URGING LUIS MUNOZ-MARIN TO BE U. S. AMBASSADOR TO THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000500120029-3
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• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 22, 2003
• Sequence Number: 29
• Publication Date: May 12, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

9952
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE May 12, 1965
15th amendment to the Constitution of
the United States, which was ordered to
be printed.
ANENDMENT NO. 184
Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President, I
send to the desk an amendment to the
substitute bill S. 1564. I ask that it be
printed and lie on the table.
This amendment would delete the pro-
visions of the bill that nullify the power
of State legislatures to enact voting laws
after the bill goes into effect in a State or
to enact any voting qualification or pro-
cedure different from that in effect on
November 1, 1964.
It is a sad commentary on our form of
Government to require States to submit
new laws duly enacted by their legisla-
tures to the Attorney General for ap-
proval before they can go into effect,
and it is likewise inconsistent with the
powers of the States to require, that new
State laws be tested by declaratory judg-
ments in the District of Columbia before
they can be placed into effect.
The Constitution of the United States
would not have been ratified by the
States had this provision been in it. It
seems to me that it is beyond the power
of Congress at the present time to re-
quire this indignity of the States.
There is no real need for the provision
and it is purely an attempt to punish the
Southern States. Under our normal sys-
tem of law acts of State legislatures can
be tested in the courts, and in many
cases they can be tested promptly.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. ' The
amendment will be received, printed, and
lie on the table.
ADDITIONAL COSPONSOR OF BILLS
Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that at the next
printing of Senate bill 1232, the so-called
Freedom Academy bill, that the name of
the distinguished junior Senator from
Arizona [Mr. FANNIN] be added as a
cosponsor.
The PRESIDING OFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. INOUYE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the names of
the Senator from Illinois [Mr. DOUGLAS],
the Senator from Nevada [Mr. CANNON],
and the Senator from Minnesota [Mr.
MONDALE] be added as cosponsors of S.
1833, a bill to establish the Pacific Medi-
cal Center.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
AID TO ECONOMICALLY DIS-
TRESSED AREAS?ADDITIONAL
COSPONSORS OF AMENDMENT
Under authority of the order of the
Senate of May 4, 1965, the names of Mr.
BARTLETT, Mr. BASS, Mr. 13AYH, Mr.
BREWSTER, Mr. BYRD of West Virginia,
Mr. CLARK, Mr. GORE, Mr. GRUENING, Mr.
HARTKE, Mr. INOUYE, Mr. KENNEDY OF
Massachusetts, Mr. KENNEDY Of New
York, Mr. MCCARTHY, Mr. McGovERN,
Mr. MONTOYA, Mr. MOSS, Mr. NELSON,
Mrs. NEUBERGER, Mr. PASTORE, Mr. FELL,
Mr. RrEicorF, Mr. WILLIAMS of New Jer-
sey, Mr. YARBOROUGH, and Mr. YOUNG Of
Ohio were added as additional cospon-
sors of amendment No. 143, intended to
be proposed by Mr. RANDOLPH, to the bill
(S. 1648) to provide grants for public
works and development facilities, other
financial assistance, and the planning
and coordination needed to alleviate
conditions of substantial and persistent
unemployment and underemployment in
economically distressed areas and re-
gions, submitted by Mr. RANDOLPH on
May 4, 1965.
NOTICE OF HEARINGS ON AMEND-
MENT TO EXPORT CONTROL ACT
OF 1949
Mr. 1VIUSKIE. Mr. President, I an-
nounce that the Subcommittee on In-
ternational Finance of the Senate Com-
mittee on Banking and Currency will be-
gin hearings on Monday, May 24, 1965,
on the bill, S. 948, to amend section 2
of the Export Control Act of 1949. The
hearings will be held at 10 a.m., in room
5302, New Senate Office Building.
Any person who wish to appear and
testify in connection with this bill are
requested to notify Matthew Hale, chief
of staff, Senate Committee on Banking
and Currency, room 5300, New Senate
Office Building, Washington, D.C., tele-
phone [phone].
SUBCOMMITTEE ON CONSTITU-
TIONAL AMENDMENTS, NOTICE OF
HEARINGS ? REAPPORTIONMENT
OF STATE LEGISLATURES
Mr. BAYH. Mr. President, as chair-
man of the Senate Judiciary Subcom-
mittee on Constitutional Amendments,
I wish to announce further hearings on
the matter of reapportionment of State
legislatures. These hearings will be
held on May 14, 1965, in room 2226 of
the New Senate Office Building begin-
ning at 10 a.m.
NOTICE OF RECEIPT OF NOMINA-
TION BY COMMITTEE ON FOR-
EIGN RELATIONS
Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President, on
behalf of the chairman of the Committee
on Foreign Relations, I desire to an-
nounce that today the Senate received
the nomination of Leonard C. Meeker, of
New Jersey, to be Legal Adviser of the
Department of State.
In accordance with the committee rule,
this pending nomination may not be con-
sidered prior to the expiration of 6 days
of its receipt in the Senate.
ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTI-
CLES, ETC., PRINTED IN THE
APPENDIX
On request, and by unanimous consent,
addresses, editorials, articles, etc., were
ordered to be printed in the Appendix,
as follows:
By Mr. TALMADGE:
Editorial and obituary on the late Dr.
Ferdinand Phinizy Calhoun, of Atlanta, Ga.
By Mr. JAVITS:
Article entitled "Reapportionment Perspec-
tives: What Is Pair Representation?" written
by Robert G. Dixon, Jr., and published in
the "American Bar Association Journal" for
April 1965, which will appear hereafter in
the Appendix.
By Mr. THUR1VIOND:
Article entitled "Communists Had Voting
Program Like Johnson's," written by Henry
J. Taylor, and published in the Birmingham
Post-Herald of April 16, 1965.
Editorial on attempts to punish the South,
broadcast over Station WOKE, in Charles-
ton, S.C.
By Mr. TYDINGS:
Resolution in support of the Supreme
Court's reapportionment decision, adopted
by the Young Democratic Clubs of America.
By Mr. CHURCH:
Poems on the Indians of Idaho, written
by Phillip Wil1m43eorge,of pwaI, Idaho.
URGING LUIS OZ-MARN TO BE
U.S. AMBASSADOR TO THE DO-
MINICAN REPUBLIC
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
President Johnson would be well advised
if he were to recall U.S. Ambassador W.
Tapley Bennett, Jr., as our Ambassador
to the Dominican Republic. Ambassa-
dor Bennett is, in my judgment, the sort
of ambassador who misrepresents us in
Latin American countries and who is
typical of the striped-pants State De-
partment and Foreign Service officers
who denounce as Communists any Latin
American leader who opposes the
wealthy economic and military oligar-
chies that control many of our neighbors
to the south. In the myopic mind of
Ambassador Bennett, a leader such as
Juan Bosch and leaders in Brazil, Boliv-
ia and other Latin American Republics,
who seek to expropriate by legal actions
vast land holdings of absentee land-
lords and distribute them to the im-
poverished, helpless and well-nigh hope-
less underprivileged peasants and labor-
ers of these countries are automatically
suspect as Communists. No doubt he re-
gards Juan Bosch as a Communist or
at least a Communist sympathizer. Of
course, it is well known that he is
neither.
Events of the past few weeks indicate
that Ambassador Bennett is the sort of
State Department officer who is unable
to distinguish between truly democratic
elements in the citizenry of other coun-
tries and the Communist elements. In
my opinion he is on the side of militarists
and fascist elements.
That we have been misrepresented or
inadequately represented in the Domini-
can Republic is indicated by the fact that
our President has dispatched as a spe-
cial envoy, John Bartlow Martin, in
whom the people of the Dominican Re-
public apparently have confidence and
who I am sure has the confidence of my
colleagues.
Mr. President, I urge that our Presi-
dent appoint as Ambassador to the Do-
minican Republic, not only a great
American administrator, diplomat and
leader, but one of the foremost states-
men of the entire free world?the former
Governor of the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico, Luis Mufioz-Marin. I hope
and believe this great American patriot
would accept this post if offered. With
him as Ambassador and the Organization
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Article 31
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 9951
The Secretary-General of the United Na-
tions shall inform all States Members of the
United Nations and the other States referred
to in article 26:
(a) Of signatures to this Convention and
of the deposit of instruments of ratification
or accession, in accordance with articles 26,
27 and 28;
(b) Of the date on which this Convention
will come into force, in accordance with
article 29;
(c) Of requests for revision in accordance
with article 30.
Article 32
The original of this Convention, of which
the Chinese, English, French, Russian and
Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be
deposited with the Secretary-General of the
United Nations, who shall send certified
copies thereof to all States referred to in
article 26.
In witness whereof the undersigned
Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized
thereto by their respective Governments,
have signed this Convention.
Done at Geneva, this twenty-ninth day of
April one thousand nine hundred and fifty-
eight.
STATTJS OF RATIFICATIONS OF 1958 CONVENTION
ON THE TERRITORIAL SEA
United States, Australia, Bulgaria, Byelo-
russian S.S.R., Czechoslovakia, Dominican
Republic, Finland, Haiti, Hungary, Israel,
Portugal, Rumania, Ukrainian S.S.R.,
U.S.S.R., United Kingdom, Venezuela, South
Africa, Cambodia, Malaysia, Senegal, Mala-
gasy Republic, Uganda, Italy, Nigeria, Sierra
Leone.
Mr. BARTLETT. Mr, President, the
legislation I introduce today would im-
plement the Convention on the Terri-
torial Sea by requesting the President to ?
direct that all necessary research be ac-
complished to indicate on a large-scale
official map the baseline for measuring
the breadth of the territorial sea as is
specifically required by article 3 of the
convention, including the employment of
straight baselines where appropriate un-
der article 4 of the convention.
This convention contains 32 articles
and is the most important of the 4
conventions adopted in Geneva from the
standpoint of sea boundaries. The first
two articles of the convention provide
that the sovereignty of a nation extends
beyond its land territory and its in-
ternal waters to a belt of sea called the
territorial sea. Articles 3 to 13 involve
the determination of the boundaries of
the territorial sea. In these determina-
tions, two boundary concepts are in-
volved. The first is an inner one re-
ferred to as the baseline and the second
is an outer one which is dependent upon
the breadth of the territorial sea. The
United States adheres to a 3-mile ter-
ritorial sea.
In addition, the baseline is the line
from which the boundaries of any con-
tiguous zone is measured. Article
24 of the convention recognizes the
establishment of contiguous zones
which may extend up to 12 miles beyond
the baseline for customs, fiscal, immigra-
tion or sanitary regulations. The Unit-
ed States established, by an act of Con-
gress in 1935, a 1-2-mile contiguous zone
for purposes of customs and fiscal reg-
ulation. Moreover, under the same 1935
act, the President has authority to es-
tablish customs enforcement areas up
to 50 nautical miles beyond the 12-mile
custom zones to prevent the unlawful-
introduction of merchandise or persons
into the country. The Territorial Sea
Convention does not mention contiguous
zones for fishery regulation, although
many nations, including many which
have ratified the convention, have estab-
lished contiguous zones not to exceed
12 miles for purposes of fishery regula-
tion. At the 1958 Geneva Conference
on the Law of the Sea, the decision was
made to treat fisheries under a separate
convention, which to date has not been
ratified by the necessary 22 nations.
However, I personally, and other Sen-
ators, have advocated a 12-mile fishery
zone for the conservation of U.S. fishery
resources for several years. When this
proposal is accepted, and I am convinced
it will be, it will be necessary to have
measured and certain the baseline from
which to deterimne the breadth of the
12-mile fishery zone. This will be ac-
complished under the proposed bill.
The baseline also represents the inner
limits of the Continental Shelf and the
high seas. The accurate establishment
of baselines is, therefore, also significant
for determining whether offshore oil ex-
ploration is being undertaken on State
or Federal land.
In my opinion, this matter is of utmost
urgency. Not only does the United States
have an obligation as a party to the con-
vention to mark on an official map the
baseline for measuring the limits of our
territorial sea but we have a definite need
to do precisely this because of the in-
creasing pressure from foreign fishing
efforts in our coastal waters. I have been
advised that there is at the present time
no official map designated as such as re-
quired by the convention. Our interna-
tional obligation in this respect is quite
clear. But I would like to emphasize also
the importance of meeting this obligation
as a means of assisting the enforcement
of legislation enacted by Congress last
year which I introduced and which im-
poses strict penalties on any foreign fish-
ing vessel that engages in the fisheries
in our territorial waterS.
At the present time, the Coast Guard
which has primary responsibilities under
that act has available at best only an
approximation of the boundaries of our
territorial sea. They do not even have
that for many areas off the Alaska coast
which is the area under the heaviest pres-
sure at present from foreign fishing oper-
ations. Additional studies and investi-
gations will be necessary before such an
official map can be completed. But these
studies must be undertaken and must, in
my opinion, be undertaken immediately.
The bill I introduce today would not
only request the President to prepare this
official map but would express the sense
of Congress that in the preparation of
the map the United States should adhere
to the convention method of employing
straight baselines where the coastline is
such that it will permit. This, I should
point out, is the major change being pro-
posed in this legislation in regard to the
principles presently used to mark the
limits of our territorial sea. The straight
baseline principle is applicable to irreg-
ular coastlines such as we have in the
North Atlantic and more particularly in
Maine, and in the North Pacific specifi-
cally in Alaska. It may be applicable to
other areas as well such as those off the
gulf coast off Louisiana. However, the
extent'of the application of the straight
baseline principle is uncertain because
sufficient search has not been accom-
plished. This proposed legislation would
assure its accomplishment in the interest
of the United States and pursuant to
present U.S. international obligations.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill
will be received and appropriately re-
ferred.
The bill (S. 1954) to protect coastal
fishery and other resources by imple-
menting the Convention on the Terri-
torial Sea and the Contiguous Zone,
introduced by MT. BARTLETT, was re-
ceived, read twice by its title, and re-
ferred to the Committee on Commerce.
SOCIAL SECURITY AMENDMENTS
OF 1965?AMENDMENTS
AMENDMENT NO. 178
Mr. DOUGLAS submitted amend-
ments, intended to be proposed by him,
to the kill (H.R. 6675) to provide a hos-
pital insurance program for the aged
under the Social Security Act with a
supplementary health benefits program
and an expanded program of medical as-
sistance, to increase benefits under the
old-age, survivors, and disability in-
surance system, to improve the Federal-
State public assistance programs, and
for other purposes, which were referred
to the Committee on Finance and or-
dered to be printed.
AMENDMENTS NOS. 180 THROTJGH 183
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, I send
to the desk four amendmetn,s to the so-
cial security amendments bill HR. 6675,
now under consideration by the Finance
Committee. Two of these are in sub-
stance identical to bills which I offered
earlier in the session. They are S. 1787,
to establish a drug stamp plan as a sup-
plement to the medical and hospital pro-
visions of the medicare bill, and S. 1490,
which calls for removal of the limitation
on earnings for those who are receiving
social security benefits. The third in-
creases allocation of certain funds for the
Virgin Islands from $330,000 to $500,-
000. The fourth amendment is the same
as my bill S. 2060 of the 88th Congress,
which would allow the payment of old-
age insurance benefits to a fully insured
beneficiary at age 60, if he has exhausted
his unemployment compensation bene-
fits without finding new employment.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
amendments will be received, printed,
and appropriately referred.
The amendments were referred to the
Committee pn Finance.
VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 ?
AMENDMENTS
AMENDMENT NO. 179
Mn SPARKMAN proposed amend-
ments to the amendment, in the nature
of a substitute (No. 124) proposed by Mr.
MANSFIELD (for himself and Mr. DISK-
SEN) to the bill (S. 1564) to enforce the
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May 12, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
of American States taking over the po-
licing of the Dominican Republic. order
undoubtedly would be restored. No
other action that the President can take
would do more to restore confidence in
our policies by leaders and citizens of
Latin American nations.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The time of
the Senator has expired. ? ?
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. Presidea.
I ask unanimous consent that r be per-
mitted to proceed for 3 additional
minutes.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
jection, it use ordered.
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Our President
KW justified in relying on the recom-
mendations of Ambassador Bennett at
the outset. The Dominican, ROPUblic Is
within our sphere of influence in the
Western Hemisphere. Of course, we
cannot and will not tolerate any Com-
munist takeover in that little island.
Not one American civilian has been
killed in the rioting or revolt in the
Dominican Republic. ' The continued
presence of Ambassador Bennett can
only serve to. encourage Communist ele-
ments throughout Latin America. His -
Inadequacy has apparently been recog-
nized by the appointment of a special
envoy.
Dan Kurzman, staff writer for the
Washington Poet, reports that CoL Fran-
cisco Caamano Deno of the so-called
rebel forces, although the military junta
which deposed the duly elected President
are in reality rebels against law and
order, states that Ambassador Bennett
laughed when he asked him to help him
end the bloodshed. Colonel Caaniano
was ready to agree to a ceasefire and to
negotiate with the military junta seeking
Peace. Bennett refused to mediate.
He said he had no authority to do so.
It is said he laughed scornfully at
Colonel Caantano. Ambassador John
13s.rtiow Martin. later dispatched by our
President, immediately took part in
mediation efforts.
Is time we withdrew all of our ma-
rines except then who will be, members
of the peacekeeping force of the Orga:
natation of American States. Our mili-
tary advisers and Ambassador Bennett
caused nearly 35.000 men of our Armed
Forces to be sent into this island city.
This could be likened to using a sledge
hammer to drive in a tack. Further-
more, Ambassador Bennett aided and
abetted (len. Wessin y Wessin of the
I am hopeful that without delay free
democratic election.' will be held in the
Dominican Republic. The appointment
of Luis Mufios-Marin as our Ambassador
to the Dominican Republic would be a
great step toward restoring law and
order in that nation and a sign of our
good intentions for liberty-loving op-
pressed people throughout Latin Amer:.
Ica.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the column of Drew Pearson
Published in the Washington Post of
Wednesday, May 12. under caption "Past
Ignored in Island Crisis," be printed In
the Rrcoits, at this point as a part of
my remarks.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the Ramaa.
as follows:
(From the Washington (D.C.) Post, May 12.
1.051
Parr humans Dr Dwane Cann
(By Drew Pearson)
Those who have worked with and watehed
President Johnson close up during the Viet-
Dement and Dominican crime predict that
his No. 1 problem will continue to be foreign
This le because, while he knows legislative
problems as no other President in history.
he has an intimate feel for ettutatkni. act-'
culture, poverty. taxes, soostomice. and the
entire field of domestic problems, he does
not neve a feel for foreign affairs. It is also
became every President to some extent is a
prisoner of those who feed him information,
who &dines him on problems he does not
know firsthand.
In view of the fact that the Damning=
crisis has set back our Pnn American rela-
tions SO years, It Is important to call the roil
of advisers who gave the President been
steers and what they did:
Ambaseaor d Ilesinete In Santo
Domingo flew to Wa?ugton 2 days before
the crisis, told the State Dims:Moat the
political situation was deteriorating, but
predicated no revolution..
Three days niter the revolt started and 1
day before Ur. Johnson landed the matinee,
Col. Francisco Mannino Deno, now rabid
provisional President, came to see Bennett,
offered to negotiate a oesse-Are. The Ambas-
sador laughed in his face. This infuriated
Casinallo. Re went back to nett harder
than ever. This nghting contributed to the
decision to lend merinos. ,
savousibla npieltire
Atter the marinas hustled, AMbAssiaor
Bennett sent them into the front lines to
Aght alongside and relieve the troops of Oen.
Wedeln Y Wessin. who last year had helped
kick out President Beech. first duly elected
President in 12 years. The sight of U.S.
Wartnes fighting to support Gen. Westin y
Wassin Infuriated the pro-Bosch forces,
created a lot of anti-American bitterness.
In Washington. Assistant Secretary of
State Jack Vaughn and Ellsworth Bunker,
cool-headed Ambassador to the OAS. both
favored full consultation with OARAmbassa-
dors. They had little chance to make their
point. The person L.B.J. leaned on was his
old Tease friend, Tom Minn, rapidly pro-
moted by Mr. Johnson to be No. I man In
the State Department. Last year, Diann
called in U.S. envoys, made it clear that the
United States would support military regimes
ork this continent.
The President has no conception of the
long, tough battle Latin Anisticans have
waged to ban intervention by the "Colossus
of the North." He has no conception of
Latin American hatred for marines. They
have become a symbol at ."Yankee imperial-
ism." Even if he had fent the U.S. Army
Instead of the marines, reaction-mould have
been better.
The President has no realisation of the fact
that the standard excuse for Waling marines
In Latin America has been the danger of
communism.
me "RED itsaaam"
I recall that when President Coolidge
landed marines in Nicaragua in 1927, the
first excuse was the protection of American
property Then Under Secretary of State
Robert Z. Olds called in Kirke Simpson. of
the AP; Ludwell Denny, of the UP, and Mau-
rits Hallgren. of the INS; 16,1114 them a "no
attribution" story that communism was
penetrating Nicaragua, the Panama ()anal
was in danger. Denny and Heaven ratused
9953
to carry the planted piece unless the State
Dspartscant could be quoted,. There was no
threat of communism In Central America in
1927.
This month, SE years later, the Johnson
administration first used the excuse of pro-
tecting American live. for landing marines;
then brought out the old excuse of commu-
nism.
The real fact is that one-third of the Do-
minicans are unemployed, which breeds un-
rest, communism, and a bitterness in which
rebels do not particularly care whether they
die sniping at American marines.
Finally. Ur. Johnson has not sweated
through the international conferences In
which Latin diplomats slowly built up the
doctrine of nonintervention in Pan American
Their first real progress came at the
19211 Pan American Conference in Havana,
which I covered for the Christian 8C111101,
Calvin Coolidge. then President.
opened the Conference. Secretary of State
Frank B. Helloing was a delegate, as was
Charles Evans Hughes, elder statesman of
the Republican Party.
Latin Americans were then boiling o'er
the 1927 landing of U.S. marines in Nica-
ragua. So at this Conference, three distaff.
gnashed Republicans. Coolidge. Hughes. and
Kellogg, accepted the doctrine of noninter-
vention.
President Johnson's hardnosed advisers
permitted him in 1 hour to kiss off sa years
of better understanding in the Western
Hemisphere without consulting a single
Latin neighbor.
PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE ON FED-
ERAL PAY INCREASES
Mr. CARL/30N. Mr. President, the
President has just submitted to Congress
a menage on pay increases for Federal
classified workers and military personnel
In service. The message was based on the
report of a committee, which he men-
tioned in his message of January 25,
1945, known as the President's Special
Panel on Federal Salaries, which was to
review Federal military and civilian pay
levels. 'Ibis was an outstanding commit-
tee, headed by Marion Folsom, who has
given many years of service to the Gov-
ernment and who has recommended
many important prograrnd In the interest
of our citizens generally and particularly
the classified Federal workers. ?
The President's message proposes an
average increase of 3 percent in Federal
civilian salaries; an average increase of
4.1 percent in the compensation of all
uniformed personnel, except enlisted
personnel with under 2 years of service:
and a 2.7 percent increase In the base
pay of enlisted personnel having less than
2 years of service.
In his message, the President suggests
that a committee be established to study
proposed pay increases in future years.
That proposal, In my opinion, while It
has merit, will require hearings and
study by the Committee on Post Office
and Civil Service.
I mention one item in connection with
the proposed pay increase, which the
President states will cost approximately
$853 million-5447 million for uniformed
Personnel and $406 million for civilian
personnel. This is the sentence about
which I wish to comment:
In order to hold the coats of pay adjust-
ments in the fiscal year 1065 within amounts
Included in the budget for that purpose. I
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May 12, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
Mr. George W. Andrews with Mr. Baring.
Mr. Roush with Mr. Holland.
Mr. Purcell with Mr. Resnick.
Mr. de la Garza with Mr. Hamilton.
Mr. McCLORY changed his vote from
"nay" to "yea."
The result of the vote was announced
as above recorded.
The doors were opened.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND
REMARKS
Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan-
imous consent that those Members
who desire to do so may be permitted to
extend their remarks in the body of the
RECORD during debate on the bill just
passed.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from
Arkansas? -
There wa.s no objection.
Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan-
imous consent that those of us who
spoke during the course of debate on the
bill just passed may include extraneous
matter in their remarks.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from
Arkansas?
There was no objection.
RESIGNATION FROM COMMITTEE
The SPEAKER laid before the House
the following communication, which was
read:
Hon. JOHN W. MCCORMACK,
Speaker of the House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. SPEAKER: I find that other official
responsibilities make it necessary for me to
resign from the Committee on Education
and Labor. Please accept this letter as my
resignation.
I have appreciated this honor very much
and thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely yours,
PAUL FINDLEY,
Representative in Congress.
The SPEAKER. Without objection,
the resignation is accepted.
There was no objection.
RESIGNATION FROM COMMITTEE
The SPEAKER laid before the House
the following communication, which was
read:
Hon. JOHN W. MCCORMACK,
The Speaker,
House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. SPEAKER: In view of my pending
assignment to the House Education and
Labor Committee, I herewith tender my
resignation effective immediately as a mem-
ber of the House Government Operations
Committee.
Sincerely yours,
EDWARD J. GURNEY.
The SPEAKER. Without objection,
the resignation is accepted.
There was no objection.
APPOINTMENT OF MEMBERS TO
COMNInTEES
Mr. GERALD R. FORD. Mr. Speak-
er, I offer a resolution.
The Clerk re-a.d the resolution as fol-
lows:
H. RES. 383
Resolved, That the following-named Mem-
bers be, and they are hereby, elected mem-
bers of the following standing committees of
the House of Representatives:
Committee on Education and Labor: En-
WARD J. GURNEY, Of Florida.
Committee on Government Operations:
JOHN W. WYDLER, Of New York.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table. "
ADDITIONAL AUTHORIZATION FOR
CERTAIN RIVER BASIN PLANS TO
COVER FISCAL YEAR 1966
Mr. JONES of Alabama. Mr. Speaker,
I move that the House resolve itself into
the Committee of the Whole House on
the State of the Union for the considera-
tion of the bill (H.R. 6755) authorizing
additional appropriations for prosecution
of projects in certain comprehensive
river basin plans for flood control, navi-
gation, and other purposes.
The motion was agreed to.
IN THE COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
Accordingly, the House resolved itself
Into the Committee of the Whole House
on the State of the Union for the consid-
eration of the bill H.R. 6755, with Mr.
Harnsui in the chair.
The Clerk read the title of the bill.
By unanimous consent, the first read-
ing of the bill was dispensed with.
Mr. JONES of Alabama. Mr. Chair-
man, I yield myself 10 minutes.
(Mr. JONES of Alabama asked and
was given permission to revise and ex-
tend his remarks.)
[Mr. JONES of Alabama addressed the
Committee. His remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
Mr. BALDWIN. Mr. Chairman, I yield
myself 5 minutes.
Mr. Chairman, this bill came out of the
Committee on Public Works by a unani-
mous vote. The amount authorized,
$263 million, is included in the budget.
Thi S is the authorization bill that would
be required, however, before those budget
? items can be included in the public works
appropriation bill which will follow a
little bit later in this session. The main
objective of our committee in bringing
this bill out at this time is to try to
avoid the most unfortunate situation
which happened 2 years ago when we
had some river basins which ran out of
funds. There was a delay here in Con-
gress in getting a new authorization bill
through for them. We had some ex-
tremely unhappy situations arise because
of contracts already let, which were part
way constructed, on which they ran out
of funds. The most difficult problem of
all that occurred 2 years ago occurred in
the Los Angeles-San Gabriel River Basin
in. California. On that river basin 2
years ago contracts had been let and
they ran out of the authorization when
the contracts were to the point where the
projects were half way constructed.
There were people who had great quanti-
ties of earth dumped on their front
lawns and great dredging of ditches in
front of their property when the contrac-
tor and his men had to go off the job
9909
because there was no longer any funds
to carry them through. In some cases
that situation was a constant threat. In
fact, the local agencies in that area had
to lend funds to the Corps of Engineers
to try to tie together some of those loose
ends.
This is something the Congress should
not allow to happen. Therefore our
committee is bringing this bill to the
floor of the House today to try to get
these authorizations through in time so
that funds can be made available for
these contracts and so that we can avoid
this kind of situation and keep it from
developing. Whenever we have a gap
and contractors have to leave the job,
we actually lose continuity of construc-
tion. We increase the construction
costs, also, because the contractors have
to pull equipment and men away from
the job and go somewhere else. This is
not a good way to conduct the business
of doing an effective flood control job.
Therefore, Mr. Chairman, I hope that
this bill will pass here in the House to-
day with a unanimous vote, and I very
much hope that the other body will give
consideration to this bill on an urgent
basis, because according to the informa-
tion we have from the Corps of Engineers,
unless this bill is Passed and passed very
promptly, we will have 47 contracts
which will have to be deferred within
the rielit 2 months, and it would be a
tragedy if this happened.
Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Chairman,
will the gentleman yield?
Mr. BALDWIN. I yield to the gentle-
man from Oklahoma.
Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Chairman, I
think the gentleman has made a very
constructive contribution to putting
across the urgency of this measure. I
certainly want to commend him for it.
Also I would like to say that we are
certainly delighted that he is back from
spending some little time in the hospital,
as did our colleague from Alabama [Mr.
JoNEs] because his help on this bill has
been invaluable to the committee.
Mr. BALDWIN. I thank the gentle-
man.
(Mr. KUNKEL (at the request of Mr.
BALDWIN) was given permission to insert
his remarks at this point in the RECORD.)
[Mr. KUNKEL'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
Mr. THIMBLE. Mr. Chairman, I
wholeheartedly support this bill.
Mr. BANDSTRA. Mr. Chairman, I
strongly urge passage of H.R. 6755, a bill
to increase the fiscal 1966 authorizations
for projects being built by the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers in 10 river basins.
Of immediate and important interest
to my home State of Iowa is the provi-
sion for increasing by $14 million the au-
thorization for the Upper Mississippi
River Basin. This increased authoriza-
tion is necessary so that work can con-
tinue on the Red Rock Dam and Reser-
voir project, now under construction on
the Des Moines River in south-central
Iowa.
The Corps of Engineers, in testimony
April 27, 1965, before the Subcommittee
on Flood Control of the House Public
Works Committee, indicated that sev-
eral phases of the project, involving con-
tracts totaling more than $1.8 million,
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would be delayed unless the Congress ap-
proves the new authorization promptly.
The need for flood control projects
such as Red Rock is obvious, and it
should be all the more apparent because
of the heavy floods in the ,Upper Missis-
sippi rtiver Basin this spring.
The Des Moines River was swollen by
floodwaters, as were many other rivers
in the area. The Office of Emergency
Planning estimates that flooding in Iowa
resulted in nearly $5 million in damage.
This is the amount of damage that has
been determined thus far. It is quite
likely that the actual damage will run
much higher.
The Corps of Engineers has informed
me that, on the Des Moines River, flood-
ing caused about $850,000 in damage at
points on the river from the Red Rock
dainsite downstream to the confluence
with the Mississippi River.
This is a routine bill. But it is badly
needed to avoid delay on flood control
projects, both in Iowa and in other parts
of the country. I therefore urge that
the House of Representatives act favor-
ably on this measure today, so that it
can be sent to the Senate for approval
there at the earliest possible date.
Mr. SCHMIDHAUSLit. Mr. Chair-
man, the State of Iowa has been ravaged
by the most devastating floods in the his-
tory of the Upper Mississippi River Val-
ley. I am sure that the people of south-
east Iowa applaud the recognition which
the House of Representatives has given
them today in responding to the serious-
ness of the situation. The appropriation
for Red Rock Reservoir which will allot
$15 million to provide flood control pro-
tection on the Des Moines River is vitally
needed. The allotment of $30,000 for
Coralville Reservoir improvements and
$628,000 for the needed completion of the
Coralville-lVlehaffy Bridge is of tremen-
dous economic importance to the people
of the Iowa and Cedar River Basin.
Mr. CALLAN. Mr. Chairman, the gen-
eral comprehensive plan for flood con-
trol and other purposes in the Missouri
River Basin which was first approved by
the Flood Control Act of June 28, 1938,
has benefited my district of Nebraska
immensely. The Flood Control Act of
1944 provided additional advantages for
the eastern section of Nebraska. Today
there is a need for the expansion of the
Missouri River Basin comprehensive
plan. One of the needs is for additional
recreational facilities for our people.
I believe that it is necessary that we
Pass this bill in order that we might Pro-
vide for the ever-demanding needs of
People for recreation. My district needs
additional recreational facilities. This
bill will provide funds for the develop-
ment of recreational facilities for the
people of the First Congressional Dis-
trict of Nebraska at the Gavins Point
Reservoir and the Harlan County
Reservoir, in Nebraska. Although not in
my district, this lake is used by many
People in eastern Nebraska. I believe
the proposed amounts of $90,000 for the
Gavins Point Reservoir and the $50,000
for the Harlan County Reservoir to be
spent for recreational development is a
step in the right direction. These two
recreational facilities will provide the
People in my district with numerous
opportunities to avail themselves of water
recreation. The passage of this bill will
pralide such an opportunity.
Mr. Chairman, I support this proposed
1V.:r. ROGERS of Florida. Mr. Chair-
man, lf.R. 6755 provides an authorization
of 4111 million for 1 fiscal year for the
cenhral and southern Florida flood con-
trol project. I appreciate the committee
incl acting the project in its legislation for
fiscal year 1966, and express the hope
thal the committee would approve an
authorization for this project for 2 fiscal
yews in its next action.
T:ae Central and Southern Florida
Floc d Control District presently has $2.8
mill.on in authorizations left for fiscal
yea! 1966. The Corps of Engineers has
indimted a capability of $15 million for
_flood control works in fiscal year 1966,
and the committee's action allowing $11
mill.on would bring the total authoriza-
tions to $13.8 million in the next fiscal
year, Even with the approval of the $13
mill on for the central and southern
Florida flood control project as included
in the President's budget for fiscal year
1966, the remaining monetary authori-
zations are marginal and present plan-
ning difficulties to the Federal and State
ager cies concerned.
The flood control project has meant a
great deal to Florida. It is a critical
necessity in an area where land once
Inundated by floods has been turned
Into, use in one of the Nation's fastest
groming areas. And the results have
been excellent, as judged by the fact
that of some $175 million in funds In-
vested in the Central and Southern
Florida Flood Control District, there has
been a return of some $200 million in
benefits.
I have introduced legislation, H.R.
6749, to provide a monetary authoriza-
tion )f $30 million for 2 fiscal years, and
urge that congressional approval be
giver. to long-range authority for this
project. Short-range planning can be
costl:r for the uncertainty causes inter-
ruptions. Already the Corps of Engi-
neers has canceled invitations to bid on
two Central and Southern Florida Flood
Cont7o1 District projects, and I am ad-
vised that the corps may be forced to
cancol two more contracts already
awar led for construction works.
Mr. Chairman, the Central and South-
ern I Iorida Flood Control District spans
all Or part of 18 counties in Florida. I
respectfully ask that consideration be
given to providing authorizations for
longer than 1 fiscal year in the next
actiois taken by the committee.
Mr. BALDWIN. Mr. Chairman, we
have no further requests for time.
Mr. JONES of Alabama. Mr. Chair-
man, I have no further requests for time.
Th s CHAIRMAN. The Clerk will
read.
Ths Clerk read as follows:
H.R. 6755
Be 't enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That, (a) in
additi2n to previoui; authorizations, there is
hereb:f authorized to be appropriated for the
prosecution of the comprehensive plan of
development of each river basin under the
jurisd.otion of the Secretary of the Army re-
ferred to in the first column below, which
was basically authorized by the Act referred
to by date of enactment in the second
column below, an amount not to exceed that
shown opposite such river basin in the third
column below:
Basin Act of Congress Amount
Arkansas River June 28, 1938 $115, 000, 000
Brazos River.. September 3, 1954_ 6, 000, 000
Central and Southern June 30, 1948 11, 000, 000
Florida.
Columbia River June 28 1938 73, 000, 000
Los Angeles-San August 18, 1941_ _ _ 10, COO, 000
Gabriel.
Missouri River. June 28, 1938 24, 000, 000
Ohio River._ June 22, 1936 3, 000, 000
Ouachita River------- May 17, 1050_ _ _ 1, 000, 000
Upper Mississippi lune 28, 1938 14, GOO, 000
River.
West Branch Susque- September 3, 1954_ 6, GOO, 000
banns River.
(b) The total amount authorized to be
appropriated by this Act shall not exceed
$263,000,090.
The CHAIRMAN. Under the rule, the
Committee rises.
Accordingly, the Committee rose; and
the Speaker having resumed the chair,
Mr. HANNA, Chairman of the Committee
of the Whole House on the State of the
Union, reported that that Committee,
having had under consideration the bill
(H.R. 6755) authorizing additional ap-
propriations for prosecution of projects
in certain comprehensive river basin
plans for flood control, navigation, and
other purposes, pursuant to House Reso-
lution 381, he reported the bill back to
the House.
The SPEAKER. Under the rule, the
previous question is ordered.
The question is on engrossment and
third reading of the bill.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
and read a third time and was read the
third time.
The SPEAKER. The question is on
passage of the bill.
The bill was passed.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND
Mr. JONES of Alabama. Mr. Speaker,
I ask unanimous consent that all Mem-
bers have 5 legislative days in which to
extend their remarks on the bill just
Passed.
The SPEAKER, Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from Ala-
bama? .
There as no objection.
f)L).--,.. _
U.S. OLICY IN DOMINICAN RE-
PUBLIC IS A COMMITMENT TO-
HEMISPHERIC SECURITY AND
WORLD PEACE
(Mr. SELDEN asked and was given per-
mission to address the House for 1
minute.)
Mr. SELDEN. Mr. Speaker, the events
of recent days make it more than ever
apparent that the only alternative to
the present U.S. commitment in the
Dominican Republic would be to see that
nation go the tragic way of Castro's
Cuba.
Despite a heavy propaganda din by
some of the same fatuous observers who
helped pave Castro's road to power in the
1950's, the evidence accumulates that so-
called Dominican rebel forces, if success-
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ful, would establish a second Communist
base in the Caribbean.
Critics of the President's action in
moving to meet the Communist threat to
the Dominican Republic fail to grasp the
essential lesson to be learned from the
tragedy of Cuba's fall to Castro com-
munism. The establishment of a Com-
munist base in the Caribbean has im-
periled hemispheric security and en-
dangered world peace. Had President
Johnson failed to meet the Communist
menace to the security of the people of
Hispaniola, the door would be opened
wide to Red takeovers, not only along
the Caribbean but throughout Latin
America.
This is to say, as these critics seem to
overlook, that the same "domino theory"
which has committed American forces in
Vietnam also applies to the nations of
the Western Hemisphere. Hemispheric
policy, set forth in numerous inter-
American meetings in recent years, pro-
vides for the isolation and ultimate re-
moval of the Communist cancer In
Havana. The emergence of a second Red
base in the Caribbean would effectively
destroy this policy and the entire fabric
of the Inter-American system itself.
What are the purposes of the inter-
American system if not to protect the
member States and peoples of our hem-
isphere from becoming, as have the
tragic people of Cuba, mere satellites of
an alien power?
The OAS?
Declares the Department of State in
setting forth the legal basis for our coun-
try's actions in the Dominican Re-
public?
thus exists to assist the American States to
maintain their rights to defend their integ-
rity and to provide for their preservation and
prosperity.
The action of the United States?
Continues this State Department
analysis?
has given the organs of the OAS the essential
time in which to consider the situation in the
Dominican Republic and to determine means
of preserving the rights that country has
under the inter-American system.
Certainly, the matter of sending
in U.S. forces to maintain order in
a neighboring country is not a course
desired by any American President. But
the alternative course?that is, to have
done nothing at all?would have endan-
gered not only the life and property of
U.S. citizens and other foreigners in
Santo Domingo, but the very security of
our hemisphere. Once before in the
past decade the U.S. Government, be-
guiled by the propaganda din of those
who represented Fidel Castro as a mere
"agrarian reformer," miscalculated its
hemispheric responsibilities. The re-
sults proved tragic to the people of Cuba
and the hemisphere. Eventually, un-
derestimating and miscalculating the
true scope of Communist aims in the
Americas, we came to the brink of a
third world war.
It is well then that the Johnson ad-
ministration has demonstrated by its
timely action in Santo Domingo that the
United States has profited from the les-
son of Castro and Cuba. Further, that
we regard our solemn commitments to
curb and eliminate the Communist can-
cer from the hemipshere as more than
mere words on a scrap of paper. For
time and again in recent years the na-
tions of our hemisphere have pledged
their resources toward protecting the
Americas from Communist subversive
aggression. Now, the evidence is clear?
for all who will study it?that U.S. action
in the Dominican Republic has been di-
rected solely toward that end.
The United States?
Asserted the Department of State in its
statement on the Dominican situation?
continues to support its commitment to the
preservation of the right of all free peoples
in this hemisphere to choose their own
course, without falling prey to international
conspiracy from any quarter.
That is the sum and substance of our
country's current position in the Domin-
ican Republic. It is the essence of our
commitment as the leader of the West-
ern Hemisphere. Any failure in that
leadership at this critical time could re-
sult in tragedy, not only for the cause
of freedom in the Americas, but through-
out the world.
SMALL BUSINESS SUBCOMMITTEE
UNANIMOUSLY APPROVES LEGIS-
LATION INCREASING DISASTER
AID
(Mr. PATMAN asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
Point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, this
morning the Subcommittee on Small
Business of the House Banking and Cur-
rency Committee unanimously reported
H.R. 8060 and its companion bill, S. 1796.
This legislation grants additional bene-
fits for victims of natural disasters, both
in the form of an increase of $50 million
in SBA's revolving? fund and more lib-
eral terms in loans granted to disaster
victims by SBA.
Passage of H.R. 8060 or S. 1796 in the
shortest possible time is imperative so
that loans made to victims of the recent
floods and tornadoes can be made under
the new terms.
I am including a copy of my opening
statement on H.R. 8060 which was given
this morning at the hearings conducted
by the Small Business Subcommittee:
OPENING STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN PATMAN
ON H.H. 8060 AND S. 1796, To PROVIDE FOR
DISASTER VICTIMS
The bill before the Subcommittee on Small
Business this morning would not be neces-
sary if Congress were able to legislate against
disasters. But, of course, we cannot make
laws to prevent floods in our Midwest, nor
can we legislate against tornadoes in the
Southwest or, for that matter, any type of
natural disaster in any part of our Nation.
However, we can provide legislation that
will offer financial assistance to disaster
victims so that they may rebuild their lives
and property to a level equal to that before
tragedy struck. H.H. 8060 and its compan-
ion bill, S. 1796, would help disaster victims
in the following manners:
1. They would allow the Small Business
Administration to increase the maturity of
disaster loans from 20 to 30 years.
2. They would suspend payment for up to
5 years on the principal and interest of dis-
aster loans at the discretion of the Adminis-
trator of the Small Business Administration.
3. If the request for suspension of the
principal involves a participation loan, SBA,
at the request of the lender, shall either pur-
chase the participating lender's portion of
the loan or make payments to the lender on
behalf of the borrower during the suspen-
sion period in order to avoid default.
4. This legislation would also increase
SBA's revolving fund by $50 million.
There are many bills pending in the House
of Representatives dealing with aid to dis-
aster victims, most of them involving com-
plex and comprehensive programs of re-
habilitation. H.R. 8060 and S. 1795 are stop-
gap measures until fuller disaster legislation
can be passed. Passage of these measures
will in no way slow down the consideration
of the other disaster measures before Con-
gress.
The importance of H.R. 8060 and S. 1796 is
underscored by the number of Senators who
have taken time from their busy schedules
to appear before this subcommittee or filed
statements on behalf of the measures. It is
my sincere desire that the subcommittee can
take swift action on these bills and report
them to the full committee today so that
the new programs of aid will be available to
the thousands of people who lost their homes
and businesses in the recent midwestern
disasters.
CONGRESSMAN CHARLES A. VANIK
CITES PAST AND FUTURE ACCOM-
PLISHMENTS OF THE SAVINGS
AND LOAN INDUSTRY
(Mr. PATMAN asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include an
address by Congressman VANIK at Hous-
ton, Tex.)
Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, few men
In this country are more qualified to
speak on finance and financial institu-
tions than the gentleman from Ohio,
Congressman CHARLES A. VAN1K. As a
member of the Committee on Banking
and Currency for 10 years and now a
member of the Committee on Ways and
Means, he has become intimately ac-
quainted with our Nation's financial sys-
tem. More important, he is not only
skilled in the technicalities of our finan-
cial laws and practices?he also has a
deep understanding of their human sig-
nificance.
Congressman VANIK yesterday de-
livered a speech to the annual manage-
ment conference of the National League
of Insured Savings Associations, in
Houston. In it he describes how the
savings and loan industry has grown to
meet the need for lending institutions
particularly directed to, and knowledge-
able about, individual credit needs. He
outlines the tremendous contributions
savings and loan associations have made
to this country, and he charts a course
to assure them of an equitable position
in relation to other credit institutions
and of the opportunity to develop their
potential fully.
This is an important speech for the
savings and loan industry and for the
Nation. The full text follows:
STATEMENT OF CHARLES A. VANIK, OF OHIO,
HOUSTON, TEX., MAY 11, 1965
Mr. Chairman, my first words in the city
of Houston must be words of gratitude for
this community's representative in the U.S.
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Congress since, except for President Lyndon
B. Johnson, there is no more beloved Texan
in Washington than ALBERT THOMAS. Your
distinguished Congressman is my friend and
counselor. My colleagues and I have come
to rely on his judgment?he is a Congress-
man's Congressman?rightly endowed with
wisdom and warmth.
I come to this meeting with a profolind
high regard for the savings and loan indus-
try and its contribution to the American
scene.' My experience in public life began
in 1934, over 30 years ago. During the great
depression, the great war, and the smaller
Korean War, I have been witness to the early
contribution of the savings and loan indus-
try to recovery from depression and from
war. I have been witness to your dramatic
contributions to the housing of the returned
veteran and the expanded formation of
postwar family life. Twice in my own life--
time I needed home financing assistance.
On each occasion I turned to a savings and
- loan association., The banks were strange
and Indifferent. The insurance loans were
made primarily in large tract developments.
The great majority of my colleagues in the
Congress share my views and my affection
for your industry. They have had the same
experience in the same times of change. As
a member of the Banking and Currency
Committee for over 10 years, I know the
pride and the respect which Chairman
WRIGHT PATMAN has for your growth and
your stability and your importance to the
sound, economic growth of America. His
predecessor, Brent Spence, of Kentucky,
shared these_ same views. People in Gov-
ernment who knOw the financial Institutions
best?are joined in this concept.
The community and the people who / rep-
resent in my district are served infinitely
more through the savings and loan insti-
tutions than through any other financial
medium. They borrow their money from
your institutions. They save their money in
your institutions.
I am among those in the Congress who
believe that your industry is mature and
responsible. There is no need for "forced
feeding" of statutes and the "spoon feeding"
of regulations. It is for this reason that I
oppose arbitrary and crippling Government
controls over dividend rates?limitations and
restraints on the income of the small saver
who is your depositor. Tie Federal Reserve
may have valid reasons for enacting regula-
tion Q, but we must recognize that the deci-
_sions of the Federal Reserve Board are not
purely public determinations. The policies
of the Federal Reserve have a built-in guid-
ance system?built in by your competitor--
the banking industry. Since when has it
become right to permit your competitor to
fix his bid price for money in regulation Q
and then insist that yours be fixed where
it suits him best?
Competition at the marketplace is still a
good creed for America. if your industry is
capable of paying a higher interest rate and
continues to loan money at attractive low
rates, who wins?the saver, the borrower, the
home buyer? It has been scientifically con-
cluded that your industry can and must pay
a higher differential rate for deposits. Your
deposits and loans are longer in term. They
require less servicing. You can pay a higher
yield and make a cheaper loan. As long as
the depositor's moneys are safe, you should
be encouraged to do your best in the com-
petition for business.
I believe that the present system of re-
gional pricing for savings funds makes a
great deal of sense and should be continued.
The temporary pause in housing expansion
has just about passed. We must be prepared
for the dynamic surge in house building
Which is soon to Overwhelm us. We must be
ever mindful of our long-term needs in the
housing area. A case hiss not been made for
the imposition of dividend rate controls on
an Industrywide basis. Nor should such con-
trol be extralegally imposed through eco-
nomic sanctions?such as the denial of funds
to an institution only because it offers a high-
er e ividend rate.
II an institution is not sound or well man-
aged the Home Loan Bank Board should cer-
tair ly have the power to issue such orders as
are necessary to protect the depositors. The
Board should certainly have the power to is-
sue cease-and-desist orders. However, an in-
stit ation must have the right to appeal for
reliq in the courts. It is certainly entitled
to judicial review after the Board's adminis-
trative procedures have been completed. But
if an institution is otherwise sound and well-
ma:Iaged, it needs no instruction on what
div..dend it should pay.
AS I understand it, the Federal Home Loan
Boa& Board is seeking new authority in the
ars i of holding companies, supervisory pow-
ers and standby controls over savings and
loaii dividend rates. At the present time, the
savings and loan holding company law pro-
hibits any holding company from acquiring
control of any additional savings and loan
asaaciations which are insured by thoFederal
Sailiags and Loan Insurance Corporation.
Th 4 Board is seeking powers, broadly speak-
ing, to amend the present law to require sav-
ings and loan holding companies to register
and file regular reports with the Board. In
addition, the Board's proposals would confine
holding company operations to a single State
an E require divestment of subsidiary asso-
ciations in other States. Other provisions of
thd- bill would subject holding companies to
rs:-ac examination and generally holding
col apanies would be prohibited from carrying
out Aransactions which an insured association
could not by law perform.
he holding companies take the position
that they are subject to supervision by State
ha ikIng authorities and FSLIC with respect
to insured associations and that the parent
company must abide by the rules of the SEC.
Otaers in your industry feel that holding
col tapanies by their nature operate with corn-
pedtive advantages and should for this and
other reasons be subjected to closer scru-
tir y by the Board through the FSLIC. This
Wee should be resolved in a way to insure
institutional stability and also insure
ag dust unfair competition. I will watch
carefully the deliberations of the banking
co nanittee.
'to financial institutions?as with every
otier kind of American enterprise--taxes are
at the root of substantially all concern. I
am fully mindful of a disturbing feature of
out tax laws under which a Federal asso-
clition or a State-chartered association op-
erating within the limits of its authority
coald fail to qualify as a domestic building
and loan association under the Internal Rev-
enue Code and thereby be deprived of the
spacial sections of the code related to the
t?ation of the institution. I do not be-
lieve there is another instance or any other
industry which is confronted with a tax sec-
tion which is also a regulatory measure.
3.4 Rua' savings banks qualify for the same
tat provisions as savings and loans simply
because they are mutual savings banks.
They are not burdened to keep proving that
they are what they claim to be.
Powerful competitive forces are also en-
gaged in an effort to erode the tax status of
the savings and loan institutions. One of
rat colleagues filed a bill several days ago
'Mitch would treat savings and loan in-
st.tutions the same as banks for the pur-
eases. Such efforts must be decisively over-
cc the. They are inspired by the Bathe forces
wl itch would limit and restrict your divid-
er d rate and the ultimate income of de-
pcsitors. Your industry does a different
joa than the banks. You are restricted in
the loans you make. You do not enjoy the
bonanza of cost-free money which banks
are provided out of Federal funds and which
the citizens provides in his commercial
account deposits. Your loans are long-term,
often 200 or 300 percent longer than the
average commercial bank loan.
Your business entails considerably more
risk as you obligate yourself to long-term
loans at fixed interest rates. If interest rates
should spiral, you must face the challenge
of depositor demand for higher interest and
the borrower's insistence upon the sched-
uled system of long-term repayment. You
must be prepared to give the depositor his
money at once and then wait three 'decades
or more to get it from the borrower to whom
you gave it. When my father signed a bank
note and mortgage for the old homestead,
he was promised a 15-year loan but was or-
dered to sign a demand note. When the
depression came, th.e bank demanded the
money and our family was at the wall of
despair. This lesson will never be forgotten.
You need the tax reserves that the tax
system now provides. The attack on this
principle is absolutely and certainly a com-
petitive attack on your very existence. ,
It is my hope that the current tug of war
among financial institutions will meet a
tolerable accord. It is certainly time that
the factional infighting will subside and give
the total industry a chance to catch up and
permit the best segments of the industry to
find their own level. Now is the time to
chart a firm future course.
Frankly, I would like to see the commer-
cial banks remain commercial?making loans
to industry, corporate activity, and produc-
tive financing.
By the same token, I would like to see the
savings a:nd loan industry dominate in the
individual loan field by serving the market
for individual needs whether it be a home,
a car, an appliance, a home improvement, or
self-improvement as through an education
loan. The cost-of consumer credit is a stag-
gering item in an annual family budget. In
some low-family income groups interest can
run as high as 25 percent of the total family
budget.
The savings and loans are in unique posi-
tion to serve these needs. No one has a
better family history on the borrower than
the institution serving a home mortgage.
You know best how a family can manage
debt or al/old further debt for home remodel-
ing, furniture, appliances, or education.
The department stare has become your com-
petitor with 18-percent interest and un-
restrained promotion. The debt managers
have become your competitors with 1 percent
per dollar per month.
By reaching the complete spectrum of
family need your industry could provide
quality service at less costs. The entire econ-
omy would benefit since it would precipitate
increased buying, production, and utilization
of goods. Your industry would be fulfilling
Its purpose.
The commercial banks-already have a large
and unique area of activity. They produce
resources for commercial uses and for indus-
try. They produce resources for your own
use. The savings and loan industry has al-
ready become one of the biggest customers
of the commercial bank supermarket of ex-
clusive services.
There is thus under development a more
clearly defined orbit of activity?banks in
the commercial world, savings and loans in
the individual family life. Neither class of
Institutions should endeavor to be all things
to all people. Program should be developed
which utilize the capabilities of each type
of institution.
Our legislative and administrative leader- -
ship has a great stake in your industry. We
want you to prosper and to grow. We want
you to serve the growing needs of our people.
We want to. see your industry achieve the
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have come oil and gas worth some $120 mil-
lion.
The next ferry to Anchorage was 2 days
away; so we drove up the Sterling Highway
and reached Alaska's largest city in time for
lunch. We ate at the Top of the World res-
taurant crowning the Anchorage-Westward
Hotel, which had miraculously survived the
earthquake.
Below us, extending three blocks along
Fourth Avenue, was a sunken field of bull-
dozed earth. Thirty-one stores, saloons, and
pawnshops had stood there before the clay-
sand earth slid away. Beyond lay the more
modern section of the city, appearing at this
distance to have been little damaged.
oFrsnorts on, PROMISES NEW WEALTH
To the north we could see the anchorage
for which the city was named in 1914?now
a modern port facility. One hundred and
thirty miles beyond, Mount McKinley rose
above the horizon. To the southwest we
looked past Turnagain, where 72 homes were
destroyed by the quake, to the new offshore
oil fields.
In the past Alaska has rewarded its people
with fur, gold, copper, fish, and timber. Now
oil promises to outdo all of them combined.
What may become one of the richest oil areas
in the world is just being opened. In the
Kenai Peninsula, 50 wells now yield 30,000
barrels a day. Five major companies are
drilling in Cook Inlet. Millions are being
spent in testing possible fields north of the
Brooks Range.
I hitched a ride to an offshore oil rig,
called Wodeco II, in one of the helicopters
which shuttle men and parts from Anchorage.
This offshore drilling barge brought in one
of the first wells in the inlet. Now there are
10, with more being drilled.
We stayed up most of the night while the
crew struggled to install a blowout preventer
on the well they were drilling. Diver Paul
Greenke pulled on his suit as the riggers
rushed to lower the 100,000-pound unit into
place. During slack tide, near midnight, Paul
would go to the bottom to direct the final
fitting.
The men topside had to be ready or wait
for the next tide change?an expensive delay
where costs are $600 an hour whether you're
drilling or not.
I stood beside Paul on the slippery steel
deck watching an operation which seemed
chaotic, yet ruled by a certain frenzied order.
Intuitive teamwork coordinated the work of
oil-rig tool pushers, riggers, and roughnecks.
The squealing of winches, the slamming of
steel, and the clatter of huge ratchets
drowned out the orders and answers yelled
from level to level. At a signal, Paul stepped
in the water. His assistant handed me one
of the telephone headsets. j
Paul had 25 minutes to go down, do the
job, and get back. If the tide started to run,
he would be pulled along with it. From 100
feet down in the 40? water he called for the
rigger to lean the preventer to starboard. I
could hear the bubbling of his breath over
the phones as he felt for catches which had
to snap into place.
After 8 minutes he called: "That's got it.
Let's get out of here."
I took the crew boat back to Anchorage,
getting there in time to fly over the epicenter
of the great earthquake with a group from
the National Academy of Sciences. The trip
enabled me to see the last segment of the
Alaska Ferry System.
The small ferry Chilkat carries 15 cars and
60 passengers between Valdez and Cordova
on Prince William Sound. At Valdez we saw
what was left of the town which had called
itself the "Switzerland of Alaska." Destruc-
tion and risk had seemed great enough to
warrant moving it to a safer location 41/2
miles away. Its 600 residents will be re-
located by 1967.
? Some mountains were jolted 5 feet hori-
zontally by the quake, according to the
Coast and Geodetic Survey. On the way to
Cordova we saw evidence that one small
peak had literally been shaken to pieces,
spreading 8 million tons of earth across the
white surface of Sherman Glacier.
When its mines closed in 1938, Cordova
had shipped more than $100 million in cop-
per ore. Today it depends mainly on fish-
ing. But the town rose 6 feet during the
earthquake, dumping most of the water out
of the harbor and putting the canneries be-
yond reach of the boats. The Corps of Engi-
neers has dredged out the harbor so that the
docks are once again accessible.
As we retutned to Anchorage by way of
Montague Island, Dr. William E. Benson of
the National Science Foundation pointed out
new beaches of white barnacles where the
south end of the island had tipped up. The
ocean bottom in that area lifted as much as
50 feet?the greatest uplift on record.
In Anchorage our friends Joe and Donna
Rychetnik had planned an Alaskan dinner
for our last night. Judge Ridhard Collins
brought pickled salmon from Cordova. Air
Force Maj. Bob Reed contributed smoked
salmon?squaw candy, as Alaskans call it.
Airline Pilot Arnt Antonsen flew in four
whole king crabs from Kodiak that after-
noon. Joe fried an Alaska-size platter of
moose and caribou steaks from his freezer.
Donna capped the meal with three Baked
Alaskas.
The next morning we started the long trip
home to the South 48.- The days were be-
ginning to shorten, and the evening chill
carried the first hint of the deep winter
ahead. Yet winter has lost its sting for
Alaskans. Ferries travel the year round, and
the Haines Highway is kept open despite
drifting snow.
As we drove away from Anchorage, a sign
reminded us that the Alaska Highway, built
during World War H, was opened to civilian
traffic only 18 years before. It has been as
important to this territory as was the Santa
Fe Trail to our earlier frontier.
Now the marine highway has opened a new
trail to the north. By 1966 Canada will have
added a ferry link between Vancouver Is-
land and the Alaska ferry system terminus
at Prince Rupert. With already existing
service from the State of Washington to the
city of Victoria on Vancouver Island, this
will complete the ferry route through the in-
side passage, a new lifeline from parent Na-
tion to youthful State, speeding its great and
imminent growth.
THE DOMINICAPUBLIC AND
THE FUTURE OF THE ORGANIZA-
TION OF AMERICAN STATES
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, the
situation in the Dominican Republic has
Implications far beyond the confines of
that little Caribbean country. Indeed,
the future of the Organization of Ameri-
can States hinges on the role which the
regional system assumes in resolving the
Dominican situation.
A number of Latin American coun-
tries?principally, Mexico, Uruguay,
Chile, and Peru?are incensed at Presi-
dent Johnson's decision to land troops
In the Dominican Republic. They assert
that the action constitutes a violation of
the principle of nonintervention. These
Latin American critics are joined by cer-
tain academic and other sectors of public
opinion in the United States.
Since I was instrumental in prodding
the United States toward adoption of the
principle of nonintervention, in the first
9977
place, and happily saw it put into prac-
tice, I believe that I can speak with some
degree of authority regarding that
cornerstone of our Latin American policy.
On May 6, I spoke at some length about
my role?first as managing editor of the
Nation; then in conversations with Sec-
retary of State Cordell Hull and President
Roosevelt; then as the sole adviser to the
U.S. delegation to the Seventh Inter-
American Conference in Montevideo, in
1933?in persuading the United States to
reverse its then-existing policy, and
thenceforth to abjure intervention in the
affairs of the other American Republics.
I pointed out, however, that the aban-
donment of the right to unilateral inter-
vention had a corollary, which was to
make the Monroe Doctrine, in the words
of President Roosevelt, a "joint concern
of all the other American Republics."
As such, the Monroe Doctrine will con-
tinue to serve the purpose of protecting
the nations of this hemisphere that were
valid at the time when it was proclaimed.
As such, I reject the cry that it is ob-
solete. As a joint concern, it has been
updated, and its validity reaffirmed and
strengthened.
Thus, there are two sides to the coin
of U.S. policy; on the one hand, we
forswear intervention in the affairs
of our smaller neighbors; on the other
hand, continental peace and security are
to be maintained by collective respon-
sibility.
The success of this inter-American
policy requires that both principles be
made to function. In effect, noninter-
vention can be a reality only so long as an
adequate collective system of security is
available.
The impact of the cold war greatly
complicated the operation of the inter-
American system. The post-World War
II environment in which the inter-Amer-
ican system had to function differed radi-
cally from the epoch in which the United
States had accepted certain limitations
on its freedom of action in this hemis-
phere. After World War II, the United
States emerged as the leader of the free
world?a position we neither coveted nor
sought, but which circumstances thrust
upon us. As such, we became the prime
target of the Communist world. The
Communists sought every opportunity to
weaken U.S. power and prestige. Con-
sequently, Latin America loomed as an
Inviting target. Latin America, although
far from Communist armed might, be-
came a magnet for Communist subver-
sion.
Unfortunately, the inter-American
system was generally organized to cope
only with traditional threats. The Inter-
American Treaty of Reciprocal Assist-
ance, hammered out in 1947, and signed
in 1948, does not speak specifically of
collective action in the event of subver-
sion. Instead, the Rio Treaty is generally
designed-to deal with armed aggression.
As the new Communist tactic of subver-
sion emerged, a number of Latin Ameri-
can countries clung to a narrow inter-
pretation of the treaty. In their legal-
istic view, the sanctions provided by the
Rio Treaty could be invoked only in the
case of direct armed aggression. In 1954,
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9978 CONGAESSIONAL RECORD --- SENATE
we witnessed the reluctance of the Latin
American countries to consider what was
transpiring in Guatemala a threat to this
hemisphere. Even after Castro's Marx-
ist-Leninist ties were well established,
even after 16 American nations had
broken relations with Cuba, in protest
over Castro's machinations in their
countries, a number of other Latin
American nations continued to resist
collective responsibility for hemisphere
peace and security.
On July 26, 1964, the inter-American
system finally voted sanctions against
Castro's Cuba, but only after the Vene-
zuelan Government had presented in-
controvertible proof that Cuba was di-
rectly involved in a plot to overthrow the
Venezuelan Government. Fortunately,
the Venezuelan Government had dis-
covered the plot and a 3-ton cache of
armaments in time to avert the catas-
trophe.
The ninth Meeting of Consultation did
give some indication that the majority of
Latin American countries were awaken-
ing to the dangers of Communist subver-
sion in the hemisphere. The final act of
the ninth Meeting of Consultation re-
solved, among other things, "to warn the
Government of Cuba that if it should per-
sist in carrying out acts that possess
characteristics of aggression and inter-
vention against one or more of the mem-
ber states of the Organization, the mem-
ber states shall preserve their essential
rights as sovereign states by the use of
self-defense in either individual or col-
lective form, which could go so far as re-
sort to armed knee, until such time as
the Organ of Consultation takes meas-
ures to guarantee the peace and security
of the hemisphere."
Despite this attempt to redefine "ag-
gression" to include the interventionary
tactics practiced by Cuba, the question
of effective collective action to nip off
Communist subversion before a Commu-
nist government could be installed in a
Latin American Republic remains very
much an issue. In short, although the
inter-American security system is pre-
pared to meet the possibility of open mili-
tary aggression by Communist forces
against nations of the hemisphere, no
plan for collective action against Com-
munist subversive aggression has been
developed.
The Dominican situation starkly re-
veals this essential weakness in the inter-
American system of collective security.
As I said on the floor of the Sen-
ate on May 10, no longer can there be
) argument over whether a Communist
takeover was an imminent possibility in
the Dominican Republic. Despite the
fact that the press continues to question
the validity of the Communist threat in
the Dominican Republic, an official organ
of the Organization of American States,
sent to the Dominican Republic to inves-
tigate the situation, has spoken. On
May 10, I promised to introduce into the
RECORD, as soon as I could secure a trans-
lation, the entire proceedings of the
4th plenary session of the 10th Meeting
of Consultation. At that session, four
of the five Latin American Ambas-
sadors sent to the Dominican Repub-
lic by the OAS Council were interrogated
for Several hours by their colleagues
aloe nt developments in the Dominican
Republic. One member of the Special
OAS Committee, the Ambassador of
Pan,arna, was not present, since he had
remained behind in the Dominican Re-
public, to keep alive the Committee's
presence in that tragic little country.
Lurge all Senators to read carefully
the , minutes of the Feurth Plenary
Session. The excerpts which I include in
my remarks cannot convey the full flavor
of the unanimous conclusions of the
OA S Special Committee or the urgency
of its appeal for speedy OAS action.
Hence, I shall mention only a few, as
illustrations. For instance, in answer to
a question of whether "in the high com-
ma ad of the rebel group, there is now
def ante and significant Commuist lead-
ersiip," Ambassador Carrizosa, of Co-
lon thia, replied:
With regard to the sector led by Col.
Francisco Caamafio, many diplomats ac-
credited in the Dominican Republic, and I
can 'Include my country's diplomatic repre-
sensative, feel that, if not Col. Frandisco
Caaeoafio, who I do not know to be per-
sonally a communist, there are indeed nu-
mel pus persons on his side that, if they are
not -members of the Communist Party, are
acti Vely in favor of Fidel Castro's system of
govsrnment or political purposes. There is
suet a tendency in the opinion of many
dip'bmats I spoke to, and I do not mention
oth sr countries in order not to commit coun-
tries represented here. They are firmly con-
vinrasi that on that side there are many
pernons, I do not say members registered in
an 4scially organized Communist Party, but
pernons who do have leanings toward a well-
knc ern trend prevalent in Cuba.
hortly afterward, Ambassador Penna
Ma rinho, of Brazil, answered in this
way:
I should like to add, gentlemen, that with
the complete collapse of public authority?
since neither the forces of the government
Jun m of Benoit, Santana, and Saladin nor
those of Colonel Caamano were in control of
the situation?the Dominican State prac-
tically disappeared as a juridical-political
ent ty, and the country became a sort of no
man's land. The arsenal had been given to
the people and an entire disoriented popula-
tion of adolescents and fanatics was taking
up modern automatic arms, in a state of
excitation that was further exacerbated by
constant radio 'broadcasts of a clearly sub-
vets lye character.
Neither do I believe that I am, nor does any
of 'the members of this committee believe
that he is, in a position to state with
assurance that the movement of Colonel
Caarnafio, inspired by the truly popular
figure of former President Bosch, is a clearly
Con ernunist movement. But one fact is
certain: in view of the real anarchy in which
the country has been engulfed for several
day.s, especially the capital city, where bands
of snipers have been sacking and killing and
obming no one, any organized group that
landed on the island could dominate the
situation.
Fir that reason, and our understanding
coincides with that of a majority of the
dep mitions of the chiefs of diplomatic mis-
sior 8 accredited there, all of the members of
the committee agree in admitting that the
Caarrnaflo movement, fortunately truly
democratic in its origins, since none of us
sincerely believes that Caamafio is a Com-
munist, could be rapidly converted into a
Communist insurrection; above all it is seen
to ha heading toward becoming a government
of that kind, susceptible of obtaining the
May 12, 1965
support and the assistance of the great
Marxist-Leninist powers.
Therefore, Mr. President, we do not believe
that Colonel Caamailo and his closest ad-
visers are Communists. Meanwhile, as the
entire Caaroafio movement rests upon a truly
popular basis, by certain areas escaping from
the control of that democratic group of
leaders it would be quite possible for that
movement to be diverted from its real origins
and to follow the oblique plan of popular-
based movements, which can be easily con-
trolled by clever agents and experts in the
art of transforming democratic popular
movements into Marxist-Leninist revolu-
tions.
The Ambassador of Uruguay, who was
not a member of the Special Committee,
and whose government voted against in-
voking the OAS system in the Dominican
crisis, asked this important question:
For this Meeting of Consultation to be
competent to take measures to bring peace
and to carry forward the work begun, it is
necessary, above all, in _ the opinion of my
delegations, to ascertain whether the situa-
tion in the Dominican Republic is a situa-
tion that can endanger the peace and se-
curity of the hemisphere. This is the re-
quirement of article 19 of the Charter for
carrying out collective action in matters that
normally - are within the domestic jurisdio-
tion.of the States.
As is well known article 19 states: "Meas-
ures adopted for the maintenance of peace
and security in accordance with existing
treaties do not constitute a violation of the
principles set forth in articles 15- and 17,"
which are those that refer to noninterven-
tion. Hence my delegation believes that a
pronouncement must be made by this Meet-
ing of Consultation to the effect that the
events in the Dominican Republic constitute
a situation that endangers the peace and
security of the hemisphere. Departing from
that basis, I should like to ask the committee
If it is of the opinion that this is the case,
that is to say, that the situation in the
Dominican Republic constitutes a threat to
the peace and security of the hemisphere.
The Uruguayan Ambassador's question
goes to the heart of the controversy
within the inter-American system?that
is, whether the OAS is competent to deal
with Communist subversion.
Mr. President, I strongly recommend
that Senators read all the responses to
this question. Here, as a sample, is part
of the response by Ambassador Columba,
of Argentina, the president of the Special
OAS committee: -
When, among the powers and duties, the
duty of investigating was decided upon, I
cannot conceal the 'fact that I felt the same
as I always feel whenever an investigating
committee is named. Generally it investi-
gates nothing; few, indeed, are the investi-
gating or factfinding committees which, in
the parliamentary life of all of our countries,
show any fruitful jurisprudence in their re-
sults. ,
But this investigating committee did have
the possibility of good results. And that was
because it was aimed at two fundamental
objectives that were governing events in the
Dominican Republic. I understood, first,
that the Investigation was to determine the
scope of the danger resulting from the events,
Which are a matter of concern to the Am-
bassador of Uruguay. If this was a situa-
tion that did not threaten the peace, we
would verify that immediately. If the situa-
tion was under the control of groups intent
on stirring up tension in the Americas, in a
struggle in the history of America, which is .
full of struggle between brothers, in this in-
corrigible vocation that is periodically writ-
ten into the history of our countries, that
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May 12, 1965- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
delays the advance of law and democracy,
then we would verify it immediately; and we
have verified it. This could be the begin-
ning of a struggle confined to the two well-
defined groups.
But the presence of those uncontrollable
factors, which I urge the ambassadors to
analyze in detail, in the evaluation of facts
in order to reach conclusions, they are going
to be impressed, as we ourselves were im-
pressed, without seeing them; they have be-
come more dangerous than the groups them-
selves put together. To my mind, they have
, become the element that will determine the
fate of what is going to be done.
The fact remains that the special com-
mittee of the OAS recognizes the dangers
inherent in the Dominican situation. In
the process, the OAS has now been swept
by the flood of events to face up to its
responsibility for collective security.
Should the OAS default, there would
seem to be no alternative but for the
United States, unilaterally, to pursue its
vital interest in securing the Dominican
Republic from Communist subversion.
I fervently hope that matters do not
come to that. As one of the architects
of the good neighbor policy, including the
principle of nonintervention, I firmly be-
lieve that the inter-American system rep-
resents the best policy for all the Amer-
ican Republics to apply in defending
their peace, security, and independence.
Nevertheless, I believe?as President
Kennedy stated in April 1961, after the
abortive Bay of Pigs invasion:
Should it ever appear that the inter-Amer-
ican doctrine of noninterference merely con-
ceals or excuses a policy of nonaction?if the
nations of this hemisphere should fail to
meet their commitments against outside
Communist penetration?then I want it
clearly understood that this Government will
not hesitate in meeting its primary obliga-
tions, which are to the security of our Nation.
Let us remember that U.S. policy, as
designed by President Franklin D. Roose-
velt and Cordell Hull, had two prongs: a
commitment to nonintervention, coupled
with a responsibility for collective meas-
ures.
I assure my Latin American friends
that my conviction that the United States
should refrain from intervening in their
internal affairs remains as devoted as it
was during my struggle to get the United
States to adopt such a policy. I sympa-
thize with their historical fears with re-
gard to their powerful northern neighbor.
I recognize that weakness and instability
of their governmental structures make it
desirable to refrain from any action
which might exacerbate their domestic
leftwing forced. Nevertheless, I would
say to my Latin American friends that
it is time to bury the ghosts of the past.
No longer can they afford the luxury of
using the United States as a whipping
boy for long-past offenses. In the world
today, in the world of reality, not mem-
ory, the freedoms which Latin Americans
profess to cherish are threatened, not by
the United States, but by Communist
forces. It would, indeed, be tragic if
the Cuban missile crisis were forgotten
in the rush of baseless fears which long
ago should have been put to rest.
Mr. President, the Organization of
American States stands at a crossroads.
No. 85-13
It can go forward into the realities of the
1960's, or it can become paralyzed by
shibboleths of a bygone era.
At the moment, the inter-American
system seems to be gradually inching
forward. The special committee, whose
opinions I include in today's RECORD, rec-
ognizes the obligations of the OAS to
assume leadership in the Dominican
crisis. Unhappily, the resistance en-
countered among a minority of the
American republics has delayed swift ac-
tion. Meanwhile, every day, every hour,
every minute of hesitation complicates
an already monumental task in the Do-
minican Republic. With every passing
moment, tempers become more taut, po-
sitions harden, and lives are endangered.
Dr. Mora, Secretary-General of the OAS,
who remained in the Dominican Repub-
lic, has made repeated appeals for ac-
tion.
I was deeply impressed by the fact
that both sides in the present conflict?
both Colonel Caamano and Colonel Be-
noit?expressed to the OAS Special Com-
mittee their faith in the inter-American
system and their desire to have it enter
the picture. This being the case, there
is a considerable element of hope that
OAS intervention can help to pacify the
country and to bring it to the point of
holding democratic elections and estab-
lishing a constitutional government.
I lament the fact that the formation
of a special commission of such experi-
enced Caribbean senior statesmen as for-
mer Gov. Munoz Marin, of Puerto Rico;
Venezuelan ex-President Romulo Betan-
court; and former Costa Rican President
Jos?igueres, was opposed by a few Latin
American governments. I grant that all
these men are controversial in certain
circles in Latin America. But no man
has achieved distinction without causing
some controversy.
In fact, seldom does a man of char-
acter, conviction, and high purpose es-
cape the label of "cpntroversial."
Nevertheless, there are many other able
Latin Americans who can contribute to
the construction of a viable, democratic
government in the Dominican Republic.
I was happy to learn that two eminent
Ambassadors Colombo, of Argentina;
and Garcia Bauer, of Guatemala?have
returned, to represent the OAS on the
scene.
Mr. President, it is urgent that the
OAS act responsibly and quickly to end
the fighting in the Dominican Republic
and to supervise a disarmament of the
populace. So long as the two opposing
forces face each other, with U.S. marines
in the middle, there is an ever present
danger of conflict in which their involve-
ment would further diminish the chance
of a peaceful settlement, and would fur-
nish more fuel for Communist propa-
ganda.
But the establishment of peace will not
be enough. It is equally important that
the OAS recognize that its duty goes
beyond the restoration of peace. Tran-
quility will be permanent in that long-
suffering island only with the establish-
ment of a viable, democratic government.
President Johnson has stated that this
9979
IA the U.S. aim, that the United States
wants neither a dictatorship of the left
nor a dictatorship of the right. I com-
mend the President; and I urge that the
OAS assume responsibility for the
achievement of this desirable objective.
The job will be arduous. The inheri-
tance of 32 years of the brutal and venal
Trujillo tyranny is still with us, plus the
earlier Dominican history of alternating
chaos and dictatorship. This must be
rooted out by the OAS, so that the Do-
minican people will have an opportunity
to participate fully in the citizenship of
a democratic nation. Only then can the
hemisphere be hopeful that there will
not be a repetition of the events of the
last 2 weeks.
Whatever the outcome of the Domini-
can crisis, it is now clear that the ques-
tion of subversion in the Western Hem-
isphere must be faced squarely. The
inter-American system, the product of
75 years of painstaking development, and
with a proud record of achievement,
must come to grips with the new chal-
lenges confronting the hemisphere in
1965.
I ask unanimous consent that the
translation into English of the provi-
sional text of the minutes of the fourth
plenary session of the 10th meeting of
consultation of the Organization of
American States be printed in the REC-
ORD at the conclusion of my remarks.
There being no objection, the trans-
lation was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
MINEr.r. OP' THE FOURTH PLENARY SESSION
(CLOSED)
(Document 46 (Provisional) May 7-8, 1965)
Chairman: His Excellency Ambassador
Guillermo Sevilla Sacasa, special delegate
from Nicaragua.
Secretary general of the meeting: Dr. Wil-
liam Sanders.
Present: Their Excellencies Alfredo Vaz-
quez Carrizosa (Colombia), Roque J. YOdice
(Paraguay), Alejandro Magnet (Chile), Ra-
pids' de Clairmont Duelists (El Salvador),
Rodrigo Jacome M. (Ecuador), Juan Bautista
de Lavalle (Peru), Ricardo A. Midence (Hon-
duras), Enrique Tejera Paris (Venezuela),
Jos?ntonio Bonilla Attics (Dominican Re-
public), Humberto Calamari G. (Panama),
Raid Diez de Medina (Bolivia), Ricardo M.
Colombo (Argentina) , Carlos Garcia Bauer
(Guatemala), Rafael de la Colina (Mexico),
Gonzalo J. Facio (Costa Rica), Emilio N.
Oribe (Uruguay), Ellsworth Bunker (United
States), Fern D. Baguidy (Haiti), Ilmar
Penna Marinho (Brazil).
Also present at the meeting was Mr. San-
tiago Ortiz, assistant secretary general of
the meeting of consultation.
Recording secretary: Jos?. Martinez.
REPORT Or THE coMMijisa
The PRESIDENT. Your Excellencies, I have
the honor of opening the fourth plenary ses-
sion of the 10th meeting of consultation of
ministers of foreign affairs, which has been
called for the principal purpose of receiving
a confidential report from His Excellency,
Ambassador Ricardo M. Colombo, Repre-
sentative of Argentina and Chairman of the
Special Committee that went to the Do-
minican Republic, which has prepared a
confidential report. Ambassador Colombo
addressed the following note to me today:
"Your Excellency, I have the honor of
transmitting to you the first report of the
Special Committee of the 10th meeting of
consultation of ministers of foreign affairs
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9980 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE May I?, 1965
of the member states of the Organization. I
respectfully request you to direct that this
report be distributed to the Special Dele-
gates to this Meeting of Consultation. Ac-
cept, Sir, the assurances of my highest con-
sideration. Ricardo M. Colombo, Ambassa-
dor of Argentine, Chairman of the Special
Committee."
First of all, I wish to express to His Ex-
cellency Ambassador Ricardo M. Colombo
and to his distinguished colleagues on the
Committee, Their Excellencies Ambassador
Ilmar Penna Marinho, of Brazil, Ambassa-
dor Alfredo Vazquez Carrizosa, of Colombia,
Ambassador Carlos Garcia Bauer, of Guate-
mala, and Ambassador Frank Morrice, of
Panama, the deep appreciation of the meet-
ing, and especially of all of their colleagues.
for the magnificent and efficient work they
have done in carrying out the delicate mis-
sion entrusted to them by the Meeting. We
have followed their work with a great deal
of attention and interest, and feel proud of
having appointed them; and we are sure
that the Americas, our people and our gov-
ernments, applaud that work, and this Meet-
ing expresses its appreciation and praise for
it. In accordance with the Regulations,
plenary sessions are public. When I spoke
this morning with our colleague Chairman
of the Committee, it seemed to me appro-
priate that this meeting be closed, precisely
because the report to be presented by Am-
bassador Colombo, in behalf of the Commis-
sion of which he is Chairman, is, precisely,
of a confidential nature. This decision by
the Chair, that this meeting be closed, I am
sure will not be objected to by the Repre-
sentatives. I am happy that everyone agrees
that this meeting should be closed. This
will be recorded in the minutes. I recognize
the Ambasador of Argentina, His Excellency
Ricardo Colombo, Chairman of the Special
Committee, so that he may be good enough
to present the report referred to in the note
I had the honor of receiving this morning.
The Ambassador has the floor.
Mr: COLOMBO (the Special Delegate of Ar-
gentina). Thank you very much, Mr. Presi-
dent. I should like to make clear, before be-
ginning to read the report, that it begins
by referring to the very time of our arrival,
or rather, to our departure from Washington,
for which reason we do not record here the
fact, which we do wish to point out, that at
the time of our arrival, and in compliance
with a resolution of the Council of the OAS,
the Secretary General of the Organization of
American States, Doctor Mora, was already
there carrying out his duties, regarding
which he will give his own report.
[Reads the first report of the Special Com-
mittee) 1
Mr. COLOMBO. May the meeting consider
the report to have been presented in behalf
of the Committee duly appointed.. Thank
you very much, Mr. President, thank you
very much, gentlemen.
The PRESIDENT. I take note of what Am-
bassador Colombo has just said, and, clearly,
we have been most pleased with the report.
Your Excellencies will have noticed its fine
quality.
Mr. Gsnefs BAUER (the Special Delegate of
Guatemala). If the President will allow me,
I should like to recommend to all the Dele-
gates that they take the following note with
respect to the .document that contains the
report of the Committee that has just been
read, and has also just been distributed,
pardon me. On page 9 there are certain
errors that were made in transferring the
text to the stencil. In the last line on that
page, where it says "guardia de policia mill-
1 The fi_pst report of the Special Committee,
with the corrections indicated below by the
Special Delegate of Guatemala and accepted
by the other members of the Committee, has
been published as Document 47 of the meet-
ing.
tar" the word "mixta" should be added, so
that i I will say "una guardia de policia mill-
tar mbEta." On page 12, in the next to the
last lise from the bottom, where It says "y de
que esta ma,ntendria," it should say "y de
que raantenciria los contactos." On page
13, E t the end of the second para-
graph. it is necessary to add "En la Ultima
parte de la entrevista estuvo presents el Gen-
eral tessin y Wessin a solicitud de la Corn-
ision,"- at the end of the paragraph. And on
page 26, in the second paragraph, where it
says ' Ia resoluciOn del 30 de abril" it should
be "rE solucion del 1.? de mayo." [These cor-
rections were taken into account before the
English text of the document was issued.]
The- PRESIDENT. The Chairman asks the
distir guished members of the Committee
whether they accept and consider incorpo-
rated in the text of their valuable report the
obser sations made by His Excellency the
Ambassador of Guatemala. The Chairman
of thil_Committee.
Thu CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE. I fully
accept them, Mr. President.
Thu PRESIDENT. Undoubtedly we shall re-
ceive a second edition of this report contain-
ing precisely the amendments already ac-
ceptel by the Chairman of the Committee.
Ur GARCIA BAUER. Mr. President, they are
not taings to accept, but rather the question
is that in the report of the Committee these
points were omitted.
ThI PRESIDENT. That is just what I was
referring to, that the Chairman of the Com-
mitt( e has precisely accepted the incorpora-
tion ef the omitted matter, the clarifying of
the r oints. He has accepted, as Chairman of
the COmmittee, in behalf of all its members,
that the observations should be taken into
account in the new edition that is to be
mad( of the report. In other words, they
are corrections of form.
Mr. GARCIA BAUER. No, Mr. President,
those are not corrections of form, they are
omis dons made in copying the report of the
comi aittee.
The PRESIDENT. Precisely, the Chair was
mistiken, they are omissions of form, pre-
cisel; E, Gentlemen of the Special Committee,
the Ieport, which has just been read by your
disti sguished Chairman, Ambassador Ricar-
do b.f. Colombo, of Argentina, reveals a job
done that the Chair would describe as ex-
tram dinary, very worthy of the sense of
responsibility and the personal capabilities
of the distinguished Ambassadors who make
up this historic Committee on the inter-
Ame :lean system. Being extraordinary, it is
a job worthy of our appreciation, of the
appreciation of this Meeting of Consulta-
tion and of those of us who are honored to
call 3urselves colleagues of the Ambassadors
who make up the Special Committee. In
saying this, I am honored to confirm to you
whis I said to His Excellency Ambassador
Ricardo Colombo in the message that I had
the honor to address to him today, which
reads:
"The Honorable Ricardo M. Colombo,
Chairman of the Committee of the Tenth
Meeling of Consultation of Ministers of
Foreign Affairs: I am pleased to express
to y au and to your callagues on the Com-
mittee of the Organization of American
Stat es established by the Tenth Meeting of
Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Al-
fain the appreciation of the Meeting for the
prormt and interesting information fur-
nished in your two messages received on
May 3 and 4. The Meeting has taken note
of the messages and hopes that the important
tasks being undertaken with such dedication
and efficiency may soon be completed with
full success. Accept, Sir, the renewed as-
surances of my highest consideration. Se-
villa -Sacasa., President of the 10th meeting."
I have the satisfaction of informing you
regarding a communication the Chair has re-
cei'isid from His Excellency Emanuel Clarizio,
Papa Nuncio, dean of the diplomatic corps
accredited to the Government of the Do-
minican Republic. It reads:
"Guillermo Sevilla-Sacasa, President of the
Tenth meeting of Consultation of Ministers
of Foreign Affairs"?this communication is
dated May 5?"I thank you with deep
emotion for message Your Excellency sent
me on behalf of Tenth Meeting of Con-
sultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs. I
have sincere hopes that providential assist-
ance by Organization of American -States
quickly begun in Santo Domingo by Secre-
tary General Mora and happily assumed by
Special ComInittee of worthy members
headed by Ambassador Colombo will soon
achieve for the beloved Dominican nation the
humanitarian ideals of peace and well-being
that inspire that high and noble institution."
It is signed by Emanuel Clarizio, Papal
Nuncio of His Holiness.
I said at the beginning that naturally this
meeting is of a closed nature, which indi-
cates that, at the proper time, a public
plenary session should be held, in order pub-
licly to take cognizance once again of the
text of the report and the opinions expressed
regarding it. It seems logical for the first
step to be to obtain the second edition, as
I call it, of this report, in which the omitted
matter so correctly mentioned by our col-
league-from Guatemala will appear: in order
that the General Committee of the Meeting
of Consultation may take cognizance of the
report and then submit its decision on it to
the plenary. This is what the Chair has to
report on the matter for the present, but
naturally, we would like in this closed meet-
ing, in the private atmosphere in which we
are now, to hear some expression by some
distinguished Representative on the text of
the report that was read by the distin-
guished Chairman of the General Committee.
The representative of Mexico, Ambassador
de la Colina, has asked for the floor, and I.
recognize him.
Mr. DE LA COL/NA (the Special Delegate
of Mexico). First of all I wish to express, or
rather, join in the co:mments that you, Mr.
Chairman, have made in appreciation and
deep recognition of the distinguished mem-
bers of the Committee we took the liberty to
appoint, in recognition of not only this won-
derful report they have presented us, but
also the efforts they doubtlessly have made
under most difficult conditions and with
great efficiency and dignity. Now I would
like to know, Mr. Chairman, whether it
would be possible to ask some questions, es-
pecially since we are meeting in executive
session, for clearly our governments surely
are going to want to know the very learned
opinion of our distinguished representatives
regarding some aspects touched on only
incidentally in this most interesting report,
with the reservation, naturally, that perhaps
in a later session, also secret, we could elabor-
ate on some other aspects that, for the
moment, escape us. Would that be possible,
Mr. President?
The PRESIDENT. I believe the question is
very important. The President attaches
great importance to the question put by the
Ambassador of the Republic of Mexico re-
garding OUT taking advantage of this execu-
tive session to ask the distinguished Commit-
tee some questions.
Mr. CoLomso. I ask for the floor, Mr. Pres-
ident.
The PRESIDENT. You have the floor, Mr.
Ambassador.
Mr. COLOMBO. The Committee is ready to
answer, insofar as it can, any questions the
representatives of the sister republics of the
Americas wish to ask its members.
The PRESIDENT. Very well. Is the Ambas-
sador of Mexico satisfied? You have the floor.
MT. DE LA COLINA. Thank you, MT. Chair-
man. For the time being I would like to
know whether it is possible, after having
listened closely to everything our distin-
guished colleague, the Representative of Ar-
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May 12, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
gentina, has told us. I have the perhaps mis-
taken impression, from the technique as well
as from the quick reading I was giving this
document we just corrected, that there seems
to have been a certain consensus between the
opposing sides as to the possible elimination
of the generals. Perhaps I am mistaken, but
it seems to follow from that reading and
from this idea that on both sides the colonels
were more or less disposed to create, let us
say, a high command other than the one that
has remained thus far. I wonder whether it
would be possible for you gentlemen to elabo-
rate on this, or whether you simply have no
ideas on the matter.
The PRESIDENT. Would the Chairman of the
Committee like to respond to the concern of
the Representative of Mexico?
Mr. COLOMBO. With great pleasure. As the
report ?states, Mr. President, the request to
exclude the seven military inen, whose names
I have read in the Committee's report, was a
complaint by the junta led by Colonel Ca-
amafio and transmitted by the Committee to
the military junta led by Colonel Benoit.
The Act of Santo Domingo, furthermore, is
clearly written, and the stamped signatures
of the parties ratifying it are affixed. I be-
lieve I have responded to the concern of the
Ambassador of Mexico.
Mr. DE LA COLINA. Another point now, if I
may.
The PRESIDENT. With pleasure.
Mr. DE LA COLINA. I would like to know, if
this is also possible, whether the distin-
guished representatives could give us their
impressions regarding the degree of Com-
munist infiltration in the rebel or constitu-
tional forces, or whatever you want to call
them. For example, there was the reference
to this Frenchman ? ? * who came from
Indochina, and who trains frog men * ?
etc.; perhaps there is some thought that this
person might have close ties, for example,
with other Communists; or do they have the
impression at least that, in the high com-
mand of that group, the rebel group, there
Is now definite and significant Communist
leadership. Thank you, Mr. President.
Mr. COLOMBO. As for myself, I, as a member
of the Committee, not as Chairman, have no
objection to answering the question by the
Ambassador of Mexico, but as a matter of
procedure for answers, I wish to provide an
opportunity for the Chairman to speak in
general terms in order not to deny the dis-
tinguished members of the Committee their
legitimate right to answer as members of the
Committee, which we all are; that is, I would
not want to be monopolizing the answers be-
cause, without prejudice to a given answer,
we can give another of the members of the
Committee an opportunity to give the reply
that, in his judgment, should be given. Thus,
in order to respect fair treatment and not
find myself in the middle of the violent and
inelegant position of monopolizing the an-
swers?and I ask the members of the Com-
mittee whether some of them want to answer,
because I, for my part, will indeed answer.
Then I ask you to give the floor first to Am-
bassador Vazquez Carrizosa, of Colombia.
The PRESIDENT. The Ambassador of Colom-
bia, member of the Special Committee, will
answer the question by the Ambassador of
Mexico.
Mr. CARRIZOSA (the Special Delegate of
Colombia). Mr. President, the Representa-
tive of Mexico asks what the opinion is.
I will state mine, because I am not going
to answer on behalf of the Committee, as
to the degree of Communist infiltration on
both sides. Of. course, the question must
refer to the command or sector led by Colonel
Francisco Caamalio, because I do not think
It refers to any Communist leanings by Gen-
eral Wessin y Wessin, Colonel Saladin or
any of his colleagues. With regard to the
sector led by Colonel Francisco Caamafio,
many diplomats accredited in the Dominican
Republic, and I can include my country's
diplomatic representative, feel that, if not
Colonel Francisco Caamafio, whom I do not
know to be personally a Communist, there
are indeed numerous persons on his side
that, if they are not members of the Com-
munist Party, are actively in favor of Fidel
Castro's system of government or political
purposes. There is such a tendency in the
opinion of many diplomats I spoke to, and
I do not mention other countries in order
not to commit countries represented here.
They are firmly convinced that on that side
there are many persons, I do not say mem-
bers registered in an officially organized Com-
munist Party, but persons who do have lean-
ings toward a well-known trend is prevalent
in Cuba.
Mr. DE LA COLINA. Thank you, Mr. Ambas-
sador.
The PRESIDENT. Does any member of the
Committee wish to add to the answer re-
quested by the Representative of Mexico?
Is the Representative of Mexico now satisfied
with the information given to him? The
Ambassador of Guatemala.
Mr. COLOMBO. If the President will allow
me, I do not know what system the President
may have to gauge the kind of questions.
The PRESIDENT. Well, your Excellency said
that he wanted his colleagues to participate
in the answers in their, let us say, personal
status, in order to distribute the task of
answering, and, naturally, the President took
note of the fact that your Excellency had in-
vited his colleague from Colombia to answer
the question put by the Ambassador of
Mexico. I, by way of courtesy, am asking
your Excellency whether any other col-
leagues would like to express their opinions
on the same question the Ambassador of
Mexico asked. I request your Excellency to
tell me whether any other of his colleagues
would like to ask any questions.
Mr. COLOMBO. I am going to add very little,
of course, to what the Ambassador of Co-
lombia, with his accustomed brilliance, has
just said, by saying that this report, affirmed
by a large number of representatives of the
Diplomatic Corps, is public and well known
to any one who cares.to make inquiry. But
despite the respect that I owe to the opinion
of the Diplomatic Corps, in order to estab-
lish this in precise terms?for I was con-
cerned as much as was the Ambassador with
being able to verify this question?I wanted
to go to the source; and we spoke with the
different men who were in this rebel group-
ing and, a notable thing, from the head of
the revolution, Colonel Caamafio, to some
one known as Minister of the Presidency,
they recognized that they were their great
problem, they explained to a certain extent
briefly the process of the history of the
Dominican Republic, they confessed to us
how gradually a number of elements were
being incorporated with them whom they
called communists, and that their problem
was to avoid infiltration for the purpose of
springing a surprise and seizing control.
They said this clearly, and even at one
point?I in the sometime difficult task of
dividing this formal nomination of the
chairmanship in which there is no merit
greater than that of any one else, because
perhaps in the other four members there is
much talent for doing what the chairman
did?I spoke with Colonel Caamafio and
asked him in a friendly way whether he hon-
estly believed that such infiltration existed.
He confirmed this to me, but he gave me the
impression that he had the courage to face
it. He said to me: "They are not going to
grab the movement, and my concern is that
in their losing the possibility of control, they
have stayed behind the snipers, today there
are those that do not wish a solution for the
Dominican Republic," and already he put
the political label on a good part of the
snipers on both sides? It should be said,
Mr. Ambassador, that you will understand
9981
the extent of responsibility of the answers
and the depth of the questions, and I would
like to satisfy your own concern; but I have
fulfilled with loyalty by reporting the con-
versation to you objectively, telling you that
I believe that those who have the answer to
this question is to be found among the ac-
tors, the protagonists of this hour who are
living in the Dominican Republic. This is
what I wanted to say now, Mr. Chairman.
The PRESIDENT. Very well, Mr. Ambassador.
Mr. DE LA COLINA. Mr. Ambassador of Co-
lombia, I greatly value this reply; I wanted
both, but naturally with reference to the
reply whereby you explain one more aspect.
Many thanks, Mr. Ambassador.
The PRESIDENT. Would the Ambassador
of Guatemala like to say something on the
question put by the Ambassador of Mexico?
Mr. GARCIA BAUER (the Special Delegate of
Guatemala). Mr. Chairman, for the mo-
ment, no; certainly this point was discussed
in the Committee; the Committee also had
a series of things, and since there is not yet
any criterion of the Committee, I do not for
the moment wish to- present any viewpoint.
The PRESIDENT. The Ambassador of Bra-
zil.
Mr. PENNA MARINHO (the Special Delegate
of Brazil). Mr. President, I should like to
corroborate the statements made by my col-
leagues from Colombia and Argentina; and
add one more aspect that I believe could
help to clarify the approach that could be
given to the problem. I should like to add,
gentlemen, that with the complete collapse
of public authority?since neither the forces
of the Government Junta of Benoit, San-
tana, and Saladin nor those of Colonel Caa-
mafio were in control of the situation?the
Dominican state practically disappeared as a
juridical-political entity, and the country
became a sort of no man's land. The
arsenal had been given to the people and an
entire disoriented population of adolescents
and fanatics was taking up modern auto-
matic arms, in a state of excitation that was
further exacerbated by constant radio
broadcasts of a clearly subversive character.
Neither do I believe that I am, nor does any
of the members of this Committee believe
that he is, in a position to state with assur-
ance that the movement of Colonel pea-
mafio, inspired by the truly popular figure
of former President Bosch, is a clearly com-
munist movement. But one fact is certain:
in view of the real anarchy in which the
country has been engulfed for several days,
especially the capital city, where bands of
snipers have been sacking and killing and
obeying no one, any organized group that
landed on the island could dominate the
situation. For that reason and our under-
standing coincides with that of a majority
of the depositions of the chiefs of diplo-
matic missions accredited there, all of the
members of the Committee agree in admit-
ting that the Caamafio movement, fortu-
nately truly democratic in its origins, since
none of us sincerely believes that Caamafio
is a communist, could be rapidly converted
into a, communist insurrection; above all it
is seen to be heading toward becoming a
government of that kind, susceptible of ob-
taining the support and the assistance of
the great Marxist-Leninist powers. There-
fore, Mr. President, we do not believe that
Colonel Caamafio and his closest advisors
are communists. Meanwhile, as the entire
Caamafio movement rests upon a truly popu-
lar basis, by certain areas escaping from the
the control of that democratic group of
leaders it would be quits possible for that
movement to be diverted from its real ori-
gins and to follow the oblique plan of popu-
lar-based movements, which can be easily
controlled by clever agents and experts in
the art of transforming democratic popular
movements into Marxist-Leninist revolu-
tions. Thank you, Mr. President.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
mond authority that we represented. We
were only a very few, as men, as individuals,
buar'We bore the weight of the historic tradi-
tion Of the system whose 75th anniversary
we Celebrated, and this inspired all the mem-
berg of the Committee. From the first man
of ;he rebel band with whom we spoke Colo-
nel _Caarnafio, to the first man with whom
we spoke from the Command of the Military
Junta, Colonel Benoit, we found that they
were both weary of the conflict that dark-
ened the Americas. We found in both of
them a desire to achieve peace that was equal
to ml's.
It would be untrue, Mr. President, if I were
to .iay that I found the wish to continue the
figlit at this stage of the tragedy in the
Do ninican Republic. There was a longing
for peace and we were caught in the enthusi-
asm to achieve it. But we were completely
surprised, Mr. Ambassador, by something
more important than this objective which is
essantially what we all desire; the two parties
sail that the solution lay in the inter-
American system. Nobody assumed the right
to flapose peace because?and let there be no
mi iunderstanding?the side that wishes to
trinmph in Santo Domingo is stabbing the
sisser republic. Both factions understood the
intensity of the tragedy that was unfolding
in Santo Domingo; both placed their faith
in the inter-American system.
Dazing the course of conversations, when
all members of the Committee asked them if
they would be faithful to remaining within
thirsystem, they answered yes; with all their
faith. But it was more than that, Mr. Am-
bassador: it was what Colonel Caamafio said,
volinitarily. A newsman asked him, "If your
cause was denounced in the United Nations,
what would you do?" and he confessed to us
thiA he answered that he would in no way
ace ept that channel because he was within
thi)- system and the answer had to be found
within the system. For that reason he was
ha Spy to see the committee sent by the OAS.
He placed his faith in the Organization of
American States to find the solution. And
when we spoke with Colonel Benoit he gave
us the same affirmation; his faith is in the
syr tem.
"believe that in the midst of the agony of
the Dominican Republic, this system that
=Ong ourselves we have talked so much of
strengthening was more alive than ever and
in an hour of testing, in the midst of a
str aggle more fierce thasa any I remember
WI- hin the system, I could see that both sides
felt this to be the only possible solution that
?mild maintain peace in the Americas. Both
took into account the possibility that it was
be ng compromised: they knew that the
pence of the hemisphere might be endan-
gered if the conflict wasn't soon stopped.
This, Mr. Ambassador, is what I can tell you,
with great satisfaction, and I look to the
syrtern for the solution just as all of us are
go: lig to look, and you will see that the sys-
tem will find that solution.
The PRESIDENT. The Representative of
GL atemala will contribute to the answer that
tho Representative of Ecuador has requested.
htr, Garrets BAUER. Mr. President, I wish
to add a few words to what the Ambassador
of Argentina has said, in reply to the ques-
tic n asked by the Ambassador of Ecuador.
I, is a member of the Committee and as Am-
ha isador of Guatemala, confirm the state-
me /its made by the Ambassador of Argentina,
as to the faith that the inter-American sys-
tem can help in solving the problem that, so
unfortunately, is faced in the Dominican
Republic today. Obviously, that country is
weary of struggle and would like to arrive
at some solution. I, at least, found that
thore certainly is a basic desire to reach an
understanding between the parties and over-
come present difficulties. We were sur-
pr;Sed, for example, when we began conver-
sations with the Rebel Commander, that a
colibnel was present who was a liaison officer
The PRESIDENT. The Representative of
Ecuador, Ambassador Jacome, has requested
the floor.
Mr. JAcomE (the Special Delegate of
Ecuador). I wish to adhere with all sin-
cerity and warmth to the words of the
Representative of Mexico, praising the
selflessness and the arduous work as well
as the spirit of sacrifice with which the Com-
mittee performed its functions, and for hav-
ing succeeded, by the time of its departure,
in leaving a somewhat more favorable situa-
tion than the one it fourid upon arrival.
Now that we are asking for the opinions of
the distinguished colleagues on the Com-
mittee, I would like to know if they have
any impression as to a formula, or if there
is any desire on the part of the two factions
to bring about peace by transforming the
cease-fire, the truce, into a peace that will
permit the political organization of the
Dominican Republic and the natural process
that should be followed iii order to have a
constitutionally stable system. It has been
gratifying to hear this opinion, at least on
One side, that the so-called constitutional
government of Colonel Caamafio is certain
that it can at a given moment control and
capture the infiltrators that are determined
to block peace, and, in order to take advan-
tage of that situation, to continue the chaos
that has prevailed in Santo Domingo up to
now. But if that command hopes to keep
and is confident that it can keep control it
is natural that whatever the command thinks
with regard to the possibility of a formula
for stable peace through an understanding
with the others--the present enemies--
would be very useful and constructive to
know because we would then, with a little
tenacity, through friendly fraternal media-
tion, have a favorable prospect of arriving,
within a reasonably short time, at an un-
derstanding between the two combatants.
This would be the best guarantee that the
Americas, as well as the Dominican Republic,
could have that those infiltrators and those
elements that wish the chaos to continue,
would be eliminated and hence definitely
neutralized.
I would like to know what opinion the
Committee formed, after it succeeded in talk-
ing with the parties in conflict, what im-
pression does it have of the opinion or of
the formulas or of the hopes they have re-
garding a final agreement that may return
the situation to normal.
The PRESIDENT. Would the Committee like
to answer the question raised by the Repre-
sentative of Ecuador? One of the colleagues
on the Committee; the Chairman, Ambas-
sador Garcia Bauer, Ambassador Vazquez
Carrizosa, Ambassador Perma Marinho, the
Chairman of the Committee, Ambassador
Colombo, in his capacity as Representative of
Argentina?
Mr. CoLoanso. Perhaps this is the question
that I shall answer with the greatest Ameri-
canist feeling, Mr. ;Chairman. I cannot deny,
Mr. Ambassador, gentlemen, that I also, like
the Ambassador of Mexico, have confessed to
him that I shared and still share the concern
expressed in his question and that, perhaps,
it was the question that caused me the great-
est concern. The most urgent problem when
we left was not to find ideological banners
distinguishing the parties, but to put an
? end to the conflict that was already becom-
ing bloody and that could become a blood
bath in the Americas. We talked with
the two parties and believe me, Mr. Chair-
man, I at first had the feeling that law was
dead; it was chaos in the Dominican Repub-
lic. We all shared it?all members of the
Committee, the military advisers, the Gen-
eral Secretariat, our civilian advisers?and
when we arrived we found chaos, such as we
had never seen or even imagined. I felt that
law did not exist, and we all thought there
was little hope that they wanted to find a
solution that would be feasible, despite the
May 12, 1965
between the Military Junta of San Isidro and
the Papal Nuncio. And the manner in
which he was treated, by Colonel Caamafio
as well as the other members of the Rebel
Command, surprised us because he was in a
group completely opposed to the one he rep-
resented. We did riot see the hatred that
might have been expected in such circum-
stances. We can bear witness, therefore, to
that deference, to the treatment that was
shown. Also the Rebel Commander offered
to the Committee itself to deliver about 500
prisoners so that it might take charge of
them; that is, acts such as these indicate
how they wish to end this situation that is
dividing the people of the Dominican Repub-
lic; from these acts, and from others that we
have seen, I have reached the conclusion that
at bottom there is a desire, a keen desire to
reach an understanding. The question is to
find the formula for making this under-
standing a reality.
The PRESIDENT. Other representatives
have asked to speak. I ask the members of
the Committee If any of them wishes to join
in the reply to the question raised by the
Representative of Ecuador. The Repre-
sentative of Ecuador.
Mr. J.koomE. Yes, thank you, Mr. Chair-
man. I am infinitely grateful for this reply
which is truly promising because it has con-
firmed the suspicion that every human
being has: who knows the tragedy of a civil
war; that those persons who have stained
their country with blood and caused so many
deaths, who have seen so much suffering
and caused so much suffering, would now
have reached the moment of longing for
peace and perhaps each of them feeling re-
morse for the sufferings and the misfortunes
they have caused. This is an eminently
human reaction that we all know. But I
am equally satisfied to hear that both parties
rest their faith in the inter-Arnexican sys-
tem, but I have now seen a report, a report
concerning the statements made by Colonel
Caamafio to the effect that he will not accept
the Inter-American Force established by the
last resolution of this Meeting of Consulta-
tion. We have already seen that it also seems
that Colonel Caamafio and his partisans have
not accepted the present state of affairs, the
presence of foreign troops in Santo Domingo.
Hence, would not perhaps Colonel Caamafio,
and in the end all Dominicans, whatever
their ideologies and whatever the barrlcade
on which they have stood, prefer a mission
of peace to a mission of guns? We might
think of a permanent peace mission of the
Organization of American States, which
would receive the same impressions but
which would be seeking -a concrete formula
to bring ;those parties together who wish to
reach an understanding and give them the
opportunity of not feeling pressured by
arms or not having the inward suspicion that
those arms are playing the game of their
adversaries. I should like and I venture
to put this question to the members of the
Committee, and I beg your pardon, as tired
and fatigued as you all must be, for still
abusing your time with these questions.
Think you very much.
Mr. COLOMBO. I said something, a little
circumstantially, in replying to the 'ques-
tion posed by the Ambassador of Mexico,
regarding this concern that troubles the Am-
bassador of Ecuador. Here is the most im-
portant instance for telling the whole truth,
not part of it. And I am going to tell how
I saw it. The effort?I said?is mutual and
so is the desire to attain peace, Mr. Am-
bassador, but it is not that I suspect but
that I am certain that the two sides in the
struggle are not controlling their move-
ment, because the cease-fire was accepted by
the fighting groups; but an uncontrollable
ingredient conspired against the carrying
out of the act of Santo Domingo, an element
that history shows does not find a solution by
peaceful means and that grows larger when-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
ever attempts at reaching peace are made,
because what will happen, to a great ex-
tent, is what happened to us, in parleying
for peace, with an absolute cease-fire by the
commands so as to talk with the peace
mission, but we had to parley for two hours
and a half under incessant machine-gun and
rifle fire. Who did that? Colonel Caamafio?
I think not, categorically no.
It is the sniper ingredient, because in a
town where arms are handed out to civilians,
there can be only two forms of control: either
when the civilians lay down their arms and
surrender them willingly, or when this is
achieved by a force superior to the civilian
force. Let all of you ponder the difficult
task of imaging a peace attempt, in which
we again have the signatures of the two
parties, we have the security zone, and the
incident is being provoked as a factor break-
ing out into a tremendous catastrophe. I
honestly confess that until now I could not
explain how something much worse did not
occur. The provocation of the snipers is
constant. There are among them, no doubt,
the two classes of snipers that there are in
such events: those who grab a gun and con-
tinue using it with a resentment that no
reasoning will lead them to lay it down, and
those who continue using it with the resent-
ment of one who cannot control the revolt.
That is, these are factors that cannot be
controlled by a missioll no matter what flag
of peace it carries.
The Government of Santo Domingo will
not achieve peace until it can be impoSed in
a climate where condipions in a peaceful
Santo Domingo exist for the recovery of in-
stitutional normality in the country. Sin-
cerely, Mr. Ambassador, in the choice that
you have given me I sacrifice my wish?
which is equal to yours?to a realistic con-
cept that one can only appreciate, unfortu-
nately, by having been there. We wished,
and we five ambassador who were on the
mission mentioned it many times to one an-
other, that all of you could have been there,
that not one had been missing, Mr. Presi-
dent. That you could have been at the scene
of events to see what we were seeing. In
the tremendous confusion, in which it is diffi-
cult to find the thread that would open the
knot we were trying to untie, where there is
political and military confusion, economic
disaster, confused people, general anguish,
no one can find the ingredient for guidance.
I believe, Mr. Ambassador, that it is urgent
to seek peace in the Dominican Republic
and to tarry as little as possible in discussion,
because every hour of discussion is an hour
you give to someone who, with good or evil
intentions, could still pull the trigger that
would prevent the Act of Santo Domingo
from being fulfilled. This is my personal im-
pression.
The PRESIDENT. The Representative of
Ecuador has nothing more than he wants
to say? I recognize the Representative of
Uruguay, Ambassador Emilio Oribe.
Mr. ?RIDE (the Special Delegate of Uru-
guay). Mr. President, first of all, I want to
adopt the words of the distinguished Ambas-
sadors who have spoken before me in con-
gratulating the Committee on its work and
expressing the admiration of my delegation
for the way in which they have performed
this first part of their task. And so, our
warmest congratulations to all of them.
Since it is late, Mr. President, I would like to
confine myself to some very specific ques-
tions. The first of the questions is as fol-
lows: for this Meeting of Consultation to be
competent to take measures to bring peace
and to carry forward the work begun, it is
necessary, above all, in the opinion of my
Delegation, to ascertain whether the situa-
tion in the Dominican Republic is a situation
that can endanger the peace and security of
the hemisphere, This is the requirement of
Article 19 of the Charter for carrying out col-
lective action in matters that normally are
within the domestic jurisdiction of the states.
As is known, Article 19 states: "Measures
adopted for the maintenance of peace and
security in accordance with existing treaties
do not constitute a violation of the principles
set forth in Articles 16 and 17," which are
those that refer to nonintervention. Ilence
my Delegation believes that a pronounce-
ment must be made by this Meeting of Con-
sultation to the effect that the events in the
Dominican Republic constitute a situation
that endangers the peace and security of the
hemisphere. Departing from that basis, I
should like to ask the Committee if it is of
the opinion that this is the case, that is to
say, that the situation in the Dominican Re-
public constitutes a threat to the peace and
security of the hemisphere. That is the
first question.
The second question is as follows, Mr.
President: the first part of the task with
which the Committee was entrusted has been
carried out, and we all congratulate them.
We have received a very complete report,
which will be studied by the delegations and
the foreign ministries. There remains, then,
the second part of the Committee's task, un-
der the letter b, which reads as follows: "to
carry out an investigation of all aspects of
the situation in the Dominican Republic that
led to the convocation of this Meeting."
Naturally, my Delegation understands very
well that this cannot be done in one after-
noon or one day. However, I should like to
ask simply if the Committee believes that
there is sufficient evidence to issue a report
on this point within a reasonable period of
time. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.
The PRESIDENT. One of the distinguished
members of the Committee would like to
refer to the first question put by the Repre-
sentative of Uruguay. Ambassador Vazquez
Carrizosa, Representative of Colombia.
Mr. VAZQUEZ CARRIZOSA (the Special Dele-
gate of Colombia). Thank you, Mr. Chair-
man. The first question is this: Is the situa-
tion such that it can endanger peace and
security? My reply is yes. Yes, there is a
situation that endangers the peace and secu-
rity. The reasons are very clear. A dis-
turbance or even a guerrilla action in a mem-
ber state where the elements of order and
constituted authorities exist is not the same
as in a state where the absence of the state
is noted, evaluated, and recorded. What is
to be done, Mr. Delegate, in the absence of
the state? What does the system do when
the state does not exist? What happens
when blood is running in the streets? What
happens, Mr. Delegate, when an American
country?and I am going to speak quite
frankly so that you may think about this
with all the perspicacity we know you to
have?is, under these conditions, in the
neighborhood of Cuba? Do we sit on the
balcony to watch the end of the tragedy?
Do we all sit down as if we were at a bull-
fight waiting for the crew to come? What
are we to do, Mr. Delegate? We are in a
struggle against international Communism;
and we are in a world, Mr. Delegate, in which
America is not even separated from the other
continents even by the ocean. We form part
of the world and we form part of the condi-
tions existing in the world. The Dominican
Republic, like any other country in the
Americas, is a part of the system, and it is
the system that will suffer from the lack of
a head of state many of its members. The
matter and the problem cannot be expressed
in juridical terms, in hermeneutics, needed
to fit an act into a lawyer's criterion. The
problem is one of deep political meaning, of
profound significance, of hemisphere impor-
tance much more serious than any of the
other American revolutions could be.
There have been many revolutions in
America. There have been revolutions in
my country; there have been some, I believe,
In yours, and I do not believe that a revolu-
tion in itself justifies the intervention of the
9983
inter-American system. That has not been
my theory; that has not been the theory of
my country. However, the acephalous con-
dition of the state constitutes a problem that
has occurred on very few occasions. What
are we to do, Mr. Delegate when, as the
report states, the President of a Junta says:
"I cannot maintain order with respect to the
diplomatic missions"? And what are we to
do, Mr. Delegate, when that Chief presents
a note in which he requests the assistance
of another country and confesses with the
sincerity that we have heard: "Gentlemen
of the Special Committee, have the diplo-
matic representatives asked me for protec-
tion and I did not have the elements with
which to protect them?" That is the answer
to his first question. Now we have the sec-
ond question: What, is happening to the
investigation? It is very clear, Mr. Delegate.
The complex political events, the multi-
tudinous situations are very difficult to in-
vestigate. All of us who have had contact
with problems of criminology know about
mob psychology: everything that is studied
in the classroom, which is very simple, an
investigation of a local event, an individual
event, let us say.
However, when there are mobs, when they
are in the midst of great movements, an
Investigation can be conducted, investiga-
tions must be carried out. But they are
obviously difficult investigations. I would
spare no effort to support any machinery,
agency, or committee that would carry for-
ward that investigation. It would be very
desirable. But, of course, such investiga-
tions of complex events are not very easy,
because many things have happened. Actu-
ally, two or three revolutions have taken
place. There was the first revolt of colonels.
Then there was a revolt of a party; and after
that, a revolution of a whole series of guer-
rilla groups, so that each one may have a
different impression of the same event.
I think that, rather than an investigation
of the past, what is of interest to the Meeting
of Consultation and what is of interest to
America is not the investigation of the past,
but the investigation of the future. It is
the investigation of the future that interests
us. The problem is not to stop to fix re-
sponsibility, to ascertain who began to shoot
first, who entered the National Palace first,
who opened the windows, who got out the
machinegun, who saw, who heard; all that
would be an interminable process that would
fill many pages and many records of pro-
ceedings. The important thing is not to
look backward, but to look ahead.
The PRESIDENT. The Representative of
Uruguay.
Mr. ORIBE. I thank Ambassador Vazquez
Carrizosa for his remarks. He has told me
just what I wanted to know.
The PRESIDENT. The Ambassador of Brazil.
Mr. PENNA MARINHO (the Special Repre-
sentative of Brazil). Yes, Mr. President. And
I also want to say to the Delegates that my
reply is also yes. There are two governments,
but each one is weaker than the other, com-
pletely incapable and powerless to control
the situation that prevails in the country.
Peace was made on uncertain terms. The
Act of Santo Domingo is not a definitive
peace; it is a difficult truce, a temporary
armistice that may dissolve at any moment.
Therefore, the Committee suggests, among
the measures that in its judgment might be
adopted immediately by the Tenth Meeting
of Consultation, the appointment of a tech-
nical military group in the city of Santo
Domingo to supervise the cease-fire, as well
as other measures agreed to by the parties
to the Act of Santo Domingo. We must keep
watch over that peace and create conditions
to prevent the struggle from breaking out
again?because it could start again, Mr.
President, at any moment. Thank you.
The PRESIDENT. Does any other member of
the Committee wish to speak on this ques-
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9984 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE May 12, 1965
tion? The Chairman of the Committee, Am-
bassador Colombo.
Mr. rowerso. The truth is, Mr. Chairman,
that after the words of my distinguished col-
leagues, the Ambassadors of Brazil and Co-
lombia, there is very little that I might be
able to add; but the responsibility in-
volved and the importance of the question, so
ably phrased by the Ambassador of Uruguay,
compel all of us to make clear our position
on this question. When, among the powers
and duties, the duty of investigating was
decided upon, I cannot conceal the fact that
I felt the same as I always feel whenever an
investigating committee is named. General-
ly It investigates nothing; few, indeed, are
the investigating or fact-finding committees
which, in the parliamentary life of all of our
countries, show any fruitful jurisprudence in
their results. But this Investigating Com-
mittee did have the possibility of good re-
sults. And that was because it was aimed at
two fundamental objectives that were gov-
erning events in the Dominican Republic.
I understood, first, thatl the investigation
was to determine the scope of the danger re-
sulting from the events, which are a matter
of concern to the Ambassador of Uruguay.
If this was a situation that did not threaten
the peace, we would verify that immediately.
If the situation was under the control of
groups intent on stirring up tension in the
Americas, in a struggle in the history of
America, which is full of struggle between
brothers, in this incorrigible vocation that is
periodically written into the history of our
countries, that delays the advance of law and
democracy, then we would verify it immedi-
ately; and we have verified it.
This could be the beginning of a struggle
confined to the two well-defined groups. But
the presence of those uncontrollable factors,
which I urge the Ambassadors to analyze in
detail, in the evaluation of facts in order to
reach conclusions, they are going to be im-
pressed, as we ourselves were impressed,
without seeing them; they have become more
dangerous than the groups themselves put
together. To my mind, they have become the
element that will determine the fate of what
is going to be done. If these groups did not
exist, and if those responsible for the strug-
gling movements had not confessed that they
cannot control them, in view of the exist-
ence of a security zone, freely agreed upon
by both parties, with a United States mili-
tary force that is engaged basically in the
process of keeping custody over the diplo-
matic zone, I would also believe, Mr. Presi-
dent, that perhaps we might be able to de-
limit the process and trust that the peace
would not bp so obviously jeopardized as it
is in this process; because in all revolutions,
even a small local one, there is the possibility
that there may be the spark of a process that
will affect the peace of the Americas.
But the dimensions of this situation, with
elements of disturbance on both sides, who
are constantly lashing out against the pro-
tection offered by the security zone, and in
which, Mr. President?and this struck my
attention?there is still control to prevent
confrontation in a struggle that could tech-
nically be called a military struggle; or in
other words there is no military confronta-
tion between the defendere of the zone and-
the contending groups of the civil struggle.
And that struggle is capable of being un-
loosed, because of the constant harassment
by those who are seeking away to unloose it.
Hence, Mr. Ambassador, this matter urgently
demands that all of us succeed in finding the
way to resolve this situation; that we find
the way to dispel the undeniable danger that
threatens the peace in this hemisphere, which
is the purpose of our organization. Because
all of these things are important; economic
development, social tranqnility, justice, the
progress of the countries; but all of them are
built on peace; without peace there is no
possibility for the triumph of the inter-
Arrerican system. There cannot be the
sllititest doubt, Mr. President, that the peace
of the hemisphere is in grave peril.
Hut with respect to the second part of the
LTINestigation, which is also a matter of
anelety, we have contributed something in
tho time we had to make our investigation;
mere than the investigation is the word of
the leaders themselves. This act is a con-
fession, and a partisan confession without
print, Mr. Ambassador. It is not a matter of
on' characterizing the ideology; nobody goes
about trying to do that when, actually, it has
alriady been characterized by the leaders of
tint governments themselves. If .necessary,
that should be left to the last. I have said
at previous sessions: my Delegation is will-
ing, to make and is going to make an ex-
ha astive investigation of the facts, in order
to determine the blame according to the
action. We shall do nothing to cover up a
sin sting of responsibility. But in the matter
of priorities, investigation has been well
placed by the Ambassador of Uruguay. The
lint thing to be investigated was the projec-
tion of the episode, the possibility of its af-
fecting the peace of the hemisphere, the
need for urgent action in case it is proved.
Wo five members of the committee shared
that opinion when we were there, and we
reftfirm it now. The peace of the hemis-
phere is in such danger, Mr. President, that
if he system does not respond to the call of
bosh parties to the struggle, I believe that
tint peace of the Americas would not be in
daoger, that peace will be broken. This ur-
gency is shown by the way we have tried to
answer the coneerns of the Ambassador of
Ur aguay.
'rhe PRESIDENT. I ask His Excellency the
Ainbassador of Guatemala if he would like to
spos.k on this point.
Mr. GARC IA BAITER. Mr. President, I would
like to add my voice and my opinion to those
of iny distinguished colleagues on the Com-
mittee. I shall also reply, rather emphati-
cally, as was done by the Ambassador of
Colombia, that the peace and security are in
da igen As was already said, we in the Com-
mittee often aeked ourselves and commented
on the advisability Of having all of the mem-
ben of this Meeting visit the Dominican Re-
public in order to see, on the scene itself
of I the events, the situation prevailing in
that country: in a state of war, when we
anived, without water, without lights, with-
out telephones, without public services.
The lobby of the very hotel where we stayed
watt a scene of wax: children and women
sleeping in the lobby itself. The Diplomatic
Corps, which met with us, also told us of the
serious situation which they had gone
theleugh and were going through; anarchy
ref: ed; the attacks that the diplomatic mis-
sions themselves had suffered; the wounded,
ineluding the diplomatic missions that had
gienn asylum to wounded persons; and this
was something that went on hour after hour.
lindoubtedly, peace and security are seri-
ously affected when there is no authority
that is respected, for although there are
those who proclaim that they represent au-
thority in each sector; it may be seen-, later
that they do not possess it to such a degree
that peace prevails; and although they sign
do cuments, such as the cease-fire that was
an anged before we arrived, or the Act of
Saito Domingo, which we signed; neverthe-
less, it can be seen that they have no abso-
lute control over the situation when the
spectacle of wounded and dead persons is
sem. We asked how many had died, how
mcny had been wounded; and I believe that
I can say, as an opinion gathered from per-
SO/113 of whom it can be said, insofar as this
is :rossible, that they are better informed on
the matter, that at least one thousand five-
hundred persons have died in Santo Do-
mingo. And, how are the forces distributed?
How is the country? Fighting has taken
plcce so far only in the city of Santo Do-
mingo itself; but who can assure us that it
will not spread throughout the country?
The rebel command states that they have
maintained peace there, because they have
not wished to arouse feelings in the rest of
the country; and the military Junta in San
Isidro states that they control the rest of the
country. What is the real situation? The
Comimttee did not have time to travel
through all of the Dominican Republic; but
it is evident that chaos exists, that the situ-
ation is ?deteriorating; it changes from one
hour to the next; that is clear. The day
after we had an intervievr?under the fire of
snipers, as has been said here?with the
Constitutionalist Military Command, the
next day, I repeat, the Chief of that Com-
mand was proclaimed President of the Re-
public, Constitutional President; and the
Military Junta of San Is Moe, which we had
talked with and which signed the Act of
Santo Domingo, does not now exist, accord-
ing to reports arriving today through the
news agencies. The teletype has just
brought, for example, a cable reading: "Do-
mingo halbert, President of the new Five-
Member Junta, quickly convened a press
conferenc:e and called for a peace-making ef-
fort to rebuild the country and restore na-
tional unity without discrimination on so-
count of political affiliation." He described
Colonel Caamafic as a good personal friend.
The other members of the new Junta are:
Julio Postigo, 61 years old, a lawyer whom
some people consider a militant in the
Revolutionary Party of Juan Bosch; Carlos
Crisella Pclomey, 5:1 years old, governor of
one of the provinces under the deposed re-
gime of Donald Reid Cabral; Alejandro Saber
Copo, 41 years old, an engineer; and Colonel
Benoit, a member of the previous Military
Junta of three. Imbert did not explain how
or why the earlier Junta resigned, or how the
new one was formed. Although Caamafio
could not be found to give us a statement,
the leader of the Revolutionary Party, Jose
Francisco, Pefia Gomez, stated over the rebel
radio that the new group represented an
underhanded maneuver-against the interests
of the Dominican people. In the Dominican
Republic We constantly heard rumors, stories
that got to us, to the effect that they were
inciting to arms over the radio, even during
the cease-fire.
The circumstances prevailing in Santo
Domingo are most difficult, tremendously dif-
ficult; it would be a good thing if the
Representatives were to go and see how
things are developing there and how, in the
report we have submitted, we cannot give an
exact picture of the prevailing situation,
Which has disturbed us deeply. The situa-
tion undoubtedly endangers peace and se-
curity, and not of the Dominican Republic
alone. The Representative of Uruguay also
referred to the mission of investigation; and
indeed, among the duties entrusted to the
Committee was the duty of making an
investigation of all aspects of the situation
existing in the Dominican Republic that led
to the caning of the Meeting. But the kind
of investigation that was asked is not one
that can be made in a few hours. The Com-
mittee had to give priority to what de-
manded priority, and the first thing was to
try to restore peace and conditions Of safety,
to restore things as much. as possible to nor-
mal, under prevailing conditions, in order
that it could carry cut an investigation such
as we believed the Meeting .of Consultation
had requested.
We are: in agreement that this investiga-
tion should be carried as far as it is desired;
but in the short space of time we were there,
and with:ail the tasks we had; and although
we sought opinions and points of view on
various aides; although we asked all mem-
bers of the Diplomatic Corps to give us their
views in writing, that is, their views on the
situation as they saw it; although we asked
the disputing groups also to explain to the
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May 12, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
Committee and to the Meeting what they
considered the truth about the Dominican
Republic, and also asked the governors of the
provinces whom we inerviewed to do the
same, and did likewise with everyone with
whom we had an opportunity to talk and
question; although we sought all of the evi-
dence that might serve as a basis for this
investigation and to enable the Committee
to offer its conclusions to this Meeting of
Consultation; despite all this, the time was
very short and we cannot give conclusions
in the report we have just submitted, not
even if we were to be able to change them a
little later.
Points of view have been given and in-
formation collected, sometimes in personal
conversations, as mentioned by the Ambas-
sador of Argentina with respect to his con-
versation with Colonel Caamaflo, or in con-
versations the members of the Committee
had with various persons on the scene; but
we should also listen to all parties concerned,
to all who want to say something; and such
an investigation takes some time. This is
the reply we must give to the Ambassador of
Uruguay. With respect to this second point,
we have done all that we could within the
short time available, in an attempt to make
the cease-fire effective for the protection of
refugees and those who had taken asylum,
and so that food distribution could be un-
dertaken, to bring in food, medicines, etc.,
that can be distributed with the necessary
safety. We did a vast amount of work in
a very short time, but in regard to investiga-
tion, we can say that we have scarcely begun.
And despite the little that was seen, the
Committee has been able to contribute some-
thing in reply to the questions that have
been asked here.
The PRESIDENT. I understand that the
Representative of Uruguay is very well satis-
fied with the thorough manner in which the
interesting questions put to the members of
the Committee have been answered.
Mr. ?RISE. Of course, Mr. President, I
would like to express my appreciation once
again, and I believe that what has now been
said here is fundamental; because the con-
viction of the members of the Committee
will surely allow us, through consultation,
to take appropriate measures without get-
ting into the problem of intervention.
The Par,snarstr. I recognize the Special
Delegate of Paraguay, Ambassador Y6dice.
Mr. YOracE. Thank you, Mr. President.
First, I wish to join in the words of apprecia-
tion that have been spoken here to the am-
bassadors who composed our special com-
mittee that traveled to Santo Domingo and
completed the great task of which we are so
proud. I am very happy that from the first
time the floor was requested until now we
have had a series of statements from the
distinguished ambassadors on the Commit-
tee, and their statements make my congrat-
ulations even warmer. As the Chairman of
the Committee, the illustrious Ambassador
of Argentina, Dr. Ricardo Colombo, has said,
',this is the moment of _truth and the Delega-
tion of Paraguay is quite pleased with the
action of the members of the Committee.
The Delegation of Paraguay, Mr. President,
is proud of this Committee because it has,
in the first place, effectively carried out the
peacemaking aspect of its mission as fully as
Is possible; it is proud of this Committee
because it has justified the confidence of
the Paraguayan Delegation placed in it, in-
asmuch as the distinguished ambassadors
who composed it, whose ability and inter-
American spirit all of us know, as was said
when the committee's membership was
proved, would would determine whether or not in-
ternational communism had a part in. the
bloody events in the Dominican Republic.
If the distinguished Representative of Mex-
ico had not raised the question he did on the
matter, I would have done so. I might, how-
ever, have put it differently, since I would
not have confined myself to inquiring as to
the possibility of Communist intervention
in a specific group, but would have extended
the inquiry to all aspects of the serious con-
flict that the Dominican people are under-
going today.
The Government of Paraguay, as I stated
clearly when approval was given to the es-
tablishment of the collective inter-American
- force, believed from the beginning that con-
tinental security was at stake. The replies
by the Ambassadors composing the Commit-
tee reporting today on certain questions re-
garding these delicate aspects of the Domini-
can situation have been categorical. My
government was right. Continental security
is threatened. The danger existed, and still
exists, that chaos and anarchy will permit
international communism to transform the
Dominican Republic into another Cuba.
With his customary clarity, courage, and en-
ergy, the Ambassador of Colombia, Mr. Al-
fredo Vazquez Carrizosa, has categorically
mentioned the highly political nature of the
problem we are facing. In reply to a ques-
tion of the Ambassador of Uruguay, he has
rightly said that the peace of America is
threatened, that the security of the hemis-
phere is threatened, and that there is a pos-
sibility that another Cuba, another com-
munist government in the hemisphere will
arise out of the chaos and anarchy in the
Dominican Republic.
We are proud of the action of our commit-
tee, because, as the Ambassador of Uruguay
said, it is helping to clarify the problem we
are facing. Paraguay had no doubts when
it voted on the resolution for the establish-
ment of the inter-American force. As I
said: "The Government of Paraguay ap-
proves the sending of U.S. forces to the Do-
minican Republic, considering that this does
not imply armed intervention prejudicial to
the right of self-determination of the Do-
minican people, but, on the contrary, that
it is a measure of hemispheric defense
against the intervention of Castro-Commu-
nist forces. The Government of Paraguay is
aware that U.S. armed intervention has been
necessary in view of the urgency of prevent-
ing extracontinental and Cuban forces and
funds from annulling the Dominican peo-
ple's right of self-determination, since it
was evident that it would be difficult for the
inter-American system to act rapidly and
energetically. The Government of Paraguay
reaffirms its support of the proposed estab-
lishment of a hemispheric force and will
participate in it if a substantial majority of
the governments of the member states do
likewise."
Mr. President, if there is anything to re-
gret it is that, for the time being, this valu-
able, clear explanation of the seriousness
of the Dominican problem furnished to us
by our committee is known only to the dele-
gates of this Meeting of Consultation.
Obviously we are going to come to a mo-
ment when the enlightened judgment of the
President and of the Delegates, in my opin-
ion, will decide that these vital conclusions
reached by our Committee should be known
by all of the Americas, by all of the people
of the hemisphere. Because for my Dele-
gation, Mr. President, these conclusions,
which appear in the written report and in
the replies to the questions posed here,
should not be known only by the Delegates;
they should be known by all the people. I
emphasize this point because I am proud
that my Delegation, from the very beginning,
has been concerned and has estabished a
position with regard to the seriousness of
the conflict, in view of the intervention of
international communism in the Dominican
events.
Once more, I congratulate the members of
our Committee; I am confident that the
conclusions they now bring to us from their
trip to Santo Domingo and that they will
continue to bring will greatly help this Meet-
9985
ing of Consultation. The inter-American
system must find the permanent solution re-
ferred to by the distinguished Ambassador
of Ecuador in order to bring about a return
of constitutionality in the sister Dominican
Republic, a return of the reign of representa-
tive democracy and of human rights, and of
all those inalienable principles of sovereign
peoples that motivate the resolutions of this
Meeting of Consultation in dealing with the
Dominican problem. I believe, Mr. Presi-
dent, that with the clarity of the conclu-
sions of the Committee we shall be walking
on firmer ground. The basic conclusion that
I want drawn from this statement I am now
making is that we should act on the basis
of these important conclusions furnished to
us by the Committee; not only the conclu-
sions appearing in the report that has been
distributed, but also those verbally expressed
tonight by the members of the Committee. I
repeat my congratulations to the ambassa.
dors and, my confidence that these highly
important conclusions will shortly be brought
to the attention of all the Americas. Many
thanks, Mr. President.
Mr. TEJERA PARIS (the Special Delegate of
Venezuela). Mr. President, I wish to make
a motion.
The PRESIDENT. What is the motion of the
Ambassador of Venezuela?
Mr. TEJERA PARIS. Mr. President, two days
ago when it was desired to undertake a thor-
ough analysis of the problem, I asked this
distinguished meeting to await the return of
the Committee, so that we might question
it and hear what proved to be an excellent
and highly important report. On behalf
of my government. I wish to express aprecia-
tion for the work that has been done and the
sacrifices that have been made. I now wish
to call attention to the following point:
perhaps this session should devote itself ex-
clusively to questions and answers, so that
by speeding things up we can obtain the in-
formation as precisely as possible, leaving
basic statements and studies of possible
solutions until tomorrow's plenary; other-
wise, we shall have to repeat many of the
things already said here. This is my mo-
tion, Mr. President.
The PRESIDENT. Mr. Ambassador, the Chair
entirely agrees with you. It would really be
interesting to devote ourselves to question-
ing the honorable Committee and its dis-
tinguished' members, and the answers that
they give us will be very edifying.
Time goes on, and we must take advantage
of the privacy of this meeting precisely to
present this type of questions and, in this
same confidential setting, to obtain the
answers of the distinguished Committee
members. Naturally, the occasion will come
for us to make detailed statements on behalf
of our governments on the text of the im-
portant report presented by our colleagues on
the Committee. I offer the floor to the Rep-
resentative of Chile.
Mr. MAGNET (the Special Delegate of Chile) .
Thank you, Mr. President. The 6pinion that
the President has just expressed so wisely
is in complete accord with what I am about
to say now. Although, for reasons clearly ex-
plained at the time, the Delegation of Chile -
abstained from voting for the establishment
of the committee that has now returned to
our midst, I can do no less than corroborate,
briefly but sincerely, the expressions of praise
that the committee has earned. Moreover,
the position taken by my country does not
inhibit me, for everyone's benefit, from ask-
ing some questions that are of interest to my
country, and, as I understand, to the others
as well. In the Act of Santo Domingo, re-
ferred to by the President in his statement,
mention is made of a security zone in that
city, whose limits would be indicated in a
plan appended to this document. Mr. Presi-
dent, I believe that this security zone is a
highly important factor in the cease-fire that
has been obtained and that a clear delinea-
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9986 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
tion of this zone and knowledge of it, not
just by the parties involved but by everyone,
will be very helpful in forming an idea of
what might happen if, as may be feared, this
security zone were violated. If acceptable
to the Committee, I would request, Mr. Presi-
dent, that this plan not only be incorporated
Into the Act, but also circulated by the sec-
retariat as soon as possible.
The PRESIDENT. I ask; I imagine that the
Chairman of the Committee wishes to reply
to Ambassador Magnet's question.
Mr. CoLoma?. The Committee, through
me, reports that the map is now being dis-
tributed, and I apologize to the Ambassador
of Chile because it was not attached to the
report when this was distributed. The ex-
planation may lie in the undeserved expres-
sion of appreciation for the Committee's
work, on the part of the Ambassador. Ma-
terial difficulties prevented distribution, but
I now present the map to the Chair so that,
as the Ambassador of Chile has wisely re-
quested, it may be distributed as soon as
possible, since it is necessary for the proper
information of the Ambassadors.
The PRESIDENT. The Chair shall proceed
accordingly, Mr. Chairman, Ambassador Co-
lombo.
Mr. MAGNET. I wish to explain that my
words did not imply the slightest criticism or
reproach of the Committee.
Mr. CoLoarso. I wish to make quite clear
that I have not even remotely suspected such
an attitude from one whom I know to be a
gentleman and distinguished ambassador
who honors the inter-American system.
The PRESIDENT. Your second question, Mr.
Ambassador.
Mr. MAGNET. It is more than a question, Mr.
President, to try to achieve some kind of
friendship. I think it Is quite clear both
from the text and the context of the report
we have just had the pleasure of hearing,
especially the Act of Santo Domingo--with
which we were already acquainted and which
is contained in the report signed on May 5?
that there is not, nor was there on that date
a constituted government in the Dominican
Republic able to represent the country, but
two parties or conflicing factions. The corn-
mittee, with the knowledge it gained through
its on-the-spot activity, and with its spirit
of impartiality, deemed it necessary to hear
the two parties or factions in order to reach
some useful result. I would like to ask the
Chairman of the Committee, through you
Mr. President, if the evidence that has been
gathered corresponds to the truth.
The PRESIDEINT. Shall I refer the question
to the Chairman or to the distinguished
members of the Committee?
Mr. CoLoiviso. I think that, in substance,
we have already answered the Ambassador's
question, That is, all of us Committee mem-
bers have confirmed the impression of chaos
that we found in the Dominican Republic, the
complete lack of authority, the existence of
two, groups that appeared to be standard-
bearers in the conflict and with whom we felt
Impelled to establish immediate contact.
I do not know if this will satisfy the Ambas-
sador, and I wish he would let me know if he
has any doubts that I can clear up.
The PRE,SIDENT. What does the Ambassador
of Chile have to say?
Mr. MAGNET. It seems to me that what the
Ambassador has said confirms what I
Mr. COLOIVIBO. I think it is the same thing,
Mr. Ambassador.
The PRESIDENT. Is there any other ques-
tion? Mr. Ambassador.
Mr. MAGNET. If it is not an imposition on
you or on the meeting, Mr. President, I won-
der if it would be too Much to ask the Com-
mittee to tell us how many asylees or refugees
still remain in the embassies in Santo Do-
mingo, if it has been able to obtain this
information.
Mr. COLODABO. The truth is that at this
time, Mr. Ambassador, It is impossible to
answer imur question because, fortunately,
the evacuation of asylees has already started.
I have nformation regarding the asylees at
my embassy: there were 14 who have already
been ale to leave. That is, this changes ac-
cording to the help received, food and other,
becausc.,the asylees take advantage of arriv-
ing plades in order to arrange their trans-
portatb an; therefore, at this moment it would
be praetically impossible?because of the
time that has elapsed since our arrival?to
say ht many asylees have been able to leave
the country. Fourteen have left my embassy.
The PRESIDENT. Is the Ambassador satisfied?
Mr. Alc,C-NET. I hope I am not being too
insistent, Mr. President, but perhaps with the
testimony of the other members of the Corti-
inittee' We might obtain an approximate fig-
ure, at least.
The SPECIAL DELEGATE OP BRAZIL. MT. Am-
bassad sr of Chile, I wish to inform you that
in the Embassy of Brazil there were thirty-
eight 3sylees, of which only six wished to
leave tie Dominican Republic. The other
thirty-two told us that they would prefer to
await the return of normal conditions in
their country. Therefore, only six asylees in
our embassy left the Dominican Republic.
The PRESIDENT. Does Ambassador Vazquez
Carrizosa wish to contribute anything?
Mr. VASQUEZ CARRIZOSA (the Special Dele-
gate of Colombia). There were about 30
asyleeli in the Embassy of Colombia in Santo
Domir go, some of whom did not wish to
leave Dominican territory. Many of them,
especi ally women and children, left on May 5
on the plane that brought in food, medicine
and medical equipment.
The PRESIDENT. The Ambassador of Guate-
mala.
Mr. GaRcf A BAUER. There were 28 asylees at
the Embassy of Guatemala, of whom nine
left. There are now 19 asylees at present
who trill be evacuated aci soon as possible on
the plane arriving from Guatemala with food
and Medicines. The Secretariat has already
been :nformed of this.
Mr. MAGNET. Mr. President, I wish to leave
on remrd my gratification and to pay public
tribute to the patriotism of the Dominicans,
since so many of them have chosen not to
abandon their country, in spite of the pre-
vailir g chaos.
The PRESIDENT. We give the floor to the
RepreSentative of El Salvador, Ambassador
Clainnorit Duefias.
Mr, Cminuroarr DTJERAS (the Special Dele-
gate of El Salvador). Thank you Mr. Presi-
dent. I am going to ask a question, but I
wish at this time to express my government's
approbiation for the excellent work of the
Committee in the face of the tragic events
in tne Dominican Republic. Our thanks,
gentlemen. The question is as follows, and
I wish to refer to the distribution of weapons
to the civilian population. I wish to ask the
members of the Committee whether they
then had sufficient time to investigate how
this distribution was made, what was the
sour4, if it is known, whether distribution
was made indiscriminately or to persons of
any special tendencies, and who were the
originators of this distribution. Thank you
very much.
Tie PRESIDENT. I refer the question to the
members of the Committee, The Ambassa-
dor f Brazil, if you please.
Mr. PENNA MARTNHO. Mr. President, I wish
to reply to the question posed by the Am-
basslador of El Salvador, and I do this on
prec irious bases, because the information
we leceived was precarious, and, above all,
contradictory. There was, however, a com-
mon ' consensus in these replies, that the
arsenal of weapons had been opened, access
to ia was given to the population, and that
the Civilian population, a part of which was
controled by Colonel Caamaflo, was armed
with automatic weapons considered by sev-
eral authorities we interviewed as the best
and most modern existing in the Dominican
May 12, 1965
_
Republic. And we Were able to ascertain,
when we opened negotiations with the group
led by the Commander of the Revolutionary
Government, Colonel Caamafio, we were able
to see various persons, teenagers, women, all
armed with machine guns, forming small
groups in the streets of the neighborhoods of
Santo Domingo that were under the control
of the rebels. And so there was a distribu-
tion made of all the weapons that were
stored in the arsenal of the 'Dominican Re-
public to the civilian population that sup-
ported Colonel Caamafio's group. This is
the information we were able to gather by
Means of the contacts we had with the vari-
ous authorities of the Dominican Republic.
The PRESIDENT. Ambassador Vazquez Car-
rizosa, Special Delegate of Colombia.
Mr. VAZQUEZ CARRIZOSA. I cannot, of course,
give an opinion on the way in which the
weapons were distributed, but the truth is
that in the sector of the city where Colonel
Caamafio's command was located, the pres-
ence of weapons, of machine guns, was visi-
ble and clear; of all citizens in the streets
and of all who were around us, each citi-
zen carried a machine gun., so the weap-
ons were as numerous as the persons who
were around us. Thank you.
The PRESIDENT. Does the Ambassador of
Guatemala wish to give 'any opinion In this
respect?
MT. GARCIA BAUER. Yes, of course it could
be seen in the city, as far as we could see,
that automatic and other weapons were in
the hands of many young civilians, and even
of women. Now, according to information I
received early Sunday morning, April 25,
many young civilians were armed with auto-
matic weapons from the 16 de Agosto Camp.
The PRESIDENT. The Representative of El
Salvador, Mr., Clairmont Duefias.
Mr. CLAIRMONT DITEAAS. Thank you, fel-
low Delegates. I have a second question, if
the President will permit me. I wish to
ask the members of the Committee if they
have seen, foreseen, or gathered, according
to how we use the term, the possibility
that the sector controlled by Colonel Ca-
amafio is receiving weapons supplied by an-
other country, not the Dorninician Repub-
lic?from another country, let us say, Cuba?
or is it using the weapons that they have
there a,t this time.
The PRESIDENT. The Representative of Co-
lombia, Ambassador Vazquez Carrizosa.
Mr. VAzQUEZ CARRIZOSA. There is such a
profusion of machineguns in the sector of
the city that we visited that in reality the
importation of this item is unnecessary.
The PRESIDENT. The representatives who
may wish to add something to the reply.
The Representative of Venezuela, Ambassa-
dor Tejera Paris, has the floor.
Mr. TEJERA Panfs. Mr. President, I should
like to ask the Committee two questions,
the first precisely about arms. Did the Com-
mittee learn of the existence, or Was it able
to verify that there is some system of dis-
tribution or some inventory whereby, in the
forthcoming peacemaking activities, it could
check what part of the arms has been re-
turned? My experience in such matters has
been that it is possible to have a very large
part of the arms given to civilians returned,
and then, by a supplementary house-to-house
search they can be. controlled, In general,
the military are very good bureaucrats; they
generally make inventories, and so the ques-
tion I ask is not absurd.
The PRESIDENT. I refer the question to Am-
bassador Colombo, Chairman of the Com-
mittee.
Mr. Corzavuso. Mr. President, the question
asked by the distinguished Ambassador of
Venezuela I have also asked the various bands
or groups in Santo Domingo. All of them
were very sorry that they could not provide-
me with accurate pieces of evidence, which
would have been very valuable. When we
were about to leave, in connection with the
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May 12, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL
activities reported on in our despatch, our
report, the only part on which we obtained
a reply that would help allay the Ambassa-
dor's fears was given by the United States,
when the Ambassador of the United States
in Santo Domingo told me that many of those
who are arriving in the security zone bring
arms with them and turn them in. I tried
to go further into this question to ascertain
the number of arms. The reply was not
definite I was told merely that this was
a report that he had received from Gen-
eral Palmer, who had told the Ambassador
of the United States that they had a cer-
tain amount of arms that were being turned
In by people who were arriving in the zone
for diverse reasons, many of whom were com-
ing in search of food or medical care and
who were voluntarily.turning in their weap-
ons. This is the only thing I can say, but
I believe that I have contributed some-
thing to allay yours fears, Mr. Ambassador;
nothing more.
Mr. TEJERA PARIS. Thank you very much,
Mr. President. The other question would
be this: I was very favorably impressed and
feel optimistic at the fact that the Com-
mittee noted among both the Constitution-
alists and the rebels a fervent desire to have
the OAS intervene to seek a solution; and
that even, according to what I think I heard
the Chairman of the Committe say, Colonel
Caamailo himself said that he rejected the
Security Council solution and preferred an
OAS solution, because it belongs to the sys-
tem. Now I should like to ask you this:
Did the Committee explore the possibility,
or did it hear of any methodology of any
special system, for example, the presence of
a high commission of eminent persons or a
high commission of good offices that could
assist in returning the country to consti-
tutional normalcy now? Does the Commit-
tee believe that there would be some possi-
bility that such a solution would be ac-
ceptable to all the bands in conflict? /
understand that now there is another change
in the country.
The PRESIDENT. I refer the question to the
Committee members. Mr. Vazquez Carri-
zosa, please.
MT. VAZQUEZ CARRIZOSA. It is Still prema-
ture to go into that. Of course, we can find
evidence of contact, points of common ref-
erence, but within an atmosphere of tension
and anxiety such as surrounded us, it is
difficult right now to think of formulas for
a government that might unite the two
parts. I do not exclude it as a possibility
for the future, but apart from a similar
reference to the Organization of American
States, I think it is impossible for the Com-
mittee (although my colleagues may believe
otherwise) to answer that question more
precisely. No system came into view. The
thing is it was not our job to investigate
political conditions of a new government.
Our mission, which was precisely set forth
by the resolution of May 1, was to obtain a
cease-fire, guarantees for the departure of
refugees, and safe conditions for the em-
bassies, and also to organize humanitarian
aid. Moreover, the terms of the resolution
of May 1 did not authorize us to enter into
discussions of matters that are the concern
of the Dominican people, and personally,
my theory is that our mission was essentially
to bring about peace?not to prejudge the
will of the Dominicans regarding their own
future; at least, that is my reasoning.
The PRESIDENT. The floor goes to the Rep-
Sentative of Guatemala, member of the Com-
mittee, to reply to certain aspects of the
question raised by Mr. Tejera Paris.
Mr. GARCIA BAUER. There is no better way
to answer the question raised by the Ambas-
sador of Venezuela than to refer him to the
terms of reference of the May 1 resolution of
this meeting. The work mentioned by the
No. 85-14
RECORD ? SENATE 9987
Representative of Venezuela is not found in
the terms of reference, and consequently, the
Committee was prohibited from entering into
that area. Undoubtedly, and this we have
already said, there is a desire for under-
standing; there is an evident wish for peace,
since a number of relationships are involved;
there are people, friends of one side and of
the other. The Dean of the Diplomatic Corps
told us of how, through him, splendid acts
of humanitarianism had been performed.
People asked him about their friends ru-
mored to be wounded or dead, and he Was.
able to give them explanations and set their
minds at rest. In other words, that atmo-
sphere has existed, and if the Ambassador of
Venezuela, for example, remembers the cable
that I read earlier, it mentioned one of the
members of this new junta who described
Caamafio as a personal friend, and also men-
tioned a lawyer, whom some think to be a
militant partisan of the revolutionary party
of Juan Bosch. In other words, it shows that
there is a desire for understanding, that that
desire is evident, and, of course, that there
is faith in the inter-American system. How
is that desire to be channeled? How can the
OAS help to solve that problem that essen-
tially must be solved by the Dominicans
themselves? That is something that must
be considered at an opportune time by the
system, by the organs of the system. I
yield the floor to Ambassador Tejera Paris.
The PRESIDENT. The Special Delegate of
Venezuela has the floor.
Mr. TEJERA PARIS. I first want to explain
that my question was not intended as crit-
icism of the Committee, nor did I think
that it could have wished to go beyond its
terms of reference. I was only referring?
perhaps I did not explain myself clearly?to
the idea proposed informally by the Delega-
tion of Costa Rica?I don't know if all of you
know about this?for setting up a delegated
committee, a committee that, by delegation
of this conference, would go to the Domini-
can Republic for the purpose of carrying out
the second part of the task of re-establish-
ing peace?that is, the administration of the
mechanics of re-establishing peace and a re-
turn to institutional normality, not the for-
mation of a government and other such mat-
ters. Then I asked myself if such an idea
had already occurred to other countries in
some form or other, since such ideas are
normal. That was my question. Now, I
have a third one.
The PRESIDENT. The Chairman of the Com-
mittee, Ambassador Colombo, will be so kind
as to answer these questions.
Mr. COLOMBO. I want to say a couple of
words regarding this concern of the distin-
guished Ambassador of Venezuela. I share
the opinion just expressed by Ambassador
Garcia Bauer that our immediate job was to
obtain a prompt peace. Also, we were ob-
sessed with the fact?as undoubtedly every-
one else was, without exception?that the
solution to the Dominican Republic's polit-
ical problem should be in complete keeping
with the principle of self-determination of
peoples, and that in the last analysis it was
the Dominicans who must determine the
direction of their institutional life. For us,
it has been enough to know that they respect
the jurisdiction and authority of the system
and that the system assures the solution.
But, Mr. President, with all respect to the
Ambassador of Venezuela, neither do I think
that this is the time to start discussing these
matters, since, precisely for the reasons given
by the Ambassador earlier, we should con-
centrate on the report and on the questions
and answers from the Ambassadors and the
Committee members respectively.
The PRESIDENT. The Special Delegate of
Venezuela has the floor.
Mr. TEJERA PARIS. I just want some per-
sonal information, as all of us do. And an-
other thing. From my own country's experi-
ence, especially during the dictatorship of
Perez Jimenez, communist infiltration is
generally chaotic everywhere and tries to
produce chaos in the various factions. Ex-
perience shows us that it is much easier and
more common for communists to ally them-
selves with elements of the extreme right
than with liberal ones. And so I ask whether
the Committee noted or inquired as to the
presence of agents and provocateurs on the
side of Benoit, Wessin y Wessin, and com-
pany, or whether they investigated the
presence of communists from the other side,
because some of their action seem?give the
impression of being?provocations rather
than judicious acts.
The PRESIDENT. Would the Chairman of
the Committee like to say something in this
regard?
Mr. CoLosmo. Thank you, yes. That also
Is a very pertinent question, and I think
that we answered it to a certain extent when
we acknowledged the existence of snipers on
both sides. That is, there are snipers every-
where; they are a general disturbing element
throughout the country, although we can-
not attribute to them the particular ideology
mentioned by the Ambassador. But it is
apparent that anyone who plays the part of
a sniper and has escaped the normal com-
mand of either of two groups is following
his own ideology. That is all, Mr. Presi-
dent.
The PRESIDENT. Would Ambassador Penns,
Marinho like to comment on the question
presented by Ambassador Tejera?Paris? Am-
bassador Vasquez Carrizosa? Ambassador
Bauer? Would you like to, Mr. Ambassador?
Mr. Vazclusz CARRIZOSA. Well, I just have
this thought: if there are snipers in both
parties, why can't they be snipers of the
Wessin communists, or snipers of the Caa-
mail? rightists, or simply nationalists?
The PRESIDENT. Is there any comment on
these last statements, Mr. Chairman?
Mr. CoLosmo. I should not like to con-
tinue this dialogue because that would lead
us into a maze of conjectures, Mr. Ambas-
sador, but I believe, and I will say, that there
is a fundamental difference: Colonel
Caamallo's commands recognized the exist-
ence of Communist elements that were seek-
ing to infiltrate and to gain control of his
movement?an affirmation that I did not
hear, nor do I believe that any of the mem-
bers heard it, from Colonel Benoit.
Mr. TEJERA PARIS. Maybe they are not so
politically sensitive.
The PRESIDENT. Well, reportedly so, accord-
ing to some opinions.
Mr. TEJERA PARIS. I thought RS much, but
I just wanted to make sure. Thank you very
much, Mr. Ambassador.
The PRESIDENT. Our thanks go to you, Mr.
Ambassador. We shall now hear from the
Ambassador of the United States, Mr. Bunker.
Mr. RUNNER. I would like to express on
behalf of my delegation, and indeed on be-
half of my Government, appreciation and
praise to all of the members of the Commit-
tee of the Meeting, individually and collec-
tively, who, under the brilliant leadership of
my friend and colleague, Ambassador
Colombo, have accomplished so much in so
brief a period, and under, as they have de-
scribed to us, the most difficult and trying
circumstances. We have heard the report of
the Committee this evening, and I am confi-
dent that this Meeting will agree with me,
that the Act of Santo Domingo marks an
outstanding achievement in what has been
our priority objective under the terms of the
resolution, an agreement on an effective
cease-fire in the Dominican Republic. As
Ambassador Colombo has reported, the Sec-
retary of State has communicated to the
Committee that the United States supports
its work in Santo Domingo, and pledges to
cooperate fully in the observance of the pro-
visions of the Act of Santo Domingo.
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Mr. CoLoatso. Mr. President something has
gone wrong with the interpreting equipment,
because I heard the English spoken by the
Ambassador much more loudly than the
Spanish interpreter to whom I was listening.
The PRESIDENT. Is the Ambassador's speak-
er turned too high?
Mr. BUNKER. Shall I proceed? Well, it
seems to me, Mr. Chairman, that the ques-
tions which have been put by my distin-
guished colleague to the Committee, and the
answers of the members, have shed further
light and have made a very great contribu-
tion toward a greater understanding of the
situation existing in the Dominican Republic;
a contribution so valuable that I think it
should become public knowledge, Mr. "hair-
man. I believe that it was agreed at our
previous meeting that the proceedings of the
private meetings and the records would be-
come public. I trust that that will be so in
this case, because I think the record is ex-
tremely valuable to provide a much wider
public knowledge of the actual conditions in
the Dominican Republic.
The Committee has succeeded in taking
this first step of major importance. It seems
to me that this meeting can now move to
a second major stage of the task, for I think
we can all agree that much remains to be
done before conditions return to normal in
that tragic and torn country. It is quite
obvious, from what the Committee has said,
that there is today no effective national gov-
ernment in the Dominican Republic. There
are contenci,ing forces, each in control or
perhaps quasi-control in separate areas, but
no political grouping or faction can lay a
well-founded claim to being the government
of the country. I say quasi-control because
we had word from our Embassy in Santo
Domingo today that the palace inside the
rebel zone, in which 400 people, I believe,
have taken refuge, had been attacked three
times during the day. This may be indeed
a violation of the cease-fire.
But it remains, Mx. Chairman, for the
Dominican people, with the help of the OAS
to which I understand they are looking, from
the words of the Committee, to organize a
government and to provide for future con-
stitutional arrangements of their own choos-
ng. It seems to me that it is of the great-
est importance that the OAS should endeavor
to assist patriotic and outstanding citizens
of the Dominican Republic, and I am sure
they can be found, to establish a provisional
government of national unity, which could
eventually lead to a permanent representa-
tive regime through democratic processes.
Mr. Chairman, we must now seek to find
paths of peace and to build on the base
which has been established by this act of
Santo Domingo. I want again to express the
appreciation of my Government for the
splendid work of this Committee because
they have established, through what they
have done here, really the first and essen-
tial base for any further progress. Thank
you, Mr. Chairman.
The PRESIDENT. I recognize the Represen-
tative of Uruguay, Ambassador Oribe.
Mr. Oases. Mr. President, I would like to
second what the Ambassador of the United
States has said with regard to making the
minutes of this session public. I do this
with the understanding, naturally, that they
will be published as is usual; that is, that
they will be complete, verbatim minutes.
Thank you, Mr. President.
The PRESIDENT. It is so agreed. Ambassa-
dor Facio, Special Delegate of Costa Rica.
Mr. FACIO. First, I would like to join in
the congratulations given to the distin-
guished members of the Special Committee
for their splendid work, Second, the question
I am going to ask is to clarify a concern I
have with respect to the possibility of secur-
ing an effective peace in the Dominican
Republic. I wish to ask the members of the
Committee if they interviewed Col. Caamafio
or any members of his group after that band
was established as what they allege to be the
Constitutional Government of the Dominican
Repuolic?
Mr, COLOMBO. The value of the Act of Santo
Domingo is precisely that it was signed after
the establishment of Colonel Caamario's
group, as the titular Constitutional Govern-
ment nothing more.
Mr. FACIO. Then, you had the opportunity
to discuss with them their claim to be the
only constitutional government of the Do-
minican Republic, because whether or not
this claim can be maintained in either rela-
tive or, absolute terms depends on there being
peace through mediation between the two
grour s.
TNEPRESIDENT. The Chair again recognizes
the ATthassador of Argentina.
Mr. COLOMBO. Mr. President, replying to
the 1r portant question asked by the Ambas-
sador of Costa Rica, I am pleased to tell him
that she Committee delivered the Act pre-
vious] y to Colonel Caarnario for consideration,
in order that he would have the opportunity
of gong into the intricacies of its legal im-
plicattons, because what we wishes to achieve
was t: le first step that would lead all of us to
achieve peace in the Dominican Republic, and
if you read the beginning of the Act of Santo
Doinbrgo, it sets forth what Colonel Caamafio
and C olonel Guerra thought of the Act and
the .0 Jinion of the parties. I recall simply
that i reads: "The Parties signing below who
declar e that they represent, in the capacities
mentioned," that is, in the act of signing they
declaz ed their capacity and as we had no au-
thority to pass judgment on the titles, which
would have implied a dangerous incursion
into a 'territory that was forbidden to us, we
limited ourselves to record the capacity of
each orie of the groups and with all loyalty to
say tc frankly and without any legal doubt
at this beginning of that Act which would,
undoubtedly, be the road to begin working
serioualy to bring definitive peace to Santo
Dornirgo.
The PRESIDENT, Ambassador Facto wishes to
ask ar other question.
Mr. FACE). Many thanks. No, I am satisfied
and, of course, the question did not imply
any criticism whatsoever or any desire that
they depart from that norm.
The PRESIDENT. Ambassador Vazquez Carri-
zosa, the Special Delegate of Colombia,.
Mr. VAZQUEZ CARRIZOSA. The Ambassador of
Costa Rica asks whether the constitutional
goverrment invokes the qualification of gov-
ernment for the whole country and whether
it authorizes the presence of another govern-
ment.
Mr. FACIO. No. Naturally it is evident that
each sine of the parties which proclaims that
it is the government aspires to this, but did
you, specifically from this contact, reach the
conclusion that Colonel Caamafio was in an
irredueible position; not to yield. And I ask
this tit Lestion because after the signing of the
Act of Santo Domingo, (Seaman? has insisted
that he does not accept the participation of
an inter-American force and that the solu-
tion is that he is the President, and that he
be recognized as Constitutional President,
and that he represents legality.
Mr. 7,,,OLOSMO. First of all, Mr. Ambassador,
I would like to know whether this statement
by Colenel Caamafio has been officially corn-
munic ated.
Mr. :l'Acro. No, it is a publication.
Mr.,7oLestso. That is why I was very sur-
prised E that Colonel Gartman? transmitted
that n ite.
Mr. 'NCIO. No, no, Doctor, it is a statement
made in a newspaper.
Mr. l'ioLoasso. If we follow the newspapers
in this process, Mr. Ambassador.
The Pamir:Tarr. The Representative of Co-
lombia
Mr. VAZQUEZ CARRIZOSA. What the news-
papers say is one thing and what really hap-
pens in--another, but it should be noted that
May 12, 1965
many news items that are published should
be investigated or it should be known to
what extent they correspond to what was
said or to what is done. I can only say the
following: the demarcation of the zone and
the existence of a corridor communicating
the San Isidro zone with the center of the
city were discussed personally with Colonel
Caamafio. There was, even a doubt regard-
ing the conditions of the guard in the cor-
ridor. An incident had occurred the day
before--many incidents occur?regarding
some patrol that had entered farther than
the two blocks that on one side and the
other were authorized by the regulations in
order to safeguard this public road; and
Doctor Hector Aristides maintained that it
was intolerable that United States patrols
should go beyond the limits. The, military
adviser who accompanied us?he was the
military adviser of the Ambassador of Guate-
mala?who had had the occasion to read
the regulations and the truth regarding the
incident, explained in perfectly fair tetms
the truth of the fact, rectifying Doctor Aris-
tides' understanding, but as Doctor Aristides
Insisted, 'Colonel Caamario intervened, with
some vigor, to say "no, this is something be-
tween the military and we understand One
another. believe that what the military
adviser says is true; I believe that it is ac-
ceptable; I have no objection." I am stating-
this fact in case it clears up your doubts.
The PRESIDENT. The Special Delegate of
Guatemala, Mr. Garcia Bauer.
Mr. GARCIA EAVES. I only wished to men-
tion, with regard to something that has been
discussed before, especially by the Ambassa-
dor of Costa Rica and also with respect to
a question that was asked before, that in
Document 17 Add. 3, in which the fourth
radio-telephone- message of the Secretary
General of the OAS, Doctor Jose A. Mora,
reports?you all have the document before
you?that the Military Junta has already
traveled to Santo Domingo and is installed
in the National Congress, it ? states, Center
of the Heroes, then?
The PRESIDENZ, Of the Military Junta
that traveled to Santo Domingo? The fifth
or the?
Mr. GARCfA RAVES. Yes, the Military Junta
that was in San Isidro, It doesn't say here
whether it was the five-man Junta or the
three-man Junta, because I don't know if it
was done before the five-man one was es-
tablished, arid- then, in today's May 7 docu-
ment, it says: "as to what is happening
here, the situation continues to be very
delicate, since the cease-fire agreement is
being enforced with great difficulty. It is
particularly affected by radio broadcasts
that confuse and excite the population.
Every effort is being made to stop the Santo
Domingo station from issuing messages-that
excite the people. If this is achieved it
would prevent a state of violence.' The
same is true with respect to the San Isidro
Radio. Yesterday I went to the two broad?
casting stations and transmitted a Message
intended to calm feelings and calling upon
the Dominican people to comply with the
agreements in the Act of Santo Domingo.
Nevertheless, Radio Santo Domingo and Ra-
dio San Isidro continue sending messages
that aid in inflaming spirits and maintain-
ing the situation of volence." And this
same document mentions the asylees who
have left arid gives up-to-the-minute in-
formation regarding them. This is impor-
tant in relation to the questions that we
were asked previously.
The PRESIDENT. Thank you very much. Is
Ambassador Fazio satisfied?
Mr. FACIO. Thank you very much.
The PRESIDENT. The Representative of
Honduras, Ambassador Midence.
Mr. Minziscz. My delegation wishes to join
In the congratulations extended to the Com-
mittee for its magnificent work under such
difficult circumstances. My Delegation feels
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?SENATE 9989
sure that the report that has been presented
today will be of immense value to this Tenth
Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of For-
eign Affairs. Thank you very much.
The PRESIDENT. Ambassador Bonilla Atiles,
Special Delegate of the Dominican Republic.
Mr. BONILLA ATILES. Mr. President, Dele-
gates: I think that of all the delegates pres-
ent here none can feel the pain that I have
at what I have heard tonight. Words were
too few to express my appreciation to the
members of the Committee. I have just had
a long-distance telephone conversation, from
Santo Domingo, with Mr. Antonio Imbert,
and he told me that in a search for possible
solutions the Military Junta had turned its
power over to a civilian-military junta com-
posed of: Antonio Imbert, president; Julio
Ortigo, Alejandro Seller, Carlos Grisolia
Polone, and Colonel Pedro Benoit. This
junta will try to cooperate with the mission
from the Organffation of American States to
find solutions, which are still premature to
discuss. He also informed me that the Junta
has discussed with Dr. Mora the problem of
the radio broadcasts, and it has been proved
that Radio San Isidro has not made any in-
flammatory broadcasts. As to the last attack
on the National Palace, of which Ambassador
Bunker spoke, he confirmed to me that there
are civilian refugees there.
I am not mentioning this as accusation but
as fact. What interests me most at the mo-
ment, since it involves my own responsibility
and that of the government, whichever It
may be, and that of the Dominican people, is
that out of this meeting shall come the nec-
essary and imperative declaration that what
is happening in Santo Domingo threatens the
peace of the hemisphere. After knowing the
facts, this is the only justification this body
has for having taken the steps that it has.
I do not propose that this problem be dealt
with or discussed tonight because it seems to
me that we are all sufficiently tired, morally
and physically, so as to be unable to face this
problem immediately; but I do urge the
Tenth Meeting of Consultation as soon as
possible to make emphatically this decision,
so that the fire will not be extinguished, not
only in the Western hemisphere but in all
political quarters of the world. I have noth-
ing more to say.
Mr. PENNA MARINHO. Mr. President, be-
fore ending this session and to a certain ex-
tent supplementing the report of the Special
Committee, which has just been submitted
by its Chairman, Ambassador Ricardo Co-
lombo, allow me to mention one point that
ought to be brought to the attention of this
Meeting of Consultation. I wish to refer to
the magnificent activities of Monsignor Em-
manuel Clarizio, the Papal Nuncio in Santo
Domingo. He is an exceptional figure, a
vertiable Don Camilo on a grand scale, with
free entr?into all political areas of Santo
Domingo. With astonishing ease, he leaves
the headquarters of Colonel Caamailo to go
to the Government Junta and from there to
the American Embassy. He is a respected
friend of Caamafio, as he is of Benoit and
of Ambassador Bennett. They all like him
and they all have the same high regard for
him. It is due to his thorough understand-
ing of things, to his moving spirit of human
solidarity and to his profound love for the
Dominican people, that the drama in that
country did not assume more terrible propor-
tions. I know that the Meeting of Consulta-
tion has already paid just tribute to Mon-
signor Emmanuel Clarizio, but it never will
be too much to point out, for the eternal
gratitude of America, the admirable labor of
this extraordinary prelate in behalf of peace
and tranquillity in the troubled Dominican
Republic. The Delegation of Brazil, express-
ing sentiments that I know are those of all
of the Special Committee of the Tenth Meet-
ing of Consultation, manifests its deep ap-
preciation and above all its admiration for
the continuous and tireless collaboration
rendered by Monsignor Emmanuel Clarizio,
Papal Nuncio in Santo Domingo, to the Spe-
cial Committee of the Tenth Meeting of Con-
sultation during its stay in the Dominican
Republic. Thank you very much.
The PRESIDENT. Ambassador Ricardo Co-
lombo has the floor.
Mr. CoLoivaio. Mr. President, with deep
feeling the Delegation of Argentina wishes
to add to the words of the Ambassador of
Brazil concerning the outstanding work of
the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, that mes-
senger of peace in the Dominican Republic.
The only tribute?because everything has al-
ready been said?that I can pay under the
circumstances, is to repeat here, Mr. Chair-
man, before the entire meeting, his final
words of good-bye to us: Take?he said to
me?my blessing to the Meeting of Foreign
Ministers that they may achieve the high
objectives of peace; the peace that, at all
costs, must be preserved in this Republic
where I hold this apostleship. Nothing more,
Mr. President.
The PRESIDENT. Ambassador Vazquez Car-
rizosa,, Special Delegate of Colombia, has the
floor.
Mr. VAzoozz CARRIZOSA. Mr. President, it
is only right to say a few words, as my col-
leagues from Brazil and Argentina have al-
ready done, to emphasize the merits of the
Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, the Papal
Nuncio, in the face of such a difficult situa-
tion. There is more; none of our action
would have been possible without the advice,
without the help of that eminent diplomatic
representative. And still more, for the fu-
ture?for it would be very difficult to think
about the future of the Dominican Republic
without speaking of him who so perfectly
represents the ideal of Pope John XXIII con-
cerning the coexistence of men of good will.
But I have asked for the floor to speak on a
point which may not be appropriate at this
time but would be at another. Our report
ends with several recommendations, which I
do not propose to discuss at this session, but
I do want to point them out, to the Chair
so that at the time and in the way provided
for in the regulations or when it is consid-
ered opportune, they may be submitted to
the Tenth Meeting of Consultation for dis-
cussion, because they do not deal with po-
litical questions, such as those we have dis-
cussed intensely, but specific points on the
future organization of activities in the Do-
minican Republic. They are specific points
of the greatest Urgency, such as supervision
of the cease-fire, the appointment of a group
qualified to organize the relief measures for
the Dominican people and evaluate their
needs, the study and planning of an Inter-
American Force and the coordination of all
its services. Detailed, careful, and immediate
consideration of these points seems to me
absolutely necessary. Thank you very much.
The PRESIDENT. The Special Delegate of
Guatemala, member of the Commitee, has
the floor.
Mr. GARCiA BAUER. At this time I only wish
to refer to the tribute that my colleagues,
the members of the Committee, have already
paid to the Papal Nuncio and Dean of the
Diplomatic Corps in Santo Domingo, Monsig-
nor Emmanuel Clarizio, for the great work
that he has performed since this grave con-
flict began in the Dominican Republic. The
Papal Nuncio was exceptionally kind to the
Committee, offering it every facility within
his power, and it was through his great serv-
ices that the Committee was able to accom-
plish what it did. He was present, tirelesly,
at our interviews with Colonel Caamaflo's
command and with the Military Junta and,
because the confidence both parties have in
him, the Act of Santo Domingo was signed.
He always used persuasion to the effect that
the purposes for which the Organization of
American States was in Dominican territory
should be borne in mind. As the Ambassa-
dor of Brazil has said, the Papal Nuncio was
respected In every area, regardless of which
authority was in power. He is a person who
has the confidence of the different parties
and through his good offices, because of the
great collaboration he rendered, the Commit-
tee was able to accomplish its task. Hence
the Committee was moved and felt that its
own wishes were fulfilled when, at the Papal
Nunciate in Santo Domingo, we delivered to
the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps the mesage
from the President of the Tenth Meeting, Mr.
Sevilla Sacasa, notifying him of the action
of this Meeting some days ago concerning
Monsignor Clarizio's work.
The PRESIDENT. Ambassador Colombo, Spe-
cial Delegate of Argentina has the floor.
Mr. COLOMBO. I only wish to add one re-
mark that seems to be strictly justifiable. In
order to be able to act with the urgency that
the case requires, the five-member Commit-
tee had to move up its return so that the
Tenth Meeting could be as thoroughly in-
formed as possible with all available data, but
we were deeply concerned that before our de-
parture the fundamental problem of the faith
in the system as stated by the two sides in
the struggle would not have been resolved,
and the Committee was the link, at the scene
of action, during the emergency, remaining
in order to be able to carry out the powers
accepted by both parties. It was for this
reason that the Delegate of Panama, in an
act that honors him, and which I cannot
ignore, remained at the center of action, rep-
resenting our mission. In this way, accord-
ing to the conversations we held with the
parties, it would be as though the Committee
were present and together with military ad,-
risers and the civilian personnel he could
undertake to solve whatever it might be pos-
sible to solve, to the extent that we are
able?to solve the difficulties arising from
the events that have taken place and that are
taking place in the Dominican Republic. I
want this generous act of the Delegate of
Panama, from a country that has so many
reasons for counting on the tradition of
brotherliness in solving basic problems, to be
recognized at this session. Panama Is with
us on the Committee, represented by its dis-
tinguished Delegate. Ambassador Calamari
also wanted to be here, physically, with the
Committee but was not able to do so. I want
to stress this act of the Delegate of Panama
because it is eminently fair to do so?to take
note of one who has firmly carried the banner
of the inter-American system into the midst
of the fight. Nothing more.
The PRESIDENT. We are sure that our col-
league, Ambassador Calamari, must be grati-
fied by the eulogy given by his compatriot
and our dear colleague, Ambassador Frank
Morrice. (Sic]
Amhassador Diez de Medina, Special Dele-
gate ot Bolivia, has asked for the floor; and
then Ambassador Tejera Paris, Special Dele-
gate of Venezuela.
Mr. DIES DE MEDINA. Mr. Chairman, I have
not asked for the floor to pose any question;
I have no questions to ask. I have only words
of praise?of warm praise and congratula-
tions?for the distinguished members of the
Special Committee of the Tenth Meeting of
Consultation, for the intelligent and devoted
manner in which they carried out the deli-
cate mission entrusted to the Committee. I
only wish, Mr. President, to add my wish
that the minutes of this plenary session
should also include words of congratulation
and appreciation for the task being so suc-
cessfully performed in the Dominican Repub-
lic by Dr. Jos?ntonio Mora, Secretary Gen-
eral of the Organization of American States.
Thank you very much.
The PRESIDENT. Very well, we shall do so.
Ambassador Colombo, the Special Delegate of
Argentina has the floor.
Mr. CoLoiviBo. The Ambassador of Bolivia
is quite right in proposing formal recognition
of the fact that the Committee was able to
fulfill its mission because of the brilliant
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9990 CONpRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE May 12, 1.
efforts that were begun by Dr. Jos?. More
before our arrival in the Dominican Republic.
Appreciation should also be expressed to the
Secretariat, which, although few in number
gave much in efforts and efficiently contri-
buted to the success of our actions. There-
fore, I second the Ambassador of Bolivia's
proposal but would like, to point out that
we had intended to submit this matter during
the session.
The PRESIDENT. The Ambassador of Bolivia
and the Committee have interpreted the
feelings and thoughts of the Chair and of all
our colleagues very well. Amlaassador Tejera
Paris, Special Delegate of Venezuela has the
floor.
Mr. TEJERA PARts. The Delegate of Bolivia
anticipated what I was thinking and what is
certainly the thought of all of us here. My
intention was I now confirm it, to ask the
chair to ask this Tenth Meeting of Consulta-
tion to give to the Committee, to the Secre-
tary General, and to the members of the Gen-
eral Secretariat a vote of applause for the
work they have done. The test that the
Committee has passed has been hard both
there and here, and I believe that since this
is a problem that affects the whole security
of the hemisphere, these colleagues deserve
nOt only our thanks but the thanks of our
governments and of their peoples, and, at
this moment, enthusiastie applause which I
am sure the President will be the first to
begin. [Applause.]
The PRESIDENT. All of us join in the praise
and tribute the Sepcial Committee has given
to the prelate Emmanuel Clarizio, Papal
Nuncio in the Dominican Republic and Dean
of the Diplomatic Corps in Santo Domingo.
We share in this with real appreciation, with
affection, as our common duty. His services
for the peace of the Americas, his vows and
his blessings we applaud with emotion; with
emotion, I say, which corresponds to the emo-
tion that he experineced when he received
our expressiOn of deep gratitude for his
magnificent labor for the peace of the Ameri-
cas and for that people that we all love so
well: the Dominican Repnblic. This closed
plenary session has been highly important.
We have heard the interesting report of the
Special Committee. We have posed broad
questions; we have obtained splendid and
very clear replies, from which we can ap -
preciate even more the efitraordinary task
actomplished by the Committee. Our re-
peated applause and eulogy for it and its
members, all of whom we are honored to call
our colleagues and friends. Unless you think
otherwise a plenary session of the Tenth
Meeting of Consultation should be indicated
BO consider the report in the aspects noted by
the Committee, so that the meeting may act
on that report. We have asked questions
and have obtained answers; now comes the
job of considering the report and analyzing
the action to be taken by the Tenth Meeting
of Consultation on the recommendations pro-
posed by the Special Committee and the con-
clusions that it reached.
I ask you only whether tomorrow's plenary
session should be open?I understand that
it should be. It should be open so that the
public will know everything that we have
said, both with respect to the work of the
Committee and to the contents of its inter-
esting report. I would call another closed
meeting, if the Committee so wishes, but the
meeting I am going to convoke for a little
later today, should be public and its pur-
pose will be to consider the report of the
Special Committee, discuss it and propose de-
cisions concerning the recommendations it
makes. The delegates have already seen and
have in your briefcases for later reading the
fourth radio-telephone message from our Sec-
retary General, Dr. Mora.2 It is not necessary
2 The complete text of the fourth message
of the Secretary General is published as
Document 17 Add. 3.
to have the Secretary read it, since I am sure
EU of you have read it. With respect to the
minutes of this plenary session, I ask you to
take note that you have 24 hours in which
ta give the Secretariat your corrections of
style. I ask you to take note of that time
reriod so that the Secretariat can speed up
tae final edition of the minutes of the plenary
s assion.
Corosvneo. Mr. President, I should like
you to repeat the last part as to the time and
place, according to the Chair's plan, as was
s sggested. Please do me the great favor of
z'opeating it.
The PRESIDENT. Yes, sir. We are going to
a ijourn the session and meet again in a few
hours, let's say, perhaps this afternoon. It
will be a plenary session of the Tenth Meet-
is kg, public, for the purpose of considering the
la port of the Special Committee. To consider
it, analyze it, discuss it, and decide on the
recommendations and conclusions reached by
the Committee. It is assumed that this ses-
sion should be public. The next plenary see-
slats will not be closed like this one; it will
be. public, so that public opinion of the
hemisphere will be informed, but not just of
w.lat is in the report of the Special Commit-
tee, because I am hereby suggesting that the
report should be made public, unless for
some reason the members of the Committee
indicate to the Chair that it should not be
m tde public but that we ought to wait until
tomorrow's session.
(Ur. COLOMBO. Absolutely, Mr. President.
The PRESIDENT. Therefore, gentlemen, as
of now the report of the Special Committee
is public. Consequently, it can be turned
over to the press and sent to anyone wishing
it. Naturally, if at tomorrow's meeting we
reibh conclusions on the suggestions made
by the Committee, we shall feel highly grati-
fiel. In any case I think that the time has
come for the Meeting of Consultation to snake
concrete statements on the chaotic situation
that seems to grow worse every hour. There-
fore, within 5 or B hours, possibly for 4 or 5
o'c ock this afternoon, I am going to convoke
the fifth plenary session of the Tenth Meet-
ing of Consultation to meet in this same place
and, take up the report of the Committee.
The Representative of Venezuela.
Mr. TEJERA Passfa. Mr. President, only to
ask if you would be good enough to include
in ;he order of business two specific points
that / believe are relevant to the announce-
met it you have just made: first would be
consideration of whether or not the present
sits ation in the Dominican Republic affects
the security of the hemisphere; second,
establishment and implementation of mess-
urelito help the Dominican people return to
full constitutional democracy.
Tie PRESIDENT. Very well; it seems to me
these is no objection to discussing these two
poir ts in the public session we shall hold
shot tly?the one suggested by the distin-
guished Representative of Uruguay and sup-
ported by the Representative of Venezuela,
and the other just mentioned by the distin-
guisied Ambassador Tejera Paris. I recog-
nize the Representative of the Dominican
Republic.
Mr. BONILLA AT/LES. Mr. President, I shall
wait until tomorrow to formally present a
drat; resolution on my proposal that the
Organ of Consultation declare the situation
in tLe Dominican Republic to be a threat to
the peace of the hemisphere.
The PRESIDENT. Very well. The Repre-
sentr.tive of Paraguay has requested the floor.
Mr, Ydrucz. I only wish to ask two ques-
tions, Mr. President. I understand, or rather,
I act Sally heard you mention a decision on
the request of the Delegate of the United
State 3 that the minutes of today's session be
made public. This request was seconded by
the distinguished Representative of Uruguay.
From this I assume, that is, I hope, because
the suggestion is also mine, that it will be
agreed to make public the minutes of this
session.
The PRESIDENT. The chair has so resolved.
Mr. Yoorcz. I beg your pardon. Thank you.
The PRESIDENT, That's quite alright.
Mr. Yoram Now, I have another question
to ask of the distinguished Representative of
Costa Rica, arising from an earlier statement
by the Ambassador of Venezuela, because it
refers to the matter of considering measures
to bring democratic normality to the' Do-
minican Republic, and during this Tenth
Meeting of Consultation, I don't recall having
heard any informal proposal by the distin-
guished Ambassador Fad? regarding the
establishment, as the distinguished Ambas-
sador of Guatemala said, of a committee of
statesmen, or something similar. Therefore,
I would like to ask if Ambassador Facio did
or did not make such an informal proposal,
because I would not want to fail to inform
my foreign ministry of something that had
been proposed here. Thank you.
The PRESIDENT. Thank you. The Delegate
of Costa Rica.
Mr. Facm. Mr. Representative of Paraguay,
I have not yet made any proposal of this
sort. Perhaps it can be clarified in this way:
there has been some discussion of a proposal,
but not one of mine, to put some of the
recommendations of the Committee into ef-
fect. I shall be very happy to give you a copy
at the end of this session. But the proposal
was not made by Costa Rica,: it has been dis-
cussed among several delegations but is
nothing specific.
Mr. YoDICE. I understand. Thank you. I
wanted to know if it was proposed here.
The PRESIDENT. Ambassador Tejera, Paris.
Mr. TESERA Ruffs. I would like to ask the
Committee on Credentials if it would be pos-
sible to have a meeting early tomorrow to
re-examine all our credentials, because it ap-
pears there are certain doubts that should
be clarified in the light of the information
transmitted in the cable that the Ambassa-
dor of the Dominican Republic reported on a
short time ago.
The PRESIDENT. Ambassador Jacome, the
Representative of Ecuador.
Mr. JAcomE. As Chairman of the Commit-
tee on Credentials I can report that I have
called a meeting of the Committee for to-
morrow at 3:30 p.m. Any representative who
has any doubt as to himself or to his col-
leagues may present his complaints to the
Committee.
The PRESIDENT. Gentlemen, we have taken
note of the announcement just made by our
colleague, the Chairman of the Committee
on Credentials, and it is now the time to ad-
journ the session and to announce that the
fifth plenary session of the Tenth Meeting
of Consultation will be held here this after-
noon at 4 p.m. The session is adjourned.
VIRGINIA STATE CHAMBER OF
COMMERCE AWARDS DISTIN-
GUISHED SERVICE AWARD TO
SENATOR ROBERTSON
Mr. STMS1NIS. Mr. President, I com-
mend the members of the Virginia State
Chamber of Commerce on the excellent
judgment they displayed in selecting our
distinguished colleague, Senator A. WIL-
LIS ROBERTSON, of Virginia, to receive the
chamber's Distinguished Service Award.
The award was presented to our
esteemed friend and colleague, Senator
Wn.Lis ROBERTSON, at a banquet in Wil-
liamsburg last night, ending the 41st an-
nual meeting of the State chamber.
Many well-known persons have re-
ceived this award, but I feel sure none of
them had worked any harder for the
welfare of Virginia and its people than
the Senator who was chosen for the
honor this year.
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A2334 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? AMENDIX May 12, 1965
Carry me in regalia of bygone clays
Plumed by the morning breath of Appaloosas,
Across the meadow of the camas,
T:hrough satin clew upon Wallowa's shadoW,
There leave KOR far away.
I'll drum.
I'll sing.
Hold me without bruising, as in embrace,
Carpeted on the palms of loving hands.
lVfove'through the camps from west to east,
For My sun rises, does not set,
And lifts me far away.
I'll drum.
ID sidg.
Mail Service Getting Worse
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. E. Y. BERRY
? OF SOUTH DAKOTA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 12, 1965
Mr. BERRY. Mr. Speaker, under
unanimous consent, I place in the RECORD
the statement of Jerome Keating, presi-
dent of the National Association of Let-
ter Carriers, in which he points out that
the mail service is the worst he has seen
In 15 years and is getting worse. He also
indicated that one reason is "reduced
railway post office operations."
In this connection, Mr. Speaker, the
Postal Department is planning to remove
the mail car from trains Nos. 42 and 43 of
the Burlington Railroad between Alli-
ance, Nebr., and Billings, Mont. If this
Is permitted it will mean the mail service
in the four Western States will get even
worse, even though making the mail
service worse is almost unbelievable:
Question. Mr. Keating, just how bad is
mail service these days?
Answer. It's the worst I've ever seen and
I've been associated with the letter carriers
for 42 years. It gets worse every year.
Question. Can you give some specifics?
Answer. Yes. Service has been cut all
along the line. The postal service has stead-
ily consolidated post offices, reduced railway
post office operations, and cut money order
and postal savings facilities. Twice-daily
deliveries now are reduced to one. Parcel
post deliveries are down to five from six per
week. I have here on my desk the wrapping
from a package mailed from Lower Man-
hattan to a point on Lang Island on Janu-
ary 4. It did not arrive until the 14th. Ten
days to travel just a few miles. Another
package, ;nailed from Washington, D.C., last
January 13, arrived at its destination in Des
Moines on January 25. In Greenville, S,C.,
church bulletins mailed on a Monday did not
arrive until the following Monday. or Tues-
day, thereby leaving members uninformed
about the Sunday services. All were for local
delivery. In Madisonville, Ky., beauty par-
lors' supplies, shipped parcel post by train
from nearby Nashville, took nearly a week.
In sheer exasperation, the owners switched
to a commercial delivery service.
Question. Speaking of parcel post, why are
so many packages smashed in the mails?
Answer. Largely because of electronic sort-
ing equipment. At the main post office in
Washington, D.C., 14 employees are kept
busy rewrapping broken packages. Recently,
the St. Paul Post Office was smashing 25
hampers of packages daily. When this forced
theth to return to human labor, the rate
dropped to one hamper per day.
Question. What's behind all these short-
comings in the mail service these days?
Answer. Lack of manpower, primarily. Re-
duced use of railroads, is another reason.
The post office now has taken the position
that sorting of mail in transit, as done M the
railway, mail cars, is no longer necessary.
All of this means not only poor service, but
more and more overtime. Some postal work-
era now spend 80 hours a week on the- job.
That is a waste of money, because a man
cannot work efficiently that long.
Question. That brings up the question of
postal employee morale. What's the picture
there?
Answer. It could hardly be worse. Postal
employees are trying to do a job they can-
not do because there are not enough of them.
But, of course, they get the blame for poor
service. Employees are being worked to their
physical limits and are suffering in many
ways. In the Atlanta region, there were 55,-
840 hours of work lost over seven pay peri-
ods. Many accidents were due to physi-
cal and mental exhaustion. Employees in
the Denver post office have been requested to
cancel annual leave. In Hays, Kans., all an-
nual leave .has been canceled. It is im-
possible to begin to tell of all instances
where men are compelled to carry their own
mail route and part of another one.
Question. What's your answer to these
problems?
Answer; The postal service needs more
manpower, particularly the appointment of
full-time career employees to a greater ex-
tent. Equipment and management tech-
niques were supposed to improve service, re-
duce manpower. But frankly, they looked
better in the show window than they have
worked inside the store. ABCD (same day
business delivery) has delayed as much or
more mail than it expedited. It has turned
out to be a mere gimmick. Much more has
been expected from the ZIP code than it can
produce. The program depends upon a ma-
chine, the "optical scanner," which has not
even been completely invented?and when
Invented will have many shortcomings, The
main trouble is that the Post Office Depart-
ment has been laying off people in anticipa-
tion of automation before the automated
machines have arrived.
What Is Conservatism? Who Is a
Conservative?
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. DURWARD G. HALL
OF MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 12, 1965
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, under leave
to extend my remarks, I submit today a
treatise in semantics. I know not the
author, but in this day when the leftist
liberals claim to be moderates, and the
moderates to be conservatives with com-
plete outlawing of true conservatives, by
root derivation and definition, it would
do all of our colleagues well to reread this
definition as set forth:
WHAT IS CONSERVATISM? WHO IS A
CONSERVATIVE?
Conservatism?derived from the root word
"conserve," meaning to save, protect, guard,
and maintain and insure for the future.
Hence, "conservationists" of nature and
natural resources are accepted as vigilant
guardians of forest preserves, animal life,
water, and soil and are respected for their
stand.
A conservative is concerned with the con-
servation of spiritual and legal resources
found in our Declaration of Independence
and established in the constitutional system
of the United States of America. He believes
principles are eternal and hence do not all
necessarily need changing.
Thus a conservative is one who:
Recognizes and asknowledges the power,
authority, and providence of Almighty God
the bestower of human liberty.
Practices personal responsibility as a
counterpart of his personal liberty, and un-
derstands that this provides the ultimate
support for our system of government.
Dedicates himself to the conservation of
the Constitution of the United States, in
order to insure limited constitutional gov-
ernment and national independence.
Defends and encourages personal privacy
and the right to own and operate private
property, which he fully knows to be the only
source of all public revenue for the opera-
tion of Government.
These are the basic tenets and principles
which unite all conservatives, in spirit and
moral law, regardless of creed, color, race, sex,
or political party affiliation.
Dominican Crisis
TENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROBERT H. MICHEL
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 12, 1965
Mr. MICHEL. Mr. Speaker, under
unanimous consent, I include the follow-
ing excellent editorial appearing in the
May 5, 1965, issue of the Peoria Journal
Star written by Charles L. Dancey:
DOMINICAN ECONOMY THREAD THIN
(By C. L. Dancey)
A few months ago, when I was just checked
into El Emajador Hotel at Santo Domingo,
I went up to my room in the evening and
found the washbowl filled with water, the
glass on the little shelf filled with water, and
the bathtub filled with water.
I said to myself, "Somebody is trying to
tell me something."
What it meant, of course, was that the
water supply of the finest modern facility
in the country was not reliable, and it was a
standing custom to "be prepared."
This is a hint of how that little country
has been hanging by a thread, and how the
snapping of that thread is more than po-
litical, more than economic, and threatens
the very life of the population in basic terms
of having water to drink, food to eat, and a
minimum level of protection from epidemics.
President Johnson wasn't exaggerating a
bit when he indicated the need for sizable
forces and great deal of effort to provide the
simple basic services of modern civilization
if we are to keep the population alive under
conditions that have disrupted such services.
These conditions have also been a clue to
how vulnerable that place has been to ruth-
less Communist efforts at destruction. They
did not need the strength to take over any-
thing. All that was needed was the oppor-
tunity and the training to disrupt a level of
development that was hanging on the edge
of the cliff at best.
The consequences would automatically be
massive disaster for tens of thousands, and
the kind of shattering health and survival
conditions that strip a people naked and
defenseless before any hard-core authority
trained and prepared to emerge.
The political situation was similar.
Thirty years of the iron dictatorship of Tru-
jillo, who wouldn't tolerate the existence of
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May 12, 1965 CONGRESSION AL RECORD ? Mirk, .3.4a33
more cars is not the answer. Almost all
official thinking (and planning) on the sub-
ject has shifted very markedly from high-
ways to public surface transportation in
grappling with today's and tomorrow's mass
movement problems.
We should be unwilling, financially and
esthetically, to permit Vienna's inundation
by highway traffic. If we mean to do more
than repeatedly recite our chronic litany?
preserve Vienna's scenic and sociological
character and cater to aging toddler popula-
tion?then I insist we must at least consider
a way to make it easier, safer and more
attractive to get from one place to another.
Transportation is almost as necessary as food
and I submit that the time has come for us
to regard it as such.
I mean to pursue this proposal as far as I
can. I present it to the council for your
serious deliberation and to give it as broad
a currency as possible. I would like to see
it an issue in the coming council election
campaign. I would like to hear it debated
extensively. I may be wrong about the tac-
tic, I'm convinced I am not about the strat-
egy. And I need your help--we all do.
Forgive my ineloquence and thank you for
your time and attention.
L. J. Hortin, Director of the School of
Journalism, Ohio University
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROBERT A. EVERETT
OF TENNESSEE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 10., 1965
Mr. EVERETT. Mr. Speaker, over 30
years ago I had the privilege and honor
of being in a journalism class at Murray
State College where the instructor was
Hon. L. J. Hortin.
He was an outstanding instructor at
that time and all of his former students
are honoring him at Murray State Col-
lege at Murray, Ky., on the night of
May 29.
His record speaks for itself.
There was an outstanding article writ-
ten by Bill Powell, one of the best writers
in the Nation, that appeared in the
Wednesday, March 10 issue of the
Paducah Sun-Democrat, an outstanding
newspaper, which portrays the greatness
of the Honorable L. J. Hort'''. The
article follows:
BILL POWELL'S NOTEBOOK: L. J. HORTIN HAS
- MANY STUDENTS IN NEWSROOIVIS
I don't remember many of my college
teachers; I saw most of them only at class-
time and I saw few of them any other time.
I remember H. B. Howton; he was my land-
hearted agriculture teacher who somehow
knew from the first that I didn't have my
heart in agriculture.
I remember Professor Mellen, the brilliant
English teacher who sensed that first day
in class that I had more affection for the
newspaper business than I did for English.
I remember Dr. Forrest Pogue. Actually
I didn't have any classes under Pogue, the
remarkable teacher who has gone on to be a
great World War II historian and biographer
(George Catlett Marshall), but he would talk
to me and others at length at the Hut or on
the library steps most any time we drew him
Into a conversation.
And I remember Prof. L. J. Hortin.
How I remember Hortin, the slim and ner-
vous journalism teacher. He has meant
more to me and to many others who knew
him at Murr4 than anyone else.
Hortin, nov-director of the School of Jour-
nalism at O'no University, Athens, was a
genuine newapaperman who took his sharp
professional graining right into the class-
room and never, never let it get mossed over
with the unreality of a secluded college cam-
pus.
Hortin brought with him the actuality of
reporting, and of the city room, and even the
presses. He Introduced us, with all the real-
ism in the wurld, to the editor's desk and the
characters which paraded through his news-
room, and WI Eo, like lingering ghosts, parade
through ours now.
As I said, Ilortin VMS nervous. But his
nervousness .0tas energy; his inability to stand
still was enthusiasm.
Many young men and women who went
through his olasses gained and kept unusual
Interest in tbe news business.
Among thin:0 were Ed Freeman, now man-
aging editor of the Nashville Tennessean;
Gene (Irahar 1, a Pulitzer Prize winner for re-
porting; John Mack Carter, editor, Ladies'
Home Journal; Burgess Scott, Ford Times
roving editor; Jack Anderson, telegraph edi-
tor of the IA ityfleld Messenger; Ray Mofield,
head of a nalw communications department
at Murray Co lege; Herbert Lee Williams, head
of the jourr.alism department at Memphis
State, and nasty others who have been suc-
cessful in tae newspaper business and In
other fields. Pogue was one of Hortin's boys.
So were Lt. Gov. Harry Lee Waterfield and
Represcntative ROBERT A. EVERETT, of
Tennessee. So were Wayne Freeman and
Wayland Raj burn, and Frank Ellis and Henry
Whitlow, an 1 Joe Freeland.
The remarkable thing is that Hortin can
reel off a list of 50 or 60 such people without
consulting a note and without stopping very
long to think.
"I'm reluctant to start naming. my boys
and girls of :resteryear, however," he told me.
"I'm sure I Would leave off someone, and I
don't want t.) do that."
He said le was a typical absentminded
professor, lo'd I know better than that, of
course.
The reaso a for his statement was that I
had written to Hortin and asked him to list
for me, if he could, the standout boys and
girls he had in his classes.
Back cams a letter and a long list, but
Hortin asked that he be given time to write
to Murray State and obtain a correct list.
That is lice him; he taught us very early
not to guess but to strike quickly at the best
source.
But those he remembered make an impres-
sive list; I don't believe any teacher in Mur-
ray State's Ijstory drew around him so many
people who really were on their way to suc-
cess.
"Please dont say much about me," Hortin
said in his letter. "It is the students of
mine who deserve the notice."
You don" i have to say much about Hor-
tin?just that he Ls, one of the rarities of the
journalism polleges. He is a professional
who could do well in any newsroom at any
time because, in the long years and the buzz
of arnateurk,around his thronelike desk, he
has not lost: touch with good reporting and
editing and the other realities of newspaper-
ing.
Wherever Murray Staters gather?espe-
cially those who have wound up in the news-
room. as I have and as Jack Anderson and
Ed Freema a and many others have?the
name of Mr. Hortin soon comes up.
We speak of him with awe. Graying men
and women :who are old hands in their own
right do thii.
The slight, quick-speaking professor has
stayed with us. We never seem to alter our
perspective?with Hortin being in the head
chair and Ts listening and looking on as he
talked like t Gatlin gun and nervously toyed
with a blank sheet of paper on his desk.
Actually, not one of us was Hortin's fa-
vorite student. His favorite was Miss Mellie
Scott of Heath. She still is. Mellie is Mrs.
Hortin.
I wish we could have a reunion with Hortin
sometime this summer at Kentucky Lake.
I believe we could have a big thing and
that it would do all of us good to be together
again.
If you're interested in a reunion, please let
me know.
The Indians of Idaho?Poems by
Phillip William George
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. FRANK CHURCH
OF IDAHO
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Wednesday, May 12, 1965
Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, the his-
tory' of our Nation and of my State of
Idaho is bound up in the proud history
and traditions of, the American Indian.
Phillip William George, a member of
the great Nez Perce Nation, of Lapwai,
Idaho, has captured in magnificent
poetry, the lonely and lost splendor in
which his people lived and the love they
held for their lands.
Mr. George is presently attending the
Institute of American Indian Arts, in
Santa Fe, N. Mex.. He plans to major
in anthropology, with an eventual teach-
ing career in Indian history.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the Appendix of the RECORD
two of Phillip George's outstanding
poetic works, entitled "Battle Won Is
Lost" and "Proviso." Both of them were
published in a special book which was
presented to the Secretary of the Inte-
rior, in conjunction of the American
Indian Festival Pageant.
There being no objection, the poems
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
BATTLE WON IS LosT
They said, "You are no longer a lad."
I nodded.
They said, "Enter the council lodge."
I sat.
They said, "Our lands are at stake."
I scowled.
They said, "We are at war."
I hated.
They said, "Prepare red war symbols."
I painted.
They said, "Count coups."
I scalped.
They said, "You'll see friends die."
I cringed.
They said, "Desperate warriors fight best."
I charged.
They said, "Some will be wounded."'
I bled.
They said, "To die is glorious.'
They lied.
Proviso
After my wake, oh people of my lodge,
Place a drum upon my chest
And lay me on a travois?
An ancient, gentle travois.
In the dawn, not eventide, I beg,
Take me far away.
I'll drum.
I'll sing.
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Bitty 17, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX
competent or independent men, stripped the
country of any political development or of
the development of potential political lead-
ers, or of any truly political experience.
When Juan Bosch was elected in their
first free elections, he tried to play both ends
against the middle to some extent. He
launched a program for "social justice" and
was hailed in this country as a fine, liberal,
democratic leader.
But he was blind to the nature, character,
and menace of Castroite communism, it
seemed.
He had not learned politics either stripped
of the dictatorial experience, and he was
rapidly forging a one-party liberal regime
that increasingly employed the methods of
oppression to build its power and perma-
nence.
He seemed to be using union mobs to
take vengeance and assist in the repression
of any who disagreed with him and his
program, and he made appeals of the
nature that could be used with equal effect
by the Communists.
As we pointed out some years ago, the
military chiefs of all Latin American -coun-
tries now realize that they are the first to be
executed when the Communists take over,
and Castro's ruthlessness in Cuba even
against those military leaders who were on
his side has impressed all such in Latin
America and makes them sensitive and alert
to developments that may lead to their own
execution.
Bosch's increasingly erratic conduct. His
promises and appeals. His centralization of
power. All these things caused increasing
fear among the military chiefs and many
others involved in trying to make the prim-
itive economy function and develop that he
was intentionally or blindly setting the stage
for a Castro, takeover.
They finally kicked him out in despera-
tion.
A military junta took over, but they were
chiefly concerned with having a functioning
state, and did not desire to run its civil life.
They summoned Donald Reid Cabral, a
slightly built youngish man, an auto dealer,
and a man who had been on an economic
mission for Bosch overseas at the time of the
coup. They asked him to head up a civil
government and try to put the country on its
feet.
This unassuming young man apparently
had nothing to do with the revolution itself
and his talents were simply called upon be-
cause of the urgent need of some adminis-
trative talent.
He restored a press freedom that didn't
exist under liberal, democratic Juan Bosch
with the blessing of the military chiefs (al-
though they were the chief targets of free
press criticism) .
They Were trying to make Dominica a liv-
able, organized part of society, after it had
been under an iron heel in abject poverty
for a generation, and this was a staggering
task in a poor country.
Because there had been a military putsch
against the democratic president, our own
country dragged its feet on the normal eco-
nomic aid which Dominican Republic needed
more desperately than almost anybody else
at a simple matter of human necessity.
This didn't help matters.
Just when we were beginning to move to
give real assistance and perhaps because of
that?because of the threat that it might
succeed and it was now or never?Bosch's
folks launched their revolution.
As the military chiefs had originally feared,
Bosch's forces, his followers, and his program
was so infiltrated 14' Communists that when
Bosch, himself, tried to bring about a cease-
fire, it became clear that he wasn't running
the revolution any longer.
It was, indeed, in the hands of the Com-
munists.
Their allies are ignorance, poverty, disor-
ganization, disease, and fear. And these will
be our most stubborn foes.
The Reds were obviously, and are now,
perfectly willing to snap the thread of life
for Dominica, to permit those island peo-
ple to go down to death and desolation by
starvation, thirst, epidemic disease, and then
take over the shattered remnants by tradi-
tional terror tactics.
It is this that we have moved to prevent.
The biggest problem is not a military con-
frontation with these specialists in disorder
and destruction. The biggest problem is
putting together enough of the functional
fabric of a society to permit people to live,
to eat, and to escape mass death by epidemic
disease.
That is a big job.
And it must be done?or we hand Fidel
Castro, free of charge, a weapon he can use
over and over again throughout the Amer-
icas.
Drug Control Needed Now
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM L. SPRINGER
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 12, 1965
Mr. SPRINGER. Mr. Speaker, some
weeks ago, the House passed and sent to
the other body a drug control bill for
1965. This is much needed legislation
and it is the hope of many of us on the
House side that the other body will take
this matter up at the earliest moment
and come forth with some legislation. If
there is a difference between the House
and Senate legislation, I am sure we can
go to conference and can come up with a
workable bill in the public interest.
Much is being written about narcotics
and drugs throughout the country. I
append herewith an article condensed
from "Today's Health Guide" which will
be published in June of this year. Con-
tained within this article are many rea-
sons why this legislation should be en-
acted by Congress to assist in resolving
this situation:
NARCOTICS: THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION'S REPORT ON A GROWING PROBLEM
Thousands of Americans awakened this
morning with one driving need?to obtain
enough illegal drugs to see them through
the day. They are victims of a habit so
powerful and so expensive that many will
commit crimes before the day is done in order
to pay for their drugs.
Addiction is a serious illness, with fre-
quently tragic consequences. It is also
linked in the public mind with the under-
world, which today in the United States
is the source of narcotics. As a result most
people are concerned with addiction as a
crime rather than with addiction as a
disease.
In numerical terms, the problem seems
small and insignificant when compared with
alcoholism or with the venereal disease
problem. The truth is that no one can say,
with complete certainty, how many people
are addicted to drugs. Addicts are hardly
eager to be counted in a census, knowing
1 Condensed from the forthcoming book,
"Today's Health Guide." Copyright 1965 by
the American Medical Association. To be
published in June 1965.
A2335
that their behavior is illegal and considered
immoral.
The typical narcotics addict requires $10
to $30 daily for drugs. Male addicts usually
turn to stealing in one form or another
to obtain the necessary money. Since stolen
merchandise brings the thief only a small
proportion of its original cost, addicts must
steal items worth far more than the cash
they need for drugs. It can be safely said
that the typical male addict may steal in
a year's time merchandise valued at from
$30,000 to $90,000. The figure of $350 million
has been suggested by the Federal Bureau
of Narcotics as the amount spent annually
for illegal drugs.
The typical female addict usually resorts to
prostitution to obtain the money she needs.
It is likely that more than half the women
in the prisons of our large cities are both
prostitutes and narcotics addicts.
It is clear that society is paying an exor-
bitant price, in a variety of ways, for con-
tinuing to let this problem go unsolved.
THREE PHASES OF ADDICTION
True addiction occurs only with sedative
drugs and is associated with the continued
use of barbiturates and opiates. Addiction
has three separate but related phases: toler-
ance, habituation, and physical dependence.
Tolerance is the diminishing effect of the
same dose of a drug, or the need to increase
the size of the dose in order to get an effect
similar to the earlier ones. Habituation is
the emotional or psychological need which
is met by the drug. Dependence is the
body's need to get the drug.
Opiates that have been used by addicts in
the United States are opium, morphine,
heroin, and the synthetic drugs that are
man-made but have an effect similar to that
of an opium derivative. In the early 1930's,
opium ceased to be the drug of choice among
American addicts, giving way to morphine.
A few years later heroin, a morphine deriva-
tive, became their ,Preferred drug. Heroin is
nearly twice as pfterful as morphine and is
used by most of today's opiate addicts. Her-
oin is illegal in the United States, and anyone
possessing it is violating the law, for either
the heroin itself, or the opium from which
it is made, must have been smuggled into
the country.
THE SPEED BALL KICK
Although not an addicting drug, cocaine is
habituating and is used by some opiate
addicts. It gives an almost instantaneous
"charge" which is very concentrated and
intense but of short duration. It stimulates,
whereas opiates depress. Addicts seldom use
cocaine by itself consistently because it is
extremely high priced on the illegal market
and because its effects are so short lived.
Some experienced addicts like to mix heroin
and cocaine into a "speed ball" which.com-
bines the immediate "kick" of cocaine with
the extended afterglow of heroin. Addicts
also call this mixture a love affair, because
heroin is often referred to as "boy" and co-
caine as "girl."
Other drugs which are under Federal regu-
lation, even though they are not opiates and
not addicting, are marihuana and peyote.
They, too, are stimulants?not depressants.
The barbiturates, or sleeping pills, are
regarded as genuinely addicting drugs when
used to excess. Evidence gathered in the
past few years strongly suggests that overuse
of barbiturates may lead to an addiction as
serious, if not more so, than the opiates.
Some nacotic users, take barbiturates if their
regular drug is not available, and some take
both opiates and barbiturates.
Many people still believe that an addict
can be identified by his appearance. He can-
not. As a matter of fact, members of an
addict's immediate family may not observe
any changes in his appearance due to his use
of drugs. It is true, however, that heroin
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A2336 ilf,* 172, 190
CONGIUSSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX
seintes' for addicts. NA accepts only" mein-
ben; who are off drugs and offers the ex-
add ret the chance to discuss his problems
wit). others facing similar difficulties.
While addiction can be treated suecessfully
in seine instances, it is a long and hard light,
and 'relapses are conunon. It cannot be em-
phe Sized too often or too earnestly that the
onl way to be safe against drug addiction is
to avoid any practice that might lead to it.
Try tug marijuana just for kicks often leads
to heroin addiction. Glue sniffing by adoles-
cents, using airplane model glue, can lead to
ser bus physical results, and the effects it
produces may cause a desire for bigger and
stn diger "kicks." Other dangerous drugs
inc:Ude peyote (mescaline), Mexican mush-
room, jimson weed, and LSD-25. These
dr-1-gs are known as hallucinogens; they cre-
ate a 'temporary illusion of well-being, but
th(ir ultimate effect is trouble.
WARN YOUNG PEOPLE
/mother form of drug use which leads to
ha Atuation rather than addiction is the use
of Stimulants or pep pills, such as ampheta-
mine, often Used by students and others who
with to keep awake under difficult condi-
tions. Often sleeping pills are alternated
with stimulants, creating first artificial se-
da lion and then stimulation, an undesirable
su ntitute for normal rest and sleep.
'While drug addiction has been decreasing
in the United States, it remains a serious
problem in areas where minority groups are
ntrnerous, and where social and economic
co Iditions are unfavorable. Yonne people
should be warned in a factual, unemotional,
bit emphatic manner of the dangers in-
t/dyed in trying a drug "kick" just once.
The only safe way to use any kind of drugs,
except possibly a few common household
remedies, is under medical supervision.
Users may have scars or sorek on their arms
resulting from repeated injections of the
Crug into the veins.
It is extremely difficult to recognize an
opiate user who is receiving a regular supply
of his drug. If the drug is withdrawn for
1 or 2 days, however, the addict is easily
identified by a series of definite involuntary
reactions called the withdrawal or abstinence
syndrome. The severity of the addiction can
be measured by the severity of this reaction
pattern. A mild abstinence syndrome in-
volves sneezing, yawning, perspiring, water-
ing of the eyes, and a running nose. A mod-
erate response includes tremors of the body,
goose flesh, loss of appetite, and dilation of
the pupils.
A severe syndrome often involves fever,
increased blood pressure, rapid breathing,
insomnia, and acute restlessness. In its
most intense form, the response takes the
form of vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and
spasms of the limbs. The reaction pattern
begins when the effect of the last shot starts
to wear off. For the typical heroin addict,
this period is nearly 6 hours; for the mor-
phine addict, it is likely to be 12 hburs; for
the opium addict, 24 hours.
The sociologist sees addiction as a prob-
lem that develops in certain geographical
areas, in specific environments. He equates
addiction with economic depression, cultural
deprivation, and a high rate of juvenile de-
linquency. The phychologist, on the other
hand, interprets addiction among minority
groups as an expression of frustration and
hostility. The psychoanalyst sees the addict
developing in and responding to a specific
kind of family situation.
Many people hold fast to the idea of addic-
tion being strictly a prOblem of law en-
forcement. They feel that if the smuggling
rings are smashed and the pushers thrown
In. jail, addiction will disappear because no
illegal drugs will be available.
Another group holds the opposite view.
They insist that addiction is an illness and
that law enforcement cannot cure an illness.
They point out that prohibition did not
eliminate alcoholism. Drug use, they point
Out, is a symptom of other serious problems,
and any treatment for addiction must take
these problems into consideration.
This group also argues that making addic-
tion a crime may actually increase the nuin-
ber of addicts. Because drugs are illegal,
they eore expensive; because much money can
be made from their sale, the underworld and
the "pushers" try to make as many addicts as
possible. This group points to the low num-
ber of addicts in Great Britain. There ad-
dicts may register with the police, without
penalty, and receive drugs at low cost while
undergoing medical treatment.
A NEW INTEREST
- Formidable barriers stand in the way of
progress in the narcotics addiction field, but
the situation is far from hopeless. As this
is written., there is a new stirring of inter-
est in the drug problem; there is encourage-
ing aetion an a number of fronts, there are
-Many/ hopeful signs.
Several State probation and parole depart-
ments have been testing the usefulness of in-
tensive casework by parole officers to help the
addict make a satisfactory adjustment.
A number of church-sponsored groups have
pioneered in providing services to support
addicts trying to break their drug habit. A
few voluntary agencies are developing experi-
mental casework services tailored to the
needs of the addict struggling with the prob-
_lem of readjustment.
The mass media have been focusing the
pnblic's attention on the narcotics problem.
Narcotics Anonynious, patterned after Al-
coholics Anonymous, as founded in 1949
by Daniel Carleori, a former addict. It now
has branches in a number of cities and is
gaining experience in providing effective re-
Thirtieth Anniversary of the Rural Elec-
trification Administration
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF'
HON. BERT BANDSTRA
OF IOWA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 12, 1965
Mr. BANDSTRA. Mr. Speaker, for
litany farm families across the Nation,
'minding those in my home State of
I)wo., this week marks an anniversary of
very special importance.
z Thirty years ago this week, on May 11,
1935, President Franklin Roosevelt
signed the Executive order establishing
the Rural Electrification Administration.
A year later, with the passage of the
Rural Electrification Act of 1936, the
Congress gave its support to this con-
tructive venture.
Today, the REA is a permanent agency
of the Federal Government. It has done
much, over the 30 years of its existence,
bring the benefits of electric power to
Atrm houses throughout America.
- In Iowa, for example, only 14.4 percent
.)f the farms were receiving electric serv-
ze when the REA was created in 1935,
fls of June 30, 1964, 98.7 percent of Iowa's
farms were served by electric power.
The REA, and those who have support-
ed it, can justly claim the credit for much
Of this increase in rural electric service?
an increase which, in the long run, bene-
fits both urban and rural areas of our
Society.
=
Much remains to- lie &One in develop-
ing the resources of rural America.
There are new probletas to be solved,
and new programs must be devised to do
so. But the REA, with 30 years of suc-
cess behind it, is an example that provides
us with confidence
Potential for a National Park: The
Guadalupe
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOE R. POOL
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 12, 1965
Mr. POOL. Mr. Speaker, I should like
to call to the attention of my colleagues
a very fine piece of writing which ap-
peared in the January 1965 issue of
American Motorist. This article very
aptly points out the need and reasons for
establishment of Guadalupe Mountains
National Park in west Texas:
POTENTIAL FOR A NATIONAL PARK?THE
GUADALUPE
(By Glenn T Lashley, editor, American
Motorist)
The land west of the Feces is a country that
seems desolate, yet abounds in incredible
beauty and soul-satisfying tranquility. The
land, in west Texas and eastern New Mexico,
is literally a paradise for the man and his
family who must live in the city for economic
reasons, but feel compelled to turn to the out-
doors for its spiritual lift.
There is a tremendous need for the pres-
ervation of such areas. Congress established
the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review
Commission to survey the outdoor recreation
needs of the American people, and to recom-
mend actions to meet them. The Commission
has reported that the gap between the de-
mand and an adequate supply of outdoor
facilities will widen over the coming years, if
effective action is not taken, and promptly.
Commission research reveals that by the
turn of this century our population, which
is going to double, will have triple the
present outdoor recreation needs. Not only
will there be more people, but they will have
more free time, more money, and a greater
mobility, than ever before.
Congressman JOE POOL, of Texas, is very
much concerned about this trend, and plans
to reintroduce a bill in the House of Rep-
resentatives this session which would es-
tablish the Guadalupe Mountains National
Park in west Texas. He submitted the bill
during the last session of Congress, but it
was never brought out to the floor for action.
Before submitting, Congressman Pool, had
called for an investigation of the area by the
Interior Department to determine its value
as a national park.
InteriOr Secretary Stewart Udall ordered
such a study and, when the results were
in, enthusiastically urged Congress to enact
the legislation. Ile said:
"The area set aside for the park contains
a combination of scenic and scientific attri-
butes that qualify it as an outstanding addi-
tion to the national park system. It con-
tains the most diversified and beautiful
scenery in Texas, some of the most beau-
tiful landscape tn the entire southwestern
part of the United States, and its Permian
marine limestone mountains contain. the
most extensive and significant fossil reefs
in the world."
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