STATEMENTS BY SECRETARY OF STATE BEFORE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP61-00357R000300190025-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 17, 2004
• Sequence Number: 25
• Publication Date: January 1, 1959
• Content Type: OPEN

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gates realize that whatever .free time
they do have can be profitably and en-
tertainingly spent seeing the wonders of
one. of the world's .great cities,. And, in-.
cidentally, New York, the world's finan-
cial and..commercial center, offers oppor-
tunities for delegates to mare persgnaily
profitable their attendance at the na-
tional conventions by,taking care of any
business they have in New York City.
More than 750 convention groups a
year attest to the fact that, a New York
City convention is a successful cbnven-
tion.
It is my sincere. hope,~speaking as a
New Yor$er, that my city will be honored
by being chosen as the site of the 1960
Republican and Democratic National
COnVentlOriS. Senator IDEATING and I be-
speak, Ifeel. certain, the wishes of the .
some 20 million Americans who live in
the eity'?s metropolitan ,..area; an area
which includes also .part of Connecticut
and ,I~Tew Jersey. New York City is iri
the midst of the, Nation's population
heartland; it is a .world capital; it is
the cultural and communications center
of the- Nation; it is the biggest city; it~
will welcome the national conventions
111 1960.
731
In order for the committee to have a full
picture of our relations with the rest of the
world, it seems to me that the Secretary's
statement should be supplemented by testi-
mony concerning the state of our military
defenses and the state of our economic rela-
tions with the rest of the world. Further-
more, it is Smportant, I believe, that the- com-
mittee acquire an intelligent evaluation of
our world posture as it is related to that of
the Soviet bloc. The coordinated national
estimate which such testimony would pro-
vide seems to me to be essential to enable the
committee intelligently to consider .foreign
policy issues that will come before the Sen-
ate this year.
Would it be possible this year to arrange
for appropriate officers of the executive
branch to brief the committee along the gen-
eral lines of the enclosed outline?
I am sure members of the committee would.
be most grateful for the assistance of the
Executive, thus making it possible to begin
deliberations this session on a broad founda-
tion of mutual understanding.
Most respeatfuliy.
Sincerely yours,
THEODORE FRANCIS GREEN,
Chairman.
PROPOSED GUTLINE FOR E7CECUTIVE SESSION
HEARINGS OF COMMrrTEE ON FOREIGN Rn-
LATION9
GENERAL PURPOSE
To provide .the Committee on Foreign
Relations with ~ broad understanding of the
total strategic situation of the Vnited States
in 1959 so that the committee may properly
discharge its duties in the Held of foreign
policy.
HEARING I. THE STATUS OF II.a. RELATIONS WITH
OTHER COUNTRIES
1. Relations with the Soviet bloc and esti-
mates oY the tactics and pressures which may
be encountered in 19b9.
2. Relations with uncommitted Asian and
African nations.
3. The status of our alliances.
4. Probable areas of change in U.S. policies
in 1959.
HEARING II. THE DEFENSE POSTTION OF THE
UNITED STATES
-Mr.~-Jones s excellently qualified for he is responsible. These statements have
this positions and his nomination should sometimes been sa generalized as to be
meet with the unanimous approval of of little help to the committee. Our dis-
all. He is a career public servant, hav- tinguished chairman made an effort this
ing first entered the Federal service in year to sharpen the discussion a little.
1933. He wrote to the President and asked for
Not only does he know the problems a series of briefings on the state of U.S.
of the civil service employee, but his relations with the rest of the world, the
many years of contacts with the execu- state of our military defenses, and the
Live and legislative branches of the Gov- state of our economic relations. The
ernment will make for better relations chairman attached to his letter an aut-
between the different branches of the line of the subjects, some 13 of them,
rnment em- which he hoped would be toucTied upon
Government and the Gov
e
ployee.
It is with genuine pleasure. that I urge
confirmation of the nomination of Mr. '
Jones. I suggest that the chairman of
the Com;llittee on Post Office and Civil
.-Service call a meeting of the committee
at the earliest opportunity for the con-
sideration of this nomination.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that a biographical sketch of Roger
W. Jones be printed at this point in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the bio-
graphical sketch was ordered to be
printed in the RECORDi as follows:
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
of posts with the Central Statistical Board
before joining the stab of the Bureau in
1939. When the United States entered World
War II, Mr. Jones was Administrative Officer
of the Bureau.
He was ordered to active duty as a captain
in the Officers Reserve Corps in March 1942,
assigned to duty with the Combined Chiefs
of Staff, Munitions Assignments Board. He
was promoted to major in May of that year,
to lieutenant colonel in March 1943, and to
colonel in May 1946. He was released to
.inactive duty in December 1945, and served
in several capacities in the Bureau of the
Budget until 1949.
He was born in New Hartford, Conn., on
February 3, 1908. He received a bachelor of
arts degree from Cornell University in 1928,
and a master Gf arts degree from Columbia
University in 1931.
He has been awarded the Legion of Merit,
the Order of-the British Empire, the National
Civil Service League's Career Service Award,
and the President's Award for Distinguished
Federal Civilian Service.
He is married and has three children, a
daughter, Mrs. John Hodges of Cumberland,
Md.; and two sons, Roger H. Jones, a graduate
student at Cornell University; and Airmen
Edward C. Jones, USAF.
STATEMENTS BY .SECRETARY OFD
STATE BEFORE COMMITTEE ON
FOREIGN RELATIONS
NOMINATION OF ROGER W. JONES Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, the
AS G'HAIRMAN OF _CIVIL SERVICE Committee on Foreign Relations-has had
COMMISSION a most discouraging experience recently
1VIr. CARLSON.. Mr. President, this in trying to obtain information from the
morning the President submitted to the Secretary of State on which to ground
Senate for confirmation the nomination our thinking about foreign policy issues
of Roger W. Jones to be a member of the , facing this country.
Civil Service Commission.. Following the It is customary for the Secretary to
confirmation of his nomination, Mr. appear before the committee at the be-
ginning of each session of the Congress
Jones will became Chairman of the Com- ,?,~ ?o?,o,,, +,.,, .,.,,,,.,,..,,, ........_ ~__ __,_,_,_
Roger W. Jones took office as Deputy Direc-
tor of the Bureau of the Budget on Septem-
ber 11, 1958. Prior to his appointment to
this post by the President, he had been one
of the Bureau's 'three statutory assistant
directors for 6 months.
A career givil servant, Mr. Jones Was Assist-
ant Director for Legislative Reference Yrom
February 1949 to March 1958.. He entered the
Federal service in 1933, and served in a series
1. Potential defensive responsibilities of
the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force.
2. Estimate of the state of readiness of
each service to discharge its responsibilities
today and in the future.
HEARING III. ECONOMICS AND FOREIGN POII,ICY
1. The domestic impact of U.S. aid pro-
grams.
2. Relationship h[+twnan tea.ao ,,.,, i.,., ...~~
replied that he would be glad to have 3, soviet >loc activities in trade and aid.
Secretary Dulles coordinate such presen- 4? Probable areas of Us. initiative in 1959.
Cations in executive. sessions of the HEARING IV. INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATES
COmmittee. 1. Estimate of Soviet bloc intentions
.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- 2. Estimate of soviet bloc capab111ties-
Sent that this exchange of correspond- military, economic, political, and scientific.
3. Estimate of nature and direction of na-
ence be inserted `~
t this point i
,
n my tionalist movements in Asia and Africa.
remarks. _
There being no objection, the cor res- THE WHITE HOUSE,
pondence was ordered to be printed iri Washington, December 22, zs5s.
the RECORD, aS fOl10WS: The HOriOTable THEODORE FRANCIS GREEN,
U.S. Senate,
U.S. SENATE, Washington
D
C
,
.
.
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, DEAR SENATOR GREEN: Thank you fOrJyOUT.
December I6, Y958. December 16 latter. I appreciate your com-
THE PRESIDENT, - mittee's interest in meeting with the Secre=
The White House, tary of State and with the other executive
DEAR 1VIR. PRESIDENT: In past years it has branch officials who can discuss with you
been customary for the Secretary of State to in executive session the matters outlined in
appear in executive session before the Com- your letter to me. Accordingly, I have asked
xnittee on Foreign Relations early in each Secretary Dulles to coordinate this matter,
new session of Congress to give members the so that the officials concerned may meet with
benefit of his views with respect to the state your committee at a mutually satisfactory
of our international relations. The commit- time.
tee has found the Secretary's testimony of With best wishes for the holiday season,
great value in the discharge of its responsi- Sincerely,
hill+in~..,. a,, ., u_,~ _a :___, ____ _ ..
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 ? 732
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CONGRE.'~S~IONAL RECORD -SENATE January Y 7
makes it possible greatly to accelerate capital
develogments.
There is emphasis, too, on quality. A spec-
tacular product of Soviet material a,ecom,-
plishme~nt was its recent apace probe. In
this fiei:d, the United States is still trying to
"catch up". aitd make up for the head start
of the Soviets. Our space accomplishments
during the past year justify the belief that
we are making good relative progress.
The Chinese Communists seem to be going
into a dark night o~ massed regimentation
and forced labor. What they call the great
leap forward is in reality a tragic fall back-
ward into the abyss of Human slavery.
Asfarc nations are experiencing one aspect
of Communist economic development: ,The
Communist tactic of flooding their market
places with goods at less than prevailing
prices. 'This has widespread effects, some
of which reach into our own country. As
one exaa;xple o~tly, the dumping of cotton
textiles irz Southeast Asia h'as reduced Jap-
anese exports in that area and is already
reducing exports of cotton front the United
States tai Japan. As Communist economic
power grows, we must anticipate and plan
foI? fuI?tYxer shocks to the free world eco-
nomic structure from the Communist trade
offensive..
Communist economic methods involve
costs i:n human privation and misery that,
for us,. :tre not only repugnant but com-
pletely unacceptable. We believe .that over
the long run -such a process must inevitably
be altered. Already there are indications
that the Soviet .leaders are beginning to
realize t]Iis. There Ss some scaling down of
their heavy industry ambitions. They are
beginning to heed demands by workers and
peasants Yor more leisure and for a greater
share :in the fruits of their .labor. Peoples
sufficiently educated to operate a modern
indust:rieil state may be expected also tD ac-
quire the: desire for freedom and the capacity
to get 11:. History gives us good reason to
believe that the Soviet .peoples will not in-
definitely submit to dictatorial rule by the
International Communist Party leadership.
It would appear that the Communists will
encounter diiRculties increasing in -the long
run.
But for the short run-and this may be
a period of years-the situation is full of
danger.
Tha?E means that we may- face a period
even liar?der than we have become used to.
To gel; e~dvantage from time we shall have
to stood on our course. We shall need the
national will to stand firm in the face of ag-
gressive threats and probinga from the Sino-
Soviet bloc. We shall need to make what-
ever unusual sacrifices may be necessary.
People respond to this kind of. demand when
they understand that a temporary emergency
requires it. But these burdens seem to grow
heavier the longer they must be borne dur-
ing a period of relative peace. Our people
will need to show what freedom can mean
in ter;ne; of self-sacrifice and self-discipline;
and iri i;erms of fortitude and perseverance.
IV. WORLD ~-ORDER
Let m~e speak now about world order. This
requires an elimination of the use or threat
. of force to accomplish international change.
This teas always a bad method. It has be-
come aan intolerable method because the force
at man',s disposal could- now practically ob-
literate ;human life on this planet.
The L7nited States and other free world
nations have, by their conduct, done much
to esi;al>ISsh, for themselves, the principle
of the renunciation of aggressive force; and
they ;ha.ve shown their ability and will to
deter such use of force by others.
At 'the time of the Suez affair and the
Israeli-1'sgygtian hostilities, the United
Kingdom and France, and then Israel, re-
sponding to the overwhelming opinion of
the United Nations, withdrew their armed
forces and accepted a United Nations solu-
tion. This may well prove to be a his-
torical landmark.
During the past year the United States
a~Id its partners have further shown their
opposition to change through force or the
threat of force.
When Lebanon and Jordan seemed threat-
ened from without and appealed to the
United States and the United Kingdom for
emergency aid, the responded with prompt-
ness and efficiency. When~the emergency was
relieved by JJnited Nations action, we
promptly withdrew our forces.
Throughout the world small nations felt
a profound sense of reassurance.
In the Far East the Chinese Communists,
with Soviet backiRig, initiated military a8-
tion desigxied, as they put it, to expel the
United States from the western Pacific. We
stood beside the Republic of China as it
resisted what seemed the preliminaries of
that attack. Our free world associates gen-
erally.supported our position that change
in that area should not be effected by force
of arms.
The Government of the Republic of China
itself made a :notable contribution when,
last October, it declared that it relied pri-
marily upon peaceful principles and not
upon force to secure the freeing of the main-
land. This courageous and statesmanlike
act has strengthened the free world's cause
in the western Pacific.
Now in Berlin we face an effort to expel
the small western contingents in West Ber-
lin. Their presence constitutes an indis-
pensable safeguard to the freedom of that
city. The NATO powers, at their December
meeting, unanimously vowed that such ex-
pulsion should be resisted.
Step by step, discernible progress con-
tinues to be made in consolidating a sys-
tem of collective security which will effec-
tively operate to exclude the use of force to
effect international changes.
The mutual security arrangements which
we have with free world countries no longer
assume the aspect of mere military alliances.
They are the framework of consultative pro-
cesses that, day by day, are, steadily re-
forming the society of free nations.
In primitive and frontier societies, se-
curity is on an individual basis. Each house-
holder defends himself by his own means.
That primitive formula is now obsolete do-
mestically. It is becoming obsolete inter-
nationally. Many free nations combine to
help each other. The resultant power is
not a power which can be or would be used
for any aggressive or nationalistic purpose.
It is a power dedicated to the common wel-
fare as mutually agreed.
The United States leas repeatedly made
clear-and I said this again at the last. De-
cember NATO meeting-that we regard our
own military power as being a trust for the
benefit of our free world partnerships; that
we are ready to make known to all the defen-
sive purposes and circumstances under which
that force might be used; and that we shall
heed in this respect, the advice and counsel
? of our partners iusti as we would expect them
to heed our advice and counsel with respect
to the international use of their force.
Thus, out of what may originally have been
conceived primarily as military alliances,
there is developing an international struc-
ture which provides collective security on the
basis of organised and continuous collective
consultation. That is something new in
history.
I might add that accomplishment is not
always easy given the variety of national de-
velopment and national viewpoints. Never-
theless, the free world practice in this regard-
constantly grows in efficiency.
World order is not, however, assured merely.
by the elimination oP violence. There must
be processes of peaceful change. These, too,
Mr. F'LTLBRIGHT. Mr. President,
Senators will note that Chairman GREEN
suggested that the Secretary of State
deal in his briefing with the following
lour subjects: -
1. Relations with the Soviet bloc and esti-
mates of the tactics and pressures which may
be encountered in 1959.
2. Relations with "uncommitted" Asian
and African nations.
3. The status of our alliances.
4. Probable areas of change in U.S. policies
in 1959.
Secretary Dulles appeared before the
Committee on January 14. The meeting
was in executive session. As usual, it
was understood that nothing which the
Secretary might say would be published
without his having, an opportunity to
suggest deletions for security reasons.
Members of the committee awaited with
more than usual interest due to the ad-
vance preparation for the meeting which
I have referred to-to what the Secretary
.might say. ?
The principal remarks of the Secretary
of State were contained in a lengthy
prepared statement which he diligently
xead. I have gone through these re-
jmasks with a pencil and underlined
_ those sentences in which there was con-
tained some new information or some
revealing insight or some provocative
idea or some analytical assistance. I
found six sentences. only six sentences
in the whole statement could, by any
stretch of definition, be considerefl new
or provocative. The rest was a rehash
of old press releases and old speeches.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed at this point in the
RECORD the Secretary's statement before
the committee with the six sentences
which I have referred to in italic.
- 'T'here being no objection, the state-
ment was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, aS fOllOWS:
STATEMENT BY THE HONORABLE JOHN FOSTER
DVLLES, SECRETARY OF STATE, BEFORE THE
SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE,
WEDNESDAY, JANiTARY 14, 1959
L?INTRODVOTION
The world is today changing more rapidly
than ever before. But the fact that much
is changing does not mean that everything
has changed. There are certain values, cer-
tain principles, that are enduring. Among
these are the concepts of individual human
dignity and the supremacy of moral law.
In a changing world our task is to strive
resolutely that change shall increasingly re=
Yiect the basic principles to which our Nation
has, from its origin, been dedicated.
II. OUR BASIC PURPOSES
1. At a time when war involves unaccepta-
ble risks far all humanity, we work to build
a stable world order.
2. We eeek for general acceptance of the
concept of individual dignity which will lead
to the spread of responsible freedom and per-
sonal liberty.
3. We seek that the free nations shall at-
tain amore rapid rate of economic growth,
so that their independence will be more se-
cure and vigorous and so that there will .be
greater opportunities Yoh cultural and spirit-
ual development. ~
III. THE PRIMARY THREAT
The. Soviet Union and Communist China
are expanding their economic and industrial
power at a very rapid pace. They do so by
a system which combines governmental rule
of all labor with imposed austerity. This
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE , ..733
are rapidly developing within the free world. like to see a broader exchange of students. shall not sail, and that Berlin shall not be
The General Assembly of the United Nations 1~e believe that in such ways false premises engulfed in the Red undertow.
is a forum where these, needs find effective and miscalculations Can be reduced in the As we look ahead, we see freedom as a
expression. The General Assembly does not interest of peace. predominant force, shaping our 20th-century
have the power to legislate change. But it v. THE rrrEVITaBLE MOVEMENT TOWARD world. As Americans, we h&ve faith that the
has a'capacity to induce change, at least in sREEnoM aspiration, deep within th@ soul of man, to
the case o~ governments which have respect I turn now to our second major purpose. live freely and with dignity in a just- and
for, and are responsive to, world opinion. One of the strongest forces working in the peaceful world is stronger than all the ma-
The peace of the free world is not a peace ~,orld today is the movement toward rode- terfal forces which the Communists invoke
of political stagnation or a peace which sanc- pendence and freedom. as the pledge and promise of their power.
tifles the status quo, It is a peace charac- This force is notabl manifest in Africa. vI. EcorroMlc PROGRESS
terized by peaceful change reflecting new y
human aspirations and potentialities. Here change is rapid, new states are .arising I turn now to our third basic purpose.
There is, of course, need not only for proc- almost overnight. This great continent We believe that economic progress is a
esses which permit of peaceful change, 1~ut presents a challenge to the Untied States to necessary condition oP stable and free na-
there is equally a need for stability fn adher- do its best to assist the peoples now emerg- tions. There must also be acceptance of
epecting international agreements and trea- Sng into independence and new opportunity. economic interdependence of nations. No
ties This requires that, unless international Another such area is our hemisphere to nation can live completely to itself.
law and treaty engagements are changed by the south. The peoples of Latin America Unless and until the less developed areas.
common agreement, they should be re- ara making clear their determination to con- reach the stage of sell-sustaining economic
trol th
i
. spected.
There has not been as great a development
of international law and recourse to judicial
processes as would be desirable. The United
Nations General Assembly Committee on the
codification of international law has made
little progress. Some- significant progress in
law development was made at the recent
Law of the Sea Conference, and that Confer-
ence will be .resumed in 1960. Inadequate
use has been made of the International Court
of Justice. As the President said last week
in the state of the Union address, we envisage
further,steps to encourage the greater use of
that pourt.
In uch ways as I describe progress is being
made toward establishing a world order
where peace rests, not on mere expediency
or on a balance oP power, but on a basis of
sound institutions.
This evolution is not spectacular and
rarely considered news. What attracts- at-
tention are the aggressive probings of the
Communists,. and the free world reactions
thereto. That gives the impression that our
foreign policy consists primarily of reacting
to Communist initiatives.
Nothing could be further from the truth.
The fact f~ that day by day, month by_
month, and year by year, we are building,
quietly but steadily, in the United Nations, in
NATO, in the OAS, in SEATO, and other or-
gans oP consultation, the solid foundations
of an international order based upon justice
and law as substitutes for force.
The Communist, rulers do not share in
this effort to build a stable world order based
upon justice and law. International com-
munism avowedly seeks worldwide dictator-
ship. Thee concept of justice is alien to the
Communist creed, and law, in our sense of
that word, is unknown. The free world and
Communist concepts are mutually antago-
This, however, does not mean that there
Cannot be useful contacts and negotiations
~Pit$ the Communists. We have had many
such., We are striving to make progress in
the field of disarmament and in that,connec-
tion deal with the Soviets, particularly in
relation to the controlled discontinuance of
nuclear weapons tests. We also seek agree-
xrient on possible measures which might
be helpful in preventing surprise attack.
At Warsaw we negotiate with the Chinese
Communists.
We have made clear our willingness to
negotiate about the German question.
We have n9w an agreement with the Soviet
Union on cultural and scientific exchanges
which is operating satisfactorily. Also Im-
portant are the visits to and from Russia
of in~uential citizens.
President Eisenhower urged this in his
letter of February 16, 1958, to the then Soviet
e
r own destinies. One by one dic-
tatorships have made way for governments
more responsive to the popular will.
'This worldwide movement toward freedom
is accompanied by a growing awareness of
the deadly nature of Sino-Soviet imperial-
ism. The leaders of the new freedom are
coming more and more to see international
communism as an immediate threat to their
liberties, not, as some have thought, a mere
bogeyman of so-called Western imperial-
ism.
The Communists are paying a price for
the forced growth of their material power:
There is a developing fear in the less power-
ful nations around the world of the danger-
ous combination of burgeoning economic
and .military power with the imperialist
drive of the Communists for world do-
minion. This menacing combination brings
home with force the threat which, when.
the Communists were not so strong, was but
a matter of vague and largely academic
concern.
There has recently been a surprising clari-
fication of understanding around the world
of the real purpose of Communist leaders-
to subject all the world to the dominant
influence and control of international com-
munism, with its primary power centers at
Moscow and Peiping.
In the Middle East the deadly designs oP
communism are now far more clearly real-
ized than a year ago.
In southeast Asia liberty-loving peoples
are struggling-and with success-to remain
masters in their newly built national homes:
In general, I believe the leaders and peo-
ples of Asia now understand better the sin-
cerity of American policy savoring their in-
dependence and our willingness to support
unconditionally their efforts to stay free and
do so in their own way, which may indeed
be anon-Western way.
in France, we are witnessing an inspiring
example of national renewal.
The tide of freedom is running strong in
Western Europe as Communist strength
there ebbs,
Even in Communist countries there Ls a
powerful and persistent craving for greater
national freedom. Yugoslavia has been
steadfast against all threats and blandish-
ments from Moscow and has courageously
maintained. its independence. Hungary's
great effort to throw off its shackles, even
though crushed by force, has been an in-
spiration and a tribute to man's unquench-
able thirst for liberty. And throughout the
bloc, even in the U.S.S:R., revisionism is a
living force and ferment. Moscow considers
it a deadly enemy, and with reason.
The pull of freedom is daily manifested in
the flow of refugees Prom the Communist bloc
to the free world.
growth, the world as a whole will suffer.
For the inhabitants of those areas, an in-
creasing rate of economic development has
become an essential condition of free socie-
ties. The demand for economic and social
betterment is now universal, and SP progress
cannot be achieved in freedom, it will be
sought by methods that jeopardize freedom.
The Communists are fully aware of the
universal demand for progress, and they
point to the Soviet and Chinese Communist
acomplishments in industrialization as proof
that their way is better than the way of
freedom.
Our aid and Snvestment must continue to
support the efforts of the leaders of the de-
veloping free nations to sustain their peo-
ples' confidence that economic progress can
be attained iri freedom.
We have not been alone in providing such
support. Other highly industrialized states
have made significant contributions.
These industrialised nations have also
shown a growing awareness of interdepend-
ence among themselves. This is particu-
larly- gratifying to us. A common market
for Europe was one oP the policy objectives
stated in the preamble to the European Re-
covery Act of 1948. Now, after 10 years, the
six-nation European Common Market is a
fact. The Western European currencies have
become more freely exchangeable and there
is a strong. movement Por broader economic
cooperation in Western Europe.
Free world economic progress does not per-
mit complacency or relaxation. It calls in-
stead for renewed effort to increase the
forward momentum.
in the years ahead, we must through our
trade and financial policies continue to pro-
mote recognition and positive use of the
benefits of interdependence. These benefits,
and the inevitability, of economic interde-
pendence become more clear each year.
What is being done fn the European Com-
munity of Six provides an example and an
inspiration for greater economic cooperation
elsewhere in the world.
We must continue to apply our will, en-
ergq, treasure, and techniques to the prob-
lems oP the less developed areas. The cause
of Freedom can be won-or could be lost-
in these areas
VTt. CONCLIISION
Premier. Following thia? initiative, there The free people of West Berlin have, dur-
have been useful visits on both sides, and ing years of uncertainty. and danger, been.
we are glad that .the First Deputy Premier an inspiring beacon light for all those whose
of the Soviet Union, Mr. Mikcyan, is now liberties have been lost to Communist tyr-
here learning about our country, We would anny. We are determined that this light .
Let me in conclusion recall the basic pur-
poses underlying our policies:
(1) The renunciation of aggressive force
and the substitutions of collective institu-
tions of 'peace, justice, and law among na-
tions;
(2) Promotion of the concept of human
dignity, worth, and freedom;
(8) Stimulation of economic growth and
interdependence to create enlarged oppor-
tunities for realization of cultural and spirit-
ual values.
These goals are not 'attainable in a few
years, but will require decades and, perhaps
even generations. ~'dhy'ia this so? We are
but one; nation among nearly a hundred f
s _
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,734.
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE January ~ 7
I~IMITA'.['ION OF DE'13ATE DURING
MORNING HOUR
Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, I have
been listening very patiently to the state-
ments oi' Senators during the morning
hour. I think such statements should
be lim'.ited to the 3 minutes Prescribed
in the unanimous-consent agreement. I
hope thil,t the present occupant of the
chair e~r any other occupant of the chair
will linnit the statements of Senators to
3 minutes during the .morning hour.
Some Senators have exceeded to limita-
tion. .A Senator could occupy the entire
mornixlg hour by using 3 minutes on each
of a series of subjects. Many other Sen-
ators etial desire to place matters in the
RECORII. I myself desire to speak for
about li minutes. IS shall courteously wait
until th.e other Senators have placed
their matters in the RECORD. But I think
the Chair should limit Senators to the 3
minutes provided for in the unanimous-
consent agreement.
sovereignties, and but s scant 6 percent of
the world's land surface and population. Our
foreign policy is not something we can enact
into world law or dictatE+ to other peoples.
It means rather constant adjustment to
forces which, though begond our control to
direct, we can influence through wise states-
manship and adherence to sound principles. "
'With our immense wealth and power, and
even more because of our spiritual heritage
oY faith and freedom, we can exert a shap-
ing influence on the world. of the future.
The price of failure would be the destruc-
tion of all our other national objectives.
While mustering all our resources, both ma-
terial and spiritual, we must press on with
courage to build surer foundations for the
interdependent world community of which
we are part. This will call for austerity and
sacrifice on the part of all. We must put
first things first.
Our purpose, ultimately and at all times,
should be to use our grEZt power, without
abusing or presuming upon it, to move
steadily toward lasting peace, orderly free-
dom, and growing opportunity. Thus do we
achieve our constitutional. purpose "to secure
the blessings oY liberty to ourselves and our
posterity."
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President,
Senators will fond in this statement no
forecast of tactics and pressures from
bhe Soviet bloc which may be en-
countered in 1959, which Secretary
Dulles was asked for. Senators will fjnd
tions
l
i
ng re
a
only one sentence concern
with uncommitted African nations, an-
other subject on whioh the Secretary
was asked to speak. There is no dis-
cussion in any detail of current issties
which may be strainilag U.S. alliances.
There is only the vaguest discussion of
any possible changes in U.S. policies in
1959.
With some executive branch witnesses
it is possible to pry out information and
intelligent discussion of issues with the
help of strenuous cross-examination.
This takes a great deal of time, and it
is wasteful of the energies of bath the
committee and the witness. I think
that the executive branch .should know,
however, that members of the committee
are willing to ito this if we must, and do
so in public session.
Members of the Committee on Foreign
Relations read the newspapers. We read
the statements of the President and the
Secretary of State. We know generally
what is going on in the world. What
we need are those additional facts and
considerations which make the differ-
ence between the casual reader of the
newspaper and the well-informed Mem-
ber of Congress who is trying to dis-
charge his responsibility to understand
the actions taken and the proposals
made by the executive branch. We
need, above all, to hear analytical dis-
cussioris of the advantages and disad-
vantages of taking this or that possible
course of action with respect to current
proble s. We also need to know the
speculations of the Secretary of State,
and other Cabinet members having re-
sponsibilities bearing on foreign rela-
tion, about the future.
Mr. President, I have made this state-
ment in the hope that succeeding execu-
tive branch witnesses in briefings before
pointment over past pel?formance.
REOP:E2~TING OF CONSULATE AT
BRAZZAVILLE, FRENCH EIQUATO-
RIAL AFRICA
Mr. VGrILEY. Mr. President, I wish to
express my great pleasure in hearing
that the United States on January 1
a?eopened its consulate at Brazzaville,
French Equatorial Africa. The consu-
late hiss the four newly autonomous re-
publi~cs of French Equatorial Africa
within. its consular :iurisdiction, an area
of almost 1 million square miles running
from the Sahara Desert to the rain
forest. oi' the Congo:
Becltu.se of budgetary limitations, as of
last year, not even a single American
representative was stationed in a region
one-tklix?d the size of the United States.
I am sorry to say that even the names
of these political entities; which recently
have chosen to remain linked with
France, are relatively unfamiliar in this
country. Yet these, anti almost all other
African areas, are astir with new desires
and rnavements for political and eco-
nomic development.
They iPree world countries, and espe-
cially the United .States, must watch
trend:; in Africa with close a.nd sympa-
thetic attention. We urgently need more
observelrs in the area. This is why I am
so pleased to learn that we have opened
a new post headed by a career Foreign
Service oflficer who already has exile-
rieriCE: 111 the regl0n.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed at this point in the
RECOF[D the State Department press re-
lease concerning the reopening of this
consulate.
There being no objection, the press re-
lease was ordered to be printed in the
REeoRD, as follows:
JANUARY $, 1959.
UNITED :iTATES REOPENS AMERICAN CONSULATE
AT BRA:~ZAVILLE, FRENCH EQUATORIAL AFRICA
The l:rnited States reopened its consulate
at Brazs:avilie, French Equatorial Africa, on
January 1, 19b9. The consulate has all of
French :Equatorial Africa, including the au-
tonom~ous Republics of Gabon, M7ddle Qon-
go, Ubangi-Shari, and Chad, within its con-
sular jiw~isdiction.
Francis N: Magliozzi, of Massachusetts,
career Foreign Service of5cer, is the consul in
charge. Mr. Magliozzi joined the Foreign
Service in 1947. He has served at the Amer-
ican consulate general in Frankfort as well as
American Embassies in Copenhagen, Bagh-
dad, and Brussels in that order. Ilia last
post was the American consulate general in
Leopoldville, where he actually was assigned
as resident consul in $razzaville prior to the
formal reopening of the post.
FIFTIETH ANNIV>iRSARY OF 80UND-
ARY WATERS TREATY OF 1909
BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND
CANADA
Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I wish to
call attention to an important occasion
that has received little notice, namely,
the 50th anniversary last Saturday of the
signing of the Boundary Waters Treaty
of 1909 between the United States and
Canada. The International Joint Com-
mission set up under this treaty has
played a vital role in enabling our na-
tions to undertake such a great and mu-
tually beneficial project as the St. Law-
rence seaway.
It has been most appropriate that we
should have had an eminent group of
Canadian parliamentarians visiting us
over the last weekend,. and that impor-
tant economic talks between Canada and
the United States have just concluded
after reaffirming our myriad common
interests. These are additional exam-
ples of the friendly abiding ties between
our two great countries. I hope we will
do everything we can to nourish our al-
ready fertile relationship by giving it the
closest possible attention.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that a public statement by Secretary
of State Dulles about this occasion be
printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the state-
ment was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
JANUARY 1Q 1959.
STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE ON
THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE SIGNING OF
THE BOUNDARY WATERS TREATY OF 1909
Today, January 11, 1959, is the 50th an-
niversary of -the signing of the treaty which
established the International Joint Com-
mission of the United States and Canada and
provided that "" " "the navigation of all
navigable boundary waters shall forever con-
time free."
This treaty and the Commission which'
it established have made an important con-
tribution to the maintenance of the excel-
lent relations which we have enjoyed with
Canada over the years. It ha.s provided a
means of resolving problems connected with
boundary waters through mutual coopera-
tion, and it exemplifies the spirit with which
we and our Canadian neighbors have ap-
proached many other questions of joint con-
cern.
The problems which have come before the
International Joint Commission since 1909
have touched the lives and interests of
c untless citizens on both sides of the bor-
d~r. They have ranged from consideration
of relatively minor matters such as the pro-
posal of an individual to block a trans-
boundary stream to decisions controlling vast
power and navigation projects of the St.
Lawrence River, but all have received fair
and thorough consideration by the Commis-
sion with a view to protecting the rights of
all concerned.
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