ENDORSEMENT AND SUPPORT OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF PRESIDENT LYNDON B. JOHNSON

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300190020-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 19
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 27, 2003
• Sequence Number: 20
• Publication Date: May 19, 1955
• Content Type: OPEN

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10558 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD HOUSE may 19, 1965
LEGISLATION DESIGNED TO ESTAB-
LISH A rentani, MURDER LAW
TO ACRIMVX APPP.OPRIATIe JUS-
TICE AND VERDICTS IN TEN TRIAL
OF PERSONS CHARGED WITH
MURDER OF CIVIL RIGHTS
WORERRO
(Mr. ROSENTHAL *eked and iess
given Permission to address the Rowe
for 1 minute end to mine sad seised hie
remarks.)
Mr. hosnirragL. Mr. Speaker. I
am today submitting legislation desigued
to establish Ili Federal murder law with
the purpose of dealing with one of the
most disturbing phenomena in the con-
duct of American Jurimprudenee?the
failure to achieve appropriate Iwo** and
verdicts In the trial ot those charged
with the commission of murder of shit
rights imams.
murders of Negro and Widte ottal
The last decade has men etweemajor
richis
workers in the South, and alliMegh over-
whelming evidence of milt was asnaseed
by law entoreement each* nom of
those so .nrwd Ass been found ditkr.
Innumerable other linrepOrted or less
Publicieed murders have Wen easseatiedl
in the abeam of the 'threat of meaning.
fol Proloeution.
It is Me bees that the legislation I
am today proposing will aka trees the
Howe a ten hearing and the Anal an
ewer to this unegeaptehie &WM et Jus-
tice. These nitscaniages et insteps
demonstrate the need ter * Federal
murder statute. as did the Lindbergh
tragedy dramatise the naceelete for ?
Federal kidnapping Mahan
The mailindiniknee ci spa prlitenten
of the ley met the right et eh etagere
of the United States to =Prot the un-
obstruoted morass of Macs in were
city end abated' the Maim should be en-
eusetioned. If local law enhirownene is
inadequate, or unwilling in meta this re.
enendbUtta. then the **gal Govern-
ment must, in the hot ansilyna, take
action.
My bill weeki provide that murder or
mensisughter. or the Mon" thereof,
committed by or won any person who
has travelled or is travelling in interstate
trommerce *add bee Federal offense and
therefore aublect to We jurisdiction et
the Federal anthoriam it is say el-
iteetation that the Federal Iodide] sys?
tem will melds a mosbabirma far freer
from kcal color and bias than has Wen
offered by the States. Fedora comae-
Meal guarantees Wit be afforded to
Shoes accused of murder and man-
slaughter, while the community at large
will derive comfort fres knowing that
the asisellems of Federal judos and
Juries are More Whined to rendering fair
justice than to satietying local prej-
udices.
The mactinent at this legialation. of
the resultant likelihood of haarenthig the
number of sonvictions In =nide and
mastelanghter Omen. where nigh movie-
tem are mandated by the evidenee. Will
serve as a deterrent to those who seek to
&teat compliance with Federal civil
rights eistatee.
Mr Speaker, in my judgment is is
rep rettable that local law enforcement
has so miserably failed to the preserva-
tion of the allige at all Wham ot the
United States, making it iseeessarp that
eseterY old legal somata have to be-
eliang'sd. hue if we are to eigesin a bee
and democratic misty, thin shanged
they
s OK if,
ENDO AND -OF
THE PORSION POLICY Cr rittea-
=NT LYNDON S. J01[111100(
(idr. MORRIS Wired Mid Vie
Permission to Wren the
minute, to. NV* Ilind
eztaM Mi re-
marts and to Maude a reselittion)
Mr. MORRIS. Mr. Speaker. unlike
some of my esileagues who'hewe spoken
on the Mime Icor taw, I belleee that
we do have a Ilteley in foreign affairs. I
boll.,. that We de have Mende einved
and Mere that the President of the
United atehe is implementing this pol-
icy.
Mr. Speaker; an May Meg kg of this year,
the Damewc Mite sasiarties ecei-
Santa We. N. Men This
of MUM?
State (a New
4 regolution
unanimously this Goenn.
affairs, our
hi goitheliet Asia. with
Inligene. in :Views= and our
pabelin Latin Annie& with epee,
ado regerenes to the came ot the Domini-
can Republic.
Me. Speisker. I Mande In roy remots.
th._j,soIuhlo?e Mach I have referred.
retehla to follows:
Ilemesnew
Miterses tiesa.si polidee of th United
Mates ad of peeemeent easeene to
Ameba= and to Me bee verse mod *MO
=Proccodlett 'kV "rdidoit Tondos I.
. ars assag es. I. hantain and eon.
Wows Modem ill* liberty for nattelle
taindibbet lbs wain mod
Wiessees the gene, of lie UnitedMots'
and the sodeett made In eoundeet
Ada, mid is Mem In donde wreinest. and
eissiksr NNW are for the mopes, of Ineurtnp
troden In that part eC Me send; and
Whored de Vatted Mates under "reddest
&dense be anddebted and latteetiled its
policy to bop the anions et Latta Anomie*
bee from tbe Medals Olinfloaki ?I'S*"
moonset. geslimearly with the osereat psi-
isy laDOIStidiss_ 111"611180: Po%
iu?ii LWOW set 164 ewe crow.
P^ er fiVf000reivo Parlof tM
is HO day
of Moir? INS p bjr eadifle otPd vigor-
ously or entrod-
disk Ig 3. es Mt-
Dominican
1.54 oatsowe.rve.tothe
furthermore let Mit% pdlep for the beans et
el4setess of US *WM Who love, Ono% mod
amg precious netdoet,
feel certain the Congress will enact Major
kelallition sloes time lines, es mane et
WI in the Gingreet have been Urging for
wier*'
But. I am distressed, Mr. Breaker, that
the President has been the recipient of
4ptgetne egtresseir Poor *dyke, whieh 'd-
rafty is cawing turmoil in pertain Indus-
I oiler to the preptiefl effergive
certain of these tax redections.
,ipart,00?the excise tax reductions on
emstemohliet world take effect on May lg,
tits date of the President's meanie to the
Congress. The purpose, obviously, Is to
preeent an abrupt curtailment of auto
nurcheses W persona who, wite
would otherwise wait until the tett reduc-
tion becomes effective.
But for many business machinsa the
effective date would not becalm effective
until July 1. I am advised this mornhus
W one of the Industries wfth giant loca-
tions in southwest Missouri. that they are
with cancellation or &-
frail clients Who, quite
mite do MS went to be Penalised 10
percent in the purcham erioe of =Pen-
des =whiner,. much of It maim as
much or more as a new automobile. This
is in an area where 2- to 3-pereent
tile-
counts are often sought. A 2- or 3-week
lag might be tolerable, but not _Me
week tag, 1dcii May cause mane
And disruption of production, Is
able. Even though the Congeals lig
Ultimately make an earlier retroactive
date, it will be too late bemuse of the
Preeent climate generated ter the Presi-
dent's message, and reportirrial serrices.
I hope the President Will taita
Gate action to Correa this ororiht 140-
yocommpdb, an earlier eitecteve "Sete
on remora d excise taxes at least on
Winne Machines.
TURMOIC
at VIDGITTEV?lilltiehl
? TAX 000P
Ger. HALL Wks* awl ereg given pot-
'Mission tO liddreet MOO for I athl-
ete arid UM Wise and extend his le-
mores.)
Mr. SALL. Mr. Speeker. on Monday
Cd this week, the President sent to Con-
geals a meteabe ateling WM the removal
ci certain elliergeney mob, tans. I
_
BISHOP WILLIAM P. CREIGHTON
(Kr. 00asked end Ina Siren
the Seam for 1
lobelia add to revise and extend his
remarks.)'
Mr. GOODELL. Mr. Speaker. I rise
today with great reluctance. bet I believe
the time bas come for thaw of vs In public
life to express a word of caution to ?
revered and respected group in our ao-
ably. I speak ot bishops and other clergy
who ere *hale concerned with all he-
llish OtObiema and committed to alleviat-
ing human stifferIng.
, Tag ?0**7 a respected leader 01 me
church, Whop William P. Creighton.
Woke with poadion, and I four a trace a
noslico, about one of our colleagues in the
other body representing the Stele of Woe
Virginia. I do not Question Bishop
Creighton's right?yes, his otdigation?to
speak earnestly and forthrightly about
Public PrObloms. I do question the pro-
=1:t a man of the (earth apparently
g
motives and integriW, and in
this ease even implying leek ot any hu-
man Compassion in a Oa public
Offsetal who happens to Ir with him.
often disagree with Ma weelelean hem
West Virginia myself, and I hogt to in
this ease with reference to welfare PAW.
? I mink however, to slat Bishop
ehelightores otowacterization Of oar col-
leiglie and I quote:
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EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS,
ETC.
The VICE PRESMENT laid before the
- Senate the following letters, which were
referred as indicated:
REPORT ON ACTUAL PROCUREMENT RECEIPTS
FOR MEDICAL STOCKPILE OF CIVIL DE,F,ENSE
EMERGENCY SUPPFES AND EQUIPMENT PUR-
POSES
A letter from the Acting Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare, reporting,
pursuant to law, on the actual procurement
receipts for medical stockpile of civil de-
fense emergency supplies ind equipment
purposes, for the quarterly period ended
March 31, 1965; to the Committee on Armed
Services.
AUDIT REPORT OF EXCHANGE STABILIZATION
POND
A letter from the Secretary of the Treas-
ury, transmitting, pursuant to law, an audit
report of the Exchange Stabilization Fund,
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1964 (with
an accompanying report); to the Committee
on Banking and Currency.
PROPOSED LEGISLATION RELATING TO DISTRICT
OF COLUMBIA
A letter from the President, Board of
Commissioners, District of Columbia, trans-
mitting a draft of proposed legislation to
authorize the establishment by the Commis-
sioners of the District of Columbia of a
Youth Council as an agency of the Govern-
ment of the District of Columbia (with an
accompanying paper); to the Committee on
the District of Columbia.
REPORT ON REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY RE-
CEIVED BY STATE SURPLUS PROPERTY AGEN-
CIES FOR DISTRIBUTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH
AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
A letter from the Secretary of Health, Edu-
cation, and Welfare, transmitting, pursuant
,to law, a report on real and personal prop-
erty received by State surplus property agen-
cies for distribution to public health and
educational institutions? for the quarterly
period ended March 31, 1965 (with an ac-
companying report); to the Committee on
Government Operations.
REPORTS OF COMPTROLLER GENERAL
A letter from the Comptroller General of
the United States, transmitting, pursuant to
law, a report on potential savings through
use of Government-owned housing to meet
military requirements in the Jacksonville,
Fla., area, Federal Housing Administration,
Housing and Home Finance Agency, Vet-
erans Administration and Department of De-
fense, dated May 1965 (with an accompany-
ing report); to the Committee on Govern-
ment Operations.
A letter from the Comptroller General of
the United States, transmitting, pursuant to
law, a report on inequitable allocation of
accelerated public works funds among eligi-
ble areas, Area Redevelopment Administra-
tion, Department of Commerce, dated May
1965 (with an accompanying report) ? to the
Committee on Government Operations.
REPORTS OF COMMITTEES
The following reports of committees
were submitted:
By Mr. JORDAN of North Carolina, from
the Committee on Rules and Administration,
without amendment:
82, Res. 65. Joint resolution, establishing
the Commission. On Art and Antiquities of
the Capitol, and for other purposes (Rept.
No, 201);
H. Con. Res. 383. Concurrent resolution au-
thorizing the printing of a pocket-sized edi-
tion of "The Constitution of the United
States of America" as a House document, and
for other purposes (Rept. No. 202) ;
S. Res. 92. Resolution to permit reprint
of the Committee on Aging,s report entitled
"Frauds and Deceptions Affecting the Elder-
ly; Investigations, Findings, and Recommen-
dations" (Rept. No. 197);
S. lies. 98. Resolution to print as a Sen-
ate document the committee print entitled
"Proposed Federal Promotion of 'Shared
Time' Education (A Digest of Relevant Lit-
erature and Summary of Pro and Con Argu-
ments) " (Rept. No. 198) ;
S. Res. 99. Resolution to print as a Sen-
ate document the committee print entitled
"Student Assistant Handbook (Guide to Fi-
nancial Assistance for Education Beyond
High School)" (Rept. No. 199) ; and
S. Res. 101. Resolution to provide addi-
tional funds for the Committee on Appro-
priations.
CIGARETTE LABELING?REPORT OF
A COMMITTEE (S. REPT. NO. 195)
Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President,
from the Committee on Commerce, I
report favorably, with amendments, the
bill (S. 559) to regulate the labeling bf
cigarettes, and for other purposes, and
I submit a report thereon. I ask that
the report be printed, together with the
supplemental views of Senators NEU-
BERGER and HART.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
Mums in the chair) . The report will be
received and the bill will be placed on the
calendar; and, without objection, the
report will be printed, as requested by the
Senator from Washington.
. ,
Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, the
Committee on Commerce has held rather
lengthy hearings on the matter of cig-
arette labeling and cigarette advertising.
The committee spent much time not
only on the bill, but also on the report
which sets forth the problem that is
involved and the committee recom-
menaLtions.
The report is now ready for filing.
Many Senators and members of the pub-
lic are deeply interested in the conclu-
sions that have been reached.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that when copies of the printed re-
ports are exhausted, the Commerce
Committee be authorized to request a
further printing.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
AMENDMENT OF BRETTON WOODS
AGREEMENTS ACT?REPORT OF
A COMMITTEE?SUPPLEMENTAL
VIEWS (S. REPT. NO. 196)
Mr. SPARKMAN, Mr. President, I
sUbmit the report of the Committee on
Foreign Relations on H.R. 6497, a bill to
amend the Bretton Woods Agreements
Act to authorize an increase in the In-
ternational Monetary Fund quota of the
United States.
I ask unanimous consent that the
supplementary views of the senior Sen-
ator from Pennsylvania [Mr. CLARK], be
printed as a part of the report of the
committee.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The re-
port will be received, and the bill will be
placed on the calendar; and, without ob-
jection, the report will be printed, as
requested by the Senator from Alabama.
10575
TO PRINT AS A SENATE DOCUMENT
THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN
REVOLUTION?REPORT OF A
COMMITTEE (S. REPT. NO. 200)
Mr. JORDAII of North Carolina, from
the Committee on Rules and Adminis-
tration, reported an original resolution
(S. Res. 107) authorizing the printing
of the 67th annual report of the National
Society of the Daughters of the American
Revolution as a Senate document, and
submitted a report thereon; which re-
port was ordered to be printed, and the
resolution placed on the calendar, as
follows:
Resolved, That the 67th annual report of
the National Society of the Daughters of
the American Revolution for the year ended
March 1, 1964, be printed, with an illustra-
tion, as a Senate document.
CARRIE WALTON?REPORT OF A
COMMITTEE
Mr. JORDAN of North Carolina, from
the Committee on Rules and Adminis-
tration, reported an original resolution
(S. Res. 108) to pay a gratuity to Carrie
Walton, which was placed on the calen-
dar, as follows:
Resolved, That the Secretary of the Sen-
ate hereby is authorized and directed to pay,
from the contingent fund of the Senate, to
Carrie Walton (widow of Barriteer L. H.
Walton, an employee of the Senate at the
time of his death, a sum equal to 1 year's
compensation at the rate he was receiving
by law at the time of his death, said sum
to be considered inclusive of funeral expenses
and all other allowances.
Brus INTRODUCED
Bills were introduced, read the first
time, and, by unanimous consent, the
second time, and referred as follows:
By Mr. JAVITS (for himself, Mr.
HARTKE, Mr. MORSE, Mr. PELL, Mr.
COOPER, and Mr. Scan'):
S. 1992. A bill to establish a Peace by In-
vestment Corporation, and for other related
purposes; to the Committee on Foreign
Relations.
(See the remarks of Mr. JAVITS when he
introduced the above bill, which appear
under a separate heading.)
By Mr. MONDALE (for himself, Mr.
MCCARTHY, Mr. NELSON, and Mr.
PRoxnamE) :
S. 1993. A bill to amend the Public Health
Service Act to protect the public from un-
sanitary milk and milk products shipped in
interstate commerce, without unduly bur-
dening such commerce; to the Committee on
Labor and Public Welfare.
(See the remarks of Mr. MONDALE when he
introduced the above bill, which appear
under a separate heading.)
By Mr. MONRONEY (by request) :
S. 1994. A bill to amend the Dual Compen-
sation Act;
S. 1995. A bill to provide for the discon-
tinuance of the Postal Savings System, and
for other purposes;
S. 1998. A bill to amend the Civil Service
Retirement Act to authorize the payment of
an annuity to a secretary of a justice or
judge of the United States on the same basis
as an annuity to a congressional employee
or former congressional employee;
S. 1997. A bill to adjust the rates of basic
compensation of certain officers and employ-
ees in the Federal Government, and for other
purposes; and
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iv 1965
10576 CONGRESSIONAL Rtcutto SEN
S. 1998. A bill to 'establish the Federal
Salary Review Commission; to the commit-
tee on Post Office and Civil Service.
(See the remarks of Mr. MONDONEY when
he introduced the last two above-mentioned
bills, which appear under a separate head-
ing.)
By Mr. FONG:
S.1999. A bill for the relief of Young Kih
Minn; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. CANNON:
S. 2000. A bill to provide that standard
silver dollars hereafter minted shall bear the
figure "1922" in lieu of the year of coinage,
and shall bear no mark signifying the mint
of coinage; to the Committee on Banking
and Currency.
(See the remarks of Mr. CANNON when he
Introduced the above bin, which appear
under a separate heading.)
RESOLUTIONS y
TO PROVIDE FOR A STUDY OF
EXPLOSION AT THE AIRBASE AT
BIENHOA, SOUTH VIETNAM
Mr. YOUNG, of Ohio submitted a reso-
lution (S. Res. 106) to provide for a study
of explosion at the airbase at Bienhoa,
South Vietnam, which was referred to
the Committee on Armed Services.
(gee the above resolution printed in
full when submitted by Mr. YOUNG of
Ohio, which appears under a separate
heading.)
PRINTING OF 67TH ANNUAL RE-
PORT OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY
OF THE DAUGHTERS OF THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION AS A
SENATE DOCUMENT
Mr. JORDAN of North Carolina, from
the Committee on Rules and Adminis-
tration, reported an original resolution
(S. Res. 107) authorizing the printing of
the 67th annual report of the National
Society of the Daughters of the Ameri-
can Revolution as a Senate document,
which was placed on the calendar.
(See the above resolution printed in
full when reported by Mr. JORDAN of
North Carolina, which appears under the
heading "Reports of Committees.")
CARRIE WALTON
Mr. JORDAN of North Carolina, from
the Committee on Rules and Adminis-
tration, reported an original resolution
(S. Res. 108) to pay a gratuity to Carrie
Walton, which was placed on the
calendar.
(See the above resolution printed in
full when reported by Mr. JORDAN of
North Carolina, which appears under the
heading "Reports of Committees.")
PEACE BY INVESTMENT
CORP.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, for my-
self and on behalf of the Senator from
Kentucky [Mr. COOPER], the Senator
from Indiana [Mr. HARTKE], the Senator
from Oregon [Mr. Moan], the Senator
from Rhode Island [Mr. PELL], and the
Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. Scorr]
I introduce a bill to create a federally
chartered Peace by Investment Corp.,
tion, and for other related purposes.
The Corporation is designed to enable
small investors in the United States to
buy shares at $5 a share to establish a
pool of capital in the first instance
amounting to $2.5 billion, in order to
aid in the development of underdevel-
oped areas of the free world. It is the
culmination of a long effort which has
been developing for well over 10 years,
and which was introduced in the 87th
and 88th Congresses by other Senators,
including myself. It comes now with a
special impact because, first, it follows
the pattern of the Communications Sat-
ellite Corp.?Comsat.-.-a mixed Govern-
ment-private enterprise to use the
communications satellite, which has al-
ready had a marked success; second, it
follows also the objective of the Adele
Investment Co., the great free enterprise
effort of the major companies and banks
of the United States, Europe, and Japan
to aid in the free enterprise development
of Latin America; and third, because it
is a practical way to reduce the need for
the U.S. foreign aid and to supplement
the activities of the World Bank, Inter-
national Development Association, the
Inter-American Development Bank, and
the United Nations Special Fund, by en-
listing the interest of the U.S. small in-
vestor, giving him a chance to buy a
share in peace on a people-to-people
basis.
In addition, the proposal answers the
feeling of many who wish we would find
some other way of providing foreign aid
than through the established Govern-
ment channel of the foreign aid bill.
The unique feature of the bill is that
the corporation would obtain its invest-
ment funds primarily from millions of
small investors, who would be, in effect,
buying peace shares. I sponsored the
peace by investment bill in the 87th Con-
gress. Senator Moan introduced it in
the 88th Congress, and the bill was co-
sponsored by Senators HUMPHREY, Beall,
HARTKE, and myself.
The new bill is a revised version of
earlier proposals, which I have spon-
sored in the Senate, based upon addi-
tional study and consultation in the
United States and other countries dur-
ing the past 4 years. The financial and
economic basis for the bill is principally
the work of Benjamin A. Javits, my
brother, a well-known lawyer and au-
thor who for many years has written
extensively on the subject, and Leon H.
Keyserling, well-known economist and
former chairman of the Council of Eco-
nomic Advisers.
Under the terms of this legislation,
initial and temporary capital funds for
the Peace by Investment Corporation,
totaling $50 million, would be subscribed
to by the U.S. Government through the
Treasury. During the first 6 years of its
operations, to obtain added funds for its
investment purposes, the Corporation
would also be authorized to borrow from
the Treasury in amounts not exceeding
$60 million in any one year, and in an
aggregate outstanding amount not ex-
ceeding $300 million. During this ini-
tial period, the Corporation would func-
tion as an agency of the United States.
But upon retirement of the basic portion
of the original investment in the project
by the Treasury, the Corporation would
go through an orderly transition from
an agency of the United States to private
operation and management.
The bill contains provisions for the re-
tirement of these initial subscriptions
and borrowings with earnings in invest-
ments and with permanent capital funds
obtained by offering stock for public sale,
predominantly to small investors, at a
price yielding $5 per share to the Cor-
poration. The issuance of this stock
would be authorized by the bill in a total
amount of $2.5 billion, not more than
half of which could be during the first 6
years of the Corporation's operation.
The plan also includes an insurance
feature, designed to protect investment
on a sound actuarial basis against cer-
tain types of risk.
The establishment of the Peace Corps
reflects growing realization that govern-
ments and diplomatic relations alone
cannot bring enduring peace, without the
consolidation and expansion of people-
to-people relationships. Economic rela-
tionships are fundamental to human
relationships, and private economic en-
deavors are inseparable from systems of
human freedom. This measure is de-
signed to establish and expand people-
to-people relationships in the economic
field; to encourage an expanded flow of
private capital investment from the
United States into economically sound
enterprises in underdeveloped areas of
the world in the interest of world peace
through mutual economic progress; to
enlarge the number of private investors
participating in this flow of capital so
as to forge more direct links among the
peoples of the world; to reduce gradually
thereby the need for U.S. public invest-
ment and grants overseas; to help re-
direct the total flow of capital from the
United States so that increasing portions
of this total flow go to the under-
developed areas, and thus be in better
harmony with the domestic economic
needs of the United States and the ef-
fective management of its international
balance-of-payments problems.
The onrushing Soviet economic chal-
lenge underscores a fact which has been
evident since the end of World War II?
that our own national and economic se-
curity depends upon our willingness and
ability to play a substantial economic
role in the advancement of industrializa-
tion, agricultural productivity, and liv-
ing standards which are now so abysmal-
ly low in many areas of the free and
noncommitted world. Undoubtedly,
public funds from the United States,
from other countries and from interna-
tional agencies, will need to be contin-
ued for some years, and even enlarged.
But it is obvious that the flow of private
capital needs to be expanded enormous-
ly in the years ahead, if a stable produc-
tive structure is to be built on the foun-
dations created with the help of public
funds.
Equally important as the economic
factors are the political and social fac-
tors. By demonstrating throughout the
world, not only that we in the United
States can help to make responsible sov-
ereign governments work for the benefit
of free peoples everywhere, but also that
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products would be subject to seizure or
rejection if they tailed to conform to the
bacterial, temperature, composition stand-
ards, or other physical or chemical criteria
of the Federal uniform regulations. Such
milk or milk,products would also, on arrival,
be subject to nondiscriminatory regulations
of the receiving State or locality as to (1)
pasteurization prior to delivery to retail
establishments or before processing; (2) pro-
tection from contamination and deteriora-
tion during transportation and storage In
the receiving State; and (3) the type of con-
tainer In or from which milk or milk prod-
ucts may be served or sold at retail.
Seetion 809 contains the general admin-
istrative provisions governing the Surgeon
General's rulemaking powers under the bill.
It constitutes a major departure from other
Federal milk sanitation bills, introduced
during the current and prior sessions of
Congress in expressly providing that the
uniform sanitation regulations referred to in
the bill shall be adopted by the Surgeon
General in accordance with the procedures
for informal rulemaking required by section
4 of the Administrative Procedure Act. The
section provides that interested persons shall
have an opportunity to participate in the
rulemaking process through the submission
of data, views, or arguments, orally or in
writing.
The section (1) requires publication of
proposed regulations in the Federal Regis-
ter; (2) affords opportunity for filing objec-
tions thereto; (3) requires the holding of a
public hearing on such objections and the
opportunity for interested persons to be
heard orally or in Writing; (4) requires the
Surgeon General to make detailed findings
on such objections and to state his reasons
for his orders or rulings on exceptions; and
(5) authorizes judicial review of any final
order or regulation by any interested person
or State agency.
Section 810 authorizes the Surgeon Gen-
eral to make such inspections, investigations,
laboratory examinations as he deems neces-
sary to assure the validity of State certifica-
tion and compliance with his regulations,
and to decertify interstate milk plants for
pause.
Sections 811 and 812 would authorize the
Surgeon General, directly or through grants,
to conduct appropriate studies and training,
furnish technical assistance to State 'and
local authorities, encourage uniform adop-
tion and use of the Federal milk sanitation
regulations, and cooperate with States, local
governments, industries, and others in the
development of improved milk sanitation
programs.
Section 813 contains savings provisions ap-
plicable in the event that any part of the bill
should be declared invalid. It also provides
that the provisions of the bill shall not
apply to milk products (except as defined
in the bill) which are subject to the regula-
tory control or sanitary requirements im-
posed by other laws or regulations of the
United States.
Section 814 provides for injunctive relief
at the suit of the United States or of any
interested person to restrain actions by State
or local officers in violation of the bill. How-
ever, no criminal sanctions are provided.
Section 815 authorizes the appropriation
annually to the Public Health Service of such
sums aS may be necessary to enable the
Surgeon General to administer the bill.
Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, will the
Senator tr9in Minnesota yield?
Ur, VLOMALE. I yield.
Mr. NELSON. I am happy to join the
Senator from Minnesota [Mr. MONDALE]
_ _
as a cosponsor of the bill which he has
Introduced for the purpose of assuring
the free movement of milk in interstate
No. 90 -6,
commerce without the imposition of ir-
rational regulations that are designed to
hamper the movement of milk.
The Senator from Minnesota repre-
sents, in part, one of the great dairy
States in the Nation. He has estab-
lished a national reputation, as attor-
ney general of Minnesota, in fighting for
this cause. I commend him for drafting
what I think is the best of a long series of
bills that have been introduced over the
years to tackle this important problem.
Mr. MONDALE. I thank the Senator
from Wisconsin for his kind remarks.
He is somewhat modest, because he, too,
has established a reputation as one of
the leaders in the country in seeking fair
and rational means for the marketing of
milk and dairy products.
Coming as we do from the two major
dairy States in the Union, States which
produce the best milk at the lowest cost,
we are desirous that our farmers may
take full advantage of the economic ben-
efits from which all other farmers of the
Nation benefit.
SALARY INCREASE FOR CLASSIFIED
AND POSTAL EMPLOYEES?ES-
TABLISHMENT OF FEDERAL SAL-
ARY REVIEW COMMISSION
Mr. MONRONEY. Mr. President, I
send to the desk, for appropriate refer-
ence, two bills proposed by the President
of the United States for the adjustment of
classified and postal employees' salaries
and for the establishment of a Federal
Salary Review Commission to review at
4-year intervals the salary structure for
Federal executives, Justices, and Mem-
bers of Congress.
The first of these proposals provides
for an across-the-board increase of 3
percent for classified and postal employ-
ees. Since the enactment of the Federal
Salary Reform Act in 1963, the Kennedy
and Johnson administrations and Con-
gress have attempted to fulfill the obliga-
tions owed the comparability principle
In order to attract and retain civilian
personnel of the highest possible quality.
This bill is part of that fulfillment. Un-
like the 1962 and 1964 salary statutes,
this proposal does not seek to attain com-
parability with nongovernment salaries
for upper-level career positions. It is
designed to reflect increases in salaries
which have been characteristic of the
economy of the past 2 years. It has no
effect on the Executive salary schedule
or the salaries of members of the legis-
lative and judicial branches of the Gov-
ernment.
The bill also would. authorize the Pres-
ident to revise annually classified and
postal salaries and recommend adjust-
ments in accordance with the findings of
the Bureau of Labor Statistics of salary
levels for similar work in non-Federal
employment. His recommendations
would be acted upon by Congress through
the procedure followed for Executive re-
organization plans?that is, unless either
House of Congress expresses its disap-
proval by resolution within 60 days, the
proposed salary schedule would become
law.
The President has reported that tift3
bill would cost $406 million annually.
The second proposal would establish a
Federal Salary Review Commission ap-
pointed by the President, the presiding
officers of both Houses of Congress, and
the Chief Justice of the United States.
The Board's duty would be to review the
compensation of Members of Congress,
justices and judges of the United States,
and Federal officers subject to the Execu-
tive salary schedule. The Commission
would meet and report to the President
quadrennially. The first Commission
would be appointed in 1966 and would
report by January 1, 1967, and on Janu-
ary 1 of each 4th year thereafter. Its
study would encompass the entire scope
of the salary structure of these Federal
officers. The President would report his
recommendations to Congress for the re-
vision of the salaries of these officers.
His recommendations, again, would be-
come law unless either House of Con-
gress expressed its disapproval within
60 days after their submission.
I am in general agreement with the
President's recommendation for an in-
crease in the pay of civilian employees
and hope that the Congress will act on
this measure this year.
The Congress should also examine the
President's proposals with respect to the
establishment of new procedures for the
review of salaries and for the making of
Periodic adjustments to maintain com-
parability of Government employees' sal-
aries with those in private industry.
Because the procedures recommended
by the President represent a radical de-
parture from the traditions and histori-
cal prerogatives of the past, I believe
they must undergo careful scrutiny not
only by Congress, but also by the em-
ployees affected. For these new pro-
cedures will automatically adjust sal-
aries down as well as up.
Congress has met its responsibilities
in regard to Federal Government com-
pensation in the past. I believe, unless
clear evidence is presented that Congress
cannot continue to fulfill this responsi-
bility, it must face up to the pay problem
in the years ahead, yielding to no other
entity the duty of preserving the doc-
trine of comparability or the responsi-
bility for fixing the rates of compensa-
tion paid to its own members. For there
is also the need for accountability?this
being the task of seeing that Government
and Government employees perform in
a manner that merits positive action by
the Congress to support fair and just pay.
rates.
I am aware of the strong interest in
the Senate in these bills. The commit-
tee will act on them as promptly as pos-
sible.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
bills will be received and appropriately
referred.
The bills, introduced by Mr. MON-
RONEY, by request, were received, read
twice by their titles, and referred to the
Committee on Post Office and Civil Serv-
ice, as follows:
S. 1997. A bill to adjust the rates of basic
compensation of certain officers and em-
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CONGRESSIONAL R
ployees in the Federal Government, and for
other purposes; and
S. 1998. A bill to establish the Federal
Salary Review Commission.
BACKDATING THE NEW SILVER
DOLLARS
Mr. CANNON. Mr. President, I in-
troduce, for appropriate reference, a bill
to provide that standard silver dollars
hereafter minted shall bear the figure
"1922" in lieu of the year of coinage, and
shall bear no mark signifying the mint
of coinage.
It was most gratifying to Senators from
the West, and particularly to the junior
Senator from Nevada, to learn last week
of the President's decision to implement
the action of the Congress last year with
an Executive directive orderirg the re-
sumption of silver dollar. coinage.
This action was made possible by the
fact that the coin shortage has eased
sufficiently to permit a portion of the
mint's productive capacity to be devoted
to the manufacture of the silver cart-
wheels which bear a great tradition and
are highly honored in the historic and
present-day commerce of the Western
States.
We are all familiar, however, with the
rapid disappearance last year of the
Treasury's reserves of silver dollars, and,
therefore, lest the new silver dollars be-
come a target for speculators and hoard-
ers, I am proposing that the date of the
new silver dollars be backed up to the
year 1922 and the mint mark be deleted.
The obvious purpose of this amend-
ment, Mr. President, i3 to have the new
c:oins become part of an earlier produc-
tion of more than 90 million silver dollars
rather than, because of their unique date,
become the object of hoarding, specula-
tion, and other noncommercial uses.
If this bill is acted upon expeditiously
by the Congress, it may well serve to
again bring into circulation a goodly
share of the nearly $465 million that are
now removed from everyday circulation.
I ask unanimous consent that the bill
be printed in the RECORD at this point.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill
will be received and appropriately re-
ferred; and, without objection, the bill
will be printed in the RECORD.
The bill (S. 2000) to provide that
standard silver dollars hereafter minted
shall bear the figure "1922" in lieu of the
year of coinage, and shall bear no mark
signifying the mint of coinage, intro-
duced by Mr. CANNON, was received, read
twice by its title, referred to the Com-
mittee on Banking and Currency and or-
dered to be printed in the RECORD, as
follows:
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That not-
withstanding any other provision of law, all
standard silver dollars minted after the date
of enactment of this Act (1) shall be in-
scribed with the figure "1922" in lieu of the
year of the coinage, and (2) shall not bear
any mark or inscription indicating the mint
of coinage.
SEC. 2. The requirement of section 3550 of
the Revised Statutes (31 U.S.C. 366) that
the obverse working dies at each mint shall
be destroyed at the end of each calendar year
shall not be applicable to any such dies used
for the minting of standard silver dollars
after the date of enactment of this Act.
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CORD ? SENATE May 19, 1965
DISASTER OF BIENHOA SHOULD BE
INVESTIGATEL) AND THE COMMIT-
TEE FINDINGS REPORTW TO THE
AMERICAN PEOPLE
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
today I am introducing a Senate resolu-
tion for a complete investigation and a
fa,ctfInding report to the American peo-
ple of all the facts pertaining to the
tragic explosions and loss of life at the
Bienhoa Jet Air Force Base in South
Vietnam. If the facts disclose that there
was negligence on the part of the com-
manding general at his airbase and
carelessness, inattention, and/or just
ordinary stupidity on the part of those
officers in charge of protecting the lives
of men of our Armed Forces and Viet-
namese soldiers and employees of this
airbase, the American people are entitled
to know all about this. We have an ob-
ligation to make a searching inquiry of
this chain reaction bomb explosion last
Sunday which killed some 28 men and
wounded more than 100 and destroyed
many millions of dollars worth of the
latest type offensive jet bombers of the
United States. In fact, this explosion
destroyed, according to news accounts,
10 percent of our entire Vietnam-based
force of this most modern type of jet
bomber.
If the searching inquiry should disclose
carelessness and negligence, if the planes
were crowded wing to wing at a time and
place when a dispersive formation was
possible, and if they were in fact "sitting
ducks" so that one lucky shot or un-
expected explosion would likely start such
a series of chain reaction explosions, let
the people know the facts and let no
guilty officer escape exposure and disci-
plinary action.
Mr. President, in the Washington Post
of thiS', morning there appeared an ex-
cellent editorial entitled "Again Bien-
hoa," which searchingly questions the
conditions which resulted in the tragic
accident at Bienhoa Airbase last Sun-
day. I commend this to my colleagues
and ask unanimous consent that it be
printed in the RECORD at this point as
part of my remarks.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
AGAIN BIENHOA
It is tragic enough to die in war from enemy
action. Butte die in a war area within your
own lines from your own weapons is doubly
tragic. So it was at the Bienhoa jet airbase
in South Vietnam where a chain-reaction
bomb explosion on Sunday claimed the lives
of some 28 Americans and Vietnamese and
the injury of more than 100.
Accidents will happen, of course, but there
Is something morbidly marked about Bien-
hoa. Last November, the Vietcong, without
apparently any trouble at all, managed to
sneak right up to the base's edge and bom-
bard it with mortars, killing six Americans
and Vietnamese and destroying five of the
huge B-57 bombers. At that time, the
planes had been lined up on the runway
without a mission since the attack from the
North expected last August never came off.
After much inquiry, the United States de-
cided that it no longer could rely on the
base's Vietnamese guards and sent U.S. troops
to Bienhoa with orders to make deep recon-
naissance patrols in all directions to prevent
future surprises. Revetments were ordered
built around the planes so that, in a pro-
tected and dispersed formation, they no
longer would be sitting ducks for one lucky
shot starting off a chain-reaction explosion.
Now, more than 6 months later, the revet-
ments reportedly are still being built. The
same base colonel still is in charge. And the
big planes were all lined up together Sunday
when the delayed-action chemical fuse in
one plane's bomb started off a chain reac-
tion. Since there had been a several-day
halt in bombing North Vietnam, it was ex-
plained that the planes were lined up pre-
paring to bomb the Vietcong in the South.
It also has been explained that since there
are only three jet airbases in South Viet-
nam?Bienhoa, Saigon, just south of it, and
Danang, near the North Vietnamese border--
it is necessary to crowd the U.S. planes onto
what small base space exists. Maybe. But
many U.S. planes are based on carriers at
sea. And since the bombing is virtually
without opposition, why the need for crowd-
ing so many bombers on these airstrips that
they have to be lined up wingtip to wingtip?
All this is quarterbacking after the trag-
edy. But since Bienhoa seems to be prone
to tragedy, perhaps it is time really to look
into its security for the future.
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
I send to the desk, for appropriate refer-
ence, a resolution authorizing the Com-
mittee on Armed Services, or any duly
authorized subcommittee thereof, to
make a comprehensive study and in-
vestigation of any and all matters re-
lating to the explosion at Bienhoa which
resulted in the tragic loss of American
and South Vietnamese lives and the sub-
stantial loss of our military aircraft and
other equipment. I ask unanimous con-
sent that the resolution be printed in
its entirety at this point.
The PRESIDING OrtICER. The
resolution will be received and appro-
priately referred; and, under the rule,
the resolution will be printed in the
RECORD.
The resolution (S. Res. 106) was re-
ferred to the Committee on Armed Serv-
ices, as follows:
S. RES. 106
Resolved, That the Committee on Armed
Services, or any duly authorized subcommit-
tee thereof, is authorized under sections 134
(a) and 136 of the Legislative Reorganization
Act of 1945, as amended, and in accordance
with its jurisdiction specified by rule XXV
of the Standing Rules of the Senate, to make
a comprehensive study and investigation of
any and all matters relating to the explosion
and fire which occurred at the airbase at
Bienhoa, South Vietnam, on May 16, 1965,
and which resulted in the tragic loss of
American and South Vietnamese lives and
the substantial loss of United States mili-
tary aircraft and other equipment. In car-
rying out such study and investigation the
committee or subcommittee shall determine
insofar as possible the cause or causes of
such explosion and whether negligence on
the part of United States military personnel
contributed to the incident.
SEC. 2. The committee shall report its find-
ings upon the study and investigation au-
thorized by this resolution, together with
its recommendations for such legislation as
It deems advisable, to the Senate at the
earliest practicable date, but not later than
January 31, 1966.
SEC. 3. For the purposes of this resolution
the committee, through January 31, 1966, is
authorized (1) to make such expenditures
as it deems advisable; (2) to employ upon a
temporary basis, technical, clerical, and other
assistants and consultants: Provided, That
the minority is authorized at its discretion
to select one person for appointment, and
the person so selected shall be appointed and
his compensation shall be so fixed that his
gross rate shall not be less by more than
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a?
u c.,O.NURLSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
$2,100 than the highest gross rate paid to
ally other employee; and (3) with the prior
consent of the heads of the departments or
agencies concerned, and the Committee on
Rules and Administration, to utilize the re-
imbursable services, information, facilities,
and personnel of any of the departments or
agencies of the Government.
Sim. 4. Expenses of the committee, under
this resolution, which shall not exceed
$30,000, shall be paid from the contingent
fund of the Senate upon vouchers approved
by the chairman of the committee.
VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965-
AMENI)-MENTS
.61vIE,.PAIENT NO. 192
Mr. HILL submitted amendments, in-
tended to be proposed by him, to the
amendment, in the nature of a substitute
(No. 124) proposed by Mr. MANSFIELD
(for himself and Mr. DfaxsEN) to the
bill (S. 1564) to enforce the 15th amend-
ment to the Constitution of the United
States, which were ordered to lie on the
table and to be printed.
AMENDMENT NO. 1.95
Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, I sub-
mit an amendment to the pending sub-
stitute and ask that it be printed and also
printed in the RECORD.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
amendment will be received, printed,
anile on the table; and, without objec-
tion, will be printecl in the REcofta.
The amendment, (No. 195) was ordered
to lie on the table; as follows:
On page 2, line 3, strike out the figure
"3's and Insert In lieu thereof the figure
"4",
On page 2, line 8, strike out the figure "6"
and insert in lieu thereof the Agure "5".
On pages 6 and 7, strike out subsection
4(c) and insert the same after line 3 on
page 21 as a new s1.fi2sectioh 14(c) (3).
On pages 4 through 8 inclusive, strike out
subsections 4(a), 4(b) and 4(d) and section
5 in their entirety.
On page 8, line 19, strike out the figures
"3 (a) ;" and insert in lieu thereof the figure
"4" and strike out everything beginning
with the word "or" on page 8, line 19 through
the word "amendment" on page 9, line 8.
After page 2, line 2, add a new section 3 as
follows:
"Sm. 3. (a) Whenever the Attorney Gen-
eral has determined that in any State or po-
litical subdivision of a State the rights of
Citizens to vote are being denied or abridged
on account of race or color, he shall institute
an action in the name of the United States
In the District Court of the United States for
the District of Columbia against such State
or political subdivision alleging that it Is
engaging in denying or abridging the rights
of citizens to vote on account of race or color.
Upon demand of the Attorney General, such
action shall be tried by a three-judge district
court convened in the manner prescribed by
section 2284 of title 28 of the United States
Code and any appeal shall lie to the Supreme
Court.
"(b) A presumption of denial or abridge-
ht of the rights of citizens to vote on ac-
count of race or col(/' will be raised upon
proof by the Attorney General that the State
Or political subdivision (1) maintained on
November 1, 1964, any test or device, and (2)
the Director of the Census establishes (A)
that less than 50 per centum of the persons,
other than alien and persons in active mili-
tary service and their ,dependents, of voting
age residing therein Were registered on No-
yemher 1, 1064, or that less than 50 per cen-
t= of such,persons voted in the presidential
election of November 1964, and (B) that ac-
, .
cording to the 1960 census, more than 20 per
ceutum of the persons of voting age were
nonwhite; or, (3) notwithstanding the fore-
going (1) and (2), the Director of the Census
establishes, by a survey made upon the re-
quest of the Attorney General that the total
number of persons of any race or color who
are registered to vote in such State or po-
litical subdivision is less than 25 per cen-
turn of the total number of all persons of
such race or color of voting age residing in
such State or political subdivision."
On page 17, line 8, strike out the figure
"8 (a)" and insert in lieu thereof the figure
"4(a)".
On pages 19 and 20, strike out section 13
in its entirety and insert in lieu thereof the
"Szc. 13. Listing procedures shall be termi-
nated in any political subdivision of any
State upon order of the authorizing court."
On page 20, line 8, strike out the figure "8"
and insert in lieu thereof the figure "7",
and on page 20, lines 8 and 9, strike out the
words "any declaratory judgment pursuant to
section 4 or".
Renumber sections 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, and 16 as sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15,
Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, I point
out that the purpose of my amendment
is to leave the bill exactly as it is now ex-
cept for one thing, that under the bill,
the triggering mechanism takes effect
automatically. Under my amendment,
the statistics and facts set forth in the
bill's triggering mechanism constitute a
performance for purposes of a court ac-
tion. That is the only difference between
my amendment and the triggering pro-
vision in the bill.
AMENDMENT NO. 197
Mr. ALLOTT submitted an amend-
ment, intended to be proposed by him, to
the amendment, in the nature of a sub-
stitute (No. 124) proposed by Mr. MANS-
FIELD (for himself and Mr. DIRKSEN) to
Senate bill 1564, supra, which was or-
dered to lip on the table and to be
printed.
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FOR STU-
DENTS IN POSTSECONDARY AND
HIGHER EDUCATION-AMEND-
MENTS
AMENDMENT NO. 193
Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts sub-
mitted amendments, intended to be pro-
posed by him, to the bill (S. 600) to
strengthen the educational resources of
our colleges and universities and to pro-
vide financial assistance for students in
postsecondary and higher education,
which were referred to the Committee
on Labor and Public Welfare and ordered
to be printed.
AMENDMENT NO. 194
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, the Edu-
cation Subcommittee of the Senate Com-
mittee on Labor and Public Welfare this
morning was privileged to receive excel-
lent testimony from Riokesmen repre-
senting the library profession. Under
the panel chairmanship of the distin-
guished Librarian of Congress, testimony
was received from representatives of the
American Library Association, the Asso-
ciation of Research Libraries, and the
Catholic Library Association.
The subcommittee in particular took
note of the suggestions advanced with
regard to the interaction, between the
10587
Library of Congress and the university
and college libraries with respect to a
cataloging problem which currently ex-
ists. The solution to this problem which
was advanced was argued so persuasively
that Senator MCNAMARA, Senator CLARK,
Senator RANDOLPH, Senator KENNEDY of
New York, Senator YARBOROUGH, Sena-
tor PROUTY, Senator JAVITS, Senator
DoivInsucx, and I determined to introduce
for reference an amendment to S. 600
which would carry out the intent of the
proponents.
I am not unaware that there are many
other Senators who may wish to join with
us in the sponsorship of the amendment,
and I therefore ask unanimous consent
that the amendment lie at the desk until
the close of business Monday next, to per-
mit such Senators as may wish to join
us on the amendment, to do so, and that
the amendment be printed in the REC-
ORD, and appropriately referred.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
amendment will be received, printed, and
appropriately referred; and, without ob-
jection, the amendment will be printed
in the RECORD and held at the desk, as
requested by the Senator from Oregon.
The amendment (No. 194) was referred
to the Committee on Labor and Public
Welfare, as follows:
On page 26, after line 3, insert the follow-
ing new part:
"PART C-CATALOGING OF LIBRARY MATERIALS
"SEC. 250. There are hereby authorized to
be appropriated $5,000,000 for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1966, and such sums for each
of the four succeeding fiscal years as may be
necessary th enable the Commissioner of
Education to transfer funds to the Librarian
of Congress for the purpose of:
"(1) Insuring, so far as possible, the ac-
quisition by the Library of Congress of all
library materials currently published
throughout the world of value to scholar-
ship;
"(2) Providing catalog information for
these materials promptly after receipt, and
distributing bibliographic information in
printing catalog cards and by other means,
and authorizing the Library of Congress to
use for exchange and other purposes such
of these materials not needed for its own
collections."
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that relevant por-
tions of the testimony received this
morning in support of the amendment be
printed at this point in the Ream.
There being no objection, the portions
of testimony were ordered to be printed
In the RECORD, as follows:
STATEMENT BY WILLIAM S. Dix, LIBRARIAN,
PRINCETON UNIVERS/TY, REPRESENTING THE
ASSOC/ATION OF RESEARCH LIBRARIES, ON
S. 600, BEFORE SUBCOMMITTEE ON EDUCATION,
COMMITTEE ON LABOR AND PUBLIC WELFARE,
U.S. SENATE, MARCH 31, 1965
Mr. Chairman and members of the sub-
committee * * * title II of this bill as it is
now drafted will go far in enabling college
and university libraries to perform more ef-
fectively their essential task in higher educa-
tion. However, we respectfully wish to sug-
gest to this committee a related area of
assistance in which the expenditure centrally
of a relatively small sum will enable the col-
leges and universities which receive the
$50 million proposed for acquisitions to meet
more easily the heavy burden of staff costs
which these acquisitions will demand. We
suggest a program which will permit these
purchase grants to have the full effect in
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10588 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE may 19, 1965
developing national library resources which
the legislation intends them to have. I must
beg the indulgence of this committee for a
few words of explanation.
Books and journals are of no value in a
library until they can be found, Unless some
device is provided by which a reader can
start with the name of the author, or the
title of the book, or even the subject alone
and end up with the book he needs. The
card catalog is the conventional device for
achieving this end, and every book acquired
by a library must be cataloged before it can
be placed on the shelves. This operation is
considerably more complex than it might
appear at first. It involves an exacting tech-
nical skill and intellectual effort which
requires competence in all of the world's
ancient and modern languages. Today the
74 members of the Association of Research
Libraries are spending over $18 million a
year on cataloging alone, and while these
are the largest libraries, they are a small
fraction of the total number.
Fortunately, the basic cataloging of a
book, if it is done in a consistent and stand-
ard fashion, need not be repeated when a
aecond library gets the same book?if it can
also get a copy of the first library's catalog
card promptly enough to use it. The most
effective device for sharing cataloging began
in 1901 when the Library of Congress began
selling to other libraries copies of the cata-
log cards which it prepares for its own col-
lections. In fiscal year 1964 it returned to
the Treasury more than $3.8 million realized
from the sale of more than 52.5 million cards
to some 17,000 libraries.
Yet the university libraries of the country
can still get Library of Congress catalog cards
when they need them for only a little over
half of the books they acquire each year.
The Library of Congress actually acquires a
higher percentage of these books, but lacks
the necessary staff to catalog them quickly
enough for copy to be useful to other li-
braries. If a method can be found to reduce
this nearly 50 percent of original cataloging
which is now required, much of it duplicated
In libraries all over the country, the savings
will be very substantial indeed, and the
money released can be spent in strengthening
the national pool of books and in providing
better library service to students and scholars.
After experimenting for many years with
various plans for the exchange of cataloging
information, we are now 'convinced that the
best solution, and indeed the only effective
solution, to the problem is the cataloging of
as many books as possible by a central agency
and the distribution of cataloging copy or
cards to libraries as required for their own
acquisitions. We believe also that the ob-
vious central agency is the Library of Con-
gress, which is already meeting over half
of the need and which has already estab-
lished the mechanisms of information and
distribution. The Library of Congress is in
fact already a national bibliographic cen-
t,er. To meet the national need the system
must be perfected. The Librarian of Con-
gress is in agreement with our objective and
is present today to testify in support of our
proposal.
Centralized cataloging will assist the de-
velopment of a computer-based system of
information storage and retrieval. The basic
intellectual operation of cataloging, of de-
scribing and properly identifying each book,
will always be necessary and is in fact the
essential prerequisite of any automated li-
brary system. Furthermore, it seems clear
that technological innovation as applied to
the development of an integrated national
network of libraries must move outward
from the center. Before the total library re-
sources of the country can be made fully
and effectively available to the individual
student and scholar by automation, a great
mass of bibliographic information must be
available in a national center, stored in
Machine-readable form and distributed by
whatever improved methods can be devised
to the local libraries where it will be avail-
able to users. Thus, not only can cataloging
be done more efficiently at a central location
but the resulting bibliographic information
must in any event be gathered in one place
to take full advantage of the promises of
automation.
There is a nationwide shortage of trained
librarians, especially of those with the spe-
cialized atibject knowledge and the language
skills required to catalog the kinds of books
now required in university libraries. The
worldwide commitments of the United States
now demand that we train students in scores
of fields almost unknown in our universities
30 years ago. To support these programs
our libraries must make available books in
Arabic, in Urdu, in Swahili, and in dozens of
other languages. There are simply not
enough catalogers in these areas for each
library to provide its own. The case for
centralization, either in Washington or else-
where, is clear on the basis of effective util-
ization of scarce manpower alone.
There is one more element in the program
which we propose. These newly published
books from all over the world which are
being added each year to American libraries
cannot be cataloged by a central agency un-
less they are in the hands of the catalogers
at that agency. It seems clear therefore that
the Library of Congress should attempt to
acquire comprehensively currently published
materials of scholarly interest from all parts
of the world. In this acquisition program
and in the centralized cataloging the Na-
tional Agricultural Library and the National
Library of Medicine should probably be given
certain responsibilities in their own special
areas. Most of those books should probably
be retained in the collections of the national
agency, but some may be passed along to
other labraries with special interests and
national responsibilities after they have
been cataloged and the cataloging copy made
available through the national pool. We
believe that not more than 100,000 currently
published books per year are coming into
American libraries which are not added now
to the collections of the Library of Congress.
We believe that if a substantial proportion of
these publications were acquired by the Li-
brary of Congress and cataloged promptly,
not only would the cataloging problem of all
the major American libraries be essentially
solved, but the Library of Congress would be
enabled to fulfill much more effectively its
mission as the greatest national library in
the world, serving the daily needs of the
Congress and the other branches of the Fed-
eral Government, of science and industry,
and of the academic and scholarly commu-
nity.
This, then, Mr. Chairman, is the program
which We respectfully propose. It does not
represent a narrow or selfish interest, for al-
though it is of special importance to the large
university and research libraries from coast
to coast it will help solve a pressing problem
of thousands of other libraries of all types.
It is simply a national plan to improve what
is now the most costly and inefficient ele-
ment in library operations. It will not bring
about the millennium, for all libraries will
still need trained catalogers to adapt the
basic cataloging to their own needs.
But this program will, we are convinced,
greatly enrich and strengthen the resources
of the Library of Congress as a National Li-
brary; utilize more effectively and rationally
skilled manpower which is in very short
supply; enable hundreds of libraries
throughout the country to eliminate alarm-
ing backlogs of several million uncataloged
and thus unusable books; provide basic ele-
ments required for a national system of au-
tomating bibliographic information; release
for productive use in the support of teaching
and research millions of dollars now spent
unnecessarily in duplicative effort.
We respectfully suggest, therefore, that in
order to make the provisions of title II more
effective in developing library collections,
the Office of Education should be authorized
sufficient funds for transfer to the Library
of Congress which should be authorized and
directed to (1) acquire on the most compre-
hensive basis currently published library
materials of scholarly value; (2) provide
catalog copy for these accessions promptly
after receipt, generally within 3 to 4 weeks;
(3) process and forward to other designated
libraries, by exchange or other methods,
books which are not within the collecting
scope of the central facility.
We estimate that first-year appropriations
should not exceed $5 million.
In our opinion, the cost involved is small
when compared with the benefits to be de-
rived. This program will go far toward
solving one of the most pressing problems
faced by the Nation's libraries for the past
50 years.
TESTIMONY OF L. QUINCY MUMFORD, LIBRARIAN
OF CONGRESS, ON THE HIGHER EDUCATION
ACT OF 1965, BEFORE THE EDUCATION SUB-
COMM/'s-TEE, SENATE COMMITTEE ON LABOR
AND PUBLIC WELFARE, MAY 19, 1965
Mr. Chairman and members of the subcom-
mittee, ? * * the shortage of trained librar-
ians, as you have already heard, has become
critical. We have felt this shortage at the
Library of Congress. We are, of necessity,
conducting our own training program for
catalogers in which we teach cataloging the-
ory and practice to college graduates with
subject and language competence. This, of
course, is time-consuming and expensive, but
we shall have to continue the program until
there are more graduates with master's de-
grees in library science available. The train-
ing provisions of title 171, part B, would, I be-
lieve, help in recruiting for the library pro-
fession talented students who have not been
able to go beyond the bachelor's degree be-
cause of inadequate financial resources. The
limited number of accredited library
schools?at present there are only 33 ac-
credited in the United States by the Ameri-
can Library Association?and their geo-
graphical location have hampered recruit-
ment for the profession. The-provisions out-
lined in S. 600 to provide financial assistance
to institutions for training in librarianship
would, I am confident, improve the picture
.considerably.
For over half of a century, the Library
of Congress has conducted research in library
technology in an effort to find the most effi-
cient and economical way to control and to
service the materials in its collections. The
results of this research have, of course, been
made available to libraries and their users
throughout the Nation, To give but a few
examples; the Library of Congress develops
catalog codes and classification schedules;
it developed, and utilized in its books-for-
the-blind program, longplaying records long
before they became available commercially
and it continues to conduct experiments for
the improvement of talking book records;
and it published, among other reports, a
study on the preservation of sound record-
ings in libraries. Many such programs are
cooperative, with libraries contributing re-
search and the products of research. Now
with the advent of automation, new hori-
zons, heretofore unknown, have opened be-
fore the library profession. The Library of
Congress is currently carrying on studies
leading to the application of computer tech-
nology to library operations, especially to the
production of machine-readable catalog-
card copy and to the auto:nation of our
entire bibliographic record. We need the
advice and assistance of other libraries in
this if we hope?as we do?to create a na-
tional library information system. These
libraries also have their own problems in this
and in other areas on "Ash study is neces-
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, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
hands of ,weary 'factory workers, who were
totally disinterested in the wealthy candi-
date. -
There was the clay I watched a political
chairman cry because his party's fund-rais-
ing efforts had flopped so badly, and the day
I watched a secretary weep when her boss
got int) political trouble. There was the
wife of a prominent political figure, who al-
ways smiled and laughed in public, but ad-
mitted to me that politics really bored her.
The list could go on and on.
There have been dozens of other incidents,
some humorous and some sad, in the politi-
cal panorEima of the last 10 years. But per-
haps my favorite is one that occurred in
1956, when the late Senator Estes Kefauver
was running for vice president. He had
been due at a Democratic dinner in Glen
Cove at about 9 p.m., but had been running
late all day and didn't arrive until close to
midnight.
Hefauver took one look at the sleepy crowd
and, with his own weariness showing on his
face, commented, 'Instead of making a
speech at this hour, I think I'll just say
'good night.' Then we can all go home, go
to bed, get some sleep and get ready for more
democracy tomorrow."
All in all, it's been a fascinating 10 years.
To all those in tbe world of politics who
helped and answered all my unending ques-
tions, my sincerest thanks and appreciation.
?
(Mr. GMBERT (at the request of Mr.
FArasisixy) was granted permission ?to
extend his remarks at this point in the
11PC0RD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
EMr. GILBERT'S remarks wi appear
hereafter in the Appencli
A YOUNGS i "VIS I'S" VIETNAM
(Mr. &WINGER (at the request of
Mr. FARNSLEY) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this paint in
the REcoan and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, the
situation in Vietnam is a matter of cpn-
siderable concern to all of us in the Con-
gress, to all Americans, indeed, to the
entire worlcl. Much has been said about
Vietnam, and even more has been writ-
ten. I would hope that even more will
be said and written about Vietnam, for
full and open discussion is the very heart
of American democracy.
I have just finished reading a fictional
diary written by Miss Eileen "Scotty"
Wells, a sixth-grade student at the Frank
G, Lindsey Elementary School in Mon-
trose? N.Y. This was done as ,part of
a project assigned by Mr. Joseph W.
Hoff, who teaches the sixth grade at the
school. The assignment was to "visit"
a country which the class had studied
during the year, and discuss your "expe-
riences."
Miss Wells, who incidentally, is 11 years
old, wrote her "diary" from the view-
point of a Peace Corps nurse serving in
Vietnam. Her report shows not only a
maturity of thought and thoroughness of
research, but a genuine compassion for
a strange and distant people that cer-
tainly is unusual in one of such tender
years,
-Mr, Speaker, Eileen's "diary" would be
a fine achieyement for a student far more
advanced in his education. I feel it is
worthy of wider distribution than it
WOuld, otherwise have 'and suhmit it here-
with for inclusion in the _Emu:
ONE YEAR DIARY : "ONE OF THE MOST W014-
DERFUL AND SATISFYING YEARS I'VE EVER
SPENT"
FEBRUARY 24, 1964.
DEAR DEAny: To start off with, I think I'd
better apologize for not having "talked"
with you in a long time. I guess I've
neglected a lot of things I'd planned to do
when I arrived in Vietnam. I planned to
keep an up-to-date record on what I saw and
did, but it seems I've been too busy to ac-
complish this. In fact, as you probably re-
call. I haven't written you in over a month.
You know, I realized something when I
came over here. I am a poor American citi-
zen. I read the papers and listened to the
news every day, and did everything I thought
was expected of a good citizen, but deep in-
side I knew that in a way I could be wrong.
I soon decided that as an American, a for-
tunate American, I should do something else.
I also knew that many people did not realize
this, and as one of the few who did I felt
that it was my job to do something about it,
so I did. As a nurse, I joined the Peace
Corps.
My family didn't seem to understand my
actions.
"Why do you want to do this?"
"You've got everything and more than
most people, so what is it you want?"
"I want," I,. said smiling in a serious,
thoughtful way, "the satisfaction of knowing
that I've helped someone less fortunate than
myself."
Yes, in the first year I've spent in South
Viet-nun. I've been very busy, but its been a
happy kind of busy I'll always remember and
treasure.
APRIL 13, 1964.
DEAR DIARY: Today, April 13, 1964, the
town of Baria was attacked by Vietcong
guerrillas. Being a rather large town (com-
pared to most Vietnam towns) some sol-
diers were assigned to protect it. However,
a few soldiers could do little to protect the
people.
It was late at night, and most of the peo-
ple had retired to bed after a long day of
hard work. There was a deadly silence as
these men crept slowly closer to the town.
Things seemed to be like that of any other
night, and nobody suspected a thing.
Suddenly a shot rang out with more to
follow. Huts were set on fire with innocent
people dying. Then just as quietly as they
had come they disappeared, leaving this part
of the town in ruin.
It was then that I was sent, from the hos-
pital in Saigon, to this town, equipped with
supplies, and the urge to help these people.
I arrived as dawn was approaching. See-
ing what was left of this particular section
which liari been attacked, the scattered ruins
of the huts, I hurried toward a hut which
was serving as a hospital. Stepping. inside
I found that many patients had already been
cared for, and to my relief, were coming
along fine. I noticed that one doctor seemed
to be running things, so I explained to him
that I was a member of the Peace Corps, and
as a nurse I traveled from town to town,
caring for the people. I also told him that
I was sent here to see what I could do. His
thick, bushy eyebrows raised a bit as he
scratched his head. I noticed he was also
from America, but before I could question
him he said: "As you probably noticed, we
have things pretty well under control, but
I'd be thankful if you'd give Son his injec-
tion."
He then pointed to a young boy, one of the
soldiers. He was a fairly short boy with
light skin. He had dark hair and high
Cheekbones, which I've noticed on many, if
not all Vietnamese. In appearance they're
much like the Chinese,
"Oh," the doctor continued, "and if you
could watch him tonight I'd be thankful,
10565
because he's got quite a high fever." He then
turned around muttering what a shame it
was, and stalked off.
As I gave the injection to him I noticed
a look of anger in his eyes, and his lips were
moving as if he were muttering something.
After wiping his forehead with a damp
cloth, I sat down to study him more closely.
However, before I could do much studying
he began' to toss and turn. I could see the
sweat rolling down his face and the veins in
his hands popped out as he clenched his
fists, but before I could reach him he turned,
facing me and yelled,
"They're doing it to us again! They won't
give us peace! Those red devils will keep
fighting till they've got everything! every-
thing?."
These words trailed off into an empty
silence. Wiping his forehead once more, he
seemed to have regained his senses, and
calmy opened his eyes saying with a reas-
suring look, "But we will never let them."
He then told me an amazing and impressive
story which I will now reveal to you, as was
told me:
"My full name is Zuat Chi Son in Viet-
nam your first name is last, and your last
name is first. I was originally born in
North. Vietnam and lived there the first 12
years of my life. As you probably know,
Vietnam before being divided was a colony
of France. However many Vietnamese re-
belled, not liking the idea of being owned.
They wanted independence. The Commu-
nists saw a good chance to win the country
by taking over its fight for independence.
Though the French had more supplies and
a bigger army, the Communists, using guer-
rilla warfare, had a good, if not better chance.
They knew the jungles and would attack the
French, then would disappear into the
jungles and swamps where the French could
not find them. Finally the French were de-
feated by the Communists and were forced
to give up Vietnam. The Communists asked
for the northern half, and got it. (This was
how Vietnam got divided.) They figured the
southern half (South Vietnam) would soon
weaken and fall into their hands, but they
were mistaken.
"I was living in North Vietnam at this
time. My family and the other families in
our village had been hearing rumors. One
of the rumors was that the refugees who had
attempted to flee North Vietnam had been
treated cruelly and had been separated from
their families. This was just a rumor, and
as we learned later, designed to scare us."
Here Son closed his eyes and thought for
a minute as I wiped his forehead. Soon he
opened his eyes again, smiled a thankful
smile and went on.
"Our town was then visited by an old
Catholic priest, who had traveled around the
country telling people, as he told us?the
truth. He explained to us that the rumors
we heard were just started by the Com-
munists to scare us."
He also said that the Communists were
bad but the rulers must be obeyed, for those
who disobeyed mysteriously disappeared.
"We didn't like the idea of being assigned
a piece of land and having to give half of
our crops to the Government. A single care-
less word, we learned, would cost a man his
life. There were spies everywhere.
"The priest then informed us that if we
chose, we could go with the other refugees to
South Vietnam. The priest brought us to a
U.S. Navy ship which would carry us to
freedom.
"We arrived at the capital city of Saigon
4 days later. We were brought from there
to a huge warehouse where other refugees
were staying. We were fed by smiling cheer-
ful people, carrying huge kettles filled with
hot food, which seemed to taste better than
any other food we ever had.
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10566 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE May ill; 1965
"I wondered how the Government could
afford to feed these hundreds of people.
Where would it find work for all?
"The Mecong Delta, I should tell you be-
fore I go on, was, before the war, a great rice
producing piece of land. It fed the people of
South Vietnam, leaving enough surplus to
export and trade for manufactured goods
which South Vietnam so much needed. How-
ever, during the war this fertile land became
a tangled jungle. Canals were destroyed.
What was called the HMIs Xugen River
Pirates lived there and would not give up the
land which they believed was theirs. How-
ever, it was not. Diem, who ruled South
Vietnam at that time, was determined to wipe
out the crime from which they made their
living.
"So, there was a battle. It was a long, hard
battle. Some of the officers were traitors
and deceived Diem, but other determined
young officers replaced them, fought the
pirate war and won it.
"After this war, when Diem was demo-
cratically elected, he decided he'd try to solve
South Vietnam's food challenge by attempt-
ing to open the Mecong Delta. He made a
speech to us, saying he would give each of
us seven and a half acres of land to farm.
However, we would all have to pitch in and
help change this jungle into good produc-
tive land. Canals also had to be dug, and
it would be hard work, but it would be worth
it. The enthusiasm was great, and I believe
I clapped the hardest.
"This job was very hard, but we were
determined, and accomplished it with great
success. No longer was food a problem in
South Vietnam. Slowly we are becoming a
strong nation, but they are trying to stop
us."
He stepped and wiped a tear from his
eye, then reassuringly said:
"But they can't and they won't take our
freedom away." With those last words his
eyes slowly closed, and I realized how much
I really believed him.
JUNE 29, 1964.
DEAR DIARY: Today was a very enjoyable
day for me. I paid a visit to a charming
couple and equally charming home in a
town tailed Thong, as small a town as there
is on the outskirts of Saigon. Most of the
towns I've previously visited have had about
1,000 people, but this village has a total
of 523 people?rather small, compared to our
towns. Most of the people had lived there
all their lives. I've found that Vietnamese
do not like to leave their bamboo thatch
houses even to move into new ones.
They seemed very glad to see me again. I
had sometime last year eared for their son,
who had been ill. I had grown to love his
family as I had so many other families in
Vietnam. So, when I found out I would be
passing this town, I decided to pay a short
visit.
As I mentioned before, they seemed glad to
zee me, almost as glad as I was to see them.
They asked me at once to have supper with
them. At first I hesitated, but seeing the
delicious rice cakes, fresh corn and beans,
:( hungrily accepted. Sitting down I inquired
how their son was.
"Fine, indeed, but I'm sure heal regret
lthe fact that he -Wasn't here to see you."
"By the way," her husband Huy broke
in, "how have you enjoyed your stay In
Vietnam?"
"It has been a new and wonderful world
that I discovered when I came over here.
Yes, I am enjoying it." I answered with en-
thusiasm.
Then thinking for a minute I decided to
tell the story that Son, the young soldier
had told me. When I finished Ming said,
"You will find that we Vietnamese know a
great deal about the history of our coun-
try."
Here she took a mouthful of corn and
continued, "because our ancestors exper-
ienced it and passed down stories which have
been told and retold."
"Ah," I sighed, "I'm very ashamed to admit
I knew very little about the history of
Vietnam."
"Well then," Huy told me, "I'll give you a
general background, skipping over the
stories." So, he began.
"My ancestors were originally Chinese be-
cause China ruled Vietnam for over 1,000
years. Naturally the Vietnamese adopted
many Chinese customs. However, in the
10th century we gained independence and
began to conquer neighboring countries to
the south. By the 18th century Vietnam
Controlled down as far as the Mecong Delta.
This and an additional piece of land, con-
tinuing farther down is now South Vietnam,
as you probably know," he said smiling.
"At that time Vietnam was ruled by an
emperor, but actually the real power was
held by two families, one controlling the
north and one the south. However, a prince,
from one of the two families became emperor
of the country, with the help of a French
missioner. When in power he was kind to
France, but the rulers who followed were not.
So in 1883 France got sick of this and when
they decided they wanted a colony in south-
ern Asia they quickly found a reason to send
an army against Vietnam, and soon all of
Vietnem was under French control. Viet-
nam was struggling for freedom. However,
during World War II the Japanese occupied
it, but they were defeated after the war, and
France once again tried to rule Vietnam, but
were faced with a country led by ComMu-
nista. The rest your young soldier friend
told you."
Ming continued, "Our government is not
very strong, .as yet. Diem was overthrown
and others who followed experienced much
the same thing. I feel the reason for this is
Very simple. We are not quite sure of our-
selves yet. We have the ambition and the
makings of a good country, but we are still
young and just learning bow to walk, but
someday?just someday."
A dreamy look came into her eyes. "Yes,
we will become a strong nation."
I only hope she was right and that this
small country can have better luck in the
future than it has had previously.
SEPTEMBER 7, 1964.
DEAR DIARY: Did you know that when the
French controlled Vietnam about one out
of a hundred children attended school?
Well, I didn't, until yesterday, but I also
learned that since 1954 South Vietnam has
worked hard to give more people an oppor-
tunity to get an education. Adults who
never learned to read are now attending
night schools. Now, nine-tenths of the peo-
ple can read and Write. Isn't that a helpful
way in clearing a path toward making Viet-
nam a stronger, finer country? I certainly
think it is.
I guess you're wondering where I picked
up this information? I learned it from
a teacher. You see, I was assigned to vac-
cinate the children in the town of Zuoi.
When I arrived, through the rain, at this
small but neatly kept school, I quickly ran
In to get shelter from the cold rain. Since
this was a small town, it was just a small
school. The teacher was a young, inspiring
woman, who in my opinion was a fine
teacher.
When I stepped into the classroom, soaking
wet, she asked the class to excuse her, and
briskly walked back to me, telling me to sit
down in front of the Stove and get warm.
After following her orders I was informed
that she had already explained to the class
the purpose of this vaccination, and had told
them that there was nothing to fear, After
hearing this each child slowly stepped up as
it Was his turn. There was a frightened look
in each child's eyes. I gave them a com-
forting smile and they returned it, but rather
weakly, unsure of what would happen next.
When I was through and about to leave.
I was asked by the class and the teacher to
stay for a few minutes. Not wanting to be
rude, I stayed, (though I really wanted to.)
The teacher was giving a lesson on the
Government of South Vietnam. I must ad-
mit I learned something, but this is not at all
strange since I knew very little about the
subject.
"After South Vietnam," she began, "had
gained independence, a constitution was
adopted. This constitution provided for an
elected president and also an elected as-
sembly. However, when Diem was president
the elections were not held in a democratic
fashion, but were controlled. The people
realized this and did not think it was right,
so in 1963 Diem was overthrown. The con-
stitution was suspended and a government
run by a military council was started."
Here she paused, and asked if there were
any questions, and there were?many!
I realized how late it was, and knew that
I had better leave. Getting up I thanked the
children and once again stepped out into
the rain.
I now recall the eager look in each child's
face as the teacher was talking. They seemed
to want to learn, and were so interested in
what they learned. I now realize that those
children are the future of Vietnam.
NOVEMBER 27, 1964.
DEAR DIARY: This is just a short note to
tell you about a little experience I had to-
day. I was called upon to visit a family who
were in great need of help. There was sick-
ness in their house and one of the children
had already died. Visiting this home and
village I found both were poverty stricken.
It was a very poor house with very little
food. I cared for them as best I could, but
I didn't see much hope.
They happened to live in the northern part
of South Vietnam where there are many
forests. Vietnam's warm, wet climate is
ideal for growing trees.
I see the only way to solve this poverty
problem is to modernize. To try, to help
the people help themselves would do ever so-
much good. The people must be raised to
a higher living standard.
Some main resources in South Vietnam are
fishing, lumbering, waterpower, and minerals.
If it was possible to raise and modernize the
living standards of the people this poverty
would stop. For example, a fisherman, lum-
berman, miner, or farmer all do things the
hard, old way . We should try to lessen the
poverty by showing them the easier, health-
ier, and better way. This would be a fine
way to make South Vietnam a stronger and
happier country.
JANUARY 13, 1965.
DEAR DIARY: Today I worked in a village
on the Mecong Delta called Thuan. This
delta produces enough rice to feed the whole
country, with surplus enough to export to
other countries. I was sent here to give
the people shots to prevent polio. At first
the people didn't understand the purpose
of these shots, and as with other -new ideas
it took them awhile to get accustomed, and
to understand the reason.
I stayed in that particular village for ap-
proximately 1 week, and lived with the peo-
ple. I lived with the Hun family. There
were six members in the family: Sing, the
gentle but strong mother, Ho, the wise fa-
ther who always seemed to be worried but
who, when problems arose handled them
with ease, Lang, the 13-year-old daughter
who took after her mother but lacked her
strength, Chi, the 16-year-old boy who was
the second man of the house, Phang, the
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CiRESSION At HE
r4
10-year-old independent of the family and
Hon, the 15-year-old boy who preferred books
to working in the field.
Like most of the other families on the
Mecong Delta, the Hun's main crop was
rice. The reason for this is that the delta
provides the special conditions rice needs
to grow. To better explain this I'll mention
the steps involved in planting, raising, and
harvesting rice.
In the spring the Mecong River floods the
land. Then, as the water slowly recedes,
farmers plant small rice seedlings in the
swampy earth. All summer long the rice
grows with the hot sun shining down upon
it. After 1 month of rain it is ready to be
harvested.
The Huns are a fine, hard-worikng family.
That is the impression I got while staying
there. Up at dawn, they'd rush through a
quick breakfast, then would at once begin
to work. Ho, Chi, Kon, and Phang would
head for the fields while Lang and her moth-
er would work, as we say, "around the
house."
Today happened to be the last day I was
expected to work in the village. However, I
had already finished my work so I decided
to spend my remaining day living and work-
ing with the Huns; but today, as I soon dis-
covered was not a normal day but "market
day."
The marketplace was a small village up
the river, where the people would come and
trade their products for things they them-
selves did not produce.
The family boarded a small boat which
they had acquired for just such a purpose
and began the rather short journey up the
river. They had with them goods which
they planned to trade. We soon reached
our destination.
I found myself very inte-rested in watch-
ing the manner in which these people traded.
They were very careful, and traded only
When they thought it was a good and a fair
deal. The Hun family seemed quite expert
at this and traded rice, woven, and hand-
made goods. They, in turn received food
and goods which they did not grow, such as
corn, potatoes, rubber, beans, sugarcane,
tea, and coconuts. They also received some
dried fish which they certainly could use.
These crops, I learned later, were grown
either on the valley along the coast, the
Mecong Delta, or the highland region, ex-
tending dpwn the central part of South
Vietnam.
Lang seemed overwhelmed when she got
73 pastres ($1) for a woven cloth she had
made. Marketing and trading seem very im-
portant to these people.
The family was quite. happy and satisfied
as we slowly drifted toward home. As we
approached their hut I pointed to the bam-
boo frarnewcirk of some sort of building. He
informed me that this was a new church
under construction.
"Of course it is a Buddhist church, since
most of the people in this town are Bud-
dhists. But many of the other towns are a
variety of different religions, such as Taoism,
Confucianism, Christianity, Caodaism, and
Hao Hab. Ancestor worship is also practiced.
Many of these religions are a combination of
others. There has been much misunder-
standing and trouble between the Christians
and Buddhists."
Here he paused, staring blankly into the
horizon. Changing the subject, I asked him
why everyone seemed to travel by water.
"That is simple," he said, shaking his head,
"roads are very expensive to build and keep
in good order. Besides, the land these roads
would take up could better be used for pro-
ductive land. That is why we have so many
canals. If we want to go Visiting, we just get
into our boats. Although the main source
of travel is water, many people in Vietnam
travel differently. Some walk or ride bicy-
cies. Railroads and roads are important also,
but in the Mecong Delta water transporta-
tion is the most important and useful.
"I see," I said, smiling to myself as we
pulled up to their familiar hut. "This has
been such an interesting and exciting day.
I'd like to thank you."
Yes, it was one of the most pleasant and
enjoyable days I've spent here, but amid the
fun, one in which I thought a good deal.
FEBRUARY 24, 1965.
DEAR DIARY: I am writing to you from a
small bamboo hut. Tomorrow I am to be
picked up and brought to the airport, where
I will leave for home. It has been 2 years
since I first set foot in this amazing little
country. Little did I know how sad I would
be to leave it. Little did I know that a
small country like Vietnam could so change
my way of thinking, that it could make me a
completely different person?a better person.
I now know how much a big strong country
like the United States could learn from a
little country like Vietnam.
FEDERAL WATER PROJECT
RECREATION ACT
(Mr. GRABOWSKI (at the request of
Mr. FARNSLEY) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in
the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. GRABOWSKI. Mr. Speaker, since
the end of World War II, a growing need
of recreation values has been recognized
in water resource project reports. How-
ever, we have not had a general policy
to guide and limit us as to the extent to
which the Federal Government would
bear a part of the cost of water resource
project that helps make possible recre-
ation benefits.
Such a general policy will be provided
by H.R. 5269 as it was passed by the
House yesterday.
H.R. 5269 will provide uniform rules
for the treatment of recreation and fish
and wildlife benefits and costs in connec-
tion with Federal water resource projects
of the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau
of Reclamation. This act contains nu-
merous provisions, with some of the more
important ones including:
First. Pull consideration is to be given
to recreation and fish and wildlife en-
hancement as project purposes on Fed-
eral projects and general cost-sharing
and reimbursement policy for these pur-
poses is established.
Second. Planning with respect to the
recreational potential of any project also
Is to be coordinated with existing and
planned Federal, State, and local public
recreation developments.
Third. Federal agencies are directed to
encourage non-Federal administration
of the recreation and fish and wildlife
enhancement featUres of most Federal
water projects. H.R. 5269 is, in this way,
complementary to the Land and Water
Conservation Act of 1965. Both Federal
and non-Federal responsibilities are rec-
ognized.
In addition, the Secretary of the In-
terior is given general authority to de-
velop the recreational potential at proj-
ects under his control.
For some time Federal water resource
projects have been providing opportuni-
ties for anincreasing number of visitor-
10567
days of outdoor recreation for the
American people. However, all indica-
tions are that there will be a further
growth in public interest in water-asso-
ciated recreation in the years ahead. The
difficult policy question which we here
in the Congress have faced in connection
with the consideration of water projects
has been to determine to what extent
and under what conditions the Federal
Government should include recreational
development as a part of Federal mul-
tiple-purpose water projects. During the
last several Congresses, this question has
been dealt with in various ways in con-
nection with individual project authori-
zations to the Bureau of Reclamation
and the Corps of Engineers. This has
resulted in inconSistencies among proj-
ects and differences in agency proce-
dures.
We know that the demand for out-
door recreation opportunities has been
increasing rapidly in more recent years
and that the needs are expected to con-
tinue rapidly expanding in the years
ahead as our population and available
leisure time increases. Records for 1964
indicate nearly 160 million visits to Fed-
eral reservoirs exclusive of those admin-
istered by the National Park Service and
the Forest Service.
We know that water, in addition to
providing for popular water-based rec-
reational activities such as swimming,
boating, and fishing, also makes more
enjoyable land-based recreational ac-
tivities such as picnicking and camping.
In many sections of our country, water-
oriented recreation is dependent upon
Federal water development projects, and
this has resulted in the general recogni-
tion that outdoor recreation should be
given full consideration along with other
project purposes in the formulation and
management of such projects. If out-
door recreation is to be considered fully
and properly included in water projects,
then general policies, particularly cost-
sharing and reimbursement policies,
need to be adopted for the treatment of
recreation and of fish and wildlife values.
These policies should provide uniform
procedures to be followed by the agencies
concerned and provide equitable treat-
ment to all projects.
H.R. 5269 is intended to meet this need
and to insure optimum development and
use of the recreational and related re-
source enhancement opportunities in any
given project area. In the interest of
achieving a desirable balance in the over-
all recreation program, this legislation
requires the recreational aspects of wa-
ter projects to be coordinated with State,
regional, as well as national plants. It
also encourages non-Federal public
bodies to assume responsibility for man-
agement and additional development of
recreational areas and facilities.
This legislation will be of major assist-
ance in the provision of water-oriented
recreation opportunities for the Ameri-
can people and will bring much-needed
consistency to the handling of recrea-
tion and fish and wildlife as part of Fed-
eral multiple purpose water resource
projects.
I am fully in favor of H.R. 5296.
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? CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE May 1.91, 1.965
be initiated in a series of projects over an
extended period of time up to 10 years."
Morningside's plan certainly fits that defi-
nition. It includes no less than five pro-
posed urban renewal projects in a 92-block
area stretching from 100th Street to 125th
Street between Eighth Avenue and Riverside
Drive. One of the projects, broken into two
phases, is already in the detailed planning
stage. A preliminary plan for the second is
in preparation.
Some people are against the GNRP for rea-
sons that have become rather commonplace
in New York City in the 1960's. They object
to urban renewal because it would mean the
demolition of a community?in this case a
community whose residents cover a wide
band of the racial and economic spectrum.
To these people a GNRP is bad because
urban renewal is bad?wasteful, degrading,
and, worst of all, not even successful in its
own limited terms. Any GNRP?and New
York's only other one is now in a rather
tentative state?would meet with the same
objections from them.
ARGUMENT
NEW YORK CITY IN CRISIS?
PART LXX
(Mr. MULTER (at the request of Mr.
PaRNSLEY) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I com-
mend to the attention of our col-
leagues the following article from the
New York Herald Tribune of March 27,
1965 concerning the effort to bring much-
needed blue-collar jobs to New York
City.
The article is part of the series on
"New York City in Crisis" and follows:
NEW YORK CITY IN CRISIS?JOBS: JERSEY'S
LOSS IS BROOKLYN'S GAIN
(By Barrett McGurn)
The struggle to keep needed blue-collar
jobs in the city reached a turning point yes-
terday.
Louis Broido, commissioner for commerce
and industrial development, dedicated the
first factory to move into the five boroughs
under the State's $100 million industrial aid
program.
The ceremony was the climax to a bizarre
battle during which the plant had to fight,
in effect, for an "exit permit" from a New
Jersey town.
The factory is Reliable Sample Card, Inc.,
of 30 Sandford Street in the Bedford-Stuy-
vesant section of Brooklyn not far from the
doomed New York Navy Yard. The com-
pany's plant employing 125 people on a reg-
ular basis and another 50 seasonally has
been shut down at Wanaque, N.J. The New
Jersey workers have lost their jobs. Brook-
lynites will get the work instead. The tasks
are unskilled, paying about $1.50 per hour,
just the sort of employment so many un-
trained Negroes and Puerto Ricans of the
navy yard area are seeking.
The phrase "exit permit" cropped up in
violent conversations between Irving War-
soff, president of Reliable, and the authori-
ties of Wanaque. Mr. Warsoff, who already
has from 125 to 215 Sandford Street em-
ployees on a year-round basis, decided to
combine operations inside the Bedford-Stuy-
vesant neighborhood for one main reason.
Unemployment there guarantees a labor pool.
A $300,000 State loan enabling him to more
than double the size of his Brooklyn opera-
tion was the clincher.
Then, the Wanaque fireworks began.
"They put an unmarked police car in front
of our factory to prevent us from moving
out equipment," company representatives
said yesterday.
"You have no exit permit," Wanaque
said in effect.
"What's an exit permit?" the Reliable peo-
ple demanded.
Tiny Wanaque (population 10,000) ex-
plained unhappily. Reliable's year's taxes of
$3,000 would not be due until next month
but "they're automatically payable at once
if you move out." Factory equipment could
move until takes were paid.
Anyway, the taxes_ weren't $3,000 anymore.
Wanaque had decided that Reliable's ma-
chines and other equipment were not worth
mere $100,000 as previously appraised, but
rather a whopping $230,000. That meant
that next month's tax would be $10,000. And
for "late filing" there'd be a charge of an-
other $2,500, or $12,500 in all. Otherwise no
"moving permit," no transfer of any Wana-
que machinery to Bedford-Stuyvesant.
Many a hot word was exchanged until the
present agreement. Three thousand dollars
in taxes will be paid now and the rest of
the $12,500 will be left in escrow in a local
lawyer's hands but Reliable won't hand the
difference to Wanaque Township even "under
protest."
"If they get their clammy hands on that
$9,500 * * *" company spokesmen shook
their heads in dismay at the very thought.
Reliable hopes to get all its Wanaque
equipment to Brooklyn within a week. Com-
missioner Broido cut the plant ribbon yes-
terday. This is a feather in his cap as he
tries to convince the CoMmittee of it repre-
senting New York business, that they should
collaborate with his industrial development
corporation in seeking to save factory jobs.
NEW YORK CITY IN CRISIS?PART
LXXI
(Mr. MULTER (at the request of Mr.
FARNSLEY) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, the fol-
lowing article concerns one of the neigh-
borhood renewal plans in New York and
Is part of the series on "New York City
In Crisis."
The article appeared in the New York
Herald Tribune on March 28, 1965, and
follows:
NEW YORK CITY IN CRISIS?BATTLE OF MORN
INGSIDE HEIGHTS: BT-TREAUCRACIES VERSUS
FAMILIES
(By James Lynn)
"We do not accept the idea that the eradi-
cation of slums in any area is accomplished
by the relocation of the majority of its low-
income residents."
The speaker was Aramis Gomez, of the
Puerto Rican Citizens Committee on Hous-
ing; the scene, city hall during a board of
estimate hearing earlier this month on the
Morningside General Neighborhood Renewal
Plan.
For hundreds of families on Morningside
Heights, relocation is a present threat, not
a distant prospect. Not all of them are slum
families, or even low-income families, and
their determination to stay where they are
18 the foundation on which much of the op-
position to the Morningside GNRP has been
built.
So far these families have lost most of their
battles with the big institutional landlords
on the Heights: Columbia University and its
affiliates. St. Luke's Hospital, and the other
members of the real estate combine called
Remedco Corp.
But the battles so far have been little more
than skirmishes, and since that board of
estimate hearing on March 11 there have
been unmistakable signs that the institu-
tions may win them all and still lose the war
of town and gown.
SAFEGUARDS
Mrs. Constance Baker Motley, Manhattan's
new borough president, made it quite clear
at the hearing that she wants firm safeguards
in the GNRP against the possibility that
poor Negroes and Puerto Ricans will be
turned out of their homes to make a middle-
class white enclave on the Heights.
Alone among the members of the board
of estimate, Mrs. Motley sat through vir-
tually all the speeches at the hearing. Sev-
eral times she cross-examined supporters of
the renewal plan to find out what protection
It would give tenants who might have to be
relocated if it goes into effect.
The answers she got didn't seem to satisfy
her. She asked the board to postpone a de-
cision on the GNRP until its April 22 meet-
ing. Since then her staff has been looking
Into the various changes different interests
have recommended in the plan.
The city's housing and redevelopment
board defines a general neighborhood re-
newal plan as "a preliminary plan outlining
proposed urban renewal activities in an area
of such scope that renewal activities must
Far more interesting are those people who
see the need for urban restoration in general
and are willing to admit that the need exists
on Morningside Heights, but oppose the
GNRP as it now stands on grounds as unique
as the Morningside plan itself.
Their argument runs like this: Eviction is
bad enough even when its cushioned by all
the relocation services and payments the law
requires in urban renewal projects supported
by Federal fonds. But right at the core of
the Morningside GNRP area are 14 blocks
that are excluded from the plan and its re-
location benefits.
These 14 blocks are directly north, east,
and south of Columbia, and 11 of them are
marked for residential and/or institutional
use on the proposed land-use map attached
to the GNRP. Two more are flatly marked
"Institutional"; only one is "Predominantly
Residential."
Franz S. Leichter, the Seventh Assembly
District's reform Democratic leader, told the
board of estimate that "the practical effect,
if not the purpose" of the exclusion "was to
give the institutions carte blanche to ex-
pand into these excluded areas which just
happen to border the institutional core."
The institutions are definitely expanding,
which means people are losing their homes.
Some of the buildings they are being forced
out of are in terrible shape, but as William
Stanley, of the Uptown Tenants Council, told
the board of estimate, "As bad as it is, we
want to keep it until we get something
better."
Some of the other buildings under pressure
are in perfectly good condition. One of them
is actually being taken over by St. Luke's
Hospital for use by nurses and other person-
nel as old tenants are pressured to get out.
On the Heights right now, there are eight
sites where tenants are already under the
threat of eviction. These tenants are won-
dering when their turn will come or if, at
best, they will be allowed to stay on the
sufferance of an institutional landlord who
obviously would like to be rid of them as
soon as possible.
1. Jewish Theological Seminary: In the
back-to-back buildings at 531 West 122d
Street and 540 West 123d, the Jewish Theo-
logical Seminary of America has served no-
tice that it wants the tenants out by the
end of the year. Only 156 of the 212 apart-
ments are occupied; a handful are used for
offices and the rest have been allowed to
stand vacant.
The seminary, on the east side of Broad-
way between 122d and 123d Streets, wants to
build a library and a small dormitory just
met of its present quarters. The buildings
it would tear down next year are something
of an architectural curiosity: walkups with
open stairways in their courtyards.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
2. Urge also incorporation of the other
three, embodied in H.R. 6241: (1) permitting
waiver of the "single State agency" require-
ment; (2) giving Secretary discretion to
withhold payments "only for those parts of
a State plan not in conformity"; (3) estab-
lishing a permanent Public Assistance Ad-
visory Council.
3. Judicial review provisions are desirable.
4. Recommend removal of restrictions pre-
venting Federal matching for mental and
tubercular patients, in special hospitals rath-
er than only up to 42 days in general
hospitals.
E. PAUL BARNHART
Independent health insurance actuary, St.
Louis, Mo.
1. Amendment should be made because
of bill's attack on legal rights and contrac-
tual equities in iiisurance contracts now in
force.
2. Supplementary plan should be deleted;
instead, should provide option of continuing
voluntary plan in lieu of Federal benefit cov-
erage--still paying the tax, but receiving a
subsidy toward premium payments after age
65, equivalent to the value of the benefits
under the Federal plan.
RALPH P. COLEMAN
President, Review Publishing Co. (finan-
cial periodicals) and of Review Manage-
ment Corp., (investment trust manager).
1. Cost components are utterly incalcul-
able, a situation laden with the seeds of
financial disaster.
2. Too much power is concentrated in the
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
The Health Insurance Benefits Advisory
Council and National Medical Review Com-
mittee should have automatic membership
from such groups as American Medical As-
sociation and American Hospital Associa-
tion. -
May 19,1965
their testimony, similar to that which I
have prernted throughout the course of
the ,hearLrigs, may appear in the CON-
GRESSIONAL RECORD. These live aP-
peared oi each day of the testimony by
public witnesses, with exception of the
first day, which I intend to offer tomor7
.roW in order to make the record com-
plete:
There being no objection, the summary
was ordered to be printed in the REcoRp,
as follows:
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE MENTAL
HEALTH PROGRAM DIRRCTORS
DR. WILLIAM CAMP
Commissioner of mental health, Penn-
sylvania Department of Public Welfare.
1. For the mentally ill and retarded this is
a landmark bill, especially for removing ex-
clusion of public mental hospitals as recip-
ients of Federal old age assistance benefits for
treatment of the aged.
2. Recommended deletion of the exclusion
In definitiion of "hospital" of one which is
primarily for treatment of mental diseases,
There is limited coverage in the voluntary
section of the bill, but the basic hospital pro-
tection is discriminatory without mental
hospital inclusion.
3. The mentally ill aged can be successfully
treated and restored to families, often quickly.
Experience of Louisiana, Oklahoma? North
Carolina, and Missouri was cited. ?
' 4. Needed intensive treatnient in State
mental hospital programs can be provided for
$17 per day. There are 27,000 new adminis-
Sions annually to State mental hospitals
among the over-65. At average 44-day stay,
total cost would be $20 million, but because
of the "accredited" hospital requirement
(covering 85 public mental hospitals), this
Would be closer to $10 million, "not an ex-
cessive addition to the hospital insurance
program."
. VINCENT W. ARCHER, M.D.
Radiologist, Charlottesville, Va.; former
president, Ameircari College of Radiology;
speaking as an individual. Retired chairman,
radiology, University of Virginia.
1. Radiology is a medical specialty of in-
creasing complexity.
2. Profession is increasing by only about
300 per year, less than the need. To make
the specialty less desirable will deter new
recruitment, ,
3. Radiologists should not be included un-
der hospital services but retained with other
doctors in the voluntary portion of the bill.
? ? ----
TwisamyrioNAL ASSOCIATION OF INDUSTRIAL
ACCIDENT BOARDS AND COMMISSIONS
WILLIAM A. CALLAHAN, PRESIDENT
Association of State, Canadian, and other
wOrkmen's compensation boards and commis-
sions.
1. Association by membership vote, has op-
posed the encroachment of social security
in to the field of workmen's compensation.
2. Asks deletion of section 303 portion re-
defining disability; or amendment to elimi-
nate application of provisions to. workmen's
compensation claimants.
3. There is already overlap in payments of
workmen's compensation and social security
disability benefits. This section will increase
it, will nullify rehabilitation efforts, will de-
crease safety program, incentives by requiring
level payments of all employers rather than
reduced rates as reward for good experience.
Anvisoair COMMISSION ON INTERGOVERNMENTAL
RELATIONS
FRANK BANE, CHAIRMAN
Commission of 26 members (bipartisan)
created by 86th Congress.
1. Commission report, May 1964, made five
recommendations in public assistance titles;
first two are in the bill. Urge their retention.
DANGER OF MISCALCULATION IN
cZ?ergiVi
Mr. PROXIVIIRE. Mr. President, the
administration has made every effort to
end the fighting in Vietnam and lay
the groundwork for negotiations leading
to a peaceful settlement. Each of Presi-
dent Johnson's efforts has been rebuffed,
including the recent cessation of bomb-
ing raids on North Vietnam.
The fact that President Johnson has
shown a genuine desire to implement
a cease-fire so that negotiations can be-
gin should not be interpreted as a sign
of weakness or lack of will to continue
in the defense of South Vietnam, how-
ever.
The danger of such a miscalculation
is spelled out vividly in an article by
James Reston, which appeared in today's
New York Times. Mr. Reston details
the President's efforts to end the fighting
in Vietnam, then warns that such efforts
should not be mistaken for weakness on
the part of the administration. And he
aptly points out that because Hanoi
failed to take advantage of the pause in
the bombings, the battle will probably
get worse before the President will con-
sider another such pause.
I ask for unanimous consent to insert
the article at this,. point In, the RECORD.
There being? no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
WASHINGTON: THE DANGER OF MISCALCULA-
TION IN VIETNAM
(By James Reston)
WASHINGTON?The danger now in Vietnam
Is that the Communists will miscalculate
,
10615
the character and phychology of President
Johnson.
The pro-Chinese elements, who are now
reported to have the greatest influence over
the North Vietnamese Government, have let
the pause in the bombing go by without re-
sponding to President Johnson's public and
private efforts to start negotiations. And
they are apparently operating on the as-
sumption that the strategy and tactics they
used to defeat the French there In 1954 will
succeed again against the United States.
It is a risky assumption. They may be
able to bring the war to a critical battle on
the ground, as their same general, Vo Nguyen
Giap, did in the conquest of the French at
Dienbienphu in 1954, but the balance and
location of power are now quite different.
THE FALSE ANALOG/ES
The American forces are not trapped in the
encircling hills of a Dienbienphu. They are
concentrated on the coast with easy access to
the sea. Even if the American land airfields
were knocked out, as the French airfields
were neutralized at Dienbienphu, the United
States has more power on its aircraft carriers
off the coast than both sides could command
in the decisive battle against the French 11
years ago.
The Communist hope of a quick and de-
cisive victory during the period of the mon-
soon rains requires the destruction of the
American command, and nothing could be
further removed from Lyndon Johnson's
Texas frontier psychology than to tolerate
such a disaster, no matter what weapons he
had to employ to avoid it. This is the dan-
ger of any such Communist miscalculation.
It is conceivable that the United States
could be invited out by the South Viet-
namese, or negotiated out at an international
conference, or even worn out in a protracted
war, but to be thrown out is the one thing
that is least likely under Johnson, and any
attempt to throw him out of Vietnam would
only unify the Nation behind him.
JOHNSON'S INITIATIVES
He believes he has now tried to meet every
honorable proposal for a negotiated accom-L
modation, and every military restraint short
of nonresistance or ineffective resistance.
He tried to hold the line with a few thou-
sand noncombatant advisers. It didn't work.
He let the advisers fire when they were fired
on. He tried limited retaliatory force for
attacks on American ships in the Gulf of
Tonkin, then retaliation for attacks only on
American bases on land, and then retaliatory
attacks for Vietcong raids on the South Viet-
namese.
He tried not going beyond the 17th paral-
lel into North Vietnam. Then he tried going
north, first to hit military targets and then
subsidiary transportation targets; and at the
private urging of the Russians, the British,
the Japanese and influential citizens at home,
he stopped the bombing temporarily and at
the same time urged negotiations both pub-
licly and privately, through the Canadians.
The lack of any positive response from
Hanoi does not mean that Washington will
now order any dramatic increase in the
severity of the bombing, but it will go on for
a time, and there will then probably be an-
other pause and another call for negotia-
tions.
Meanwhile, the North Vietnamese ap-
parently believe they are still winning and
will probably have a go at the U.S. forces on
the ground, and this is their dilemma. For
every success they have on the ground will
cost them at least double in retaliatory
strikes from the air until they agree to talk.
This is the policy of the U.S. Government,
so far as it can be ascertained. It does not
aim at the destruction of North Vietnam or
at any change in the social or political
structure of the North Vietnamese regime.
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10616 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE May 19, 1965
SELF-DETERMINATION who is now running around, falling all that is working day and night, trying
It implies the right of self-determination over himself, trying to find cases which to conjure up all kinds of reasons for
for the South Vietnamese, even the right to might justify giving away the Govern- giving away the public's property to spe-
create a coalition government with the ment's rights. Not only is he anxious to dal interest groups. This attempt has
Communists if they so desire, though Wash- give away.the public's property rights but been going on for a long time. As far
ington certainly does not desire this.
he wants to do it before the Government back as 1962 the Bureau of the Budget
In the view of this Government, this sug-
gests concessions of free elections that previ-
even knows what it is giving away?inter- was circulating a draft of proposed leg-
ous U.S. Governments were not prepared to office memorandum from D. Beckler to islation to accomplish this, but it be-
risk, but the silence of Hanoi and the savage Dr. Hornig, March 24, 1965. This is what came apparent that there was no agree-
opposition of Peiping to any talks have only industry wants and this is, of course, ment among the executive agencies.
convinced the Johnson administration that what the Commerce Department wants The Council of Economic Advisors pro-
these offers plus the pause in the bombing to do and has been doing for years. tested. The Department of Justice and
were merely interpreted in Hanoi as signs of
During the course of its labors the the Federal Trade Commission wrote
weakness in Washington.
Accordingly, the bombing has started Patent Advisory Panel found the memo- strong letters of protest. The attempt
again, and the battle will probably get worse randum so confusing that it came up to get legislation was finally abandoned
before the President decides on another with eight drafts. The first seven were because of expected opposition in the
pause and another opportunity to talk so distorted and were such a blatant vio- Congress, and the strategy was shifted to
about peace. lation of the interests of the public that an Executive order, which was in turn
they could not stand the light of day. changed to an executive memorandum.
The eighth one met such vociferous op- The drafters of the memorandum
GOVERNMENT PROPERTY RIGHTS position from the Department of Justice, wished to promulgate a policy which
Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, there the Department of Health, Education, would encompass the whole Government,
has been some discussion during the Past and Welfare, and the Federal Aviation but they were warned by the Depart-
couple of years about the President's Agency that the Federal Council for Ment of Justice that it was not legal
Patent memorandum of October 1963. Science and Technology turned this one and would fly in the face of congres-
One Member of the other body has even down, also. In spite of this, the Patent sional policy. Mr. Katzenbach, who was
attempted to substitute it for the Long Advisory Panel issued it, anyhow. then -the Deputy Attorney General,
amendment in the Appalachian bill. The Justice Department stated that stated:
Fortunately, this attempt was frustrated the so-called interpretation "is a dis- As you know, there are existing statutes
by the good sense of the House. torted interpretation of the President's controlling Government patent policy in
The Long amendment is clear and defi- Policy," and that "this Department can specific fields of scientific endeavor, such as
nite, and its widespread adoption will neither permit itself to comment on those atomic energy, or the contracts let by spe-
cific agencies, such as NASA, which do not,
result in the type of policy which would aspects of the proposed interpretation in our view, permit such agencies or any
strengthen our economy by insuring that that it believes depart from or unjusti- agency contracting in such fields to grant
the fruits of publicly financed research fiedly expand the language and intent of exclusive rights to the research contractor,
and development are made available not the policy"?letter from Nicholas deB. at the time of contracting in inventions
to just one company but to all of indus- Katzenbach to Dr. Donald F. Hornig, produced by the contract. For this reason it
try. It would mean that an enterprising dated November 13, 1964. is not legally possible to make the patent
citizen in Montana, Alabama, Mississippi, The Department of Health, Education, policy you describe a uniform one as to all
Government agencies and all scientific fields,
or Arkansas would be able to use a proc- and Welfare stated: by Executive action. Moreover, I believe it
eSS or produce a commodity developed Our general objection to the proposed in- would be inadvisable to attempt to reverse
with the public's money without paying terpretation is founded upon its orientation by such action the policies of administra-
tribute in the form of royalties to those in favor of the so-called license policy. We, tive agencies which, pursuant to flexible
who have acquired property rights as a in this Department, have not regarded the statutory authority are presently retaining
result of securing a Government
President's statement as one which is so greater rights in such inventions than those
tract. con-
favorably disposed toward a license policy, contemplated by the proposed policy. Some
On the contrary, the thrust of the state- agencies, such as the Post Office Department,
The patent memorandum of October merit, and the President's memorandum presently retain title for the Government as
1963, on the other hand, is vague, in- transmitting it, in our opinion, is in the di- to all research contracts; others, such as the
definite, and can be interpreted in any rection of the title policy. This view, inci- National Science Foundation retain title to
way desired. It was designed to please dentally, is also consistent with and is sup- all contracts in a particular field; others such
everybody. The memorandum is SO eon-
ported by congressional policy as expressed as HEW, require public dedication of certain
fusing that an official interpretation had
in the statutory patent provisions for the inventions; and FAA has a unique policy of
taking of title to inventions contained in the using invention rights to recover research
to be formulated. And who were the Atomic Energy Act, the NASA Act, the Wa- costs.
official interpreters? Representatives ter Desalinization Act, and the Coal Research We are not prepared to say, on the basis
from certain Government agencies got and Development Act., of any evidence brought to our attention,
together and tried' to figure out what it that such deviations from the proposed policy
meant. This group, the Patent Ad- What the Department of Health, Edu- in the direction of greater rights for the
visory Panel, was under the chairman-
cation, and Welfare is saying here is that general public, presently followed by nu-
ship of Dr. William aton, Deputy As-
it believes that the memorandum pro- merous agencies, are unsound. This is par-
E
sistant Secretary for Science and Tech- vides that the Government should nor- ticularly true where an agency has evolved
nology in the Commerce epartment,
mally acquire title on behalf of the such a practice in response to its own public
D
American people to those inventions service responsibilities. Since the Defense
which, as one of its former high officials Department has no comparable responsibil-
and discoveries which have been financed
stated: "represents the point of view ity it would be unfortunate to suggest that
by public funds. The interpretation, on
of business in the administration"? the proposed standards provide appropriate
the other hand, takes the opposite view.
statement by Commissioner tadd in Pat- criteria for public service agencies.
ents, Trademark, and Copyright Journal In addition, the Department of Health, It should also be borne in mind that the
of Research and Education, volume
Education, and Welfare made 30 recom- ultimate power in this field clearly resides in
5,
1961, conference No. 49. Not to be mendations, which they considered a Congress and Congress has repeatedly chosen
minimum effort, to make the interpre- to exercise this power by acting upon prin-
outdone by anyone in his solicitude for ciples sharply opposed to some of those em-
'tation more realistically consistent with
special interest groups, Dr. Eaton an- bodied in the proposed policy.
the Presidents statement, but, I am sur- "that he is receptive to indus- As you know, this Department is on record
ry o say, no a single one?not a single
try's views in interpreting the t t Memo-with Congress as opposed to any legislative
one?was accepted by the Patent Ad- from Pharmacentical solution of this problem which would per-
Manufacturing Association to Dr. Donald mit the granting of exclusive rights to the
Hornig, March 5, 1964, reprinted in hear-
It seems pretty clear, Mr. President, contractor when the contract is made. We
ings on Drug Safety, part 1, page 322, that there is a group in the executive have not been persuaded that this position
hearings before a subcommittee of Com-
branch of the Government, unknown to is unsound.2
the public, unknown even to Congress, Senator RIBICOFF, who was at that
mittee on Government Operations,
House of Representatives, 64. time, Secretary of Health, Education, and
1 Memorandum from Department of Health
One of the leading lights of this group Education, and Welfare to Dr. Hornig, chair- 2 Comments of Department of Justice on
is Mr. David Z. Beckler, assistant to Dr. man, Federal Council for Science and Tech- proposed statement of Government patent
Hornig, who wrote the memorandum and nology dated Oct. 26, 1964. policy (May 29, 1962, draft).
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May 19, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
liberty to vote, I would vote "yea." I
therefore withhold my vote.
The rolicall was concluded.
Zr, LOKI .of Louisiana. I announce
that the Senator from Tennessee [Mr.
BA,ssl, the Senator from Idaho [Mr.
Ciluact], the Senator from Alaska [Mr.
c+RUENING], the Senator from Arizona
[Mr. HAyovw], the Senator from Ohio
[Mr. ]AuscuEl, the Senator from Michi-
gan [Mr. MeNAmAsA], and the Senator
from Oregon [Mrs. NEUBERGER] are ab-
sent on offieial business.
I further announce that the Senator
from New Mexico [Mr. MowroyA], the
Senator from Connecticut [Mr. Risr-
corn], and the Senator from Georgia
[Mr. Russci,L] are necessarily absent.
I further announce that, if present and
voting, the Senator from Idaho [Mr.
CHURCH], the Senator from Alaska [Mr.
GauxisuNo], the Senator from, Ohio [Mr.
LAUSCHE], the Senator from Michigan,
[Mr. 1VIcNANEARA], the Senator from New
Mexico [Mr. MoivroY4], and the Senator
from Connecticut LMr. RIBICOFF] would
each vote "yea."
O12 this vote, the Senator from Georgia
[Mr. RUSSELL] is paired with the Senator
from Tennessee [Mr. BASS].
Tj present and voting, the Senator from
Tennessee Would vote "yea," and the
Senator from Georgia would vote "nay."
Mr. MICKEL. I announce that the
Senator from Kansas [Mr. CAnsoN] ,
the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. Gums],
the Senator, from Illinois [Mr. Diaxssiq],
and the Senator from Wyoming [Mr.
SimesoN] are necessarily absent.
The Senator from Nebraska [Mr.
HansKA1 and the Senator from Idaho
[Mr. JQIIDAI,T] are absent on official busi-
ness.
The Senator from Vermont [Mr.
PROUTY] and the Senator from Kansas
[Mr. PgAsson] are detained on official
bUsiness, ,
The pair of the Senator from Illinois
[Mr. Disicsivi has been previously an-
nounced.
On this vote, the Senator from Nebras-
ka [Mr. Cuaris] is paired with the Sena-
tor from Kansas [Mr. CARLSON].
If present and voting, the Senator from
Nebraska would vote "yea," and the Sen-
ator from Kansas would vote "nay."
? On this vote, the Senator from Kan-
sas [Mr. PEAssoN] is paired with the
Senator from Idaho [Mr. JORDAN].
If present and voting, the Senator from
Kansas would vote "yea," and the Sen-
ator from Idaho would vote "nay."
On this yote, the Senator from Ver-
pont [Mr. PROUTY] is paired with the
Senator froin Wyoming [Mr. SIMPSON].
If present and voting, the Senator from
Vermont Welild Vote "yea," and the Sena-
tor from Wyoming would vote "nay."
The result was announced?yeas 56,
nays 25, as follows:
[No. 77 Leg.]
YEAS-56
Aiken Case
A-110f Clark
Anderson Cooper_
Bartlett Cotton,
Bayh Dodd
Bible Dominick
Boggs Douglas
Brewster Fong
Burdick Gore
Byrd, W. Va. Harris
Cannon Hart
Hartke
Inouye
Jackson
Javits
Ice,nnedy, Mass.
Kennedy, N.Y.
Kuchel
Long, Mo.
Magnuson
McCarthy
McGee
McGovern
McIntyre
Metcalf
ller
Mondale
Monroney
Morse
Morton
Bennett
Byrd, Va.
tland
Ellender
Ervin
Fannin
Fulbright
Hickenlooper
Hill
Bass
Carlson
Church
Curtis
Dirksen
Gruening
Hayden
Moss
Muskie
Nelson
Pastore
Pell
Proxmire
Randolph
Saltonstall
NAYS-25
Holland
Jordan, N.C.
Long, La.
McClellan
Mundt
Murphy
Robertson
Russell, S.C.
Smathers
Scott
Smith
Symington
Tydings
Williams, N.J.
Yarborough
Young, Ohio
Sparkman
Stennis
Talmadge
Thurmond
Tower
Williams, Del.
Young, N. Dak.
NOT von:NG-19
Hruska Pearson
Jordan, Idaho Prouty
Lausche Ribicoff
Mansfield Russell, Ga.
McNamara Simpson
Montoya
Neuberger
So the amendments (No. 149) offered
by Mr. FONG for himself and other Sen-
ators to the Mansfield-Dirksen substitute
were agreed to.
Mr. FONG. Mr. President, I move
that the vote by which the amendments
were agreed to be reconsidered.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I move
that the motion to reconsider be laid on
the table.
The motion to lay on the table was
agreed to.
AMENDMENT NO. 116
Mr. KENNEDY of New York, Mr.
President, I call up my amendment No.
176, which I jointly sponsor with my
colleague the Senator from New York
[Mr. JAI/us], and ask that it be stated.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
CANNON in the chair) The amendinent
to the Mansfleld-Dirksen substitute will
be stated for the information of the
Senate. ,
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the amend-
ment be considered as read.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
The amendment is as follows:
(e) (1) Congress hereby declares that to
secure the rights under the fourteenth
amendment of persons educated in American-
flag schools in which the predominant class-
room language was other than English, it is
necessary to prohibit the States from con-
ditioning the right to vote of such persons an
ability to read, write, understand, or in-
terpret any matter in the English language.
(2) No person who demonstrates that he
has successfully completed the sixth primary
grade in a public school in, or a private
school accredited by, any State or territory,
the District of Columbia, or the Common-
wealth of Puerto Rico in which the predomi-
nant classroom language was other than Eng-
lish, shall be denied the right to vote in any
Federal, State, or local election because of
his inability to read, write, understand, or
Interpret any matter in the English language,
except that in States in which State law
provides that a different level of education
Is presumptive of literacy, he shall demon-
strate that he has successfully completed
an equivalent level of education in a public
school in, or a private school accredited by,
any State or territory, the District of Colum-
bia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto RiCO
which the predominant classroom language
was other than English.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will
the Senator from New York yield to me,
Without losing his right to the floor?
10643
Mr. KENNEDY of New York. I am
glad to yield to the Senator from Mon-
tana.
UNANIMOUS-CONSENT REQUEST AND ORDER OF
BUSINESS
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
am about to propound a unanimous-con-
sent request. I believe an order is in
that when the Senate completes its bus-
iness today, it will stand in adjournment
until 12 o'clock noon tomorrow; is that
not correct?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator is correct.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that when the
Senate completes its business tomorrow,
it stand in adjournment until 12 o'clock
noon on Friday.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection? The Chair hears none, and
it is so ordered.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
also ask unanimous consent that there
be a morning hour tomorrow to extend
until no later than 12:30 p.m.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I also ask unani-
mous consent that there be 1 hour on
the pending Kennedy-Javits amendment,
to be equally divided, the time to be con-
trolled by the Senator from New York
[Mr. KENNEDY] and the Senator from
North Carolina [Mr. Esvirr]; the vote
to be taken not later than 1:30.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection to the unanimous-consent re-
quest? The Chair hears none, and it is
so ordered.
The unanimous-consent agreement
was subsequently reduced to writing, as
follows:
UNANIMOUS-CONSENT AGREEMENT
Ordered, That the Senate proceed to vote
not later than 1:30 o'clock p.m. on Thurs-
day, May 20, 1965, on amendment numbered
176 offered by the Senators from New York
[Mr. KENNEDY and Mr. JAVITS] to the sub-
stitute amendment by Senators MANSFIELD
and DIRKSEN, 110. 124, as amended, for the
bill (S. 1564) to enforce the 15th amendment
to the Constitution of the United States.
Provided, That all time for debate after
the transaction of routine morning business
on Thursday, May 20, 1965, not to exceed
12:30 o'clock p.m., shall be equally divided
and controlled by the Senator from New
York [Mr. KENNEDY] , and the Senator from
North Carolina [Mr. Eavix].
Mr. MANSFIELD. Let me ask the
Senator from New York if he is through?
Mr. KENNEDY of New York. Yes;
I have completed my statement.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
seek recognition.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator from Montana is recognized.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
support amendment No. 176, proposed by
the Senator from New York [Mr. KEN-
NEDY] which would amend the leadership
substitute proposed by Senator DIRKSEN
and myself.
Amendment No. 176 would prohibit
denial of the right to vote in any election
of any person because of his inability to
speak or understand English, or to read
or write in English, if he demonstrates
successful completion of the sixth grade
of any public or accredited private school
in any State, territory, the District of
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10144 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE May 19, 1965
Columbia, or Puerto Rico in which the
predominant classroom language was
other than English. The effect of this
amendment would be to enfranchise a
good number of intelligent and literate
persons of Puerto Rican origin.
The Senate will recall that in 1962 I
supported such a proposal as this, indeed
I cosponsored with the distinguished
minority leader a bill (S. 2750) to pro-
hibit the use of literacy tests as a quali-
fication for voting in Federal elections
for persons who had completed the sixth
grade in a public school or accredited
private school in the continental United
States or in Puerto Rico. I believe that
this provision is beyond a doubt consti-
tutional. In testifying before a congres-
sional committee on the Voting Rights
Act of 1965, the Attorney general, too,
supported the constitutionality of a
measure aimed at this problem.
There was no provision such as this in
S. 1564 as introduced, nor was such a
provision included in the Mansfield-Dirk-
sen substitute. The reason is that until
recently the Voting 'Rights Act was
viewed as one directed solely at problems
of race and grounded solely upon the
15th amendment. The Puerto Rico prob-
lem is not a racial problem and thus must
be approached and dealt with on some
other basis and pursuant to other con-
stitutional powers. But the scope and
purpose of S. 1564 has since been broad-
ened by the inclusion of provisions to
remove such other obstacles to the exer-
cise of the franchise as poll taxes which
may or may not be related to race and
which are being dealt with under other
powers in addition to the 15th amend-
ment. Thus, it is now appropriate to
further broaden the bill by adopting
amendment No. 176, which is addressed
to a problem of discrimination, although
not of racial discrimination. This meas-
ure has been before us in past years?it
Is not a new concept?it is appropriate
that we act on it in this bill.
THE TRAGIC INCIDENT AT BTEN HOA
AIR BASE IN VIETNAM
Mr. STENNLS. Mr. President, in the
last week the United States has suffered
a grievous and shocking loss. I refer
to the tragic incident at the Bien Hoa Air
Base in Vietnam. On May 14 one end of
the airfield erupted in flame, smoke, and
a series of concussions from bomb ex-
plosions. As a result of this incident the
United States lost over a score of people
killed and several score wounded. Twelve
aircraft were completely destroyed and
36 damaged in varying degrees.
The initial reports flowing from our
commanders in Vietnam state that the
cause was not action by the enemy, but
an accident?an accident believed trace-
able to either personnel or materiel pres-
ent at the base.
The U.S. Air Force immediately sent
its Inspector General, in company with
a team of technical experts, to the scene
in order that they might conduct a pains-
taking inquiry into all the circumstances
Involved in the tragedy and trace the
cause to its source.
The Air Force investigation is now
underway. It should and must develop
the facts to the extent they can be
ascertained. Both the Congress and the
public are entitled to know what caused
this tragedy. More than this, the Air
Force, as a fighting force, must establish
the cause as positively as it can. This
is necessary to insure against a repetition
of this occurrence. The establishment of
the cause and means of prevention of
incidents of this type is necessary also
for the purpose of establishing full con-
fidence in Air Force materiel, procedures,
and training.
During the past several months the
Preparedness Investigating Subcommit-
tee has exercised an active and almost
constant surveillance over the develop-
ments in Vietnam. One of our staff
members spent almost a month there in
a detailed on-the-scefie investigation and
study. The Senate may be assured that
the subcommittee will give this latest
occurrence its full and close attention.
We will not let the matter drop upon the
completion of the investigation by the
Air Force Inspector General. We intend
to call upon the Defense Department for
complete information with respect to the
report of the Inspector General and ex-
amine the entire substance of it.
If the facts developed by the inspector
general appear to be incomplete or in-
adequate in any respect, or if there is any
indication that the full and complete
facts are not being made available to us,
we will then undertake our own
independent investigation, including, if
necessary, the dispatch of staff person-
nel to Vietnam to inquire into the mat-
ter. In short, we will take such action
as is necessary to insure that the facts
surrounding this tragedy are brought to
light and that our fighting men in Viet-
nam have the most effective materiel and
procedures that can be provided.
THE IMPACT OF AUTOMATION
Mr. BOGGS. Mr. President, we are
constantly reminded of the impact of
automation on our lives today, and fre-
quently this impact is the source of
labor-management disputes.
At the Phoenix Steel Corp.'s plant at
Claymont, Del., however, the onset of
automation has produced cooperation
instead of trouble. While both the com-
pany and the United Steelworkers local
are to be congratulated on the way they
have worked out their mutual problems,
it is the union which has in effect de-
cided to tighten its belt during a mas-
sive modernization campaign and, in my
opinion, deserves special commendation.
It seems to me that other areas of the
country can learn something from this
experience in Delaware, and I ask unan-
imous consent that a news article from
the Wilmington Morning News, en-
titled "Phoenix Union Aids Automation,"
be inserted at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
FOR LONG-RANGE BENEFITS: PHOENIX UNION
AIDS ATJTOMATION
(By Martin Prost)
Automation is coming to one of Delaware's
biggest industrial plants with a strong assist
from the company's workers.
Unibn members at Phoenix Steel Corp.'s
Claymont plant have agreed to tighten their
belts temporarily so the firm may purchase
modern machinery, a step that is expected
to increase the labor force by more than one-
third in the long run.
"The plant was obsolete," William G. Toner,
international representative for the United
Steelworkers of America (USW), points out.
The Phoenix board chairman, Stanley Kirk,
expresses what the company was facing a
little more strongly: "A dead company would
be no good to anyone."
Essentially the situation was that Phoenix
saw a need to undertake a massive modern-
ization campaign to speed up production and
make operation more efficient.
However, there was one main obstacle in
the path of modernization: Article 19, sec-
tion 1 of the company's contract with Local
3182 of the United Steelworkers. This clause
provided that the company could not reduce
the size of existing work crews without the
consent of the union.
Modern machinery would not increase ef-
ficiency if work crews had to be kept at the
same size, the company contended.
After consultation with national union of-
ficials, the local agreed late last month tc
waive the clause for 2 years, the time needed
by the plant to install the new equipment.
At the end of that time, the article will be
replaced with section 2B of the existing na-
tional agreement between big steel and the
union. Section 28 contains the main princi-
ples of the local clause but is not as rigid,
The short-range effect of the local's agree-
ment to waive article 19, section 1, will be a
reduction of employees at the plant. This
will be accomplished as new machinery Is in--
stalled and work crews are reduced.
The union has arranged that this be done
through a labor pool plan whereby high..
seniority members whose jobs are abolished
can be shifted to jobs in other parts of the
plant.
Toner and Local President Edgar M. Gibson
see this as only a short-range sacrifice. They
predict the plant will be employing at least
2,000 production workers once the modern-
ization is completed. Present employment is
1,450 production workers. Kirk agrees thai;
in the long run employment will be up, prob-
ably to 2,000 in 2 years.
More employees will be needed for proc-
essing and handling when production is in-
creased, Toner points out. He also says in-
creased production will allow the plant to di..
versifyits efforts.
Most of its time now is spent making steel
slabs, an intermediary step in production.
Modern machinery will speed up the slab.
making and allow more finishing time, he
said.
Kirk is high in praise of the union for
its cooperation. "They are to be corn-.
mended," he said. "They have been real-
istic."
Members of the local negotiating commit-
tee were Gibson, chairman; Leroy Pernsley,
cochairman; Stanley Zalewski, and Robert
Dungan.
ORDER OF BUSINESS
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President. C
believe that I obtained permission for
the Senate to convene at 12 o'clock noon
on Thursday, tomorrow, and at 12
o'clock noon on Friday. Is that correct?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator is correct.
ORDER FOR ADJOURNMENT FROM
FRIDAY TO 12 O'CLOCK NOON ON
MONDAY
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that when the
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19, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECOKu ? Arrt.
? The Dedication at Runnymede
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BERT BANDSTRA
OF IOWA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 19, 1965
Mr. BANDSTRA. Mr. Speaker, last
week Queen Elizabeth II dedicated an
historic spot of ground at Runneymede
to the United States. The ceremony
was a fitting tribute to the memory of
John F. Kennedy.
But the dedication of this English land
to America was, in addition, a reminder
that we in the United States are fortu-
nate enough to live under a Govern-
ment of law.
On June 15, 1215, King John signed
the Magna Carta on the meadow at
Runneymede. A most significant part of
that charter reads as follows:
No free man shall be taken, imprisoned,
dieseised, outlawed, banished, or in any way
destroyed, nor will we proceed against or
pto,secute him, except by the lawful judg-
ment of his peers and by the law of the land.
These words, now 750 years old, laid
the groundwork for constitutional gov-
ernment and the protection of individual
rights. Our Constitution, which is the
supreme "law of the land" is heir to the
spirit of the Magna Carta.
I would like to call to the attention of
my co/leagues an excellent editorial from
the May 11, 1965, issue of the Christian
Science Monitor, which points out the
deep meaning of the ceremonies last
week at Runnymede.
The editorial follows:
AMERICA AT RUNNYMEDE
The English-speaking world can never be
reminded too often of the foundations of its
strength and durability. Particularly in these
times, when this same world stands at the
center of the great struggle to preserve and
broaden human rights and freedoms, the
English-speaking nations tan draw needed
Vigor and understanding from recalling those
qUalities which underlie their centuries of
progress.
It is for such a reason that we welcome
having our attention turned once again to
the mead of Runnymede beside the Thames.
English-speaking freedom neither began nor
ended with what happened there on the
bright June day of 1215. But King John's
signature on Magna Carta became symbolic
of all the freedoms which have grown and
proSpered so abundantly wherever English is
spoken.
The American Nation, where now live a
majority of those who speak the English
tongue and thrive under English-born free-
doms, today feels particularly close to Run-
neymede. With the dedication by Queen
Elizabeth of the gift to the United States of
an acre of English ground in memory of
President Kennedy, America and Britain
have paused for a moment in their busy
worlds to contemplate the many ties which
bind them.
Of all the memorials to President Kennedy,
at home or abroad, none can compare with
this gift to his country of a portion of so
hallowed a ground. We belive that President
Kennedy, with his strong sense of history,
would have agreed with this view.
The '759-year road from Runneymede has
been a magnificent one. The human spirit,
Unpelled by a higher spirit, has won immense
victories. Futherznore, the rate of victory
has accelerated with the Oassing of centuries,
as the base of progress grew broader and
broader. Wherever their birth, these vic-
tories and freedoms belong to all men. It is
of this that the ceremonies at Runnymede
remind us.
They Hear the Light
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JAMES D. MARTIN
OF ALABAMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 19, 1965
Mr. MARTIN of Alabama. Mr. Speak-
er, several weeks ago it was my privilege
to call to the attention of my colleagues
the great achievement of blind girls who
are holding down jobs as switchboard
operators. This was made possible
through the invention of a special switch-
board by I. A. Vandergriff, an engineer
with the Southern Bell Telephone Sys-
tern.
In this achievement we see the finest
American traditions at work?the in-
genuity and know-how of private indus-
try in constantly working for improving
the life of all the people, and the courage
and determination of Americans who
have never been felled by circumstance
nor defeated by adversity.
This one example is a thrilling story
and deserves to be told in all its detail.
Once again I would like to pay tribute
to the courage of the blind girls who have
so successfully overcome their handicap,
and to the engineer and the Southern
Bell Telephone System for their efforts
to use highly skilled personnel and tech-
nical knowledge in behalf of mankind.
A discussion of the operation of the
switchboard designed by Mr. Vander-
gruff is contained in the Southern PBX
magazine. It was written by Mr. H. G.
Daugherty of Anniston, Ala., and I in-
clude it here as a part of these remarks:
THEY REAR THE LIGHT
(By H. G. Daugherty, district traffic manager,
Anniston, Ala.)
This is another story of the courage of the
blind. Respecting this courage, several in-
terested people have dedicated their efforts
to the creation of a training program for the
purpose of providing well-trained blind girls
to serve industry, business, and the general
public as switchboard attendants at private
branch exchanges. This program has now
been in effect for over 5 years at the Adult
Blind Department Training Center in Talla-
dega, Ala.?with most outstanding results.
People too numerous to mention here have
contributed to this fine program; but it was
Southern Bell Design Engineer I. A. Vander-
griff, Atlanta, Ga., who received the chal-
lenge to design a switchboard which blind
girls could efficiently use. Mr. Vandergriff
was successful and the program for training
blind attendants became a reality.
The training board?as designed by Mr.
Vanclergriff?teamed with an effective train-
ing program for mastering its use, enables
blind girls to become efficient attendants
through use of several electronic aids. These
electronic devices permit trainees to "hear
the light."
There are three relatively simple electronic
devices which are used together on the train-
ing board at Talladega. These devices may
be readily adapted to practically any type of
PBX switchboard and are provided by the
A2493
blind rehabilitation program at no expense
to the employer.
First, tone boxes are located on either side
of the top of the switchboard. When a re-
ceiver is lifted within the business, the at-
tendant hears a tone. A high frequency tone
identifies the call as coming from one side
of the board?a low frequency tone means
the call is coming from the other side of
the board.
The second piece of equipment adapted to
the switchboard is a sectionalizer, which is
simply vertical lamp strip down the center
of the board. When a signal comes into
the board a light comes on in the sectional-
izer on the same lineas the particular row of
lamps in which the signal may be found.
Using the third device, a photoelectric
probe, in connection with the tone boxes and
sectionalizer, the attendant can locate the
incoming signal quite fast. The light-sensi-
tive probe, when coming in contact with the
sectionalizer or burning signal light, emits
a tone in the attendant's headset.
Thus, an attendant hears the tone indicat-
ing an incoming signal, searches the sec-
tionalizer for the lamp row, then moves to
the signal and plugs in.
The training program developed for blind
attendants is recognized as one of the best
of its kind in the Nation. And the pro-
gram, considered good from its beginning
by all who saw it, has been vastly improved
by the dedicated efforts of Mrs. Jerry John-
son, head of the adult blind department's
PBX attendant training program at Tal-
ladega. Graduates of Mrs. Johnson's course
are well-trained attendants whose employ-
ment by any businessman is good business.
The training program, as given at Tal-
ladega, is not complete until the trainee is
able to meet her needs in daily living, travel
and personal grooming as well as reaching
a maximum level of efficiency at the switch-
board. Much time is spent teaching students
to make full use of voice quality. The friend-
ly voice of the blind attendant becomes, per-
haps, her greatest single asset.
The Center believes, and fully indoctri-
nates their students in the belief, that noth-
ing enhances the reputation of friendliness
and courtesy in a business more than does
the girl sitting behind the firm's PBX. Her
good training, and subsequent capable per-
formance, can mean dollars for her em-
ployer. Only the very best performance the
attendant is capable of giving is good enough
for this vital spot in any organization. The
well-trained and versatile blind attendant
provides just this type of service and is, by
her example of performing at maximum ef-
ficiency, a source of inspiration which has
far reaching effects on the morale of all.
"If Vietcong Keeps Sanctuary in North
Vietnam It Can Call the Tune"?Gen.
E. G. Wheeler
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. J. ARTHUR YOUNGER
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 19, 1965
Mr. YOUNGER. Mr. Speaker, on May
'7 Gen. E. G. Wheeler, Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff, addressed the Com-
monwealth Club of California on the sub-
ject "If Vietcong Keeps Sanctuary in
North Vietnam It Can Call the Tune."
His very enlightening talk was briefed in
the flashes in the Commonwealth of May
17. While it is not a complete report of
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A2494 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX May 19, '1965
his discussion, I think the points which
he made are well developed.
The report from the Commonwealth
follows:
"IF VIETCONG KEEPS SANCTUARY IN NORTH
VIETNAM IT CAN CALL THE TUNE"--a-EN.
E. G. WHEELER
(From address by Gen. Earle G. Wheeler, U.S.
Army, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff)
The fact that our forces are supporting
the Government of the Republic of Vietnam,
a small country on the opposite side of the
world, has generated strong currents of con-
fusion in some elements of American
opinion. Much of this confusion is reflected
by a lack of knowledge of the factual answers
to some very baste questions:
"What are the causes of the conflict in
Vietnam?"
"Isn't the Vietcong insurgency really a
popular uprising of South Vietnamese against
the Government? What keeps the insur-
gency going? Are the South Vietnamese do-
ing their part to defeat it?"
"Why is the United States involved?"
"What are the objectives of the United
States?"
"What are the main lines of effort we are
pursuing?"
In the time I have this afternoon I can-
not answer all these questions fully. But,
believe me, all can be answered and well.
Basically there are just two causes of
conflict, in Vietnam: the intense desire of
the average Vietnamese for freedom?a de-
sire he has demonstrated through more than
2,000 years of history?and Ho Chi Minh's
conflicting desire to make all Vietnam
Communist.
HO CH/ MINH'S GOAL NOT NEW
Ho Chi Minh has been seeking his goal
since he organized the Communist Party
in Vietnam about 1930. He quickly worked
himself into what amounted to control of
the clandestine nationalist movement, aimed
at overthrow of the French.
During World War II, he increased this
control when he persuaded other nationalist
groups to 'join his Vietnam Independence
League, later called the Viet Minh, and, effec-
tively strengthened the organization of Com-
munist cells throughout Vietnam.
As the war ended, Ho was unquestionably
the most popular leader in Vietnam. He
was not recognized at the time by most Viet-
namese as representing an alien force and
had wide support in 1945 when he announced
formation of the Democratic Republic of
Vietnam.
However, by the time of the Geneva agree-
Ment of 1954, which in effect partitioned
the country, enough Vietnamese had recog-
nized Ho's true intentions to provide solid
support for a democracy in South Vietnam.
Almost 1 million moved south to get away
from communism as opposed to about 100,000
who moved north?most of these hard-core
Communist Viet Minh.
RED UNDERGROUND STAYED IN SOUTH
Not all the hard-core types moved north.
Ho Chi Minh directed that a well organized
Viet Minh underground network, complete
with arms and ammunition, remain in the
south. His objective: takeover of the entire
country. This is the primary cause of the
current conflict.
Although some South Vietnamese are in-
volved, the Vietcong insurgency cannot be
called a popular uprising. From the very
beginning it has been a carefully planned
attempt by a Communist government to con-
quer a neighboring state.
HO TRIED TO PENETRATE GOVERNMENT
The record shows that in 1955 Ho Chi Minh
attempted to penetrate agents into official
and quasi-official South Vietnamese orga-
nizations and agencies and, through prop-
aganda and disruption, cause the people to
lose confidence in the government. By 1956
he realized that force would be required and
use of terror began.
By 1958 a marked and continuing increase
in terrorist activities was noticeable. Terror
was used to back up demands for support
from the people, and raise doubts as to the
ability of the government to provide security.
This campaign of terror, reinforced by
periodic military attacks, has escalated ever
since.
Hanoi has used every resource of its own
-government to carry out its aggression.
Hanoi controls the war politically and mili-
tarily.
Political direction comes from the re-
unification department within the central
committee of the North Vietnamese Com-
munist Party, the Lao Dong Party.
NORTH VIETNAM CONTROLS VIETCONG
On the ground in South Vietnam, headed
by a North Vietnamese lieutenant general
and taking orders from the reunification
department, is the overall supervising agency,
the central office for South Vietnam. Under
this office are six regional units and the
Saigon special zone.
On the military side, the Vietcong is con-
trolled by the high command of the North
Vietnamese Army and the ministry of de-
fense, under close supervision of the Lao
Dong. The six military regions art the same
as those for the political organization, and
the military structure and political ma-
chinery are closely integrated in support of
overall Communist aggression.
Fronting the Vietcong is the so-called nat-
Lionel front for the liberation of South Viet-
nam. It was set up in 1960, and we have
irrefutable evidence that it was established
at Hanoi's direction.
PROOF OF OUTSIDE RED WEAPONS OVER-
WHELMING
For example, a document found on the
body of a Vietcong soldier in 1961 said in
part: "In implementation of the decision of
the Third Congress of the Lao Dong Party,
the NFLSV (the national front) was set up
to unify the revolutionary struggle, to over-
throw the United States-Diem regime, to
establish a popular government of domecratic
union, and bring about the peaceful reuni-
fication of the country. The revolution for
the liberation of the south would never suc-
ceed if the party (the Lao Dong Party) were
not directing it." This is proof positive in
my judgment as to just who is running the
Vietcong.
Hanoi sustains the insurgency through a
never-ending stream of personnel, arms, am-
munition, and other supplies infiltrated into
South Vietnam. Our proof of this has be-
come overwhelming.
Recently captured prisoners and docu-
ments have shown that since 1959, at least
39,000 individuals have been infiltrated from
the north, with between 5,000 and 8,000 con-
firmed during 1964 alone. In fact, we esti-
mate that the true figure for 1964 is prob-
ably at least 10,000.
Furthermore, we have proof that 75 per-
cent of these 1964 infiltrators were born in
North Vietnam, clearly demonstrating that
Hanoi is determined to continue support of
the Vietcong even though the supply of for-
mer southerners ordered north in 1954 is
drying up.
Hanoi has now gone so far as to infiltrate
at least one entire North Vietnamese Army
battalion?and there are probably more.
The same is true of weapons. Although
initially the Vietcong used weapons cached
in 1954 and those captured locally, in recent
years the great bulk of weapons require-
ments has been met from external sources.
Since 1960, the Vietcong have captured
about 39,000 weapons from government
sources and lost 25,000 of their own?a net
gain ,of only 14,000. As the Vietcong have
about 38,000 to 46,000 hard-core troops and
about 100,000 irregulars, you can see that
the captured weapons account far only a
small percentage of the total weapons needs.
In fact, we now know that at least 70 per-
cent have come from external Communist
sources.
NEWEST RED CHINESE WEAPONS IN USE
The hard-core Vietcong troops are now
being entirely re-equipped and retrained
with the newest Chinese Communist family
of weapons. Prisoners captured just last
month said they had been pulled out of ac-
tion to receive and train with these new
Chinese Communist weapons.
We know from other sources that at least
6 battalions are now so equipped, in-
cluding the known battalion of the North
Vietnam Army, already mentioned.
We are also sure that at least 17 other
hard-core battalions are now using 7.62-nun.
weapons--weapons not in the inventory of
either South Vietnamese or U.S. forces. The
ammunition for such weapons must also
come from the north, via the infiltration
route.
Against the massive aggression through in-
filtration, the South Vietnamese have shown
an unswerving will to resist. More than 50,-
000 South Vietnamese soldiers have been
killed or wounded in battle since 1960. On
a percentage basis this would amount to
over 600,000 casualties if we were having a
similar war here in the United States?about
the same loss suffered by the Union Armies
during the Civil War.
Absorbing such a casualty rate and fight-
ing with progressively improving effective-
ness, indicates a most unusual will to resist.
CIVILIANS FLEE VIETCONG
The Vietnamese civilians have also demon-
strated their strong aversion to communism
by continuing to support the government,
where practicable, despite multiple assas-
sinations, kidnapings, and continuous ter-
ror. Over 11,000 South Vietnamese were
either murdered or kidnaped in 1964 alone?
equivalent to 143,000 here in the United
States.
Yet, in recent months over 200,000 civilians
have fled Vietcong controlled areas seeking
Government protection. After 8 years of this
sort of thing, the South Vietnamese are still
in there swinging. These people have guts.
I am proud that we are helping this na-
tion. Yet, some ask, how do we justify our
efforts in South Vietnam? I have no diffi-
culty answering this question.
LONG-TIME U.S. COMMITMENT
First we are involved from the political
standpoint because we have committed our-
selves to help them. In 1950. we agreed to
furnish military aid against the Viet Minh
and in 1951, economic aid.
After the partition of 1954?in 1955 to be
exact?we reaffirmed our 1950 commitment to
provide military assistance and advice. We
did so following a policy supported by four
different Presidents who agreed that America
must be willing to help nations threatened
by Communist aggression.
The Truman doctrine, you will recall, was
aimed directly at this target, and Presidents
Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson have
continued the policy.
If we are to believe public opinion polls
and the fact that congressional opinion gen-
erally reflects public opinion, the great ma-
jority of Americans have agreed with their
Presidents in this matter.
Whether we, as individuals, agree is now
somewhat beside the point as the faith of
our friends and the little people who look to
us as the pillar of freedom would be badly
damaged if we backed down.
FREE AS/AN COUNTRIES NEED 'U.S. SUPPORT
From the strategic standpoint there are
other, equally cogent reasons. Red China is
the great power in Asia. Just as the Soviets
historically have always sought control of a
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kbb-R-h-NAAPPENDIX
Major warm water port, the Chinese have
longed for control of the rich ricelands of
southeast Asia. The Red Chinese are no
exception.
The small, relatively undeveloped south-
east Asian nations are incapable of defend-
ing themselves alone against a great power.
Should we not assist these nations, they
Would be subjected to intolerable Communist
pressures which could well force thein to ac-
commodate the Communists.,
These pressures could not only affect the
Mainland nations but those offshore as well,
including the Philippines, Indonesia, and
others,
WITHDRAWAL WOULD. NOT MEAN FBACB
The decision, then, is not limited to
whether we should help the Vietnamese but
rather, should we assist any nation of south-
east Asia to resist Chinese Pressure and/or
aggression.
Should we give up in Vietnam, there is no
question that Communist expansionism
would be encouraged and pressure on the re-
mainder of the area greatly increased.
Unless we discard our objective of con-
taining Communist aggression, defeat in
South Vietnam will force us to draw a new
line somewhere in Southeast Asia and try to
defend that. This would-be most difficult.
We would wind Up, and probably rather
quickly, facing the very same situation we
lace today in Vietnam, only with weak-
ened Morale and political uncertainty on
the part of those being supported, plus a
much less defensible position, militarily
speaking.
Another essential related reason_ for us
to continue our present course is the effect
our defeat wouLd have within the Commu-
nist world. We are all aware of the some-
what different approaches of the Soviets and
the Red Chinese to World affairs.
The violent xenophobic and sometimes ir-
rational tendencies of the Chinese leaders,
together with their incipient nuclear power,
appear to pose the greater danger to world
peace.
MUST SEEK DECISION IN VIETNAM
Our defeat in Vietnam would undoubtedly
give great impetus to the Chinese drive to
take over the world Communist movement
and magnify the immediate danger to newly
emerging and unstable nations all over the
world, not just in southeast Asia.
We would not only face a .new Vietnam
type situation in southeast Asia, but could
well be involved simultaneously in several
such situations around the world.
,
Finally, from a purely military standpoint,
Vietnam is, in effect a bottleneck through
which Chinese Communist aggression must
pass in order to spread. Although the bottle-
neck analogy is not literally true, It is mili-
tarily valid.
The spread of Communist political poison
to Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and even
India could be greatly enhanced if this bot-
tleneck were open to Communist military
forces.
We must strive for a decision, now, in
Vietnam. What sort of a decision?what
are our objectives?
REDS SHOULD LEAVE NEIGHBORS ALONE
As the President has said so often, all we
want is to get the nations in that part of
the world to leave their neighbors alone, free
to find their own destiny without ?outside
pressure. We want nothing more?no land,
no special rights. We are willing to help
all of the nations in the area to ,get back on
their feet, including North Vietnam.
This objective is a far cry from the classic
objective of warfare?the overthrow and
total defeat of the enemy. In military terms,
our objective is very limited indeed, actually
very similar to the Korean war.
We are willing to attain this limited ob-
jective through negotiations, any time and
anywhere, in lieu of insisting on military
victory. This follows very logically from
the fact that we have no aggressive, expan-
sionist desires.
We have undertaken an interlocking, two-
pronged course of action.
SUCCESSFUL RESISTANCE ESSENTIAL
First, we are assisting the South Viet-
namese so that they can successfully resist
the Vietcong aggression internally. Success
of this effort is a basic requirement, not only
because of the importance per se of military
victory or loss but also because we cannot
permit the North Vietnamese to think they
can suffer for a little while our attacks in the
north and still win in the south.
The second prong of our effort reinforces
the first. We and the South Vietnamese are
striking military targets in the north. We
are doing this with the objective of actually
weakening the capability of Hanoi to con-
tinue to support the Vietcong and, at the
same time, impressing on the North Viet-
namese the irrationality of continuing their
aggression.
REDS MUST LEARN: AGGRESSION DOESN'T PAY
The North Vietnamese must be made to
understand that aggression, like any other
crime, does not pay. They must be made to
understarid this by the destruction or defeat
of their troops lighting under the guise of
Vietcong in the south.
They must be made to understand this by
the forcible curtailment of the flow of re-
placement and supplies to these troops
through interdicting the supply lines in the
north, destroying where possible the military
supplies being used, and in general depriving
the Vietcong of the sanctuary it was afforded
prior to February of this year.
One lesson we have learned about insur-
gency is that it is most difficult, if not im-
possible, to defeat if the enemy has a sanc-
tuary.
With a sanctuary, the enemy can control
his losses, the rate and types of supplies
and reinforcements and, in effect, call the
tune. Insurgent defeats under such circum-
stances are only temporary since replacement
personnel and material are soon available,
as in Vietnam in the past.
Without a sanctuary, insurgency becomes
entirely in-country and provided the govern-
ment's cause is just, the people can be rallied
to win the day.
HANOI FOLLOWING KHEUSHCHEV'S CRY
We are dealing' with aggression just as
surely as the North Korean attack on South
Korea in June of 1950 was aggression. Hanoi
is carrying out the instructions contained in
Nikita Khrushchev's famous speech of Jan-
uary 1961 in which he told the world that the
main Communist tool for expansion hence-
forth would be Communist inspired sub-
version?only he used the words wars of na-
tional liberation,
Note that 1961 was also the year in which
Vietcong increased the tempo of the war
to such an extend that South Vietnam made
its first request for a major increase in U.S.
assistance.
In essence, the war in Vietnam is the first
real test of Khrushchev's theory. This war
will show whether a free people can be over-
come against their will by cold, calculated
subversive aggression, planned, controlled
and supplied by a neighboring nation.
RED VICTORY WOULD BE DISASTROUS
Successful aggression begets more aggres-
sion. As a military man, I am convinced
that a Communist victory in Vietnam would
be disastrous and would lead inevitably to
more of the world falling prey to Communist
expansionist subversion.
You will recall that Ernest Hemingway's
book, "For Whom the Bell Tolls," makes the
point that loss of liberty anywhere threatens
the loss of liberty everywhere. Or to quote
In part of the original words of John Donne,
from whom Hemingway got his book title:
"No man is an island, * * every man is a
piece of the continent * * * if a clod be
Washed away by the sea, Europe is the less as
A2495
well as if a promontory were * * * any man's
death diminishes me, because I am involved
M mankind; and, therefore, never send to
know for whom the bell tolls; 'it tolls for
thee."
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FROM THE FLOOR
Question (George Rhodes) Any indications
that Soviet missiles, antiaircraft weapons,
and radar are in North Vietnam and oper-
able?
Answer. There are a number of antiair-
craft guns, field artillery, and automatic
weapons along with quantity of radar; site
is being built for missiles. Source of anti-
aircraft and ground artillery weapons not
known.
Question (H. Richard Allen) U.S. aircraft
losses in Vietnam indicate better-trained
guerrillas?
Answer. Losses remarkably small. We've
lost 130 fixed-wing aircraft, two-thirds of
them from noncombat causes. Same ratio
in helicopter losses. Two reasons: (1) Viet-
cong have more antiaircraft weapons, and
(2) they are better trained now.
Question (Peter Haywood) Letters regard-
ing outdated equipment in newspapers
factual?
Answer. Investigated all of them to find
they represented isolated case. A tiny unit
in boondocks needed resupply?which it got
by regular requisition at same time letters
appeared. Best equipment we have is in
Vietnam. Even take modern equipment
from forces at home and give to Vietnamese.
Question (Ransom K. Davis). News re-
ports that Vietnamese don't want U.S. forces?
Answer. If so, we haven't noticed. Morale
of civilians has gone up as that of Viet-
namese Air Force. United States/Vietnamese
relationship cordial and close.
Question (Bill Boldenwed). Types of Chi-
nese weapons being introduced into South
Vietnam?
Answer. Mostly automatic weapons copied
from Soviet types but made in Chinese Com-
munist arsenals. Automatic machineguns,
rifles, bazookas, etc. Very well made.
Question (C. F. Runyan). With forces ac-
tive in two hemispheres, is strategic capabil-
ity to respond dangerously reduced?
Answer. Don't think so?if we thought so,
we'd speak out. Army has eight divisions in
United States, Marine Corps one; Tactical Air
Force has sizable force and SAC hasn't been
touched. Navy also has sizable forces un-
committed.
Question (Arthur L. Brice). Mobilization
of Reserve or National Guard in near future?
Answer. Hope not. Do not think so. Right
now, no. Who can tell future?
Question (Craig Bull). Us of Formosan
(Nationalist Chinese) troops?
Answer. Not used for two reasons: (1)
Probably widen conflict, drawing in Chinese
Communists; and (2) they contribute to
cause indirectly.
Question (Gaynor Langsdorf ). 'Action in
North Vietnam slowing down flow of men
and supplies to Vietcong?
Answer. Yes. We've put a few obstacles
in their way?bridges aren't where they used
to be; ammunition reduced in inventory.
There's been a definite lull in Vietcong ac-
tivity.
The Peabody Conservatory of Music in
Baltimore
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. SAMUEL N. FRIEDEL
OF MARYLAND
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 19, 1965
Mr. FRIEDEL. Mr. Speaker, the Pea-
body Conservatory in Baltimore, Md., is
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A2496 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- APPENDIX May 19, '1965
the first endowed institution of its kind
in the United States and stands among
the 10 leading schools of music in the
country. It is represented in every Amer-
ican symphony orchestra, in opera com-
panies and on concert stage, in music de-
partments of colleges and schools.
Thousands of men and women have
carried its marks as performers and
teachers.
The Peabody Conservatory is now the
only one of 11 independent schools of
music in the country to offer a graduate
program leading to the degree of doctor
of musical arts, D.M.A., which is com-
parable to the same level implied by the
Ph. D. Of course, this world famous in-
stitution has for a long time also awarded
to its students the bachelor and master
degrees.
Peabody has added much to the cul-
tural atmosphere and intellectually
stimulating climate of the city of Balti-
more. This city, the largest south of the
Mason-Dixon line, and the sixth big-
gest in the Nation, is also the home of
other great colleges and universities, such
as Johns Hopkins, Goucher, the profes-
sional schools of the University of Mary-
land, and the University of Baltimore.
The Baltimore Sun, on April 11, 1965,
published a very interesting article writ-
ten by Helen Henry, entitled "Peabody
Hitting Crescendo Note." In order that
my colleagues in the Congress and the
general public may know more about the
Peabody Conservatory, under unanimous
consent I place it in the RECORD.
The article is as follows:
PEABODY HITTING CRESCENDO NOTE
(By Helen Henry)
In Mount Vernon place the sound of spring
is a cascade of scales and arpeggios bursting
out of the conservatory's open windows,
pouring a pleasant dissonance down on the
square, a sound denizens of the park have
been taking with the sun and their idle
thoughts for almost a century of warm
seasons.
It is the sound of young people developing
their musical talents in the studios and prac-
tice rooms of George Peabody's gift to Bal-
timore '4' * the unending exercises of am-
bitious pianists, singers, organists, of string,
brass, and wind players, striving to perfect
their techniques.
From everywhere in America and many
foreign lands, four generations of them have
been coming here since the conservatory
opened its doors in 1867 to study under mas-
ters of the art, to learn its theory and struc-
ture, its literature and history?the creative
complex of knowledge and skills that charac-
terize musicianship.
These students enlivening the old square,
and the conservatory that continues to nour-
ish their talents, are part of the perennial
charm in the cultural heart of this indus-
trial city. The civic-minded advertise its
old world atmosphere with pride; the music
loving, with gratitude.
But masses of Baltimoreans?beyond a
vaguely agreeable sense that Mr. Peabody's
gift has been a good thing for the city?are
unaware of what the conservatory really is.
AMONG TOP 10 IN COUNTRY
The Peabody Conservatory, first endowed
institution of its kind in the United States,
stands among the 10 leading schools of music
in the country. Thousands of men and wom-
en have carried its stamp of excellence as
performers and teachers to every corner in
the land: the conservatory is represented in
every American symphony orchestra, in op-
era companies, and on the concert stage, in
music departments of many colleges and
schools.
Still more thousands in Baltimore and Its
environs have received their youthful music
instruction, as part of their general educa-
tion, in its preparatory school.
One of its distinguished graduates, Howard
Mitchell, musical director of the National
Symphony Orchestra, said in a recent address
tO Baltimore alumni, "The influence exerted
In the world of music by former and present
students trained by the excellent faculty of
the Peabody is incalculable * * * far more
people outside of Baltimore than within the
city know its eminence."
Stressing the value of a conservatory in
developing the "complete musician," he
added. "Nowhere can the wellspring of mu-
sical talent be as effectively nourished and
supplied as It can in a truly great conserva.
tory of music such as the Peabody."
It is for the musician, particularly the pro-
fessional musician, that a conservatory
exists?an institution of European origin
that has developed and advanced the art
of music since the 16th century. Accord-
ing to music historians, the conserva,tori, in
which the great schools of Italian music
were formed, were so called because "they
were intended to preserve (conservare) the
science of music from corruption." It is
precisely in that tradition of guarding the
highest standards of teaching against any
cheapening of the art that the Peabody has
functioned.
SYSTEM OF TRAINING CHANGED
Its system of training, however, has de-
parted from the European type, just as the
center of the music, world has shifted from
Europe to America in this century.
"The old European conservatory was a sort
of segmentalized institution?it never had
any connection with a college or university,"
said Dr. Charles S. Kent, Peabody's director,
whose musical education has been wholly
American. He is the seventh director in the
conservatory's history.
"We are still getting people from them,
bringing us things like a certificate in piano
or organ * * * but in the United States it is
necessary that any institution- enter into the
American educational plan and offer not only
special training in any one instrument, com-
posing, conducting, etc., but add as well the
complete college curriculum and offer
degrees."
So has this been Peabody's trend since
1928, when the State department of educa-
tion gave it authority to offer a bachelor's
degree. Since then a master's degree has
been added. And, more recently, a doctor's
degree.
"One of the reasons for my coming to the
conservatory was to inaugurate a doctoral
curriculum," said Dr. Kent, now in his second
year as director. He is successor to Dr.
Peter Mennin, with whom he served as dean
before Mennin left the Peabody to become
head of Juilliard School of Music in New
York.
"A Ph. D. degree from a graduate school,"
Dr. Kent explained, "always implies a degree
in research; there never has been a com-
parable degree in music until a few univer-
sities, not long ago, started to offer degrees
which they called either doctor of music or
doctor of musical arts, to recognize a level of
achievement in performance or other musical
areas such as composition and conducting,
comparable to the same level implied by the
Ph. D."
Peabody Conservatory is now the only 1
of 11 independent schools of music in the
United States to offer the doctoral program
(DMA.).
ACCREDITED WITH COLLEGES
It is not generally realized in Baltimore,
Dr. Kent pointed out, that the conservatory
is accredited at the same level by the same
agency that accredits Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity, Goucher, Notre Dame and Loyola Col-
leges--the Middle States Association of
Schools and Colleges?as well as by the Na-
tional Association of Schools of Music, and
that, because of its accreditation, it has a
well-rounded academic program. Its aca-
demic curriculum includes English com-
position and literature, modern languages,
music literature and history, psychology,
social science and pedagogy.
The conservatory has an academic affilia-
tion with Goucher, the Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity, Loyola and Towson State College,
whereby their students may receive credits
toward bachelor degrees in arts or science
for music courses taken at Peabody.
Three years ago a committee of the Pea-
body trustees made a study of the whole
field of education of musicians at the profes-
sional level. They first inquired whether in
the light of the development of departments
of music at such institutions as Harvard,
Yale, Boston University, Southern California
and Indiana, there was a continuing need for
independent schools of music. Leading musi-
cians from all parts of the country were
consulted.
"There was remarkable unanimity," said
William L. Marbury, president of the board
of trustees, "in the view that the professional
schools were performing a unique and neces-
sary function. While the universities were
training the musical historians, lexicogra-
phers, the critics and the academic musi-
cians, it was generally agreed that with rare
exceptions the composers, performers, and
teachers of music as a performing art would
have to be trained in independent conserva-
tories. Moreover, it was the opinion of all
consulted that only in an independent con-
servatory could the student find the necessary
flexibility of curriculum combined with the
professional atmosphere essential to the de-
velopment of creative musicians.
"The changes which are planned in the
Juilliard School after it moves to Lincoln
Center and the gradual integration of schools
such as Eastman and Oberlin into the uni-
versities of which they are a part," Mr. Mar-
bury continued, "will leave the Peabody as
one of a few places in the United States where
students who seek to combine a mastery of
music as creative artists can find the kind of
instruction which they require."
EXCELLENT CONDUCTING DEPARTMENT
This was recognized by the Ford Founda-
tion, Dr. Kent pointed out, when they singled
out eight independent schools to receive
scholarship grants. He referred to the foal-
dation's gift of $400,000 to the Peabody's 3-
year (1961-64) American Conductors Project
to train and promote American orchestra
conductors?the first under taking of its kind
"As a result of that project," he said, "the
Peabody now has an excellent conducting
department, at both undergraduate talc
graduate levels. We are careful not to en-
courage anyone in this direction unless he
has talent. Eight students are in this de-
partment at present. Incidentally, we founr
that at least one of our girls is showing ex-
ceptional conducting talent."
Another development at the conservatory
is in the area of opera. "This year for the
first time we have a real opera department,
in which students are performing leading
roles," said Dr. Kent. "We imparted the
artists who originated roles in two operas--
Menotti's 'The Medium' and the recently
performed 'Masque of Angels' by Dominick
Argent?, a Peabody graduate?to stimulate
the student singers to rise to the professional
level."
A new note in the curriculum is a course
in electronic music, an introduction to con-
temporary techniques and developments in
electronic tone production. A young Balti-
more audio engineer, Burgess MacNeal, con.
ducts it.
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