DESIGN CONCEPT STUDY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B05171A000300010010-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 74
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 30, 2003
• Sequence Number: 10
• Publication Date: April 21, 1970
• Content Type: FORM

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DESIGN CONCEPT STUDY
COLOR CONTROL CELL
SUBMITTED:
21 APRIL 1970
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The data set forth herein are submitted in response to an
RFP, and shall not be disclosed outside the Government or be
duplicated, used or disclosed in whole or in part for any pur-
pose other than to evaluate the proposal; provided, that if a
contract is awarded to this offeror as a result of or in connec-
tion with the submission of such data, the Government shall
have the right to duplicate, use or disclose these data to the
extent provided in the contract. This restriction does not
limit the Government's right to use information contained in
such data if it is obtained from another source.
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TECHNICAL PROPOSAL 6930-19
DESIGN CONCEPT STUDY
COLOR CONTROL CELL
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21 April 1970
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Section Title Page
I TASK ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
III TECHNICAL DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
A. Photo Interpretation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 4
1. Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2. Instrumentation Consideration . . . . . . . . . . 16
B. Photo-Scientific Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1. Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2. Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
C. Color Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1. Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2. Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
IV WORK STATEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
V DELIVERABLE ITEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
VI PROGRAM SCHEDULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
VII TIME BAR CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
VIII FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
IX KEY PERSONNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
X BACKGROUND AND RELATED EXPERIENCE . . . . . . . . . 42
A. General Experience and Historical Background . . . . . 42
B. Experience Specific to This Proposal . . . . . . . . . 44
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The purpose of this program is to establish a design concept for a Color Control
Cell (CCC) which would provide the proper environment to conduct photo interpretation
and photo scientific experiments on high-resolution, high-altitude color reconnaissance
photography. The effort will consist of specific investigations to define requirements,
specify equipment performance, and refine applicable standards and techniques. Dur-
ing the course of the study, existing equipment and techniques will be examined for
both interpretation and scientific application to determine if modifications are required.
The result of the study will be a report detailing the results of the program and defining,
in general terms, the physical and functional characteristics of the CCC.
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All cost information is included in the cost proposal - a separate document accom-
panying this technical proposal.
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To satisfy the ultimate goal of reconnaissance data acquisition about known targets
and the discovery of new targets and situations, total systems and subsystems are con-
ceived, designed, fabricated, evaluated, and put into operational use. Although simply
stated, the total process is extremely complex and requires a continuing R&D effort to
establish, maintain, and upgrade capabilities. The level of accuracy with which the
reconnaissance community can acquire essential data with black-and-white systems has
substantially increased in recent years. The potential of increased accuracy by adding
the spectral dimension to the system has been considered for some time but has been
restricted primarily by the resolution of color materials. As a result of significant
improvement in the imaging characteristics of color film in recent months, increasing
amounts of color are being flown and evaluated. Although much of the equipment and
techniques used for black-and-white systems is applicable, problems exist in the analy-
sis and interpretation areas that require consideration. The environment and instrumen-
tation requirements for analysis take on increased importance. It is to satisfy these
requirements that the concept of a Color Control Cell (CCC) was conceived. This estab-
lishment of a CCC represents a significant and intelligent approach to the image inter-
pretation and assessment problems that have plagued black-and-white systems for so
long and are likely to multiply and become of even greater significance in color.
I The purpose of the proposed study is to establish a Design Concept for a Color
Control Cell which would provide the proper environment for the conduct of photo inter-
pretation and photo science experiments on high-resolution, high-altitude color recon-
naissance photography. The program will result in a d finiti in general terms, of
the physical and functional characteristics of the Cell.
proposes to accomplish the stated objectives by: (1) AA&LVzj.ng
and defining the requirements, (2) specifying the instrumentation performance to satisfy
these requirements, and (3) integrating the functional requirements and techniques into
a design concept. Phases 1 and 2 above will be accomplished on each of three major
investigations:
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Photo Interpretation Considerations
Photo Science Considerations
Color Definition (Standards & Techniques)
I During the integration phase, the overall design concept for the CCC will be
established. It is at this point that consideration will be given to the separate require-
ments of both the photo interpretation and photo science efforts to determine if both
functions can be performed concurrently (or alternately) in a single Cell.
The technical discussion in the following section outlines the approach and des-
cribes in detail the consideration that must be made in the formulation of a concept
design. The work statement (Section IV) describes in concise terms the purpose and
scope of the program and outlines, by phase, the approach to be taken to accomplish
the objective.
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A. PHOTO INTERPRETATION CONSIDERATIONS
0 Any reconnaissance problem may be divided into five processes between which
four interfaces exist27, namely:
(1) between the real world and the film - includes sensor and platform;
(2) between the film and release imagery - the duplication and dissemination
interface;
(3) between the release imagery and PI's senses - the PI environment and equip-
ment;
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(4) between man's senses and his perceptual and intellectual process - PI train-
ing, intelligence, motivation, personal attitudes, etc.
F]Definite applied research and development efforts exist that deal with the first two
interfaces, that is, in sensor and platform development and in the duplication process.
Much research effort has also been placed in PI studies,as can be seen by examining
the references at the end of this technical discussion. These references constitute a
partial listing of the bibliography on PI-related tasks and topics compiled by
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It is discouraging, however, to note that much of this research is of
little value to those involved in the design and production of photo interpretation equip-
ment and procedures. There are several reasons for this:
The task presented to the interpreter in an experimental situation frequently
does not match that in which the PI is involved in a true strategic or a tactical
situation. Also a factor is the confusion between strategic and tactical photo
interpretation.
... There is often no effort made to match the final results of the program to the
problems at hand; for example, the final report of the experimental activities
lists the results of the program as a statistical ANOVA table with no interpre
tation or correlation of the results with the PI problem at hand. Because of
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the ensuing confusion, the work is ignored by those involved in defining and
developing new equipment for PI task or work areas where interpretation func-
tions are performed.
There exists a widespread tendency to forget that PI activities are not completely
describable as a group task. An individual PI may operate within the realm of
his own personal preference, background, and training. This implies that appli-
cation or extrapolation of experimental response by groups to the performance
of an individual PI may not be valid.
... The image assessment measures that are used to design and evaluate intelli-
gence gathering systems often do not correlate with the criteria by which PI's
evaluate or perform with specific mission materials19. Hence, the experi-
mental variables do not account for the variability in the data taken in PI experi-
ments; part of this may be due to the individuality of the responses.
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. The environment in which PI studies are performed is quite often controlled,
but only to a limited degree. Absolute control or description of the PI environ-
ment may help to reduce the variability of PI data taken under experimental
conditions. In other words, there exists, outside of the equipment and material
with which the PI is working, an environment which may have a large influence
on individual response to given tasks.
^ Concerning the environmental factors, it has long been a requirement for excellent
control and dictation of the surrounding conditions in which PI tasks are performed.
These factors do influence the motivation of working PI's, which in turn operates upon
his capability to supply information to three remaining interfaces that follow from those
listed previously and that effectively close the loop:
(5) between the interpreter's perceptual processes and his ability or willingness
to transmit the perceived information to a decision maker;
(6) between a decision and the decision maker's individual response;
(7) between the response and the impact it has upon the real world.
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To properly evaluate and design color PI support equipment and procedures
or to evaluate the mission material, it is essential to be able to control the PI environ-
ment. One of the functions of the CCC is to provide this control, and its design should
be such that the broadest range of environmental variables may be controlled. Environ-
mental control does not terminate with consideration of illumination conditions only.
Important as the background and viewing luminance and spectral properties are in the
PI process, other factors need to be considered in terms of relevance to the PI task.
Some of these relate directly to the creature comforts of the individual, i. e. , is the
room too hot or too cold; is the environment clean or dirty; are there noise distractions
such as telephones, paging systems, music, conversations? What influence does work
area space have on an individual; should all PI's be grouped together under similar con-
ditions, or should individuals be allowed to modify the environment on an individual
basis by adjusting their own illumination and surrounding conditions to optimize their
own responses? The presence or absence of distractions of various types from coffee
pots to miniskirts are truly considerations, in all seriousness, to the vigilance, con-
centration, and attitude of individuals with respect to their PI tasks at hand. These
variables are also of importance to teamwork tasks, and a properly designed CCC may
be used by the community to evaluate the effectiveness of individuals and the make-up
of PI teams.
In light of possible future uses, consideration may be given to special environments
for which current facilities do not constitute reasonable simulations, for example, in
manned orbiting surveillance where PI or basic rapid-scan tasks may be performed in
flight at high altitudes or in special environments. It is not expected that the CCC, as
described by the RFP, will simulate the atmospheric pressure and gas mixture found
in an aircraft or spacecraft. However, configurational studies for airborne and space-
borne facilities and requirements may be objectives that will arise in the future. To
this end, it is a requirement that the facility be designed to be as flexible as possible,
with control over the environmental factors that may occur in human factors and PI
color response studies.
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The following example illustrates the types of problems that have occurred in the
past in attempting to use PI or visual response data and apply it to dictating operational
procedures for duplicating mission originals. This work, performed by
illustrates how the lack of definite environmental control - such as would be provided
by a properly designed and equipped CCC - can limit the usefulness of the human fac-
tors research performed on PI tasks.
L_~uring World War II, the Tiffany Foundation was commissioned to study the rela-
tionship between visual threshold contrast Tc and the angle T subtended by an object
at an observer's eye9. The measure of threshold contrast was classically defined as:
Tc = AB/B
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where B is a constant adaptation background luminance and AB is the luminance differ-
ence between a circular target, subtending the angle \If at the observer's eye, and the
background adaptation luminance B.
^ As is always the case, there is a detection probability that comes into play, with
the threshold state being defined as a probability of detection of 50% (P(x) = 0. 50).
Upon plotting the results of these fixed stimulus presentations, it was found that this
detection probability will follow a normal ogival curve (normal distribution function)
as a function of the input variable (in this case either AB, or B). Examining the basic
data, as presented in Figure 1, for a threshold condition, it was found that the values
of T0 for any given adaptation luminance or visual angle could be modified for (1) differ-
ing environmental conditions and (2) differing detection probabilities by multiplying Tc
by constants that are dependent upon the environmental and detection probability changes
desired. Thus, to change the visual threshold contrast to other conditions, this multi-
plication took the form:
T =CP T
cm c c
where Tc is previously defined for the threshold state
T cm is the modified T c value
C is an environmental change factor
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LOG THRESHOLD CONTRAST, LOG (AB/B)
Figure 1. Tiffany Data for Various Adaptation Luminances9
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P c is a factor changing the detection probability away from the
threshold (50% detection state).
The constant P c was determined from a simple plot of detection probabilities on
probability paper, the straight line resulting because the data follow the normal ogive
(Figure 2). By stating the probability of detection P(x), the constant was defined by
the linear relationship:
P c = 0. 39 P(x) + 1. 00
The factor C was determined for various controlled environmental states, a few of
which are listed in Table I along with training and task-oriented conversion factors43
Ierformed some theoretical work using these data, converting
the threshold data to effective density differences and selecting those constants that
would perform a conversion to approximate the PI task for differing target detection
probabilities. The density conversion took the form
AD critical - log 10 I 1 - C I P T - log10 1 - T
c Cl 1 cm
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The various Pc values were calculated from the equation presented above. The C value
was determined by multiplying the conversion constants together (a permissible pro-
cedure empirically verified) to form an environmental state that would approximate the
PI situation. The conditions were as follows:
(1) outside ? 40 foveal, known size, time, duration
(-+++, Table I) C1 = 1. 31
(2) conversion from forced choice to ordinary vision, C2 = 1.20
The combined constants were then C = C1 x C2 = 1. 572.
These computations were completed and the data presented25; however, no verifi-
cation of the procedure was ever performed because the environmental control needed
to establish the conditions for the determination of C was not available.
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The emergence of high-resolution color material as an intelligence sensor now
requires that a sound basis be established for the development of PI techniques and
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.50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .98
PROBABILITY OF DETECTION, P(v)
Figure 2. Probability of Detection Weighting Factors for Taylor Data43
Presented for P (x) = 0. 50
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T =
AB
threshold contrast =
P(x) = probability of seeing
? 4? of
foveal
knowledge of condition
no knowledge of condition
Conversion
Factor
(Multiply
P T by)
1.00
1.40
1.50
1.45
1.60
1.31
Continued vigilance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.19
Conversion from forced choice to ordinary vision (seeing) . . 1.20
Untrained observer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.00
Other factors:
1. Oxygen deprivation
2. Dietary
3. Toxic atmospheric conditions
4. Glare
5. Anxiety
6. Sensory deprivation
7. Abnormal thermal conditions
Table I. Threshold Contrast Environmental Conversion Factors 43
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equipment. This is critical if we are to extract essential information from the color
material and are to present information of value in understandable terminology to those
making policy decisions.
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the design and instrumentation of a CCC.
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he objective of this portion of the study is to determine which criteria are of
importance to the conduct of photo interpreter studies, the range over which they are
of importance, and the methods of control of these factors. Another result of the study
will be an overall environmental facility design and cost estimate for one or more opera-
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will survey the possible uses of the CCC to determine
what environmental variables are of significance and to modify the list of considered
A. Downwelling and/or Side Overall Adaptation Luminance
*1. Variable intensity on a spatial basis
2. Variable spectral property
3. Variable diffusitivity and specularity
4. Lack of flicker
*Note: Intensity changes should be made without spectral
changes occurring.
B. Surround Luminance Side or Upwelling
1. Variable reflection - spectral hue, saturation,
brightness
a. walls
b. ceilings
c. floors
d. working surfaces
*C. Working Light Sources and Tables - See Equipment
*Note: Consideration for rear and front screen projec-
tion apparatus is essential.
D. Monitoring Devices
1. Specularity
2. Spectral Properties
3. Intensity
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II. Spatial Arrangement
A. Capability for Modification of Wall Arrangement
1. Spectral reflectivity changes
2. Wall patterning changes (example: Alternating
wall colors that integrate to white)
3. Cubicle construction capabilities
4. Capability to convert to large working area,
i. e. , open floor arrangement for group studies,
team studies, etc.
B. Special Experiment Construction
1. Room entryway allowing the moving of large
experimental apparatus
2. Complete environment simulation, on spatial
basis, of aircraft, spacecraft, or other facil-
ities likely to be used for strategic tasks in
future missions
3. Capabilities for experimenter and subject
isolation, yet allowing experimenter to main-
tain observation of subject
III. Atmospheric Control
A. Control of Airflow Volume and Mixture and Addition
of Special Contaminants or Gases
1. C02 level
2. 03 level
3. 02 level
4. Food odors
5. Various likely human and industrial odors and
pollutants
6. Dust and particulate contamination control
B. Control of Temperature of Airflow
C. Control of Humidity of Airflow
IV. Distraction Control
A. Noise - control of level and type
1. Telephone-access controlled from outside
2. Control of background noise level
a. Normal working sounds of building such as
conversations, laughing, etc.
b. Street noises
c. Total silence
d. Music
e. Paging systems
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B. Control of Visual or Task Distractions
1. Intrusion of others on task performance or
vigilance
2. Peripheral visual distractions
3. Illumination flicker
Note: In individual task experiments, the capability
for subject control of some of these variables
is a consideration to investigate effects or
variance of individual preference.
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^ It is quite possible that not all of these possible factors of visual psychophysical
experiments need be considered for inclusion in the CCC. It is necessary to realize
that in the design of an "environment" or the establishment of a "neutral environment"
there are more factors that may affect PI performance than just the equipment and
light source design. The conditions of an individual's thermal, auditory, and atmos-
pheric environment and his satisfaction with his surroundings and work area probably
bear a significant relationship to his performance as a PI in strategic situations. Of
course, this includes the individual's interaction with his co-workers and the inherent
political situation and outlook of the facility. All of these factors, therefore, have the
capability of influencing perception and intellectual processes, the basis for which the
PI exists, viz. , to communicate the information presented visually to him in a manner
that interfaces with the inputs of the personnel making the decision or further refining
and summarizing the information.
A main feature of the CCC environment will be illumination control on an overall
and also on a spatially selective basis.
will determine how this may 25X1
be accomplished, such that the illumination intensity and spectral properties may be
varied independently, and how both the spectral distribution and intensity properties of
the overall adaptation illumination may be monitored. This task will also include the
consideration of variable specularity of the sources so that the effects of glare on task
performance may be tested. Lighting direction, overhead and side or wall illumination,
and possible light sources will be considered. Also of importance in performance of the
PI task is the absence of illumination flicker. Flicker-free main illumination sources
must be considered essential in design specifications. Special flicker experiments may
be designed, using illumination sources other than the main room illumination capability,
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and recommendations made as to how such illumination may be provided. However,
main illumination of the area will be designed to be flicker-free.
^ Control of surround luminance will be considered b~ in terms of
the spectral properties of reflecting surfaces within the environment and the means by
which these secondary sources may be altered spectrally, as well as in total visible
reflectance, in the directionality of reflectance, and in the saturation of the surround.
The reflecting environment considered by
ill be ceilings, walls,
floors, and working surfaces on which equipment is placed. Equipment consideration
will be listed later in the Proposed Program.
ill provide information concerning the type, quantity, and use
procedures of various illumination monitoring devices for the spectral properties of
the environment as well as for intensity measurements and determination of the direc-
tional properties of illumination.
I The degree of spatial versatility a CCC should possess will be determined. This
will be accomplished through interviews with possible investigators or experimenters
the customer knows will occupy or direct the use of the CCC. The types of experiments
likely to be performed will influence this design greatly. Consideration will be given
to spatial modification of the environment (to the extent that wall or divider complexes
may be assembled), the means for controlling illumination under partitioned conditions,
as well as the spectral and specular properties of the dividers. The size of individual
experimental modules or of possible general work or team work areas will be deter-
mined.
u Capabilities for moving experimental apparatus of various dimensions are of impor-
tance in designing the work flow and entry ways and also constitute design criteria.
F-I Determination of the necessity for simulation of future strategic photo interpreter
environments and the equipment to be used in such configurations as represented by
aircraft or spacecraft intelligence systems, excluding special high-altitude chamber
environments, represents a required task in the design of the CCC.
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Special human factor experiments in which the experimenter wishes to observe a
subject or to control the experimental environment without direct contact with the sub-
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ject are possibilities of consideration for CCC design and will be investigated by
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e environment entails more than the visual or spatial arrangement.
Requirements of airflow, as it may influence a PI's respiratory environment (including
control of temperature, humidity and the airflow mixture), will be investigated. Modi-
fication of the air mixture, as is possible under various operational conditions, includ-
ing CO2 level, 02 level, 03 level (a factor with electrostatic viewing devices), addition
of various industrial odors and pollutants of both human and industrial nature, will be
considered. Dust and particulate contamination is also of importance in the evaluation
of clean work stations or of various equipment configurations.
^ The isolation of a CCC from the normal building environment will be considered
by in the design of the CCC. Auditory distractions, such as telephone
and paging systems, and general background noise of conversation, street noises,
music, copying or office machines and even the effects of total silence may all be fac-
tors in special facility design experiments that may be performed within the confines
of the CCC.
=Also to be considered is the control of visual and/or other task distractions, includ-
ing isolation of subjects from others when performing concentration or vigilance tasks
or protection of the subject from other general peripheral distractions.
2. INSTRUMENTATION CONSIDERATION
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The choice of presently existing viewing equipment should be consistent with
the care in design, from a human factor standpoint, of the environmental integrity of
the CCC. It is realized that the CCC will be utilized to evaluate presently existing
equipment in terms of their applicability to intelligence information recorded on color
emulsions as well as to develop design criteria for future equipment. There are human
visual anomalies, viewer and optical defects, colorimetric considerations, and sensor
(emulsion) properties for which an accounting must be made before existing equipment
and instrumentation may be deemed satisfactory for PI use on color missions.
It may be necessary, in order to glean the maximum amount of information from
color materials, that the PI workflow be modified. A facility, in making use of the
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spectral information provided by color materials, may have to add extra stages in the
interpretation sequence. The color image of a given target may be easier to detect.
It has yet to be shown conclusively that the color image adds anything to identification
and strategic interpretation by a trained interpreter.
L__Jrhere are presently many diverse opinions concerning the true utility of color mate-
rial in strategic and even tactical missions. It is important to realize that the state-
ments made concerning the true utility are opinions which have not been demonstrated
in any rigorous manner either operationally or in a laboratory. It is therefore impor-
tant to note the significance of the proper design of the proposed CCC; for it is under
the controlled environment of this area, with the proper instrumentation, that the utility
of color missions relative to black-and-white missions may be properly evaluated. It
must also be realized that once color missions become a fact of life and the state of the
duplication science of the color mission originals is brought to a par with the resolution
capabilities of black-and-white materials, it is unlikely that any switch back to black-
and-white missions will be performed. This may tend to be true even though it may be
found that the PI information output for color is the same as with black-and-white. This
retention of color capabilities may result mainly because the color briefing presentation
aids in presenting data to the untrained individuals being briefed. In summary, once
color becomes fully operational, it is likely to stay operational because of the monetary
outlay to implement it and its ability to differentiate the spectral properties of the
ground object. It will be necessary to design new PI equipment and modify existing
equipment such that the PI is not hampered by visual and optical problems in his utiliza-
tion of the color material. The controlled environment of the CCC represents the loca-
tion at which these design studies should be implemented.
reviewing the problems that occur with detailed inspection of color materials,
there are basically four areas of concern: (1) Spatial and spectral errors introduced
by the camera and sensor (the film), (2) spectral confusion resulting from improper
viewing conditions and light sources, (3) detail inspection problems introduced by chro-
matically uncorrected optics or insufficiently corrected optics, and (4) errors due to
lateral chromatic aberrations of the human visual system. It should be within the capa-
bility of the CCC to perform experiments whereby the significance of the above problem
im areas may be investigated. 17
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"From a photogrammetric and a mensuration standpoint, failure of what is termed
the collinearity condition may lead to errors in dimensioning target detail from color
material. The collinearity condition states that the object point (on the ground), the
perspective center (nodal point of the lens), and the corresponding image point must
all be on the same line. Figure 3 shows how this condition may not be met by color
materials and how the dimension of non-axial objects or extended axial objects may be
distorted on a chromatic basis. No published information exists on the seriousness of
the problem, although recently published data48 indicate that the photogrammetric resid-
uals from a controlled grid are no greater or smaller with color materials than when
black-and-white materials are used.
In terms of spectral confusion arising when PI tasks are carried out on color mate-
rials, this is primarily the result of improper spectral illumination properties. One
problem, termed metamerism, occurs when two given colors match under one illumina-
tion condition but not under another. Generally, to produce this effect the spectral prop-
erties of the transparency or print illumination are discontinuous in nature for one or
both sources. Modification of existing light tables to provide light sources that will
allow color-matching experiments to be performed is a definite requirement for CCC
equipment. Light source standardization for all color material inspection tasks through-
out the intelligence community, for original processing, duplication, and inspection and
interpretation is an absolute necessity for consistent results to be obtained on a colori-
metric basis. The luminance range variability of such equipment is of some consequence
since limitations may have to be provided for inspection stations at duplication facilities
to provide consistency in overall duplicate density. The luminance range of light sources
for. PI equipment, whether rear projection viewers or tables, should have greater vari-
ability to aid in interpretation in imagery areas approaching the visual subjective black
point.
With regard to the optical equipment likely to be used in PI tasks, severe problems
may arise with presently existing microstereocomparator equipment and any other optical
arrangements designed to work with black-and-white photography. Obviously, a com-
parator system using a green filter in the optical path now represents an unsatisfactory
approach to limiting the effects of lateral and axial chromatic aberrations of the objective/
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High resolution
tripack
Comments
1. Normal mensuration task would
not be performed through the base
of the film.
2. Collinearity failure should not be
a problem for thin tripack coatings;
however, this should be tested
empirically.
Object space
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xb I - Recorded image dimensions
E- Base
E- Blue sensitive layer
F Red sensitive layer
~- Green sensitive layer
Gelatin refractive index n' 1& 1.5
Image space refractive index n ;:z~ 1
Nodal point of lens
x Ground object dimension
'igure 3. Example of Failure of the Collinearity Assumption for Color Materials
(Errors are exaggerated for illustration purposes)
.low 19
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eyepiece system. Switching to planapochromat objectives or achromat objectives with
compensating eyepieces may be a solution. The compensating eyepiece, while correct-
ing for the lateral chromatic aberration of the achromat objective, must also exert a
definite amount of correction for coma, spherical aberration, and axial color; its cur-
vature of field and astigmatism must also compensate for the objective as much as
possible. Limits on optical magnification of color images must also take into considera-
tion the chromatic properties of the magnifying optics, the emulsion thickness, layer
orientation, grain noise properties of the emulsion, and the depth of focus and spherical
aberration properties of the objectives used. The consideration of modifications to be
made on present PI optical equipment, the evaluation of these modifications, and the
evaluation of new designs of future equipment can be performed most validly under a
controlled environment such as would exist in the CCC. Initial instrumentation recom-
mendations should be a part of the design study for the controlled environment.
~n performing detailed work on color materials, the optical considerations do not
stop with the viewing equipment. Research performed on human visual responses,
specifically visual acuity, within different regions of the spectrum indicates that the
eye suffers from considerable, but correctable, lateral chromatic aberration15 (to
demonstrate this effect, try reading this page under blue illumination). Some work on
correcting optics has been performed4, and an optical design for the lateral chromatic
aberration of the human visual system is shown in Figure 4. This visual anomaly has
given rise to the following observation made by many PI's as well as untrained observers
when viewing the IR camouflage detection film, type 8443. The saturated red imagery,
produced on this film in response to the IR reflectance of healthy chlorophyll-containing
plants, gives rise to the visual response that the red image is floating above the film
plane or that a semi-stereo effect is being invoked under monocular conditions. This
false stereo effect, termed chromatic stereoscopy, is induced by the chromatic magni-
fication differentials of the human eye and by the fact that, in many cases, foveal vision
does not occur on the optical axis of the human visual system. Red images, entering
the lens system of the human eye, are magnified more than the green or blue images;
consequently they appear larger, when chromatically separated by the eye, than do the
green and blue images. The perceptual process interprets the greater red image size
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Figure 4. Visual Chromatic Aberration Correction Optics4
ii pp 21
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to mean that the red image is closer to the observer than the blue and green images.
The significance of this effect on mensuration tasks performed on color images has not
been investigated. As far as is known, no effort is being made to test PI's for their
chromatic aberration effects. The extent to which this type of visual anomaly affects
individuals depends on the refractive properties of the individual visual system and the
degree of convergence or parallelism of the visual optical axis of the individual. Because
of these individual effects, it is difficult and perhaps impossible to dictate a proper
standard chromatic correction for all individuals. If the chromatic stereo effect is an
important consideration in color mensuration problems, then methods of optical correc-
tion, either on the equipment or on the individual, will have to be employed.
II
The addition of corrections on the individual may place a restriction on the back
focal length of the eyepiece; it must, in any case, be sufficiently large with respect to
the equivalent focal length, which determines the magnification. Such eyepieces are
designated as "high-eyepoint" devices and are useful where optical correction is pro-
vided on an individual basis. From a PI standpoint, visual chromatic aberration cor-
rection on future equipment should probably be constructed into the optics and, if pos-
sible, be alterable by the user to correct for his personal visual accommodations. The
degree to which the evaluation and establishment of optical specifications for precision
PI optical equipment can be established is dependent upon the design of controlled visual
psychophysical experiments to yield the visual information required for realistic tasks
and environments. The environment of the CCC and its importance in the evaluation
of current equipment and the design and evaluation of future equipment can be appre-
ciated in this context.
To summarize, there exist four areas of consideration toward which equipment
selection and modification must be oriented: (1) Correcting or working with errors
occurring within the sensor (emulsion tripack) and the physical properties of the film,
(2) illumination considerations and its effect upon the human visual response (for exam-
ple, chromatic stereoscopy effects are increased under low illumination conditions
because of pupillary dilation), (3) the optical requirements for exacting PI tasks, and
(4) working with (or correcting as much as possible) group and individual visual defects
and anomalies.
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^ In the equipment selection and modification recommendations phase of the CCC
study program, proposes to study the relationships and consequences
of the following physical and psychophysical system design points and to recommend
equipment for inclusion in the CCC that can be used to study these areas:
1. Failure of the collinearity assumptions, made for black-and-white materials,
when applied to color tripacks; and what mensuration errors occur purely as a function
of going from a black-and-white sensor to a multilayer package.
2. Illumination system modification recommendations, if necessary, for existing
equipment with the goal of providing, throughout the community, illumination spectral
and brightness standards that are applicable to original material inspection, duplica-
tion inspection, and all PI tasks. In considering light sources and their intensity
ill evaluate the possible sources for metameric errors in color match-
ing and will keep in mind the standardization of intensity adjustments for overall scan-
ning tasks. Methods of adjusting the illumination intensity for selected PI tasks will
be evaluated, specifically in terms of maintaining a constant spectral distribution
throughout the range of intensity adjustment. These illumination considerations will
include viewing tables, rear projection equipment, and additive rear and forward pro-
jection viewers.
3. Optical designs for mensuration and microstereocomparator equipment and
whatever optical elements intercede between the emulsion, light source, and the PI.
Consideration will be given to the optical depth-of-focus problem, in terms of the phys-
ical construction of the multipack emulsion and the effects of the optical system on the
collinearity situation. Design modifications of present equipment, in association with
the visual system and its behavior, are definite considerations for the inclusion of equip-
ment for the CCC. The considerations include the types of objectives, the use of com-
pensating eyepieces, the use of high-eyepoint designs to compensate for visual experi-
ments in which individualized correction must be applied to subjects in order to properly
evaluate their performance in light of existing visual anomalies.
4. Visual psychophysical parameters and their influences upon the performed
task and the design of future equipment to nullify or (if beneficial) retain or exaggerate
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these effects to aid the PI task. The visual and perceptual process, therefore, provides
constraints on the selection and proposed modification of viewing tables, projection
equipment and whatever viewing devices are required for inclusion in the CCC.
^ The distinct probability of human factors workload studies and PI workflow sequences
for detection, identification, interpretation, and whatever spectrally oriented tasks are
injected into the workflow implies that equipment selection and quantity of presently
existing equipment required to equip a CCC must be based on what group or team ori-
ented tasks are likely to be performed. Sequence and workflow studies may require
duplication of certain pieces of equipment within the confines of the CCC. Thus,
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ill provide, as a part of this study, the equipment listing required to
initially implement the CCC in the context of the experimental programs that are planned
for the CCC.
The accuracy with which the reconnaissance community can evaluate high-altitude
black-and-white imagery has increased substantially in recent years. The introduction
of color in this community provides potential for a new dimension of data, containing
new types of information for the intelligence community. In addition to the analysis of
the spatial, intensity, and contrast characteristics of a target, one may now consider
the spectral attributes. Many facilities and much of the equipment which have been
optimized to handle the three types of information from black-and-white imagery will
likely, with modification, handle spectral information as well. It is unlikely that they
will do so in optimum fashion at first, but evolutionary refinement of techniques and
equipment requirements can be expected to improve analytical capabilities rapidly, at
least if the present intense level of interest is maintained. Some new equipment, how-
ever, must be conceived, designed, and constructed in order to handle new types of
information not previously available from the reconnaissance photograph. The environ-
ment of the analysis will take on increased importance, for the acquisition of additional
target information will be at the expense of improvements in and additions to our present
technology.
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The role envisioned for the objective or photo-scientific function of the Color Con-
trol Cell will essentially parallel that of the subjective photo-interpretive function; the
difference will be one of primary sensors and interpretive mechanisms (eye and brain -
photocell and computer). It is not our intent to compare these functions, merely to
show the similarity in the two roles of the CCC. The objective of this portion of the
design concept study shall be to define the requirements for the environment and equip-
ment which will be necessary in order to completely specify a chromatic reconnaissance
image.
While this appears to limit the Cell to "image analysis", it is suggested that instead
it provides a capability to analyze any variable in the image-producing system in terms
of its effect on the final result, i. e. , an image which must be interpreted. In this
sense, complete comparative and evaluative studies may be conducted on sensors, plat-
forms, sensitized materials, optics, processors, and printers in terms of a large
number of response variables: Density (spectral, integral, analytical), resolution,
acutance, granularity, modulation transfer, physical surfaces and support properties,
etc. Together, these capabilities provide for analysis of almost every variable in the
reconnaissance system. For example, the objective analysis of acutance provides
information about image motion compensation systems, vibration, focus, astigmatism,
various optical aberrations, and resolution. Combined with the analysis of other para-
meters, numerous conclusions may be drawn about the quality of the image and the sys-
tem which produced it. Through the use of carefully designed experiments, details of
the operation of processors, printers, and analytical hardware may be separated from
the characteristics of the overall system.
IIn the pursuit of this phase of the program, the environmental and equipment require-
ments of the Cell will be considered in parallel studies, which will be integrated to pro-
duce the overall design concept for the photo-science activities of the CCC. Consider-
able communication between these studies will be required throughout the program,
since environmental requirements will depend to a large extent on the types and char-
acteristics of equipment. Near the end of the program, it will be possible to compare
the environmental requirements for the photo-science activities of the Cell with those
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for the photo-interpretive activities to arrive at a decision concerning the number of
CCC's required to meet the requirements of the program effectively.
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go
As in PI-oriented evaluation tasks, the environment in which objective measure-
ments are made is of considerable importance. Here, however, one is more concerned
with the physical characteristics of temperature, humidity, vibrational amplitude and
frequency, cleanliness, and illuminants than with sources of distraction such as conver-
sation, odors, and telephones. The importance is no less; it is merely of a different
nature. Whether these differences are of a magnitude which will require the use of a
separate facility is a question which will be answered during the program and which
will very likely depend on the degree of accuracy required of the measurement processes.
I The outline of environmental aspects presented in the discussion of PI studies is
pertinent here. A study to determine similar requirements for photo-science functions
would differ from that outline as follows:
a. There would be no need to introduce 02, 03, CO 2, or various odors into
the atmosphere; however, there would be a requirement to control the
direction, velocity, and flow of air. Filtration to remove external con-
taminants such as dust would probably need to be quite stringent, and the
potential of construction materials and analysis equipment as generators
of internal contamination must also be considered.
b. Little need would exist for the control of distraction sources, other than
nominal control of operator distraction. On the other hand, considerable
attention needs to be paid to vibrational amplitude, frequency, and sources
(both internal and external).
While this treatment is by no means detailed or complete, each of these factors may
have a marked effect on the mensuration process. It is likely that the optimum environ-
ment for objective analysis would preclude entirely the presence of the human. Unfor-
tunately, or perhaps fortunately, this is seldom possible, requiring creativity on the
part of the design engineer to minimize the interference of the operator. For example,
it is possible to detect the dimensional changes introduced by the proximity of a thermally
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radiating operator to a finely calibrated microdensitometer. By careful arrangement
of airflow, control of air temperature, location of operator controls, and automation
of operations, the design engineer can make it possible for the operator either to con-
trol from a distance or leave the machine unattended during periods of critical analysis.
^ The design concept for the photo-scientific aspects of the CCC will detail the environ-
mental considerations which are considered critical to the mission of the Facility, but
it will do so carefully and will not dictate unwarranted precision or accuracy for the
sake of generating impressive but expensive design requirements.
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study will investigate and define the requirements for objective analysis equipment. A
Parallel to the definition of environmental requirements for the CCC, a similar
preliminary phase of this study, completed early in the program, will set forth the types
of data and analyses which are required in order to satisfy the needs of the reconnais-
sance community. This information will be gathered by interview with technical per-
sonnel involved in each phase of the community and will be based on their present and
projected data requirements. Also considered here will be the results of past and pre-
sent programs as they relate to feasible analytical methods. Available data will be
coordinated to produce a summary of the data requirements of the community, which
in turn will be used as a guideline for a second phase of the study. This phase will have,
as its objective, the definition of the specifications for the equipment and analysis tech-
niques which will be required to gather and interpret the necessary data. This second
phase of the equipment specification study will consider, then, the hardware required
to meet the data requirements specified by Phase I.
ar the halfway point in the program, the equipment requirements and environ-
meHa7 considerations will be integrated to form a total design concept for the photo-
science functions of the CCC. These concepts, when compared and integrated with the
concepts formed for the photo-interpretive function, will provide the information to
make the decision between one and two Cells. The integrated results of these separate
studies will form the basis for the final technical report: Design Concepts for a Color
Control Cell.
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" In order to further specify the environmental and equipment requirements of
the CCC, existing and proposed standards will be evaluated as potential means of pro-
viding a common basis for evaluation results; and modifications, required to direct
these standards to the problem at hand, will either be accomplished or specified,
depending on the magnitude of the required modification and the scope of this program.
"Prior to the formulation of physical design concepts for the Color Control Cell, a
study of past, present, and proposed programs will be undertaken to evaluate the require-
ments for standardized equipment and techniques in the evaluations to be undertaken in
the Facility. In particular, consideration shall be given to defining variables, which
have a significant effect on the interpretation or mensuration process, and to methods
which may be used to minimize or to control the effects of these variables. Variables
to be considered shall not be those which affect the process of interpretation of imagery,
either visually or objectively. Limited consideration may be given to the variables
associated with the production processes (those of original processing and duplication),
but only to the extent that they influence the interpretation process. For example, the
many techniques which may be used to compare two colors or a color with a standard
depend on numerous factors, including object color, brightness, surround or background
of the object, spectral sensitivity of the observer, observer background and experience,
fatigue (for subjective techniques); spectral sensitivity and bandpass of the sensor,
intensity, area, operator experience and background (for objective techniques). While
the list is limited, it is sufficient to demonstrate that tradeoffs exist and that, if accu-
racy and complexity are equivalent, the final decision on a uniform method of color
comparison may be based on the controls and standards which are available to control
the measurement process. It should be pointed out that, for the most part, these vari-
ables are known and that some have been investigated in detail. The objective here is
not to extend these investigations so much as it is to consider their results in the formu-
lation of design concepts for the CCC, to assure that due attention is paid to all signifi-
cant factors which must be considered in the design of such a Facility.
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Standards required for the operation of the CCC, but not presently in existence,
will be specified in outline form. This phase of the overall program will result in a
listing of the variables, associated with each of the activities anticipated for the CCC,
and the controls or standards available or required to minimize the effect of each. This
information will be provided as a part of the final report and will be used to further define
the characteristics of the environment and equipment specified for the CCC itself.
2. TECHNIQUES
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Parallel to the study of critical variables and associated standards, a study
will be made of existing or proposed color difference systems, both of a subjective
(visual) and objective nature. Since the determination of a color difference requires
essentially two steps - (a) measurement and (b) computation and analysis - these two
aspects of the color difference problem will be treated simultaneously. Visual tech-
niques which involve comparison processes, such as card or chip matching, split-field
comparison, and flicker-field comparison, will be evaluated and compared with objec-
tive or photoelectric techniques which operate independently of visual sensitivity dif-
ferences. Other industries (such as the paint, pigment, and dyestuff fields) have spent
considerable time evaluating these various techniques and their accuracy. Although
the applications are considerably different (seldom is a microscale colorimetric com-
parison meaningful outside the reconnaissance or microbiological industries), sufficient
parallels and similarities exist to allow the use of the data in determining the potential
of each technique for CCC application. It may be argued that the majority of these data
will be from reflectance measurements, but in both the reflectance and transmittance
cases the stimulating characteristic is the spectral distribution of the radiation reach-
ing the observer. While the degree of specularity may differ somewhat, the difference
is unlikely to have major significance. Studies which have been conducted by and for
the reconnaissance industry, while considerably less in volume, will receive careful
consideration in the process of defining the recommendations for CCC equipment and
techniques.
jrhe multitude of color difference computation and analysis systems will be con-
sidered to determine the approach most likely to yield valid and meaningful data with
minimum complexity. Such systems are generally categorized according to two schemes:
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(a) basically physical, psychological, or psychophysical (according to the degree to
which the visual process is involved) and (b) uniform or nonuniform, depending on
whether the system does not or does depend (respectively) on object color or bright-
ness. For example, a difference value determined using a uniform psychophysical sys-
tem would indicate the same visual magnitude of difference for any color or brightness
level viewed. While psychological systems, such as the Munsell system, have been a
standby for years, they are arranged in uniform brightness steps rather than uniform
chromaticity increments, and as such may have only limited value in applications.
^ Psychophysical systems, such as the CIE coordinate system, are more appropriate
in that they are based on chromaticity differences, but they are frequently nonuniform.
Variations on the CIE theme, such as the CIE-UCS system (Judd's Uniform Chromaticity
System-1960), the FMC (Friele-MacAdam-Chickering) Color Difference System, or the
Union Carbide Rapid Graphical analysis technique for small color differences, provide
uniform means of determining color variation on scales of uniform chromaticity rather
than uniform brightness differences.
I Of considerable importance in determining the recommendations of this phase will
be the inputs of the previously discussed study on variables and standards. Throughout
the study, it shall be a major objective to recommend techniques which will provide
required data with maximum accuracy and minimum error, yet which may utilize exist-
ing equipment wherever possible. Careful consideration shall be given to the equipment
required to implement the various techniques considered; once recommendations are
formulated, each piece of existing interpretive hardware designated by the sponsoring
agency shall be compared with the technique selected, and modification specifications
formulated as required.
I This phase of the investigation will result in a technical summary and discussion
of the field of color difference measurement as it is related to CCC requirements, the
specification of techniques (both measurement and computational) to be used in assess-
ing color differences between various images or between image and standard, and recom-
mendations for the modification and/or procurement of equipment to implement the
specified mensuration techniques.
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(U) BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Applied Psychology Corporation. Performance of Photographic Interpreters as
a Function of Time and Image Characteristics, Final report on Contract No. AF
30(602)-2717, RADC-TDR-63-313, AD608219, September 1964.
2. Archer, E. James. "Identification of Visual Patterns as a Function of Information
Load", J. Exp. Psychol. , 1954, 48, 313-317.
3. Barrows, Robert S. Photographic Science and Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, July
1957.
4. Bedford, R. E., Wyszecki, G. "Axial Chromatic Aberration of the Human Eye",
JOSA, Vol. 47, No. 6 (June 1957), p. 564.
5. Berg, Allen W. Photographic Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 6, 1961.
6. Bush, R. R. , Galanter, E., Luce, R. D. "Characterization and Classification
of Choice Experiments", Handbook of Mathematical Psychology, Vol. 1, Chapter
2. (John Wiley and Sons; 1963), pp. 72-102.
7. Biernson, G. , Snyder, Allan. A Theoretical Model for Color Vision, AMRL-TR-
65-193, December 1965.
8. Blackwell, H. R. J. Opt. Soc. Am. , Vol. 53, No. 1, January 1963.
9. Blackwell, H. R. J. Opt. Soc. Am. , Vol. 36, No. 11, 1946.
10. Blackwell, H. R., Ohmart, J. G. , Brainard, R. W. Some Psychophysical
Factors of Aerial Photo Interpretation, RADC-TR-61-86, March 1961.
11. Boeing Company. A Study of Photo Interpreter Performance in Change Discrimi-
nation, Final report on Contract No. AF30(602)-2698, RADC-TDR-63-482.
12. Berlyne, D. E. "Attention: Curiosity and Decision", Predecisional Processes in
Decision Making: Proceedings of a Symposium, AMRL-TDR-68-77, December
1964.
13. Brainard, R. W. , Sadacca, R. , Lopez, L. J. , Ornstein, G. N. Development and
Evaluation of a Catalog Technique for Measuring Image Quality, TRR-1150, AD-
645644, August 1966.
14. Brainard, R. W. , Caum, R. B. Evaluation of an Image Quality Enhancement
Technique, AMRL-TR-65-143, AD624470, September 1965.
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15. Cavonius, C. R. Human Visual Acuity Measured with Colored Stimuli, Human
Sciences, Inc. , (McLean, Virginia; September 1965), AS-472-253, pp. 26-29.
16. Chicago Aerial Industries, Inc. Investigation of Optimum Format Sizes for Aerial
Photography, AD260233, June 1961.
17. Colwell, Robert N. Photoarammetric Engineering, Vol. 31, No. 2, March 1965.
18. Corbett, D. G., Diamantides, N. D. , Kause, R. H. Measurement and Models
for Relating the Physical Characteristics of Images to Target Detection, Goodyear
Aerospace Corporation, AMRL-TDR-64-117, AD610254, December 1964.
19. Cornell Aeronautical Laboratories, Inc. Quality Categorization of Aerial Recon-
naissance Photograp hy, Final report on Contract No. AF30(602)-2684, RADC-TDR-
63-279, AD420923, September 1963.
20. Fry, G. A. , Enoch, J. M. "The Effect of Image Degradation on Visual Search:
Aerial Haze", Human Aspects of Photographic Interpretation, Report on Contract
No. AF30(602)-1580, AD218619, January 1958.
21. Fry, G. A. Enoch, J. M. Second Interim Technical Report on Human Aspects
of Photographic Interpretation, Contract No. AF30(602)-1580, AD232141, August-
October 1956.
22. Fry, G. A. , Enoch, J. M. Seventh Interim Technical Report on Human Aspects
of Photographic Interpretation, Contract No. AF30(602)-1580, AD232144, November
1957 - January 1958.
23. Gregg, Lee W. "The Effect of Stimulus Complexity on Discriminative Responses",
J. Exp. Psychol. , 1954, 48, 289-297.
24. Hannah, L. D., Altman, J. W., Smith, R. W., Scharf, E. S., Seiler, E. L. The
Experimental Evaluation of Multisensor Intelligence Systems, RADC-TDR-64-160,
AD602837, June 1964.
25. Helgeson, G. A. Tone Reproduction - Psychophysics in Photograph Interpretation,
DTN-65-12 (Data Corporation), February 1966.
26. Hering, Ewald. Outlines of a Theory of the Light Sense, trans. by L. M. Hurvich
and D. Jameson, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. , 1964.
27. Hunt, Darwin P. Human Factors in Reconnaissance and Reconnaissance-Strike
Systems, Part IV of Final report on Contract No. AF33(615)-2020, Dayton, Ohio,
Data Corporation.
28. James, T. H. , Higgins, G. C. Fundamentals of Photographic Theory, New York,
Morgan & Morgan, 1960.
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29. Kraft, C. L. , Farrel, R. J. , Briggs, S. J. , Rowntree, J. T. Illumination and
Interpreter Performance, The Boeing Company, Dk-135, May 1967.
30. Lipetz, L. E. , PhD. Information Processing in the Frog's Retina, AMRL-TR-
65-24, February 1965.
31. MacLoed, Dr. S. Photo Interpreter Performance Studies, RADC-TDR-64-326,
AD609071, September 1964.
32. Mees, C. E. K. Theory of the Photographic Process, revised ed. , New York,
Macmillan Co., 1954.
33. Miller, G. A. "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on
our Capacity for Processing Information", Psych. Rev. , 1956, 63, 81-97.
34. Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company. Ground Resolution Study, Final
report on Contract No. AF30(602)-2653, RADC-TDR-63-224, AD425676, November
1963.
35. Morgan, C. T. Introduction to Psychology, second ed. , New York, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., 1961.
36. Naval Photographic Center, U. S. Investigation of Light Sources for Photographic
Interpretation, TED-PIC-PH-4728, AP-209-197, May 1958.
37. Neuman, F., Foster, J. D. Use of an Electroluminescent Display in Manual
Tracking and in a Reading Task, NASA-TN-D-4841, October 1968.
38. Proceedings of Symposium on Human Factor Aspects of Photo Interpretation,
RADC-TDR-63-324, AD422432, September 1963.
39. Radio Corporation of America. Rapid Identification and Interpretation Techniques,
AF30(602)-2806, RADC-TDR-63-482.
40. Rushton, W. A. H. "Increment Threshold and Dark Adaptation", J. Opt. Soc.
Am., Vol. 53, No. 1, January 1963.
41. Sadacca, R. "Human Factors in Image Interpretation", Photogrammetric Engi-
neering, Vol. 29, No. 6, November 1963.
42. Simonds, J. L. Photographic Science .& Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1961.
43. Tanner, W. P., Swets, J. A. "A Decision-making Theory of Visual Detection",
Psych. Rev., Vol. 61, No. 6, 1954.
44. Taylor, J. H. "Use of Visual Performance Data in Visibility Prediction", Applied
Optics, May 1964.
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45. Teichner, W. H. "Subjective Information as a Function of Source Information",
Hum. Fact. , June 1964.
46. White, C. T. "Ocular Behavior in Visual Search", Applied Optics, Vol. 3, No.
5, May 1964.
47. Wolf, J. K., Thomas, J. B. On the Recognition of Signal Patterns in Noise,
RADC-TN-61-83, AD260304, May 1961.
48. Wulfeck, J. W., Zeitin, L. R. "Human Capabilities and Limitations", Psycho-
logical Principles in System Development, ed. R. M. Gagne', New York, Holt,
Rinehart & Winston, 1962.
49. Reeves, B. "Mensuration: Color vs Pan", Photogrammetric Engineering, Vol.
36, No. 3, March 1970, pp. 239-244.
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proposes to carry out the study contract in four phases which
Phase I. Requirements Definition
This phase will be conducted as three separate studies which will be carried out
simultaneously. Frequent and continuous communication and correlation will be
maintained between the studies, and their results will be combined in a later
phase to produce the CCC design concept.
First, a Photo-Interpretation Study will consider the environmental and equipment
requirements for the subjective evaluations to be conducted in the Cell. One objec-
tive of this study will be to determine which environmental factors are important
to the conduct of photo-interpreter studies and tasks and the range over which their
variability must be controlled. Another objective will be to determine the equip-
ments for the Cell, based on consideration of the types of studies which are to be
conducted and the need for both versatility and flexibility of the CCC.
A second study will define similar requirements for the photo-scientific functions
of the Cell. The objective of this study will be to investigate and define the require-
ments for both equipment and its environment necessary to perform detailed objec-
tive analysis of color imagery in support of reconnaissance intelligence collection.
The third study conducted during this phase will consider the requirements of
both the photo-interpretative and photo-scientific functions of the cell for standards
and techniques for color discrimination and definition. During this study, standards
applicable to the color image interpretation and analysis field will be reviewed to
determine their relevancy. Recommendations will be made for their employment
in the CCC, or for the modification or revision required to provide the community
with a standards package to form the basis for a cohesive operation. In a similar
manner, existing techniques will be reviewed to determine their application to the
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color definition activities of the Cell, and recommendations will be made con-
cerning their employment.
Phase II. Analysis and Specification
This phase of the contract, conducted over a two-month period, will analyze each
of the requirements specified during Phase I, will determine methods which may
be used to control critical environmental factors, and will detail the specifications
which are required for equipment and techniques to be used in the CCC.
Phase III. Integration
This phase, performed in parallel with Phase II, shall consider the combined
environmental and instrumentation requirements of the photo- interpretative and
photo-scientific functions of the CCC and determine whether their compatibility
will make a single Cell feasible. Following this decision, the phase will solidify
plans for both the equipment and environment of the Cell or Cells and will assure
that the environment specified is compatible with all equipment recommended.
This phase will also prepare the concept package in its final draft form. A
three-dimensional facility model, containing space or block allocation for certain
essential equipment requirements but not including detailed equipment models,
will be prepared to illustrate the concept.
Phase IV. Final Report Publication
A final technical report will be prepared, detailing the design concept for the
Color Control Cell.
ki,
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The following items will be delivered by
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1. Reports
a. A monthly progress report will be prepared as of the last working day of
each month and will be delivered by the 15th of the month following the reporting period.
This report will conform to Spec. No. DB-1001.
b. A final report will be prepared documenting all work performed on the
program. This report will conform to Spec. No. DB-1001 and be delivered within 30
days of the completion of the investigation. Included in this report will be the design
concept plus general recommendations for modification of existing equipment and tech-
niques.
2. A model of the design concept to demonstrate the flexibility available in satisfy-
ing the environmental and functional requirements.
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SECTION VII
TIME BAR CHART
1. REQUIREMENTS
DEFINITION PHASE
A. PHOTO-INTERPRETATION
B. PHOTO-SCIENCE
C. COLOR DEFINITION
SPECIFICATION PHASE
Ill. CONCEPT INTEGRATION PHASE
IV. FINAL REPORT PREPARATION
V. DELIVERABLE ITEMS
*MONTHLY REPORTS
-FINAL REPORT
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All cost information is included in the cost proposal - a separate document accom-
panying this technical proposal.
breakdown of the manpower requirements for the proposed program is given
below.
Man-hours
Executive Engineer
40
Senior Engineer
180
Photoscientist
900
Photographic Engineer
500
Mechanical Engineer
340
Mechanical Technician
200
Technical Editor
40
Publications Clerk
160
Illustrator
80
Total 2,440 man-hours
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Education, background, accomplishments, and other pertinent information concern-
ing key personnel who will be available for the proposed program are included in the
attached resumes.
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SECTION X
BACKGROUND AND RELATED EXPERIENCE
A. GENERAL EXPERIENCE AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Established in 1955, 1 since that time has specialized in scien-
tific investigation and engineering support services primarily directed to the intelli-
gence and reconnaissance fields. Our major effort has been devoted to theoretical,
exploratory, applied and experimental research, advanced systems analysis, and the
development of new processes, techniques, and special analysis instrumentation for
intelligence systems and related technical disciplines.
For years the company has been widely recognized as a highly proficient analy-
sis, test, and evaluation organization, performing such services with respect to
virtually all classes of reconnaissance equipment, including airborne, ground, and
laboratory types. As a matter of policy, has specifically refrained 25X1
from competition for the production of airborne sensors such as cameras, radars,
infrared and electro-optical equipment so that we may act impartially from a test or
systems analysis standpoint in considering the products of any manufacturer. Having
intentionally preserved a position of objectivity to assure unbiased judgment in perform-
ing analysis and/or evaluation functions for our customers, we are dedicated to the
application of the total resources of modern science and technology in formulating our
recommendations for appropriate equipment and concepts.
The scope of technology encountered in our pursuit of this activity has encouraged
and nurtured the evolution of a sophisticated engineering organization, possessing
highly diversified skills, which has enabled to undertake, and to
prosecute with some conspicuous success, a number of complex exploratory and
applied research programs. Among the programs in this category, we are proud to
cite the following brief examples of our continuing contributions to improving the
state-of-the-art in a number of technical disciplines:
1. Exploratory, analytical and experimental photogrammetry, including detailed
analyses of cameras with variable-rate image motion compensation and focal plane
shutters for application to mapping and intelligence requirements.
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2. Exploratory and applied research in image quality assessment, and the suc-
cessful development of the first production image quality assessment system. This
effort includes the design and fabrication of the precision automated scanning Micro-
Analyzer, as well as the associated digital signal processing equipment unique to this
operational integrated system concept.
3. Advanced studies dealing with image analysis, image enhancement, and image
manipulation and reconstruction; development of a system which will permit complete
digital manipulation and display of any preselected incremental portion of the image
and reconstruction to any scale without loss of mensuration accuracy.
4. Research studies and characterization of microscope lenses for application
assessment in photomicrography, image exploitation, and microdensitometry. Char-
acterization parameters include nodal point measurement, focal length, resolution vs
field position, flatness of field position, flatness of field, magnification.
5. Exploratory research and advanced experimental studies and analysis of con-
cepts related to modulation transfer measurements, including research into standard-
ization of MTF measurement, based upon precisely generated intensity sinusoids,
spatial filtration, and Fourier transformation by optical means.
6. Analytical research and measurement of resolution, focal length, and critical
parameters relating to reconnaissance lenses.
7. Exploratory and applied research in all phases of photography and the photo-
sciences, including densitometry and microdensitometry, sensitometry, materials
research, processing, quality control, and mensuration error analysis.
8. Advanced research and applied engineering in the field of color photography
and color materials, color processing technology, and color equipment and chemistry
evaluation.
9. Research and applied engineering in physical optics, geometrical optics, and
related photographic/photometric technology. Design of specialized optical systems.
Research in optical data processing methods.
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10. Research, analytical studies, and construction of mathematical models of
infrared, radar, and optical sensors for the assessment of designs and for trade-off
analysis of sensor performance, considering effects of vibration, atmosphere, and
other perturbing influences.
B. EXPERIENCE SPECIFIC TO THIS PROPOSAL
In order to acquaint the reader with
background and experience,
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as specifically relevant to the proposed program, summaries of recent programs and
reports are included on the following pages. Specific objectives, developments, tests,
or analyses pertinent to the proposed program are underlined.
The purpose of this contract was to produce design criteria for a Systems Engi-
neering Group (SEG) Reconnaissance Systems Integration and Evaluation Facility from
which an architect/engineer would be able to prepare the final design. Factors that
were considered ranged from the mission, organization, and function of the SEG to
the type, extent, and nature of the workload of each and every element, as well as
their interrelationships with each other. Future development trends were taken into
account, functional capabilities of the facility determined, equipment lists prepared,
and cost estimates were gathered for both the structure and equipment to be installed.
In conclusion, all of these factors were contained in a unified volume, along with rec-
ommendations and justifications for the overall project.
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EVALUATION OF INTELLIGENCE
COLLECTION DEVICES
This was a technical assistance contract for the maintenance, testing, fabrication,
and modification of photographic and electronic intelligence collection devices. Included
were tests and evaluation programs on cameras, lenses, processors, photo interpre-
tation equipment, comparators, microdensitometers, data recording equipment, anten-
nas, and other associated electronic and photographic equipment. Included also was
the formulation of mathematical models, design of computer programs, development
of techniques for processing data and analysis of raw data. Testing of photosensitized
materials and chemicals was also included.
TONE REPRODUCTION:
PSYCHOPHYSICS IN GRAPH INTERPRETATION
In the optimization of a tone reproduction system, the function of which is defined
as the duplication of reconnaissance negatives and possibly the production of release
positives, three output constraint cases are investigated. Two of these cases are found
to constitute a near triviality. The third "special" case is stated as the production of
duplicate negatives optimized for the generation of release positives intended for photo-
graph interpretation. The classical and contemporary investigations into psychophysical
phenomena and photograph interpretation are reviewed. A method, based on psycho-
physical visual data and human factors, of predicting detection probabilities from tone
reproduction curves of release positives is developed on the assumption that the applied
visual data are applicable to photograph interpretation. (This abstract is taken from
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Image assessment procedures currently exist for black-and-white materials only.
Color image assessment and densitometry are defined only on the macroscale at pres-
ent. It is the objective of this report to combine these two fields to generate a color
,image assessment technique based on those current image assessment measures that
can be applied to color tripack materials. The vector and matrix properties of color
materials are defined and applied to noise assessment, ensemble averaging, and modu-
lation transfer function. The shortcomings of the effective exposure technique are dis-
cussed, and a method is described for generating valid effective exposure tables for
color materials. It is possible that similar methods may be used in the generation of
target spectral signatures from color imagery. Quality control methods applicable
for color trichromatic and black-and-white microdensitometers are reviewed. Infor-
mation concerning the integral to analytical density conversion for three-color material
is presented, and all auxiliary experimental work in support of this program is reported.
Of particular interest is the investigation of the problems associated with the use of
achromat objectives in trichromatic microdensitometers. (This abstract is taken from
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This final report is oriented toward system implementation developed through
color image assessment studies. It differs from the previous report (covered in C
under which certain theoretical concepts in the field of
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color image assessment were developed and presented. The purpose of the informa-
tion contained herein is to aid the customer in the implementation and programming
of the routines resulting from this and the previous effort. For this reason, the major
part of this report is devoted to FORTRAN program listings, input and output examples,
and program documentation (including flowcharts). Topics covered here include direc-
tion cosine and results of direction cosine studies of a selection of color materials.
Results of the effective exposure table generation procedure are also presented. The
analytical modulation transfer function (MTF) routine is presented, as are results of
resolution/MTF analysis performed on SO-151 (now 2448) material. (This abstract is
taken from
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This report describes a special photographic research data reduction and analysis
facility designed to provide a capability for assessment and statistical analysis of
photographic data at the Air Force Avionics Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base. To obtain the precise measurements required, a combined microdensitometer-
microcomparator system with automatic recording capability was installed and used
successfully to solve photographic problems of the Avionics Laboratory. These instru-
ments, along with the other equipment discussed in this report, were used to evaluate
infrared, radar recording, electron beam recording, and visible light recording sys-
tems. The evaluations were in terms of density and distance measurements, root mean
square (RMS) granularity, modulation transfer function (MTF) determination, isoden-
sity traces, and other methods. The facility's visual and photometric measuring instru-
ments and their digital reduction capabilities are described, as well as the reductions
and analyses performed on aerospace photographic research during the first eighteen
month's operation of the facility. The work performed includes two-dimensional micro-
densitometry for two-dimensional Fourier analysis in image quality and reconstruction
studies, isodensity plotting, granularity measurements, mensuration accuracy of micro-
images, interpretation of multispectral photography, etc. Improvements and expansion
of capabilities are suggested in the report. (This abstract is taken from)
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ON
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This project investigated errors in the measurement of small objects on high-
resolution aerial reconnaissance material. The results of this study demonstrated
that a significant, but predictable, bias error does exist that is attributable to such
parameters as object size, average density levels, and detail versus background
density. Also, several microdensitometer traces were made of selected test targets
and a comparison of measurement and actual size was performed. Excellent results
were obtained once the traces were corrected for the spread function of the taking
system. The instruments used were
comparator Model 422 and a
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I icro-Analyzer. (This abstract is taken from
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MULTISPECTRAL RADIATION RESEARCH; EVALUATION AND TEST
OF V/H SENSORS
This contract involved three separate areas. Task I, Image Evaluation Research,
required the design of a camera capsule and instrumentation recording system to be
used for determining and perfecting techniques of evaluating photographic systems. In
Task II, six aspects of recording and reproducing multispectral radiation were investi-
gated. These included photographic reproduction in bicolor, conventional color, color/
infrared, color/panchromatic, and negative/positive color. Also, a multisensor instru-
ment was designed and constructed to display and to record the integrated radiation in
four wavebands corresponding to the blue, green, red, and infrared sensitivities of
several color films. Task III, Performance Evaluation and Flight Analysis of V/H
Sensors, involved testing of a day sensor manufactured b nd a day/night
sensor manufactured by rovided
test criteria, equipment installation, instrumentation, support, and flight test analysis;
the U. S. Air Force conducted the actual flight tests.
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test imagery. Wratten filters 92, 99, and 98 were selected as the best compromise
between narrow-band filters and a high signal output. Focus testing has shown that it
is necessary to refocus with a filter change in an optical system employing an achromat
lens. Target scale and surround tests indicated that analytical microdensity changed
as a function of bar width from 10 to 60 microns for a neutral bar against a yellow back-
ground on 2448 type film; indicating that object color will change with scale. (This
tory. Color microdensitometry techniques were developed for data collection from the
The test program described in this report was an experimental program to opti-
mize the production of color aerial imagery by taking into consideration the spectral
characteristics of atmosphere, altitude, optical systems, and film type. A haze mea-
surement device was fabricated and used to a high degree of success in determining
the atmospheric visibility during each flight. An atmosphere-simulating viewing device
is described. This device was fabricated and evaluated to show that color and contrast
changes of aerial imagery due to atmospheric conditions can be simulated in the labora-
abstract is taken from
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COLOR TONE REPRODUCTION: PROBLEM DEFINITION
In this report, the reproduction of color in an n-generation duplication cycle is
investigated from a systems approach. Beer's law is considered and is utilized to
derive a set of matrix equations based on the gamma of each layer. This equation
yields a useful set of approximations for predicting tone reproduction. A single gen-
eration duplication cycle is investigated by printing a series of color step tablets,
printed on type 8442 film, on type SO-118 film and plotting the densities of type 8442
versus the densities of SO-118 (density return curves). Using a neutral balance cri-
terion, the return difference of maximum densities was 0. 26, and was 0. 18 for mini-
mum densities. This served to shorten the density range of the duplicate to 2. 23, as
opposed to a density range of 2. 67 in the original. Neutrals reproduced well, while
colors reproduced poorly; the magenta layer caused the greatest color distortion while
the yellow layer the least. In order to investigate the distribution of color densities
in a frame of imagery to evaluate the large area transmission density (LATD) concept,
cumulative density frequency histograms were made from simulated flight imagery.
When plotted on probability paper, departures from a normal distribution were noted
for toe and shoulder densities. The validity of LATD measurements depends upon
equal variances in density distributions for each layer. The LATD concept was found
invalid for the case investigated, since the variances between layers were unequal.
The last section of the report discusses research accomplished to date and proposes
an eight-part future research effort organized to yield a computer-based duplication
control system. (This abstract is taken from
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CONTINUOUS COLOR PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
This report describes a series of tests conducted on four aerial reversal color
films and one reversal color duplicating film, all of which are capable of being pro-
cessed in thel 11411-M continuous color processor. Tests of a reversal color
paper are also described. Together, these materials provide a reversal color sys-
tem capable of providing positive color transparencies or prints. Since aerial photo-
graphic missions inevitably involve compromises or "trade-offs" among the desirable
characteristics of available materials, the purpose of this program, and the object of
this report, is not to make judgments between materials, but to provide objective
information on which these judgments, in the light of the existing situation, can be
made. Detailed information is given on the resolution, sensitometric, and color
quality characteristics of these materials. The accomplishment of these objectives
required that test methods be designed and validated. The report recommends that
provision be made for testing color materials, equipment, and processes on a con-
tinuing basis, using the test methods developed on this project. A test of the use of
color resolution targets, color samples simulating natural objects, and tone repro-
duction studies in color is also recommended. (This abstract is taken from
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This report describes research and engineering performed in development of photo-
graphic laboratory standards, measurements, and related work. The tasks performed
are described briefly in the Introduction and each in detail in the remaining sections.
Improvements in devised photographic image assessment techniques employ a digital
recording microdensitometer and automatic data reduction by computer. Numerous
aspects of this work are represented by instructional documents submitted during the
contract period and reprinted in the first 16 appendixes of this report. Representative
subjects are: Selection of Edges for Analysis, A Multiple Tracing Technique, Sine Tar-
get Tracing, Significance of Aerial Image Modulation Curves, Granularity Measurement,
Recommendations for a Quality Control System, and several computer program write-
up and operating procedures. Under a support task certain laboratory standard photo-
graphic targets were produced, tested, and delivered; films were tested sensitometri-
cally; USAF laboratory equipment was maintained; and USAF personnel were trained.
Under a color film measurement and reproduction task continuous processing of G
Gevacolor film was attempted in a Rolor Transflo machine and in the I IT Pro-
cessor, Model 1411-M. The latter was successful; the former test was not. Also,
sensitometric tests were made in continuous processing; and the results are discussed
and presented graphically. processor modifications for improved solution tem-
perature control are described and recommended; two possible equipment floor plans
are suggested. Also described and recommended is the use of trilinear graphs for
evaluation of color film reproductions. A discussion of color stability testing culminates
in a recommended list of weathering test equipment. Another task required a study
of the feasibility of high-speed scanning of aerial film up to 9-1/2 inches wide. This
involved development and testing of two prototypes, one with a quartz-iodine lamp
as the light source, and the other with a laser light source. A rotating mirror scanner
was determined to be the best of all schemes considered. The prototypes demonstrated
that scanning could be accomplished with an 80-micron diameter light spot and with film
transport speeds up to ten feet per minute. A general scanner design is suggested, and
recommendations are made for ancillary data reduction equipment. The final task
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required evaluation of microscope objectives for use in microdensitometers. Five Zeiss
Planapochromats and one Epiplan are characterized by means of numerous graphs based
on data obtained in tests on a unique microscope lens testing optical bench. (This abstract
is taken fromi eport Flt-67-1.)
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do
Under a subcontract to I
~ersonnel designed 25X1
and fabricated a controlled environment clean room for installation in an Air Force
facility. This clean room system provided for 100% washing of all air entering the
room, with relative humidity controlled to within ?1% and temperature controlled to
within ?0. 2?F. Absolute filters were used, together with two additional sets of filters,
in series, to provide preliminary air filtering. Use of vertical laminar air flow pre-
vented contamination of specimen areas by personnel working in the room.
A similar clean room system was designed, fabricated, and installed (under Con-
trac at the Aeronautical Chart and Information Center.
55
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The data set forth herein are submitted in response to an
RFP, and shall not be disclosed outside the Government or be
duplicated, used or disclosed in whole or in part for any pur-
pose other than to evaluate the proposal; provided, that if a
contract is awarded to this offeror as a result of or in connec-
tion with the submission of such data, the Government shall
have the right to duplicate, use or disclose these data to the
extent provided in the contract. This restriction does not
limit the Government's right to use information contained in
such data if it is obtained from another source.
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M-00327-I-70-o O
20 April 1970
PROPOSAL TO DEVELOP A DESIGN CONCEPT FOR A COLOR CONTROL CELL
1. Abstract: This proposal outlines a study which is to result in a
design concept for a Color Control Cell (CCC). The cell is
required to exploit the intelligence development potential of an
emerging family of high altitude, high resolution color reconnais-
sance photographic materials.
The cell is intended to provide an environment conducive to the
conduct of visual psychophysical experiments, evaluation of color
viewing equipment, evaluation of photographic imagery, and various
associated physical measurements. The development of the concept
will also include recommendations for some of the apparatus to be
used in the facility, and will consider equipment already proposed.
The total CPFF price proposed for this proposal is
ing
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II. Introduction: The development of a new family of high definition
color reconnaissance films, having spatial read-out qualities
approaching that of black-and-white films now used in high altitude
acquisitions, requires numerous and definitive studies to assess
the read-out potential, and fully apply that potential in the
intelligence mission. Going from black-and-white acquisitions to
color acquisitions, is tantamount to moving from a three-dimensional
intelligence record space to one with five dimensions. In addition
the length, width, and brightness (or contrast) provided by black-
and-white films, color adds hue and chroma.
The additional intelligence provided by color involves two distinctly
different concepts: one, the additional conspicuousness that the
color dimension provides in the initial detection - coupled with
additional discriminateness between object and background necessary
to shape recognition; and two, the additional information provided
by specification of the object's color, i.e., its chromaticity
and brightness (or lightness).
5
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Color perceptual phenomena, in general, are not well understood.
The perceptions as they involve color film require special study
and equipment due to. physical properties which are peculiar to
the color film image. Aside from the perceptual studies which
are required, additional studies are needed to solve duplication
and evaluation problems connected with color reconnaissance usage.
The increasing usage of color requires not just a study of these
problems, but the development of a facility to study them in.
This facility or cell should have the property of being able to
neutralize, or manipulate the environment such that perceptual
phenomena involving the color image can be adequately studied.
Additionally, it should be instrumented to monitor and calibrate
the environment and materials, and to measure physical and psy-
chophysical phenomena associated with photographic color imagery.
Many of the concepts and phenomena which require study are so
intimately convolved that it is difficult to be categorical in
outlining an approach. The technical discussion to follow,
classifies the tasks to be involved in the cell conceptualization
in broad categories.
III. Technical Discussion:
Environment: A study will be made to define the structural features
necessary to a room (cell) or rooms ideally suited to:
(1) Psychophysical experiments involving colored objects and
color film images.
(2) Testing of film viewing equipments.
(3) Conducting evaluations of, or-comparisons between, color
acquisition and reproduction systems or materials.
(4+) Performing densitometric and spectrophotometric measurements:
The desirability of features such as changeability of wall and work
surface colors; and the color quality, intensity and positioning
of lighting, will be considered from a practical as well as theoreti-
cally ideal point of view. Authorities in the contractor's parent
company, who have conducted color visual psychophysical experiments,
will be consulted.
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Most of the considerations to follow will bear on the ultimate
configuration of the cell.
Color Specification: The various color-order and chromaticity
scale schemes and systems will be reviewed in a coordinated effort
with the customer and recommendations will be made for adoption
in CCC work with regard to:
Routine reporting of object and film image colors.
Color difference (discrimination) work.
Measurement of the color properties of light sources.
Where deemed appropriate, authorities in the field of color measure-
ment and theory will be consulted.
Calibration and Monitoring Instruments: Certain instruments obtain
a manifold usage throughout the field of photography and colorimetry
associated with photography, and as such require special considera-
tion to meet the suggested needs of the CCC. These instruments
fall into three major categories:
'(1) Radiometers, necessary to the monitoring and calibration of
light sources.
(2) Spectrophotometers, necessary to many colorimetric calibration
measurements involving color film; obtaining the data necessary
to arrive at transformations from exposure space to color space;
arriving at other mathematical relationships peculiar to color
photography; and measurement of opaque objects, concerned with
ground truth.
(3) Color micro- and macro-densitometers, necessary to control
and analysis.
Due consideration will be given to the diverse applications these
instruments might be given in the CCC, in recommendations for use
of existing or proposed instruments, and recommendations for
additional instrumentation deemed necessary by this contractor.
Since any serious experimental program will cause considerable
data to be generated by the latter two instruments, the role of
various data storage and manipulation devices will be examined.
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Color Perception: One of the major roles of the cell is to study
a farrago of psychological and physical phenomena associated with
the color photographic image. The mechanisms of color perception
are, to begin with, only partially understood. The study of these
phenomena using photographic images as test objects, farther com-
plicates matters due to the distinctly peculiar physical make-up
of the image. Added to this is the fact that much of the analysis
done on reconnaissance materials requires that the material be
examined under magnification. This latter fact adds the complica-
tions due directly to the optical system of the magnifier, and
also has some effect on the perceived color image, just because
it is bigger. For example, this contractor has identified one
of the problems as an apparent change in chromaticity with a change
in magnification. Just as there is a "falling-apart" of the image
under magnification in a spatial sense, there appears to be an
analogous degradation chromatically.
Discussions will be held with the customer and various authorities
in developing the cell facility and equipment requirements to
broach these peculiar problems.
Color Discrimination: To draw a distinction between studies involv-
ing the eye, microscope (or viewer), and dye image, (that is,
distinctly perceptual problems) and those problems involving dis-
cernment of targets obtained with actual photographic systems, we
will use the term Color Discrimination. In developing the cell
concept we shall broadly classify the kinds of discrimination to
be eventually studied as:
(1) That inherent in the film (involving the sensitometric properties
of the film, and discriminateness not necessarily determined by the
eye).
(2) That inherent in a total photographic system (involving the
atmosphere, optical system, etc., and discriminateness determined
by the eye, or some electromechanical device).
Equipments required to study the several kinds of color discrimina-
tion will be surveyed and recommendations for purchase, design or
modification to existing equipment will be made if necessary.
Object Color Determination: In an idealized situation it is con-
ceivable that the object color could be determined directly from
the film with a colorimeter. However, not only is the real situation
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such that the object color cannot be accurately specified with
this measurement in an absolute sense, but specification is
difficult in a relative sense as well. That is to say, the
legion of variables normally encountered in aerial color photogra-
phy militate against a specific object appearing as the same dye
color, when photographed under different conditions. Thus, even
a relative comparison of the color of one object to that of another
is difficult.
When specification of the object color is important, either in an
absolute sense, or in a relative sense, the use of the film as an
abridged spectral radiometer is a more practical method than is
a strictly subjective (visual) method. Certain major variables
(the atmosphere, solar altitude, system spectral response, differ-
ing camera exposures, and normal film manufacturing tolerances,
as examples) effecting the apparent object color can to a large
degree, be accounted for, or their effects studied, when the film
is used as a radiometer. Since the Development Objectives sub-
mitted to the contractor state the accurate color identification
(specification) is an "important sub-task," and'guiding principle,"
this contractor will apply his special experience with this type
of measurement problem to recommendations for CCC equipments and
methodology.
Image Color Determination: In the instances where the color of
the dye image itself is the principal consideration (in contrast
to ascertaining the true (or relative) color of the object photo-
graphed), as would be the case in examination of variations
between duplicates or in reproduction analysis and control, this
contractor will consider the existing colorimeter and densitometer
designs and equipment mentioned in the customer proposal request.
Other equipment design concepts will be considered if the above-
mentioned devices do not seem to meet the suggested requirements
of the CCC.
IV. Work Statement:
(1) Define method by which colors are to be reported.
(2) Determine what calibration and monitoring equipment are required
in the cell operations.
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(3) Determine instrumentation required to study perceptual
phenomena, and the requirements imposed on the cell environment.
(4) Determine what instrumentation is required to measure the
color discriminating properties of the total color system.
(5) Consider methodology and determine equipment required to
measure the true (or relative) color of objects.
(6) Determine what equipment is required to measure the perceived
color of the dye image, and the requirements imposed on the cell
environment.
(7) Define the structural and environmental characteristics of
the cell.
V. Deliverable Items:
(1) An interim report issued 60 days after start of the study.
This report will not contain detailed technical discussions. It
will state progress and problem areas on the several tasks in
essentially non-technical terms.
(2) A final report which will contain the full technical details
of the conceptualized Color Control Cell, to be delivered 30 days
after completion of the study. The final report will not contain
detailed design data.
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M-00327--I-70-
Schedule A
A summary breakdown of labor, burden, and material
by labor class is submitted in Schedule A-l to support the
summary figures in the DD 633-4+ form.
SchedulE A-3 is a Schedule of Performance and Time
Bar. Chart for the proposal.
20 April 1970
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SeCRO
The overhead rates used for material, labor, and.
G & A expense are taken from the latest issue of our KAD
Authorized, Procedure AC-48, and Rate Schedule for Cost
Estimating signed by
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Comptroller, dated 2 February 1970 and approved by the
resident Government audit office.
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20 April 1970
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