April 16-17, 1959.
4n S. 626, S. 586, and S. 1851: for the estab-
lishment ai a Commission on a Department
oP Science and Technology, part 2, May 28,
1969.
Senate Report No. 408 (on S. 1851) : Eatab-
1lshment of a Commission on a Department
of Science and Technology, June 18, 1959.
Senate Report No. 2498: "Progress Report
on Science 1'rogratns of the Federal Govern-
ment," September 9, 1958.
Senate Report No. 12d: Science programs-
86th Congress, March 23, 1969.
Senate Report No. 113, 88th Congress:
Documentation, .indexing and Retrieval of
Scientiflc Information. A study oi. Federal
and non-Fc'eral science. information proc-
essing and retrieval programs, June 23, 1960.
(Committee print of same, May 24, 1960.)
Senate Document No. 15, 87th Congress:
Documentation, Indexing and Retrieval of
Scientific Information, Addendum to Senate
Document No. 113 of the 86th Congress,
March 9, 1961.
SUBCOlYIMITTEE ON REORGANIZATION
Committee print: "Coordination of Infor-
mation on Current Scientific Research. and
Development Supported by the U.S. Govern-
ment." Administrative and scientific prob-
lems and, opportunities of central registra,-
tion of research projects in science and
engineering, April 17, 1961.
Committee print: "Coordinatio~i of ]Infor-
mation on Current Ft;deral Research and De-
velopment Projects in the Field of 81ec-
tronics." An analysis of agency systems for
storage and retrieval of data on on-going
work and of views of private companies on
indexing and communication problems, Sep-
tember 20, 1961.
Hearings on Federal budgeting for research
and development. Agency coordination
study. Part I. The Department of Defense
and the National Aeronautics and Spam Ad-
ministration, July 26 and 27, 1961.
Hearings on Federal budgeting for research
and development. Agency coordination
study. Part II. Problems of diverse agen-
cies and of a Government-wide nature, July
26 and 27, 1961.
Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the bill
may remain on the desk until the con-
clusion of Business next Monday, to give
opportunity to Senators who may de-
sire to do so to add their names as
cosponsors of the measure.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
YOUNG of Ohio lri the chair) . Without
objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. I3TJMPHREY. Mr. President, I
commend the Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Government Operations, 'with
whom I have been privileged to serve on
that committee almost every day and
week since I have been in Congress. The
subject of a scientific and technolof;ical
information service in our Goverxmlent
and the recruitment of personnel is
one that has long occupied the attention
of the Subcommittee on Reorganization,
of which I have been chairman for a
number of years. The reports of the
Committee on Government Operations
that are referred too are the result of
hearings which have been held by the
full committee and the subcommittee.
Z'he proposed commission is needed. It
was needed 2 years ago, I believe. ]vow
with the sponsorship of the distinguished
chairman of the committee, I am sure it
will be established, I am very pleased
to join the chairman of the committee
in the cosponsorship of his proposal. I
assure him of my wholehearted co-
operation to get the bill through any
subcommittee to which it may be re-
ferred, and also through the full
committee. -
Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President, I
thank my distinguished friend from
Minnesota. I know of his keen and in-
tense interest in this subject matter. I
know that he recognizes, as do many of
us,-the need for legislation in this field
and for a competent and thorough study
of ways and means by which we can co-
ordinate scientific and technologica: in-
formation. I anticipate that during i;his
session of Congress, and I hope at an
early date, the committee will hold hear-
ings on the measure and possibly report
it for action before this session of Con-
gress adjourns.
DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL I
INTELLIGENCE
of the nomination of John A. McCone,, of
California, to be Director of Central :[n-
telligence.
EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED
The PRESIDING OFFICER laid be-
fore the Senate messages from the Presi-
dent of the United States submitting
sundry nominations, which were referred
to the appropriate committees.
(For nominations this day received,
e the end of Senate proceedings.)
EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF
COMMITTEES
The following favorable reports of
nominations were submitted
By Mr. FULBRIGHT, from the Committee
on Foreign Relations:
Adiai E. Stevenson, of Illinois, Francis
T. P. Plimpton, of New York, Charles W.
Yost, of New York, Philip M. Klutznick, of
Illinois, and Jonathan B. Bingham, of New
York, to be Representatives of the United
States of America to the 16th session of the
General .Assembly of the United Nations;
John M. Steeves, of the District of Co-
lumbia, aForeign Service officer of the class
of career minister, to be Ambassador Extraor-
dinary and Plenipotentiary to Afghanistan;
C. Allan Stewart, of Arizona, a Foreign
Service oflcer of class 1, to 'be Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Ven-
ezuela;
Robert McClintock, of California, a Foreign
Service officer of class 1, to be Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Argen-
tina
William S. Gaud, of Connecticut, to be
Assistant Administrator for the Near East
and South Asia, Agency for international
Development;
Edmond C. Hutchinson, of Maryland, to
be Assistant Administrator for Africa and
Europe, Agency for International Develop-
ment;
Seymour J. Janow, of California, to be
Assistant Administrator for the Far East,
Agency for International Development; and
Teodoro Moscoso, of Puerto Rico, to be
Assistant Administrator for Latin America,
Agency for International Development.
By Mr. EASTLAND, from the Committee on
the Judiciary:
Walter Pettus Gewin, of Alabama, to be
U.S. circuit judge, fifth circuit;
Clarence W. Allgood, of Alabama, to be
U.S. district judge for the northern district
of Alabama?
Griffin B.~Bell, of Georgia, to be U.S. cir-
cuit judge, fifth circuit;
Nathan S. Heffernan, of Wisconsin, to
be U.S. attorney for the western district
of Wisconsin;
Clinton N. Ashmore, of Florida, to be
V.S. attorney for the northern district. of
Florida;
John M. Imel, of Oklahoma, to be U.S.
attorney for the northern district of
Oklahoma;
Joseph W. Keene, of Louisiana; to be U.S.
marshal for the western district of
Louisiana;
Richard J. Jarboe, of Indiana, to be U.S.
marshal for the southern district ai In-
diana; and
Raymond F. Farrell, of Rhode Island, to
be Commissioner of Immigration and
Naturalization.
By bZr. McCLELLAN, from the Committee
on the Judiciary:
Robert D. Smith, Jr., of Arkansas, to be
U.S. attorney for the eastern district of
Arkansas; and
Charles M. Conway, of Arkansas, to be
U.S. attorney for the western district of
Arkansas.
By Mr. HART, from the Committee on the
Judiciary:
Talbot Smith, of Michigan, to be U.S, dis-
trict judge for the eastern district of
Michigan.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENAATE fxryauary 3Y
senator SMITH. Who recommended you However, the Constitution prescribes
for the appointment? certain duties for every Member of the
Mr. MCCOxE. T do not know. U.S. Senate. Among those duties is to
Senator SMITH. Who besides the President advise and consent to the nominations
talked with you about taking the position? of officers of the Federal Government
Mr. MccoxE. No one. when such officers are prescribed by law
Senator SxvIITx. Was there not some ques-
tion in your own mind about yoiu qualifl- to be subject to the advice and consent
cations? clause of the Constitution.
Mr. McCoxs. Avery serious one. This office is of greater importance, in
Senator SMTTH. Did you not raise such a my view, than any Other OfIICe Upon
question with the President and others with whose nomination the Senate is required
whom you talked? to advise and consent. This is not mere-
Mr. McCoxE. I raised 1t in my own con- ly my opinion. This Opinion is widely
science, naturally; with my wZfe. Yes, shared.
Senator SMxTx. But not with the Presi-
aent? Indeed, the distinguished chairman of
Mr. McCoxE. No; I did not raise it with the Senate Armed Services Committee,
the President. the able and highly experienced senior
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I invite Senator from Georgia [Mr. RICHARD
attention to the fact that the Senator RussELl.l, opened the hearings which he
from Minnesota iMr. MCCARTEiYI who conducted on Mr. McCone's nomination,
is in a sense leading the opposition to by stating:
the Confirmation of the nomination of In this period through which we are pass-
Mr. McCone, is the author of a reSOlu- ing. this office is perhaps second only to the
tion to establish a Joint Committee On Presidency in its importance.
Foreign Information and Intelligence, The able and distinguished chairman
of which I am a cosponsor. of the Armed Services Committee not
I advance the view, Mr. President, only opened the hearings with that state-
because of the way I intend to vote ment-that "In this period this office is
on the nomination, that the manner in perhaps second only to the Presidency in
which to deal with any danger that the its importance," but he reiterated .that
CIA may be in itself some kind of a opinion later in the hearing---on page
By Mr. ByRD of Virginia,
mitter, on Finance:
James Allan Reed, of Massachusetts, to be
an 1!,ssistant Secretary of the 't`reasury;
Ben David Dorfman, of the District of
Columbia, to be a member of the II.s. Tariff
Commission;
Eugene V. Atkinson, of Pennsylvania, to be
collector of customs for customs collection
district No. 12, with headquarters at Pitts-
burgh, Pa.;
Minnie M. Zoller, of Texas, to be collector
of customs for Customs collection dis-
trict No. 21, with headquarters at Port
Artbur, Tex.;
Sam D. W. Low, of Texas, to be collector
of customs for customs collection district
No.:d2, with headquarters at Galveston, Tex.;
Charles H. Kazen, of 'T'exas, to be collector
of customs for customs collection district
No. 23, with headquarters at Laredo, Tex.;
William W. Knight, of Alaska, to be col-
lecG~r of customs for customs collection dis-
trict: No. 31, with headquarters at Juneau.
Alaska;
Stamuel S. Wyatt, of Tennessee, trJ be
collector of customs for customs collection
district No. 43, with headquarters at 14Lem-
phis, Tenn.;
John A. Vaccaro, of New York, to be
surveyor of customs. in customs collection
district No. 10, with headquarters at New
Yors, N.Y.;
Andrew M. Bacon, of Louisiana, tp be
comptroller of customs, with headquarters
at view Orleans, La.; and
of customs xor customs coueu~ivaa umoa+co -
No. 26, with headquarters at Nogales, Ariz. Carthy's bill. I think the CIA must be
subordinate to the foreign policy of the
emirs. SMITH of Maine. Mr: President, United States a>~id that its duty is to
I shall vote against confirmation of the obtain and to evaluate intelligence in-
apX~ointment of John A. McCone to be formation-period; and that goes for its
Director of Central Intelligence. I shall operatives in the field as well as its op-
do so because I do not consider him eratives at home. It is not necessary
qualified for this very important post- to deny a man collflrmation of his nom-
tioll, because: ination on that score, but instead it is
First. He had no training or expert- necessary to have an assurance by legis-
ence in the field of intelligence prior lative oversight in the,Congress that we
to llis appointment--while all of his intend to make our purpose felt who-
predecessors had. ever may be the incumbent in the office
~iecond. A very serious question existed as the head of the CIA.
in his own mind about his qualifications; The way to accomplish owe purpose
yet he did not raise this question with is to see that what we want gets done
they President of the United States. in tQrms of the ultimate purpose, and
"Chess disturbing facts are recorded Senator McCarthy's bill gives us this
on page 53 of the hearing record on opportunity.
his nomination, and by his own very Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, it is a
terse and unequivocal answers to the source of regret to me that I feel obliged
questions i asked of him on these points. to express a serious doubt as to the wis-
INr. President, I ask unanimous con- dom of a Presidential nomination. I re-
sent to have printed at this paint in the fer to the nomination of Mr. John A.
RECORD, as a part of my remarks, the McCone for the supremely important
portion of page 53 of the committee post of Director of Central Intelligence.
herring to which I have referred. It is not pleasant for me to question
'There being no objection, the excerpt the judgment of the President of the
from the hearing was ordered to be United States. Particularly, it is not
printed in the RECORD, as follows: pleasant when one happens to be, as I
19111 you tell the committee what training am, a great admirer of President John
or experience you had in the field of intelli- F. Kennedy. It is riot pleasant for one
gexire prior to your appointment to that w,ho wishes, as I do, whenever possible,
po~aition? to follow where he leads and to support
1vIr. McCoxE. None. his program wherever possible with
senator SMITH. In view of your lack of vigor and enthusiasm. For John F. Ken-
training and experience in the field of in-
tel igence, you are unique, are you not, in nedy is not only our President, the leader
_ _ -__.. ._u_~ L..a si..,. 1...,Ae.. of+hnTlam-
7VIr. McCoxE. I do not know tnat Because
I do nat know the experience of my prede-
cessors.
tienator SMrrx. What then makes you feel
th:It you are suitably and adequately quali-
fied to be the Director of the Central Intelli-
ge:nce Agency when you have had no experi-
ence or training in the field of intelligence?
:NLr. McCoxs. I think, Senator, that that
was a question decided by others than I.
and without the qualifying clause:
In this period through which we are pass-
ing-
in my opinion-said Senator RussEI.L
again-
this position in many respects SE> second in
importance only to the President.
Senator RussEl.r. fs quite xight. No
position. in the Federal Government is
fraught with so much power for good or
ill and involves such great responsibility.
This is particularly-the case as it is the
only position in the Federal Government
which is subject to no supervision or
control by any congressional body. In
this one case alone our historic and
essential system of checks and balances
does not operate.
Now, it will be said that John A. Mc-
Cone has twice been confirmed before to
positions to which he was nominated by
other Presidents of the United States.
That is true. He served as Undersecre-
tary of the Air Force, and he served as
chairman of the ~ Atomic Energy Com-
mission. And I do not question for a
moment the ability of his service in those
fields, or the wisdom of the appointments
made by two previous Presidents of Mr.
McCone to those two important offices,
and the wisdom of the Senate in con-
firming him unanimously 'for each of
those positions.
The Central Intelligence Agency, how-
ever, is entirely different. In the slightly
more than a year which has passed since
John F. Kennedy took office, his other-
wise brilliant record, his dynamic record,
natural+that I should support him and his record of high purpose and appro-
llis policies whenever I can do sa, when- priate action, has been marred by two
ever I can reconcile his position and his failures. They are failures which may
policies with my conscience, beliefs and be ascribed to faulty intelligence. There
judgments. He has a]ready demon- was first the Cuban fiasco. Mr. Presi-
strated, in my view, that he is a great dent, it is impossible to exaggerate the
President, and I have had occasion to damage, the continuing and expanding
say so on this floor. damage, the tragic and unrelenting con-
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 Approved For Re~1~~~(/I'18~?AiC~~4BOg~~~~0400070005-0
sequences of that failure. It has already
changed the history not only of our.
country, .and the history of this hemi-
sphere, but the history of the world. The
full consequences pf the fatal error com-
mitted on the basis of faulty intelligence
are going to haunt us and the free world
for years to come-perhaps for all time.
It may truthfully be said that when the
United States subscribed to the- launch-
ing of the ill-fated attempt to replace
Castro with a regime that would repre-
sent freedom and democracy and restore
Cuba to a regime of liberty and of human
dignity, the action was based on the mis-
information that the people of Cuba
would rise, help depose their dictator,
and welcome the returning Cubans who
had been the victims of his savage
tyranny, his communistic ideology, and
his ruthless destruction of all freedoms.
Had the information given to President
Kennedy been correct, one of two alter-
native courses could have and would
have been fpllowed. First, to halt and
cancel the invasion~attempt. Or, second,
to support the invasion in such a way,
with our armed might, that it would have
been bound to succeed. I am not pre-
pared to say which of these two courses
we should have followed, but obviously
it would have been one or the other.
A second failure of intelligence came
in the Berlin crisis. Although we have
been living with the Berlin situation for
17 years and all kinds of information had
been handed the administration by the
CIA, the one course of action which the
Russians follpwed, namely, tp seal off
East Berlin, was not anticipated.
It caught us completely unprepared
and flatfooted. Had our Intelligence
Agency informed our Government that
the barbed wire fence would be erected
and then backed by a wall, it would have
,been possible to arrive at a course of ac-
tion which would have nullified that
Communist victory. But- that informa-
tion was not forthcoming.
The result was another major defeat
based on faulty intelligence.
Now, why then is it pertinent; in my
view, that the appointment of Mr. Mc-
Cone is unwise and inadequate to meet
the grave situation which our country
confronts throughout the world?
In the hearings which were conducted
in one day by the Armed Services Com-
mittee of the Senate, the Senatorial
questioning seemed to fall into two cate-
gories. dome of our colleagues,- im-
pressed obviously by Mr. McCone's pre-
vious record, the excellence of which I
do not question, contented themselves
with praising him highly. On the other
hand, other- members of the committee
asked searching questions. Among these
was the distinguished senior Senator
from Maine, Ml'S. MARGARET CHASE
SMITH. The Senator from Maine, after
pointing out that the Cuban debacle and
fiasco climaxed her very serious reser-
vations about the CIA and the way it
was being run, coupled .with the fact
that the CIA enjoys a virtual immunity
from reporting to Congress on its ac-
tivities and expenditures, stated that
there was very little, if any, check placed
upon it; that, in effect, unlike any other
agency in the Federal Government, the
CIA has been given a congressional
blank check for' its operations anti its
administration, and that unfortunately,
under these circumstances, Congress
literally operates in the dark. as to the
CIA, without reviewing its effectiveness,
its justifications, and whether it should
be revised and improved, and that in-
deed .Congress operates in the dark and
only when it is too late is it possible
to learn of the faultiness and dannage
done. The. Senator from Maine then
asked the following question:
Will you tell the committee what train-
ing or experience you had in the Seld of
intelligence prior to your appointment in
that position?
Mr: McCone replied with one word.
That word was: "None."
In other words, here you have the man
nominated to head this Agency, which is
fraught with tremendous power and re-
sponsibility, which is subject to no con-
trol or check, who admits, and quite cor-
rectly, that- he has no experience what-
ever in the field of intelligence.
Mr. President, it seems to me that this,
in itself, should disqualify Mr. Mc(:one
Yor this post. As I said previously, the
abilities and qualifications of Mr. Mc-
Cone as Undersecretary of the Air Force
and as Chairman of t_he Atomic Energy
Commission, in which no question o:f his
ability arises, have only a remote
pertinence to his qualifications for this.
far more important responsibility.
The Director of Central Intelligence
can, in effect, make policy-national
policy and international policy. The
CIA can, as the CIA has in the past year,
disastrously affect the security of the
United States, for the head of the CIA
not merely heads a vast Agency which
collects information, but it also evalc:ates
information. Within 1 year we ]have
had at least two conspicuous and tl?agic
failures in evaluation.
Of course, the CIA does more ithan
collect information and evaluate it. It
plays a part in shaping the destiny of
other countries. It plays that part. be-
cause the information which it prolriiies
to our Government, and the evaluation
which it presents, has in the past and
may again in the future determine our
policy toward the governments of for-
eign countries. It may result, as it has
resulted in the past, in withdrawing or
granting recognition to a regime in that
country. It has in the past, and will
again, determine actions we take-
political actions and economic actions.
It may again bring us to the brink of
.disaster.
How qualified is Mr. McCone, with no
experience whatever, to be the head of
this vast network and to keep the Presi-
dent informed?
We have in the RECORD what seenls to
me to be a somewhat pertinent revela4tion
of some of Mr. McCone's mental proc-
esses. Back in October 1956,. in the clos-
ing days of the presidential campaiin, a
group of 10 scientists on the faculty of
the California Institute of Technology
issued a statement calling attention to
Adlai Stevenson's suggestion, whit] l he
had made in the course pf the campaign,
that atomic testing should be suspended.
It may be recalled that this suggestion
of Governor Stevenson's was depiOred by
President Eisenhower, who felt it should
1161
not have been introduced as a campaign
issue, and by Vice President Nixon, who
referred to it as "catastrophic nonsense."
The statement of these 10 scientists was
a reasonable one. They were exercising
their rights as free citizens to express a
view pertinent to the campaign. In ad-
ditipn to being free citizens, they were
knowledgeable ones on the issue involved,
since they were all physicists and chem-
ists who had firsthand knowledge of the
effect of radiation following atomic
bomb explosions. Mr. McCone, who was
a trustee of Cal Tech and was cam-
paigning vigorously far the reelection of
President Eisenhower and against Adlai
Stevenson, exploded with wrath at this
statement and wrote a caustic letter to
Dr. Thomas Lauritsen, professor of
physics at the California Institute of
Technology, and made his indignation
known to the president of that institu-
tion and to fellow members of the board.
Thesle two letters appear on, pages 23,
24, 25, and 26 of the hearings, and they
speak for themselves, and I ask unani-
mous consent that they be printed at
this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the letters
were ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as fO110wS:
STATEMENT OF 1O -SCIENTISTS ON ATOMIC
TESTING PUBLISHED IN L03 ANGELES TIMES,
OCTOBE& 15, 1956
For some time C+ov. Adlai Stevenson has
urged that the United States take the lead
and renounce further H-bomb teats for as
long a time as other nations likewise refrain
from testing these devices. This suggestion
has been attacked as advocating a dangerous
unilateral action which would permit the
Russians to get ahead of the United States
in nuclear technology. In our opinion these
criticLsms have little. validity and give in-
adequate attention to the reasoning that
lies behind the proposal or to the urgency
of dealing immediately and effectively with
the peril that confronts the world as a re-
sult of the existence of the H-bomb.
Today we are caught in a nuclear arma-
ments race that threatens to engulf the
world. No end of this race is yet in sight.
Two nations have already exploded hydrogen
devices, a third will do so in a few months.
Within a short time it is likely that many
countries large and small will possess this
capability. With the commitment oY more
and more national arsenals to this type of
warfare, international control becomes in-
creasingly difficult. Even in our own coun-
try our Military Establishment is becoming
more and more dependent upon nuclear
weaponry and the time will soon be upon
us when even a limited military action must
inevitably drive us into nuclear war.
Time is running out, with an implaca-
bility that we ignore at our peril. Yet after
SO years of negotiation, the world has no
other guarantee of survival than the tenu-
ous hope that no nation will pull the trig-
ger for Year oY committing national suicide.
It appears to us that Mr. Stevenaon's pro-
posal might be a useful way to get the nego-
tiations out oY the deadlock stage by taking
a step which would not endanger our secur-
- ity, which would in no way hinder other areas
of nuclear research, which could not be de-
layed indefinitely by. negotiations and which
would have a very real significance to most
nations throughout the world. At.the very
least the proposal is one that should be
widely debated and discussed for the obvious
reason that the control of nuclear weapons
is vital to our survival.
Additional advantages of such a step would
be:
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1. It would decrease our exposure to radio-
active fallout and its associated dangers.
2. It might postpone the time when there
will be many nations which possess practical
H-bomb experience.
3. It would increase our prestige in West-
ern :Europe and in Asia.
4. It would provide an important test of
8ovi~zt intentions. We must remember that
on July 17 Soviet Foreign Minister Shepilov
statexl that the Russians would be willing to
ban F.[-bomb tests if others agreed.
President Eisenhower has stated that he
regrets that the American Government's
polirp with respect to the testing o2 large-
scale~ nuclear weapons has been made an
issuE: in this campaign. On the contrary we
Snd i:t regrettable that discussions of our
mili-ta,ry strength, of our vulnerability, and
of our foreign policy in relation to H-bombs
honer thus far represented such a small pro-
portion of current political discussions. We
must realize that time is running -out-that
our actions and inactions during the next 4
years may well determine whether our people,
our Nation, our civilization live or die.
Our people must not be shielded by their
Government from the grim realities that
confront us. They must realize how destruc-
tive Ii-bomb explosions really can be. They
must realize how easily these devices can be
made by other nations. They must realize
in 2u.11 the dangers of radioactive fallout.
The; must appreciate our vulnerability to
ordinary air attack with atomic bombs, let
alone to the approaching intercontinental
missiles. They must realize all of these
things if these problems are to be solved in
timf!.
We believe that the free and open discus-
sion of proposals such as that which has
beers raised by Mr. Stevenson are essential
if aye: are to extricate ourselves from the
vicious circle in which we now find ourselves.
Signers: Dr. Thomas Lauritsen, professor
of physics, California Institute of Tech-
nolcgy; Dr. Matthew Sands, associate proles-.
sor sac physics, California Institute of Tech-
nolagy; Carl D. Anderson, professor of
physics, Nobel Laureate in Physics 1934,
member of the National Academy of Sci-
ences; Harrison Brown, professor of geo-
chemistry, member of the National Academy
of Sciences, formerly assistant director oP
chemistry, plutonium- protect, Oak Ridge,
Tenn.; Robert F. McChristy, professor of
theoretical physics, formerly physicist, Los
Alaxnoa, N. Mex.; Jesse W. M. DuMonde, pro-
fese+~r of physics, member o2 the National
Acaaiemy of Sciences, during war physicist
with OSRD, Air Force, and Navy; Robert V.
Langmuir, associate processor of electrical
engineering, motor field high energy accel-
erators, physicist with OSRD during war;
Charles R. McKinney, senior research fellow
in geochemistry, CTT, physicist at Oak
Ridi;e during war, formerly chief engineer
of ].C+O mev betatron at University of Chi-
cago; John M. Teem, research fellow in
physics; Robert L. Walker, associate proces-
sor of physics, formerly physicist, Los
Alaan.os.
OcrosEa 15, 195fi.
Dr. THOMAS LAURTTSEN,
California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, C?lif.
DE4a Da. LpvarrsEN: This morning I read
with amazement your statement. It
seemed to me the arguments you use con-
cerning renouncing the H-bomb testa are
without validity. Indeed, your arguments
completely support the position of Presi-
dent Eisenhower and his administration that
experimentation and tests must continue
until a system of international control is
developed.
You mention Foreign Minister Shepilov's
statement of July 17, suggesting abandoning
of bomb tests; but what you fail to men-
tiori is that on almost the day Mr. Shepilov
made the statement the Russians were
conducting nuclear tests in the interior of
Siberia.
You, Dr. Lauritsen, and your associates
know the leadtime required to conduct a
teal:. You know that almost a year must
transpire from the time the test is decided
upon until it is made. This year is con-
sumed in planning, assembling material and
construction, and, finally, in the transporta-
tion of the device to be tested. Now, 1f
we make a unilateral decision of a type you
and your associates advocate and then Mr.
Shepilov does as he did last July-turns
around and sets off a few hydrogen bombs
in their own testing ground-where do we
stand? The answer is simple. We have lost
a year; we are behind in the race; all of the
dangers which you emxmerate in your press
release have been multiplied; valuable time
has been lost; a reckless decision has been
taken, and the security of America placed in
teopardy because of it.
You point out that we are caught in a
nuclear armaFnent race, that time is run-
ning out and that nothing is being done
to arrest the competition in this field be-
tween nations. You know that President
Eisenhower went to Geneva in an effort
to solve the disarmament question. You
know that Secretary Dulles has met repeat-
edly with the foreign ministers of other
countries, including Russia, in attempting
to find a reasonable answer to the disarma-
ment problem. You know that the United
Nations has had its committees on disarma-
ment in almost continuous session during
recent years. You know that President
Eisenhower placed Mr. Stassen in his Cabi-
net and assigned him exclusively to the
task of finding an answer to the disarmament
riddle. You know that Bl nations are now
meeting in New York furthering our Presi-
dent's atoms-for-peace program. You know
of these actions but stlll you state that time
is running out and infer nothing is being
done. How do you reconcile your position
with the facts as I have outlined them?
Your statement is obviously designed to
create fear in the minds of the uninformed
that radioactive fallout from H-bomb tests
endangers life. However, as you know, the
National Academy of Sciences has issued a
report this year completely discounting such
danger. Also you know from your close
contact with the tests that one of the im-
portant obtects of them !s to develop tech-
niques for reducing fallout. The tests are
to be applauded rather than criticized on
this particular ground.
Your proposition that postponement oY
tests will delay the time when other nations
might possess practical H-bomb experience
seems to have no foundation. In fact, it is an
argument that has for several years been a
prominent part of Soviet propaganda, and
you apparently have been taken in by this
propaganda. No nation, friendly or un-
friendly, has so much as hinted that our testa
are stimulating their work or, on the con-
trary, that a unilateral decision on our part
to abandon tests would cause them to de-
crease their emphasis on bomb development.
As far as our prestige in Western Europe is
concerned, I have spent much more time in
Europe during the past 2 years than you
have and have been in touch with the civilian
or military officials of practically all Western
Europe governments, and I can tell you#rom
personal knowledge that our conduct of
tests, H-bomb or other nuclear devices, is
not at issue with our prestige in Western
Europe.
You infer that our Government shields our
people from the realities of the dangers which
Confront us. This impression is false. Presi-
dent Eisenhower has repeatedly warned us of
these dangers. Secretary of the Air Force
Quarles dealt with the question at length
in addressing the World Affairs Council in
Los Angeles on last Wednesday. Secretary
Wilson dealt with it last night on TV.
Secretary Dulles has discussed the danger
time and time again. Mr. Peterson of the
Office of Civilian Defense has crass-crossed
the country for 4 years warning of the very
dangers of which you speak. Vice President
Nixon has discussed the subtect in Los
Angeles and elsewhere in the United States
on many occasions. The country has been
advised time and time again, that others have
developed, the H-bomb and the A-bomb,
that they are building up stockpiles, that
they have aircraft to deliver them. Our peo-
ple have been repeatedly warned of the
dangers-not shielded from the fe,cts as you
infer.
Surely the unilateral abandoning of the
very tests which are an essential part of any
development of this type does not improve
the very situation that seems to worry you.
On the contrary, it gives the advantage to
our adversary and greatly increases rather
than decreases the danger of America and
the security of our people.
A unilateral decision of the type you rec-
ommend might be fatal to our country. It
might easily lose for us the precious tech-
nical advantage we now hold. Think of the
desperate circumstance we would find our-
selves in today had we followed the advice of
one scientist, Dr. Robert Oppenheimer, a few
years ago and abandoned the development of
the H-bomb. Democrats and Republicans
alike at that time saw the folly of such
thinking. I am sure the more thoughtful
members of both parties will see the extreme
hazards to our national security in the course
you recommend and advocate.
I stand steadfastly behind a policy of dis-
armament when we reach agreement with
other nations for a safe and proper proce-
dure of inspection so that we Americans will
be sure that, as-we take our gixard down
through agreement with Russia, we will have
no deienso. ThLs President Eisenhower has
advocated time and again. It continues to
be his policy; and you, unfortunately, have
completely distorted his position in your
press release.
Yours very truly,
JOHN A. MCCONE.
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, it
will be noted that in comparing the text
of these letters, Mr. McCone charges the
scientists with advocating the unilateral
abandoning of the H-bomb and A-bomb
tests. He says:
A unilateral decision of the type you
recommend might be fatal to our country.
I find nothing in the letter of the
scientists which recommends unilateral
abandonment. All it does is to recom-
mend action along the lines advocated
by Adlai Stevenson, which indicated
clearly that unless other nations fol-
lowed our lead in abandoning atomic
bomb testing, we would be free to resume
testing.
In the course of his letter, Mr. Mc-
Cone said:
Your statement is obviously designed to
create fear in the minds of the uninformed
that radiation fallout from H-bomb tests
endangers life. However, as you know, the
National Academy of Sciences has issued
s report this year completely discounting
this danger.
Mr. President, here is Mr. McCone
making a flat statement which scaTCely
will stand up; yet he is the man who is
going to be the interpreter of the vast
amount of information which is col-
lected by his staff. Mr. Mcc;one's in-
dignation at the statement of these
scientists is not fully disiosed by the
hearings, but he made no secret of the
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fact of his great perturbation, and dis-
cussed it with the President of Cal Tech,
Lee Dubridge, and some of his #ellow
trustees.
J!'he fact is that Mr. McCone's evalua-
tion of the letter of the scientists, as
shown by his reply to Mr. Lauritsen, in
my judgment raises a serious doubt
about his objectivity as an evaluator,
which will be one oP his major functions,
if not his. major function as Director of
Central Intelligence.
If we . go back to the statement of
Adlai Stevenson, made in a speech to the
American Society of Newspaper Editors
on April 21, 1956, he proposed that we
cease atomic testing and urge other na-
tions to follow our example. If they
did not do so, we reserved the right to
change our policy.
Well, is not .that precisely what was
subsequently done, or was tried, by the
United States? Yet, Mr. McCone de-
nounced these scientists violently, show-
ing a passion which certainly does not
reveal the degree 'of objectivity which
should be so essential in the evaluation of
reports which will come in Prom all over
the world, With his views so definitely
known, how objective can we :assume
will be the reports of his vast staff?
I need .not elaborate this point- fur-
ther at this time; but to me it indicates
that there is a good deal of question
how valid Mr. McCone's judgment has
been in the past and may be in the fu-
ture.
Indeed, Mr. McCone's subsequent tes-
timony, under cross-questioning, re-
veals how mistaken his violent indigna-
tion at these scientists proved to be.
1~3' colleague, Senator BARTLETT, a mem-
ber of the Committee on Armed Serv-
ices, also' asked some searching ques-
tions.
Referring to Mr. McCone's statement
in his letter to the scientists that "the
National Academy of Sciences had is-
sued a report completely discounting
such danger," Senator BARTLETT said:
And such danger has to do with the radio-
active fallout .from H-bomb tests.
Do you know-
Senator BARTLETT contiriued-
iP the National Academy oP Sciences has
changed its views relating to this since
then?
Mr. McCone replied:
I do not know of any official statement.
` They put out a report in the spring of 1958
that dealt with the question of the genetic
and other effects from radioactive fallout
resulting from reference to testing, and, as
I recall the report, it tended to minimize
the effects at the level of radiation, at the
then existing level of radiation or the level
to be expected from the tests that had taken
place or r[iight