CONFERENCE ON THE FUTURE OF FREEDOM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00926A007900500001-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 41
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 8, 2003
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 17, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

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CONGRESS FOR CULTURAL FREEDOM
5th International Conference
THE FUTURE
of
FREEDOM
Milan
Member 12-17, 1955
MUSEO NAZIONALE DELLA SCIENZA E DELL A TECNICA
PIAZZA S. VITTORE
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Benedetto CROOE J?, John IA \% N.Y t, Karl JASPERS,
Salvador de MADARI,AGA, Ja-,u; ~ MARITAIN, Reinhold NIEBUHR,
Bertrand RUSSELL
Prof. Marcella Ht.)LItiI' NI ~'
nomics, Catholic Un .er
Prof. (lino CASSINIS. Pro-
Milan.
H. E. the Duke GAI.1 'RA
Court of St. James. 'rep
Dr. Lino MONTAGN \ S
of Jlilan.
Dr. Luigi ,AlORANII)I. Pres.
Prof. franc) VAI.SE.. Ill,
-essor, Itcan of the I',;iulty of F,
A '.o;.
,C I TI, Former Ambassador to the
the International Fair, Milan.
Statistics, University of Pavia.
n; dent of Education, Municipality
Prof. Claudio BARB I )Z_ZI of Genetics, University of
Milan.
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THE vision of the nineteenth century, of a continuous and harmonious deve-
lopment of man's material and spiritual forces, appears to have been contra-
dicted by facts. In large areas 'f the world, today, new and unimagined
forms of human enslavement have emergr.l. I Isewhere, human freedom finds itself
diminished or menaced by the insecuritic of a period of international tension and
by the inner imperatives of an industri.1;-tee ;uologica] civilization. Certain ideas
forged by the liberal outlook have been 'hots to be incapable of interpreting, or
even defining, the new political realities tl'tiat is worse, these ideas today lend
thems-.Ives readily to misuse by totalitarian ideo'ogies.
The vocabulary of politics, lik, the realities it reflects, is in a state of transi-
tion. What remains of the venerable cmd simple antitheses : "capitalism vs. the
state", "progress vs. economic planning", "t'h, individual vs. the state", "progress vs.
reaction"left vs. right", "freedom vs. authority"? Traditional institutions, once
assumed to be inevitable obstacles to the advancement of liberty, have on various o, c.~
sion?; Droved to be liberty's ultimate safeguo 4.
However, beneath the surface (,f ever -ay political discussion and controversy,
there are already signs of a tendency to ' ink our conventional political ideas in
the light of recent history. We believe tl moment opportune for this tendency to
b-come articulate.
The conference we are calling s in t nature of a research project. Its aim is
primarily critical to distinguish betHeen 1, 1
. problems and pseudo-problems, actual
alternatives and specious ones in orde to be Ole to define our dilemmas and our pros-
pects, as they really are.
We hope that the conference ~?ill as a forum for the expression of the
most diverse views in economics, so. iolog3 Old political philosophy. But we also
hope that, in -the course of discussion, sons fresh insight will be gained into the
authentic bases of liberty in our time.
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Programme
MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 12
I - Challenge to a free society
Chairman : Prof. Virgilio FERRARI
Opening addresses by :
ll a. m.
Raymond ARON Hugh (iAITSKiEiIJL, Aldo GAROSCI, Friedrich v. HAYEK,
Sidney HOOK, 1 1;chael P4K,ANYI
II - Economic systems: 'T'heir aims and their realities 4,0.m.
a) Difference of economic ideology and
practice among the nations of the West
Chairman : M. Robert BURON.
Papers by : Ely I)EVONS hanging economic ideologies in the United Kingdom".
John K. (1.\l.BRAITH "Economics, ideology and the intellectual".
Henri JA'NNI' "Planning and political regime".
I akeYasu KIM'l'RA: The economic foundatior..s of freedom. Some obser-
vations in the light of Japanese experience".
Walter TRiTSCH "Outw(~rn ideas and misleading issues".
T1 ESDAY, SEPTE'1RFR 13
b) Corr-nnndence and contrasts between 10 a. m.
the ?t,oinic systems of the West and
that of the Communist world
Chairman: Mr. Minoo MASANI
Papers hv: Colin CLARK - ['he Soviet crisis: Myths and reality of the Soviet pro-
duction increase".
I ;hero I.ENTI "Convergerx'ies and divergencies of individual and collec-
tive economics
Peter WILES : "What is to he done about the success of Soviet industry?".
c) Economic progress in theQunderdeveloped
countries and the rivalry of communist
and democratic methods
Chairman : M. Denis de ROUGEMONT.
Papers by: Eric DA COSTA: "Cultural freedom, in an underdeveloped econom
Indian case histo y (an
Sumitro DJOJOHADIKUSUMO:
Constantin A. DOXIAiDIS: "Economic progress in underdeveloped coun-
tries and the rivalry of democratic and communist methods".
Bertrand de JOU'VE.NIE,: "Some fundamental similarities between the Soviet
and capitalist economic systems".
W. Arthur LEWIS: "Is Communism necessary for rapid growth in under-
developed countries?"
G. D. PARIiKH: "~Economk progress of underdeveloped countries and the
riFvalry between democratic and totalitarian methods".
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III - Threats and obstacles to a free society 10 a. m.
a) Inherent instabilities of a free society
The systematic abuse of free institutions
for purposes of their subversion
Causes ofparalysis of democratic functions
Papers hy: R. H. S. CROSS,M.AN: "Democratic control of f.?reign poht.v"
Hans Ill SAL: "Internal dangers in a free society".
Seymour M UPSET: "The w,rking class and demo,r;iri. alu...".
John PLAMENATZ: "Threats to a free society".
Arthur SCHLESLNOFI? Jr "Threats to a free satiety: Fr ed(?to and
version".
W. S. WOYTTNSKY: " I he road of freedom".
b) The problems of a mass society
The influence of mass media
Chairman: Prof. Dr. Karl.. S( HAUD
4p. m.
Papers by: Karl ItI.D?' .ARIK: 'Regulators of z,-cial freedom''.
Dan:ul RREl I.: "The ambiguities o' the mass society (an.l the comp ~iti ?~
of Anterkan life)".
Zengo OHIRA:
Bertram D. W(-I.F'f : "The .problems of a great state: War and hurcaurracy
as threats to freedom"
c) The rise and develolmient of totali-
tarianism and authoritarian forms of
government in the twt'ntieth century
Chairman: Mr. John Kenneth (jALBRMTH.
Papers hy: Hannah ARENDT. "The rise and development of totaltt.,,;an .n, and
authoritarian forms of government in the twentieth .?e.?? 'r'
Merle FA1'NS+ eD " Threats to freedom: Twent.eth centurn t. uti8nt '.
Theodor I.ITT: "Reason, tradition and freedom".
Tomoo O hAKA \uthoritarianisni in Japan".
Gerhard RITiIEI?: "Freedom: The threat from within' .
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THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 15
III - Threats and obstacles to a free society (cont'd) 10 a. in.
d) The role of nationalism in fostering and
imperiling free societies ; the influence
of colonialism and racial conflicts
Chairman: M. Jorge MANA'GH.
1/,German ARGINPE(iAS: "South America: Freedom versus totalitarianism".
Denis HEALEY: "N tti-, al-in and liberty".
t/ Ilita HINIL)EN: " Coh.n:e' Ind freedom".
Geoffrey F. HUI)S('A F?,edom and frontiers".
/Ka,mal JUMBILATf:
Hans KOHN: "Ilcth nk, . ,mnalism".
Herbert PASSIN: "N:'' i;, -on in Asia".
K. A. BUSIA: "'I'N' indluence of colouia ism and racial conflicts on the
development and inair?en.ince of free societies".
FR ID.4 Y, SEPTEMBER 16
IV - The resilience of llvcdt-in
4p. m.
How is freedom kept alive tii dt'r oppres-
sion ? The inner resist a nt t? of* i lit l ividuals ;
outward forms of resistance
Chairman: Mr. Friedrich v. HAYEK
Papers hv: 1) Franz BOEHM: "I nture of reedom in the era 'if the cold
2 ( Joseph SCr;h p ?.?ior and res:stance n)\ements i:i t::c Sovt''t
Union". I
anes SP'ERB1 , lo' and indiifference".
V - Safeguards of a free ocivty
IO a. m.
'T'raditions as a bulwark a d a, an impe-
diment of a free soci('t\ : dialectic of
tradition and reason ; t Its' basis of
authority and civil rights in it I rt.t. society
dialectic of concensus and dis~tent
Chairman: Sir John LATHAIM.
Papers hyy: Michael FREUNI): ""I ra,ut in and freedom".
Stuart HAMPSHIRI : "1 rev i,.m and its defence".
Helmuth PLESSN'Eh':
Edward SHILS: ?Tradit..n and liberty: Antinomy and interdependence".
VI - Strategy of freedom
Chairman: Ing. Adriano Olivetti
Cone udirrg addresses -by:
4p. m.
Carlo ANTOiNI, A. D. GORWALA, (ienrge F. KENNAN, Michael
POILAINYI, Denis de R(-U,OE )NT, H. SANTA-CRUZ.
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Viktor AOARTZ
S.L. AKINTOLA
Maurice F. ALLAIS
P. Nyboe ANDERSON
Carlo ANTONI
German ARCINIEOAS
Hannah ARENDT
Raymond ARON
Ungku Abdul Aziz
Claudio BARIGOZZI
Luigi BARZINI
Karl BEDNARIK
Daniel BELL.
Max BELOFF
Willy BRANDT
Max BRAUER
_.A.K. BROHI
Robert BURON
K.A. BUSIA
Roger CAILLOIS
Gregoire CASSIMATIS
Gino CASSINIS
Colin CLARK
Michel COLLINET
Pierre CORVAL
Eric DA COSTA
' C.A.R. CROSLAND
R.H.S. CROSSMAN,
Amlan DATTA
Pastor DEL Rio
List of participants
Cologne (Germany).
Lagos (Nigeria).
Paris (France).
Copenhagen (Denmark).
Rome (Italy).
Columbia University
New York (U.S.A.)
University of Monte,. ideo
(Uruguay).
New York (U.S.A.)
University of Paris
(France).
Singapore (Malaya).
University of Milan
(li..ly).
Rorie (Italy).
's ieiln,t Austria).
New York (U.S.A.).
Nuffield College
Oxford (L' K.).
University of Frankfi t
(Germany).
Catholic University
Milan (It.ilyl.
li.?rlin (Germany(
Hamburg (Germany)
Karachi (Pakist.ui).
Paris (France).
Accra (Gold Coast)
Paris (France).
Athens (Greece,
Polytechnic School
Milan (It .Is
Oxford (U.K.').
Paris (France).
Virgilio FERRARI
Franco FERRARROTTI
Michael FREi'ND
Ivan GAUOUREK
I[ugh GAITSKELL, MP
john K. CALIIRAITII
Harvard University
(U.S.A.).
Paris (France).
Delhi (India).
London (U.K.).
London (U.K.).
(India).
Havana (Cuba).
Rome (Italy).
Amsterdam
(Netherlands
Manchester (U.K.)
Zurich (Switzerland).
Athens (Greece).
Paris (France).
Stockholm (Sweden).
University of Bordeaux
(France).
Gustavo DEL VECCHIO
Dr. DEN HOLLANDER
Ely DEVONS
Klaus DOHRN
C.A. DoxiADis
The Rev. Dr'BARLE
Rolf EDBERG
Jacques ELLUL
I I.E. GALI.ARA I'I SCOTT(
Felix GARAS
1 orsten GARDLUND
\ldo GAROSCI
\nierico Gniol.ol
Raoul (iIRARDET
A.D. GORWALA
F,rnst HALPERIN
/ Ntuart HAMPSHIRE
I riedrich v. IIAYEK
Denis HEALEY, M.P.
Ingeui.ir IIEnkNnuS
R.i.t HINDEN
ry% alther HOFER
(. HOLLIS, M.P.
/Idney HOOK
/ Einil HOURMOUZIOS
Geoffrey F. HUDSON
Erik HUSFELDT
Roy JENKINS, M.P.
,,Bertrand de JOUVENEL
Kaittal J)IMBLAT
George F. KENNAN
~T.Ikeyasu KIMURA
flans KOHN
Milan (Italy).
Rome (Italy).
Christian Albreclits
University, Kiel
(Germany).
The Hague (Netherlands
London (U.K.).
I I irvard University
U.S.A l
Milan Italy).
Paris (France).
Stockholm (Sweden
Rome Italy).
Montevideo (t gua.
Paris (France)
(Indiaj.
(Switzerland
Oxford (U.K.i
Univers0u ~,f Chicago
.
(IT.S.A.)
Lond, '1T.K.)
,.h
London (U.K.).
(Switzerland).
London (U.K.).
New York University.
(U S.A.I
Athens (Greece).
Oxford (U.K.).
Copenhagen (Denmark
Frankfort (Germany).
Free University of
Brussels (Belgium,.
London (U.K.).
Paris (France).
Beirut (Lebanon).
Princeton (U.S.A
University of Tokyo
(Japan.
Cambridge (U.S.A.)
Sir John LATHAM
Pierre LEMAR ESQUII?.R
Hans Jorgen LEMBO"RN
I.ihero LENT(
Sidney (Australia
Paris 5l rance).
Copenhagen (Denmark)
University of Pavia
(Italy)
W. Arthur LEwis University of Manchester
(1T.K.i.
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Seymour M. LIPSET
Theodor LITT
Richard LIEWENTHAL
Franco LOMBARDI
Ibrahim MADKOUR
Jorge MANACH
MMOO MASANI
Asoka MEHTA
Jean MERSCH
I1,?nri MIGEON
I'M 40 MILANO
l aeslaw MILOSz
Lino MONTAGNA
Alfredo MORALES
Luigi MORANDI
i Charles MORAZE
Zengo OHIRA
Adriatic) OLIVETTI
~Tomoo OTAKA
Geno PAMPALONI
G D. PARIKH
Ferruccio PAlno
Herbert PA++i.
Andre PHILIP
John PLAMENAT?
Rrue PERRIN
Michael POLANYI
Silvio POZZANI
Kukril PRAMOJ
(.erhard RITTER
Mario ROLLIER
I'.rnesto Ros. i
Nathan ROTTENSTR RICH
Denis de ROPGEMONr
Columbia University
New York (U.S.A.).
University of Bonn
(Germany.
London (U.K.).
Rome (Italy).
Cairo (Egypt).
Havana (Cuba).
Bombay (India).
New-Delhi (India).
Paris (France).
Paris (France).
Rome (Italy).
(Poland).
Milan (Italy).
(Philippines).
Milan (Italy).
Paris (France).
(Japan).
Ivrea (Italy).
University of Tokyo
(Japan).
Ivrea (Italy).
Bombay (India).
Rome (Italy).
Colombus, Ohio (U.S.A )
Paris (France).
Nuffield College
Oxford (U.K
University of Goettingen
(Germany
Paris (France).
University of Manchester
(U.K.).
Milan (Italy).
Bangkok (Thailand).
University of Freiburg
(Germany).
Milan (Italy).
Rome (Italy).
Jerusalem (Israel).
Geneva (Switzerland).
Luis-Alberto SANCHEZ
Hernan SANTA-CRUZ
Alfred SAUVY
,,,Karl SCHILLER
rArthur SCHLESINGER, Jr
Joseph SCHOLMER
Karlo SCHMID
Urs SCHWARZ
C. H.V. SETON-WATSON
Patanjali SHASTRI
B.R. SHENOY
Edward SHILS
Ignazio SILONE
Manes SPERBER
Djojohadikusumo
SUMITRO
Kenzu TAKAYANAGI
1'. T.LMON
Rene TAVERNIER
R. Garcia TREVINO
Walter TRITSCH
Pierre Uat
Leo VALIANT
Franco VALSECCHI
I Nikolaus VALTERS
J" Peter VL$RECK
A WEISSBZRO-CYBULSKI
H O. WESIIMANN
Peter WILES
Bertram D. WOLFE
G.D.N. WoRSwICK
W.S. WOYTINSILY
R. ZORN
Constantin ZURAYK
Santiago (Chile).
Santiago (Chile).
Paris (France).
Hamburg (Germany).
Cambridge (U.S.A.).
Cologne (Germany).
Bonn (Germany).
Zurich (Switzerland).
University of London
(U.K.).
(India).
(India).
Chicago (U.S.A.).
Rome (Italy).
Paris (France).
Djakarta (Indonesia).
(Japan).
Jerusalem (Israel).
Paris (France).
Mexico City (Mexico).
Ancona (Switzerland).
(France).
Milan (Italy).
University of Milan
(Italy).
Innsbruck (Austria).
Motwt H,o)joke, Mats.
(U.S.A.).
Rome (Italy).
(Austria).
Cologne (Germany).
New College, Oxford
(U.K.).
Catholic University
Louvain (Belgium).
New York (U.S.A.)
Magdalen College
Oxford (U.K.).
Washington (U.S.A.).
Munich (Germany).
(Syria).
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MANIFE-STO
C O N G R E S S
F O R
C U L T URA L
FREED O M
CONGRES
POUR LA LIBERTt DE LA CULTURE
KONGRESS
FUR K ULT URELLE FREIHEIT
Unanimously adopted in Berlin on 30 June 1950
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I. We hold it to be self-evident that intellectual freedom is one of the
inalienable rights of man.
2. Such freedom of man is defined first and foremost by his right to hold
and express his own opinions, and particularly opinions which differ from
those of his rulers. Deprived of the right to say "no", man becomes a slave.
3. Freedom and peace are inseparable. In any country, under any regime, the
overwhelming majority of ordinary people fear and oppose war. The danger of
war becomes acute when governments, by suppressing democratic represen-
tative institutions, deny to the majority the means of imposing its will to peace.
Peace can be maintained only if each government submits to the control and
inspection of its acts by the people whom it governs, and agrees to submit all
questions immediately involving the risk of war to a representative inter-
national authority, by whose decision it will abide
4. We hold that the main reason for the present insecurity of the world is the
policy of governments which, while paying lip-service to peace, refuse to
accept this double control. Historical experience proves that wars can be pre-
pared and waged under any slogan, including that of peace. Campaigns for
peace which are not backed by acts that will guarantee its maintenance are a
counterfeit currency circulated for dishonest purposes. Intellectual sanity and
physical security can only return to the world if such practices are abandoned.
5. Freedom is based on the toleration of divergent opinions. The principle
of toleration does not logically permit the practice of intolerance.
6. No political philosophy or economic theory can claim the sole right to
represent freedom in the abstract. We hold that the value of such theories is
to be judged by the range of concrete freedom which they afford the
individual in practice.
We likewise hold that no race, nation, class or religion can claim the sole right
to represent the idea of freedom, nor the right to deny freedom to other
groups or creeds in the name of any ultimate ideal or lofty aim whatsoever.
We hold that the historical contribution of any society is to be judged by the
extent and quality of the freedom which its members actually enjoy.
7. In times of emergency, restrictions on the freedom of the individual are
imposed in the real or assumed interest of the community. We hold it to be
essential that such restrictions be confined to a minimum of clearly specified
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actions; that they be understood to be temporary and limited expedients in the
nature of a sacrifice ; and that the measures restricting freedom be themselves
subject to free criticism and democratic control. Only thus can we have a
reasonable assurance that emergency measures restricting individual freedom
will not degenerate into a permanent tyranny.
8. In totalitarian states restrictions on freedom are no longer intended and
publicly understood as sacrifice imposed on the people, but are on the
contrary represented as triumphs of progress and achievements of a superior
civilization. We hold that both the theory and practice of these regimes run
counter to the basic rights of the individual and the fundamental aspirations
of mankind as a whole.
9. We hold the danger represented by these regimes to be all the greater
since their means of enforcement far surpasses that of all previous tyrannies
in the history of mankind. The citizen of the totalitarian state is expected
and forced not only to abstain from crime but to conform in all his thoughts
and actions to a prescribed pattern. Citizens are persecuted and condemned
on such unspecified and all-embracing charges as being c enemies of the
people * or c socially unreliable elements >.
10. We hold that there can be no stable world so long as mankind, with
regard to freedom, remains divided into t haves y and < have-nots'. The
defende of existing freedoms, the reconquest of lost freedoms and the creation
of new freedoms, are parts of- the same struggle.
11. We hold that the theory and practice of the totalitarian state are the
greatest challenge which man has been called on to meet in the course of
civilized history.
12. We hold that indifference or neutrality in the face of such a challenge
amounts to a betrayal of mankind and to the abdication of the free mind.
Our answer to this challenge may decide the fate of man.for generations.
13. The defence of intellectual liberty today imposes a positive obligation
to offer new and constructive answers to the problems of our time.
14. We address this manifesto to all men who are determined to regain those
liberties which they have lost and to preserve and extend those which they
enjoy.
Ap"I
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HONORARY PRESIDENTS
Karl Jaspers Jacques Marltain
Salvador de Madarlaga Bertrand Russell
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Georges Altman
Raymond Arch
Irvine arowa
Nicola Cltiarasso.N
T.B. Pyv l
Arthur HoesWr
Dugan Hog-
Haakon Lie
David Rousset
Carlo Schmid
ignado Buono
Stephen Spender
The following personalities have, among others, signed this
Manifesto and are members of the Congress for Cultural Freedom :
JuULa Amery
Carlo Antoci
German Aretaiegas
W.H. Andes
Louis de Bratlte
Hendryk Brugmans
Margaret. !!tuber-Henson
James Burnham
Mintaats Cakste
Guido Calogero
Henry Carton de Wtart
Pierre Corval
Josepk Osapeki
David Dallin
Louis de Rrouckire
John Dos Pens"
Georges Duhamel
Louis Dumont-Wilden
Carl J. Friedrich
James T. Farrell
Mi hsei Goodwin
Jeanne Hersch
Sidney Hook
Camille Haysmaas
Prods Jakobsea
Emile Janson
Michael Harpovttck
Hermann Hesten
Rana Zoka
Serge Housssvtteky
Olivier Lacombe
Maurice Leabtlllotte
Franco Loostardl
Harbert Lolly
R.M. Mao Iver
Andre Halraax
Gabriel Maseei
311~ Marine
Walter Mehring
Alexander Mttscherlloh
Jules Honnerot
Robert Montgomery
Hermann Muller
Brnest la(sl
Nicolas Nabokov
Tare Herman
Rorto Nioolalevaki
Reinhold Niebuhr
Adriano Olivetti
Ferraoeio Pain
Andre Philip
Guido Piovene
Theodor Plievier
Charles !Bonier
Oscar Pollack
Herbert Read
Jules Ramatns
Rimy Roars
Arthur Schlesinger Jr.
FJ. Schoeningh
George Schn ler
Upton Sinclair
Mania Sperber
John Steinbeck
Jules Suppeervialls
Haas Thirnng
Norman Thomas
Herbert Tingsten
Lionel Trifling
Harold O. Urey
Lionello Venturi
Peter Viereok
Barbara Ward
Alfred Weber
Thornton Wilder
Bertram C. Wolfe
Be* iergan
International Secretariat : 41, Avenue Montaigne, Paris-R?
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Le Congres pour la Liberte de la Culture a decide
de reunir A. Milan, du 12 au 17 septembre 1955, une Conference Inter-
nationale sur le theme : "L'Avenir de la Libe rte", a laquelle sent
convies lea economistes, sociologues, historiens de tendances lea
plus diverses et de tous pays.
Rappelons que le Congres pour is Liberte de la
Culture, fonde en 1950, est une association internationale d'borivains,
de penseurs, de savants et d'artistes, qui se propose pour but de
defendre la liberte de 1'esprit createur et critique centre toute
atteinte.
I1 nest lib a aucun gouvernement ou parti politique.
Sea presidents d'honneur sent : le philosophe alleinand Karl Jaspers,
l'essayiste et historien earagnol Don Salvador de Madariaga, le celebre
savant et penseur anglais Lord Bertrand Russelt4 Jacques Maritain,
fondateur du neo-thomisme, 1'ecrivain americain Reinhold Niebuhr.
Denis de Rougemont en eat le president effectif.
L'or let de is. Conference de Milan eat de provoquer
une vaste oonirjrtat1.jr: relative f x :,c'+ :imst lui affectent notre
univers et qui rendent urgent le progres meme de la technique oomme
l'evolution de la societe.
Que rests; -.., or. a fet, de ces gr"indee snthithbeea
qui permettaient, jadis, de penser le monde : capitalisme et socialisme,
laisser-faire et planisme, collectivite et individu, tradition et
revolution, democratie et dictature, progres et reaction, gauche et
droite ?
la Conference cherche avant tout a examiner oes
prbtendues options a is. lumiere de l'e xperienoe, et a detester lea
faux problemes en s'o.ttaquant a toutes lea mystifioations intellec-
tuelles.
Elle ne vise done pas a degager lea directives d'aotion
ou de propagande, mais a poser lea veritab lea alternatives de is. libe rti
dans oe siecle.
Le programme de la Conference oomporte une suite de
discussions autour d'un certain nombre de rapports eerito qui en deli-
mitent le sujet.
Parini lea nob reuses personnalites qui ont deji
accepte de participer a cette tres importante manifestation, citons
en particulier le sociologue autrichien Walter Tritsch, 1'economiste
beige Henri Janne; pour l'Inde, Eric Da Costa, directeur de journal
et Mince Masai; le professeur indonesien Sumitro Djojohadikusumo;
le professeur japonais Tomoc Otaka; N. Alfredo Morales rcur lea
Philippines; pour la France, 1'ecrivain Raymond Aron, flY. Robert
Buren et Andre Philip, anciens ministres, lea sociologues Roger Caillris,
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et Michel Collinet, M. Alfred Sauvy, economists et d6mographej '
pour l'Allemagne, M. Max Brauer, maire de Hambourg at le profeaeeur
Theodor Litt; lea universitairea anglais Colin Clark, C.A.R, Crosland,
Michael Polanyi, '.fit, Richard Crosaman, Hugh Gaitakell, ancien Chanoe-
lier de 1'Eohiquior, Donis W. Healey et Christopher Hollis, membros du
Parlenent; Is profeaeeur et expert 6conomique greo Constantin Doxiadis;
pour l'Italie, It. Virgilio Ferrari, professeur, maire de Milan, lea
profesaeura Maroello Boidrini, Gino Cassinis, Libero Lanti, Franco
Valsooerhi, he duo Tommaso Gallarati-Sootti, ambasaadour, to Dr. Luigi
Morandi, he professeur Claudio Barigozzi, le journalists Luigi Barsini,
lea profesaeura Aldo Garosoi, Franco Venturi, is Dr. Ernesto Rossi,
Ferruoio Parri, aneion Pracior Ministre, 1'6orivain Ignazio Silone,
l'induatriel Adrian Olivetti. Pour l'Am6rique latine, he professeur
Jorge l .naoh et M. Eduardo Santos, anoien Pr6sident do la R6publique
de Colombie. Le Dr. C. Zuraik, pour he Liban; M. Heinriok Brugmana,
Reoteur du College d'gurope,pour lea Pays-Bas; Ht. Jens Christian
Hauge, ministre du gouvornment norv6gien; M, R. Edberg, parlementaire
at journaliste subdois, It. Norbert Tingston7 direoteur de journal a
Stockholm; lea 6orivains suiases Herbert Luthy et Denis do Rougemont;
los professeurs John Kenneth Galbraith, Friedrieoh V. Hayek, Richard.
Hofstadter, Sidney Hook, 1'ambassadeur George F. Kennan, les historiens
Arthur Jr. Schlesinger, Peter Vioreok et Bertram D. Wolfe pour lee
Etata.-Unie. Enfin, is professeur German Arciniegas, M. Alex Weiseberg-
Cybulaki et lea iorivains Cseslaw P4ilosz it Manis Sperber.
IA Conf6rence de 24ilan nest pas la premiere mani-
festation organis6e par is Congres pour la Libert6 de la Culture,
Depuis s+a creation et is premiere renoontre qui
r'unit a Berlin II8 intelleotuels de tous pays, oelui-oi a on effet
organis6 un grand nombre do manifestations internationales sur des
thhnes varies touchant divers problemes intelleotuels et artistiques,
notamment a Bruxelles (novembre I960), Bombay (mars 1951), Andlau
(septembre 1951), Stockholm (mars 1952), Rome (avril 1954 et avril-
mai 1955).
Citons plus sp6oialement lea oonoerta, expositions
de peinture et do sculpture, lea oonf6renoes, lea debate entre 6orivaina
de diverges nations, qui oonetituerent, en mai 1952 a Paris, un festival
international des Arts sans pr6o6dent, sous he titre : "L'Oeuvre du
Zxe Siecle", drossant un bilan impressionnant de l'effort artiatique
du monde Libre oonteiporain.
I1 faut aussi rappeler is rdunion 1 Hambourg, an
juillet 1953, de nombreux it illustres savants de diverges disciplines,
parmi lesquels noun oiteroas Arthur H. Compton, Use Meitner, ?fax von
Laue, liax Hartmann, James Franck, Daniel Iagaohe, Jean Thibsud, qui se
r6unirent pour examiner en oommun lee questions relatives i is science
it A la libe rt6.
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JAIII.
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Proposal for an International Con_feronos
to be held in .ii! Ian in September 1"55
under the auspices of the
Congress for Cultural 'reodon
:OI DUM
b~ . PI:~~,h m
The groat social ophaavals of ow is have engulfed er
imperilled freedce over large parts of the world. Profound dissatistesUas
with the existing social order, aid a determination to devise a now and
immensely improved form of sooiel7, originally inflamed these confliote.
But the violent endeavors of our ago were put to the hard test of
exporienee in the verioup reform movements and comprehensive social
experimente.,f the past thirty five years, and today it falls to us to
apply the lessons of these eaporionsee - bought at the cost of mush
suffering . for a realistic r?cnsidoration of our social problems.
At Didpoint in the twentioth century, the terms of yostordar's
pros must no longer divide as. Our concepts of Socialism and
Capitalism, of economic planning and the market economy, of nationalization,
of full employment, of social welfare, of taxation, of colonialism, have
profoundly altered as the result of recent decades. The old political and
philosophical eateg+iries have also boon shattered: Tetelttarianiso has
lido-tracked the alternatives of progress and reaction. Popular mass
movements have repeatedly proved inimical to freedom and, on occasion, have
boon restrained only by traditional institutions which in the past
opposed the march of freedom. Modern fanaticism has appealed to a_
scientific outlook which originally fought religious funatici..,
Under the surface of public opinion and of political controversy,
a now receptivity for a sobered view of .commie and political affairs can
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be widely felt in many Western countries; we must take the initiative in
bringing into the open a complete revaluation of the issues of our time.
The meeting on the Future of freedom should bring together leading
economists, social scientists, historians and writers of different economic,
philosophic and political tendencies - in mutual confidenor: and commn
concern - resolved to penetrate to the true alternatives that are open to
us today. In this manner we hope to facilitate a confrontation of different
points of view and different schools of thought , not contamta ted by
ancient venom, so that vie m*y try to define as concretely as we can the
requirements of individual material well-being and spiritual freedol" and
examine together the alternative methods which modern society mW employ
to fulfil these needs.
The history of the past fifty years shows that the legitimate
economic functions of the government inevitably involve the extent of
individual liberty. A comprehensive comparison of the experiences made
during the past decades in countries with different economic policies
will form a solid point of departure for assessing this connection. Thus
a picture should emerge, showing the real variations of the economic
order and the corresponding range of achievements and shortcomings of the
various economic and political tendencies. These comparisons should throw
light on the question, how,_ the intensity of state intervention in the
freedom in some societies been a necessary pries paid for the economic
field of saonomios abridges public liberties. Has the
progress achieved by them ? Similar quest ions ariee where radi cal measures
were taken to enhance social security and, again, where modern technology
was introduced suddenly into underdeveloped regions.
But the future of freedom depends not only on the successful
fulfilment of the economic function by modern democratic governments; for
the basic conflict of our time extends in a great variety of directions
and occupies many levels of thought and action. Its most distinctive
feature, havvever, is the fact that it involves a fundamental antagonism
between diverse and contradictory concepts of freedom. This conflict
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threatens to resolve itself in a. crisis of allegiance, both on the domestic
and on the ihternational plane. A clearer vision of contemporary reality
must be obtained in order that the available ideological alternatives can
be more precisely stated and thus provide a meaningful basis upon which a
choice among them may be made.
An enquiry into the philosophical foundations of freedom,
conducted in common anxiety and mutual confidence by men and women of
different economic, nhilosophie and political persuasion, should help to
consolidate the cause of freedom and crc at e a new concern for the fate of
liberty. From this should e1 rge a conception of history which should
serve as a guide towards the future of freedom and as an inspiration in
the fight for its future.
B. TENTATIVE OUfLINTE OF TOPICS
1.- Claims and Substance of Economic Systems
a) Differences on economic policies and ideologies within the
countries of the Western world.
b) Characteristics of the economic structure of the Western
countries on the one hand, and Soviet countries on the other
(with special- attention to be devoted to Yugoslavia, as a
country in transformation from one system to another).
(Those differences to be rcasured by objective criteria like
employment and taxation policies, use for incentives, role of trade
unions, corporations and banks, methods of investment, function
of the market, etc.)
c) Problems of the underdeveloped countries and of their relations
with countries of the western and Soviet types.
2.- Foundations of c Free Society
The irreducible wAnimm conditions of a free society.
Civil liberties and popular government.
Tradition, rational organization, and freedom.
Free concensus or orthodoxy.
Modern Challenges to the Free Society
Internal instability.
Problems of mass-society.
Risc of totalitarian forms of government.
Iv dera dictatorships.
No tionalisan.
The Future of Freedom
a) Strivings for-freedom under oppression
b) Bcsponsibili',y for freedom
e) Future strategy of freedom.
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C. EXPLANATORY NOTES
(1) The projected international Conference on the Future of Freedom
will t a'_:c place in LIilan, Italy, during a period of six days in
S _.,)t ember 1955.
(2) The general plan of the Conference calls for two or three public
meetings, open on the basis of invitation to scholars and students
from the U?.Aversity of ".ilan and other ?iniversitics in the i:'alan
area, anc' for three or four working sessions, attended by ill
partieii,mits in the Confcrc:.cc. ComvdSttces of interested
participants will also be formed to deal with specific aspects of
the general pro .
(;) A basic paper will be prepared on each of the four major topics of
the Conference. They ;r;ill be distributed among five or six other
participants in order to elicit papers from them, containing their
vicros on the problems raised. In this manner, it is anticipated
that a kind of symposium will be achieved prior to the Conference
on each of the major topics. (The basic paper for the first of the
four Conference topics has already been prepared by It. Ra;rmond
Aron.)
(c!.} The International Secretariat is presently constituting an
organizational committcc in preparation for the Conference. In this
natter, the Secrct aric.t has the advioc of Professors Raymond Aron,
Sidney Hook, Lichael Polanyi, and Carlo Schmid, who F members
of the Facccutivc Corriittee of the Congress for Cultural Freedom.
It will also be in consultation with other highly qualified
persons, representing various academic disciplines, and different
points of view.
It is hoped that the organizational committee, to consist
of twelve to fifteen persons, will be constituted during September,
and that a definite program for the Conference will be adopted by
the .poirsrlittee at the beginning of October.
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(5~ A local Milanese host conanittee, comprising representative
personalities in the cultural life of T!Lilan and the .7iilanesc
region $ rill be fornE d. This cor_mitt ec vaill comprise outstanding
r ibcrs of the universities and public lif , in i:alan.
The Congress for Cultural 11rcedorl has been assured of the
collaboration of the Entc Lmifestazioni L-ilancsi, I?iilan.
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LAVVENIRE DELLA LIBERTA'
Confateusa Irnvsfcnal* motto 0 auspld det
Congreeso, per la Lbeft della Cizitur
E Ia E N C 0
D E I.
P A R T E C I P A N T I
MI LAN.O
12-17, TTEMBRE 1955
MUSED NAZIONAI,E IELLA SCIENZA E DELLA TECUCA
Piazza San Vittore
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ME6~IDRI DEL COMITATp PROIDTORE MILA1 SE
FERRARI, Virgilio, Professore, Sindaoo di Milano,
Presidents del Comitato Promoters Milanese
per is Conferenza su "L'Avvenire dells Liberti"
BOLDRINI, Marcello,Professore, Deoano dells FaooltA
di Scienze'Economiohe
dell'Universit& Cattolica di Milano
CASSINIS, Gino, Professors
D:rettore dell'Istituto Politeonioo di Milano
S.E. GALLARATI SCOTTI, Duos Tommase,
Ex-Ambasoiatore ails Corte d'Inghilterra,
Presidents dells Fiera Internazionale di Milano
LENTI, Libero, Professors di Statietioa,
ali'Universit& di-Pavia,
Via Pstilo Tilsi, 15, Milano
L NTAGNA, Dr. Lino, Assessors al Munioipio di Milano
Ripartizione Educazione
Via Francesco Sforsa, 23, Milano
MORANDI, Dr. Luigi, Presidents dell'Ente Manifestazioni Milanesi
Via A. Saffi, 15, Milano
VALSECCHI, Franoo, Professore di Storia
all'UniversitA di Milano
Via San Vittore, 40, Milano
Segretario: BARIGOZZI, Claudio, Professore di Genetioa
all'UniversitA di Milano
Via Celoria, 10, Milano
Presidente del Comitato Esecutivo
del Congresso per la Liberth della Cultura:
Donis de ROUGE68ONT
Sogretario Genorale: Nicolas NABOKOV
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1.
AUSTRALIA
LATHJM, Sir John, Ex-Presidente dolla Corte Suprema d'Australia
Ex-Rettore dell'Universita di Melbourne
AUSTRIA
BEDNARIK, Karl,
TRITSCH, Walter,
Presidente del Comitato Australiano
la Liberta dells Cultura.
G.P.O. Box 4714, Sydney
Dottoro in Scienze Economiche
Neuo Siodlung Stadlau,
Ldwonzahn sse 3b, Vienna XXII
Dottore in S ienzO Socials
La Casetta, l,scona (Ticino)
SVIZZERA
VALTERS, Nikolaus, Profossore di Diritto
all'Universit& di Innsbruck
Staffer Sttasse 15/1, Innsbruck
WEISSBERG-CYBULSKI, Alex, Scrittore
139, rue do is Tour, Parigi, XVI?
BELGIO
JI,NNE, Honri, Profossore di Economia Politica
all'Universita di Bruxollos
Dirottore del "Institut do Sociologic Solvay"
244, Avenue Louise, Bz xolloe
WOITRIN, Michel, Professors alla Facolta
di Soionze nconomicho a Sociali
doll'Universita di Louvain
Direttoro olio Ricorche Economiche
40, tvonuo des Hetros, Hoverleo-Louvain
BI T IA
L.-LW YONE,
Dirottore di "Nation"
Nation Trust
290, 40th Street, Rangoon
NULWO
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SiiNTd CRUZ, Hornan, Avvooato
Prosidente dells Commissiorto dell'O.N.U.
per lo Studio 'Bella Situazione Razziale
nell'Uniono del Sud-.lfrioa,
Membro Bella Sotto-Commissione dell'O.N.U.
per la Lotta oontro lo Disposizioni Disori-
minatorie o per la Protezione dolls
Minoranzo
Nazioni Unite, Palais des Nations
Ginevra (Svizzera)
CECG aO V.1C CHI.1
G.IDOUREK, Dr. I.,
.,RCINIEG.;S, German,
M.J.CH, Jorge,
Sooiologo
Istituto olandese di Provenziono medica
12, .1drian Pauwstraat, L'1ia
CO OLTI11
Pro?'rase r., 3i :.otteratura Iispano-Americana
all'Universith di Columbia, New York
Via Lima, 42
Roma (Italia)
COST:: D'ORO
Profossoro di Sociologia
Collogio doll'Universl.t& dolla Costa d'Oro
11chimota
Profossore di Storia della Filosofia
all'Univoreita d'olla 1vana
We. Real Oesto esq. a Quijano
Country Club
La Avana
R?0, Pastor del, Sogretario Generale dell'Associazione
dogli ~',rtisti e Sorittori timoricani,
.ive. do los Prosidontes, 52'2, Apartado 1969,
La Avana
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U s, f,
4LASNUIRED
~ANI,1RCa
dNDERSEN, P. Nyboe,. Professors di .$conomia
Scuola di Soienze Eoonomiche e Commerciali
Coperaghon
Rostgaarebus, Krogerup, Humlebaek
LEMBURN, Hans Jtirgen,Economista
Hornebyhum, Villingebaekve.j 88, Hornbaek
HUSFELDT, Erik, Professors di Medioina
all'Universiti di Copenaghen;
Presidents del "Selekabet for Prihed og Kultur"
St. Strandbtr*ede 19, Copenaghen
EGIT7b
MADKOUII,. Dr. Ibrahim, Professors di Filosofia,
Consigliore Permanents per 1'Inoremento
della Produzione Nazionale
Giza, Ibn Margwan Street, Cairo
FIL PP
MORALES, Alfredo, Sorittore,
1760 A., Taft Avenue
Pasay City
F W__CI_A -
ALLAIS, Maurioo F., Professors di Scienze Economiohe
ails "Eoole Nationale Supdrieure dos Minos";
Professors di Teorie Eoonomiohe
all'"Institut do Statistique",
15, rue. des O&ite-Ceps, Saint-Cloud (S.dcO. )
ARON, Raymond, Sorittore, Profossote ally Sorbona
e all "'Inst tut dos Sciences Politiques"
34, qudi de,'assy, Parigi, XVI'
BURON, Robert, Ex-Ministro Membro dell'Aseembloa Nazionale,
14, rue de Delleohasse, Parigi, VII'
CAILLOIS, RogQr, Sooiolago, Redattore-oapo dells rivieta
"Diogene"
5, Passage Doisy, Parigi, XVII?
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FRANCIA (soguo)
COLLINET, Michel, Sociologo
83, Avenue Niel, Parigi,XVII?
CORVAL, Pierre, Gi.ornalieta,
Reidattoro--oapo del giornale
radio-tolevisivo (R.T.F.)
53, rue Damrgmont, Pe igi, XVIII?
DUBARLE,RR.PP., Professors di Filosofia dells Soiense
ail'"Inotitut Catholique" di Parisi
23, Bd. do la Tour-Maubourg, Parigi, VII*
ELLUL, Jacques, Professore di Diritto
alla Faoolti di Bordeaux
e :a11 "'Inatitut d'Etudas Politiquea"
di Bordeaux,
Lai;Mariere, Peasao,(Oironde)
GARAS, Felix, Ctiornalista,
ll + rue Las-Cases, Parigi,,'IRI?
GIRARDET, Raoul, Professors, Dooento di Storl.s
ds$stente di St?cria Cantesparsaasa
&Ila Sorbona
19$, rue St. Jacques, Perigi, VII*
JOUVPIffi., Bertrand do, 110onomista, Scrittore,
Ch4teau de Hornal (Oise)
LD ARESWIER, P., Dirottoro &&1s