THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ILLICIT NARCOTICS CULTIVATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180004-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 35
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 1, 2012
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: July 1, 1987
• Content Type: REPORT

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THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
ILLICIT NARCOTICS CULTIVATION
Prepared by
Environmental Programs Office
Lockheed Engineering and Management
Services Company, Inc.
Las Vegas, Nevada
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THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ILLICIT NARCOTICS
CULTIVATION IN SELECTED FOREST REGIONS OF LATIN AMERICA
AND THE CARIBBEAN BASIN
JULY 1987
A Proposal Prepared For:
U.S. State Department - International Narcotics Matters
1820 North Ft. Meyer Drive
Room 1215 Ames
Rosslyn, Virginia 22209
Prepared by:
Environmental Programs Office
Lockheed Engineering and Management Services Company, Inc.
1050 East Flamingo Road, Suite 120
Las Vegas, Nevada 89119
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Executive Summary
Introduction
Objectives
Background
Approach
Methods
Anticipated Results
Appendices
A. LEMSCO-LV Personnel Resources
B. Preliminary Literature Review
C. LEMSCO-LV Capabilities and Commitment
Table
Illustration
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Foreign governments need additional incentives to control or eradicate illicit narcotic crops
cultivation and production. In consideration of environmental damage to the foreign natural
resources, and resultant social and economic impacts, the scientific approach and methods to
measure consequent undesirable environmental changes can be utilized, particularly regarding
results from clear cutting of tropical rainforests to grow illicit drug crops.
A multidisciplinary team of experienced environmental specialists will provide the expertise in
integrated disciplines. These include soil science-fertility, aerial photointerpretation, remote
sensing and geographic information systems, meteorology and climatology, water quality and
hydrology, forest and plant ecology, and computerized management information systems for data
base searches, storage and retrieval analysis.
Objectives are presented for both short (6 month) and long-term (5 years) studies with quality
controls for the respective operational areas, along with approaches, methods and anticipated
results. A preliminary literature review, obtained from a search of pertinent data bases is
given. Resumes of multidisciplinary in-house team personnel are briefly listed. LEMSCO-Las Vegas
Environmental Program Office's capability and commitment to the proposed project are summarized.
Lockheed Corporation's resources are available for support purposes.
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The United States is unable to stem the entrance of illicit narcotics from Caribbean and Latin
American sources. Despite the illegality of cultivation and the possible foreign prosecution of
growers, the lucrative cash returns outweigh any concern resulting from natural resource damage
and other environmental impacts. The unwillingness or inability of foreign sources to prevent or
control cultivation of illicit narcotics requires various inducements or alternatives to the
present attempts to curtail this production.
One approach is to provide foreign governments, under social, economic, and population
pressures, with scientific data on the natural resource and environmental damage to ecosystems
incurred by uncontrolled growth of illicit narcotics. Although such environmental damage may or
may not be immediately apparent, in the long-term, such effects will only exacerbate the
country's social and economic problems through loss of natural resources, such as tropical
forests, fauna, soil, water quality, and habitat. The scientific approach to this problem, with
the presentation of hard data, may provide United States policy makers with the "ammunition"
needed to induce foreign governments to cooperate in specific anti-narcotics programs.
The scientific method proposed here is to review the literature, both data bases and local
reports, and to coordinate remote sensing with actual field and laboratory investigations to (1)
determine the history and spread or increase in illicit narcotics cultivation, (2) determine the
present status and environmental effects of illicit narcotics cultivation, (3) present
needs/recommendations for further study to enhance scientific objectives regarding environmental
impacts, (4) provide scientific data usable for approach to foreign governments, and with
recommended courses of action to curtail or eliminate illicit cultivation and production or
narcotics, and (5) present foreign governments with alternatives and a risk analysis to include
potential social and economic consequences of inaction or inappropriate actions. Various
scientific disciplines are needed to obtain the desired information.
We propose to bring together a team of in-house specialists (Appendix A) in soil science, aerial
photointerpretation, remote sensing and geographic information systems, meteorology and
climatology, water quality and hydrology, and forest and plant ecology. They will provide
expertise to guide this study through the statement of research objectives, technical approach,
and scientific methodology. If in-house personnel are not available to fully participate, or if
a specialty is required that we presently do not have, we will identify the necessary specialist
and sub-contract portions of the assignment to them, including Lockheed Corporation resources.
The anticipated results provided by this multidisciplinary team will be based upon the actual
field situations, and will provide scientific data, and information that can be understood and
used by foreign government leaders to stem illicit narcotic cultivation and control ecological
damage. This information will quantify environmental effects on tropical rainforests and
resources. We anticipate the information will provide United States policy makers with
sufficient scientific data on environmental damage to obtain foreign cooperation to control or
eliminate illicit narcotics cultivation.
OBJECTIVES
Short Term, Initial 6 month period
o Determine the observational effects of illicit narcotics cultivation on soil fertility,
exacerbating chemical processes, mechanisms, transport, rate, and fate of soil nutrients.
o Locate, document, and characterize areas of illicit narcotics cultivation and associated
environmental effects by using historical and recently acquired aerial photography.
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o Document, using existing data, that clear cutting of tropical rainforests is having adverse
effects on water quality and natural rate of erosion processes.
o Determine and compare preliminary biomass variations and plant nutrient loss between natural
forest ecosystems and drug crop-cultivated areas.
o Spectrally classify and characterize areas of illicit crop cultivation using satellite-
acquired image data from the Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM);
perform change detection studies to quantify environmental impact in terms of tropical forest
reduction or loss; plan for integrated environmental analysis using geographic information
systems (GIS).
Long Term, Subsequent 5 years
o Perform integrated environmental analysis of multidiscipline data sets using geographic
information systems for identified areas.
o Define specific ecosystem changes by applying and developing a variety of indices describing
forest diversity, evenness, and biomass.
o Characterize spectral response patterns from satellite image data over areas of illicit drug
crop cultivation.
o Determine and characterize the impacts of illicit drug-related deforestation on meteorology
and climatology and identify any associated economic impacts.
o Develop characteristic aerial photointerpretive and photomorphological indicators for illicit
narcotics cultivation; ascertain optimum film/filter/scale combinations for target detection;
investigate photointerpretation opportunities using advanced sensor data such as airborne
radar and stereoscopic imagery from the SPOT satellite.
o Document clear cutting effects relative to a pristine basin, the length of a river impacted
by erosion, seasonal variation of erosion effects, and potential effects on local fisheries.
(A longer-term second phase would involve monitoring the field sites through several cycles
to document the effects of clear cutting or the increased rate of clear cutting).
o Develop temporary or nondestructive soil nutritive chemical alterations, in conjunction with
bioengineered microorganisms, to eradicate and/or control growth of drug-related crops.
Soil Ecosystem Effects
Coca has been cultivated in Caribbean and Latin countries by the Indian, Black, and Mestizo
populations for hundreds of years, and both coca (Erythroxylon coca) and marijuana (Cannabis
saliva) are now grown as lucrative illicit cash crops. Their extension into tropical rain
forests has both short and long-term environmental impacts, as well as social, cultural, and
economic effects. As more and more rainforests are destroyed to grow these crops. one of the
environmental effects pertains to soil fertility and associated soil ecosystem phenomena, such
as destruction of ground cover and soil organic matter, depletion or loss of soil nutrients,
alteration of soil structure, increased weathering and oxidation of soil minerals, promotion of
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soil toxicity, and acceleration of soil erosion either through poor management or mismanagement
of the plant and soil ecosystem. Soil erosion not only destroys or depletes the soil of its
essential physical and chemical properties, but exacerbates environmental effects on other
ecosystems through the products of erosion, such as siltation and eutrophication of streams,
rivers, lakes, floodplains, and coastal areas.
Loss of plant nutrients and other chemical elements from soil is a natural and continuous
phenomenon. These losses occur through the processes of leaching, volatilization, surface
runoff, and erosion, operating individually or collectively. Accurate, quantitative measurements
of nutrient losses from soils, even tinder natural field conditions, are difficult to measure.
Because water is the principal transporting agent of most nutrients, quantitative loss studies
involve the measurement and continuous sampling of runoff and drainage waters. These leaching
losses are commonly determined largely through the use of lysimeters and by the analysis of
waters at discharge points. Usually field plots are statistically designed, established, and
used to measure runoff nutrient and erosion losses.
The nutrients most vulnerable to losses are nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium
(Mg) and sulfur (S). Nitrate (NO3 ) is highly mobile and is readily transported by water, as are
soluble sulfates (SO ), although nitrogen and possibly sulfur are also lost by volatilization.
Leaching losses of phosphorus (P) can be appreciable in rich, organic, tropical soils. High
amounts of all potentially available nutrients are lost by soil erosion. Losses of nitrogen from
stable forested land are generally low, but deforestation greatly accelerates this loss. Erosion
can account for large losses of sulfur. Very few studies have been conducted on micronutrient
losses by leaching or runoff in any soil ecosystem, but these would be important in
understanding soil nutrition, soil/plant chemical balance, and resultant control of crop growth
and productivity.
Aerial photointerpretation is a well developed and well documented technique for a variety of
vegetative discrimination applications. The location and identification of drug crops may be
viewed as an outgrowth of land use/land cover and vegetation mapping. In addition to simple drug
crop identification, some prominent associated environmental effects can be clearly documented
on aerial imagery. These may include physical evidence of erosion and runoff, agricultural to
drug crop conversion, estimates of forest acreage loss, surface water impacts, and deposition
effects on sensitive resource areas such as adjacent wetlands, parks or preserves, and habitats.
One of the most powerful and useful capabilities of aerial photointerpretation can be detection
of temporal changes. Archival imagery can be assembled in chronological data sets, analyzed, and
exhibited to show detailed and generalized environmental trends. For detailed analysis over
small areas, large scale imagery is used. In addition to the documentation of physical removal
and loss of the tropical forest resource, physical removal or storage of the key indicators of
illicit activity such as shacks, sheds, trails, roads, smoke plumes, and harvested product may
also be detected. Over larger areas, small-scale imagery is used to examine regional
environmental effects, including areal extent of deforestation, trends in the direction and
intensity of resource loss, conversion of the agricultural-to-drug crop base, and effects of
watershed, sedimentation, and associated downstream phenomena.
Meteorological and Clin?atological Effects
The environmental impacts of deforestation on meteorology and climatology involve a variety of
lesser or greater magnitudes and scales of time and areal extent. On the micro scale (less than
100 meters) there is little doubt that deforestation creates significant changes in the
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micrometeorology and microclimatology. The general influences of vegetative cover on
temperatures, humidity, winds, gas exchange, radiative and dynamic transfer processes, and the
soil and hydrologic cycles are discussed extensively in the literature. While field studies can
document the specific changes at a given site, the ability to extrapolate these results to other
sites, or to'generalize for all sites, is limited by the complexity of the meteorological,
microclimatic, and climatological factors involved, and the influences of large scale processes.
The ability to assess the impacts at larger scales is even more difficult. A single site
probably has little measurable impact on the mesoscale (100 m to 100 km) or the synoptic scale
(greater than 100 km). However, the cumulative impact of many sites may significantly impact
large scale processes. Unfortunately, most of these impact projects are based largely on
computer models. These models often produce conflicting results and are not universally
accepted.
It is unlikely that the published research deals with the specific problems addressed by this
study. However, the literature probably provides much of the "generic" information required to
address these issues. This information needs to be applied to the selected case studies.
Water Quality Effects
The process of clear-cutting forests has been shown to create several adverse effects on water
quality. These effects can largely result from the higher concentrations of suspended solids as
a consequence of increased erosion. As summarized in Table 1, these environmental impacts can
potentially manifest themselves in terms of physical, biological, or chemical effects. Because
of the remote areas in which the clear cutting is occurring, the principal expected effects of
higher rates of erosion would be an intensified rate and concentration of suspended solids,
turbidity, and subsequent deposition. Specifically, the most likely effects would be a reduction
of photosynthesis that could alter the aquatic food chain, a reduction in populations of food
organisms necessary to support fish populations, and possible disruption of fish spawning
cycles. Depending on the solubility of chemicals associated with the eroded soils, increased
concentrations of major cations, major anions, and total dissolved solids might become apparent.
Also, unexpected conditions could occur which might be difficult to relate to erosion, these
would be higher concentration of heavy metals or exotic chemicals and/or direct mortality of the
fish population. Therefore, these processes and effects on the aquatic ecosystem in relation to
illicit drug crops, would need to be studied and analyzed.
Table 1
Potential Effects of Suspended Solids on Water Quality
Physical Effects
I. Unaesthetic turbidity increases.
2. Physical impairment of photosynthesis.
3. Deposition of transported solids.
Biological Effects
I. Reduction of spawning grounds.
2. Reduction of organisms in the food chain necessary to support fish
populations.
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3. Toxicity of suspended solids to several forms of aquatic life.
4. Stimulation of algal growth and eutrophication.
5. Stimulation of bacterial, protozoan, and other microaquatic growth and
populations.
I . Promotion of chemical imbalances.
2. Increases in heavy metals and micronutrient concentrations due to
dissolution.
3. Increases in phosphate, sulfate, and nitrate concentrations.
4. Increases in total dissolved solids concentrations.
Forest Ecology
The forces giving rise to the wholescale destruction of the earth's most productive areas are
virtually all driven by economics, and the local inhabitants desiring to obtain the highest cash
return for crops produced. To meet the economic necessities of expanding (and exploding
populations), vast areas of tropical rainforest are being cleared yearly to provide homes, farms
and industry.
The tropical rainforests exist in relatively poor soils. To survive, the earth's rainforests
need an uninterrupted, functioning complex series of biogeochemical cycles in which nutrients
are moved from the soil to the plants and animals, and then as remains, back to the soil to
start the cycle over again. Removal of native plants from an area destroys the primary
functional aspect of that ecosystem. Once altered, an area may never reestablish its original
endemic components of interdependent plants and animals.
Digital Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
Remote sensing digital analysis offers one means of assessing deforestation problems. Its
synoptic view and capability for temporal analysis make it a valuable tool for monitoring
changes due to deforestation. Furthermore, these changes can be quantified using digital
analysis of high resolution data.
Satellite systems, such as Landsat and SPOT, offer high resolution multispectral data for nearly
all areas of the world. Five Landsat satellites have been collecting data nearly continuously
since 1972; one SPOT satellite has been collecting data since 1986. Orbital characteristics of
these satellites enable them to repetitively collect data over the same point on the ground.
This repeat cycle varies between 3 and 18 days, depending on the satellite system. The spatial
and spectral resolution of the data collected by these satellites vary with the sensor used.
Spatial resolution ranges between 10 and 20 meters, while spectral resolution is expressed in a
variety of bandwidths ranging from blue reflected energy to thermal infrared energy.
Nearly all data collected for the studies, whether they are derived from remote sensing, field
sampling, existing tabular or mapped information, or other sources, will have spatial
components, i.e., locational attributes that relate the data to some earth coordinate system. As
these data are collected for the studies, they can be entered as individual layers into the
geographic information system (GIS). A GIS is an efficient, computer-based system for managing,
analyzing, and displaying spatial information. Data of varying scales can be entered because the
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system has the capability to relate the various layers to each other on the basis of their
locational attributes. The result will be an integrated system of spatially-related information,
rather than merely an assemblage of separate pieces of data. In this way, data from diverse
sources can be efficiently managed by the GIS.
We will use the GIS to integrate the various types of data collected for the study sites. Data
within this system can be analyzed in various combinations, potentially yielding new information
from that originally collected. This new information can be used to supplement existing data in
the decision making process for environmental effects of illicit drug crop cultivation and
production.
We propose the use of a GIS primarily as a long term data management tool. This long term aspect
is necessary because data will be entered into the system upon collection and will take place
throughout the duration of the project. This will leave little time to assemble the data base
for all collected data and perform subsequent GIS analysis of the project, but in the short
term, it will be possible, however, to begin building the data base within the limited time
frame of the initial project. Those data collected in the early stages of the project can be
entered into the system, with other data to follow as it is collected. In this way, the GIS
would evolve with the data, managing existing data as it is made available.
Another digital image processing technique which may prove to be useful for this study is the
merging of multiresolution remote sensing data. An example application of this technique is the
merging of 20-m resolution SPOT multispectral data with 10-m resolution SPOT panchromatic data.
The technique has been shown to sharpen the 20-m multispectral images thereby enhancing their
interpretability. This technique has also been successfully applied using other data sources.
Soil Ecosystem Effects
The nature of the proposed study (i.e., illicit drug crop cultivation) and the initial
short term tenure of the study (six months) precludes the standard, controlled, field plot
studies, especially in the setting up of lysimeters to measure particle and nutrient transport,
loss, and the minimal use of controls (i.e., long term comparison with undisturbed forests and
legitimate agricultural crops). It is proposed, therefore, that the initial soils ecosystem
study be designed and organized for (I) initial field observations, (2) field measurements with
portable supplies and field test equipment, (3) procurement of statistically valid (if possible)
field samples, and (4) laboratory analysis and interpretation of results.
The initial procedure would include a literature review for regional tropical soil
characteristics, soil fertility, natural vegetation characteristics, and both legitimate and
illicit crop growth requirements and production. A determination would be made of possible
knowledgeable native resources--professionals, individuals, universities, etc.--and subsequent
contacts made for information and cooperative purposes. Subsequently, selections would be made
for field studies, procurement of soil samples, laboratory analysis, and interpretation of
preliminary results.
A key component of the photointerpretation study will be determination of the available existing
imagery in the areas of interest, and its suitability for characterizing areas of illicit
narcotics cultivation. Among the considerations for the imagery will be photographic scale,
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acquisition date, film type (natural color, infrared color, black-and-white), film format,
photographic quality (cloud cover, sharpness, processing), and completeness of coverage. Once
the status of all available imagery is established, a detailed analysis plan will be developed
and implemented to fully exploit the information contained in the aerial photographic data.
Meteorological and Climatological Effects
In the short period available to perform this research, a search of existing literature
pertinent to the geographical region will be performed. Current on-going research will be
identified and incorporated, and an interpretative report addressing the environmental impacts
will be prepared; subsequent research needs will be defined; and, a program of on-going research
will be developed to include study sites in each region.
The consequences of increased erosion will vary seasonally, with the greatest effects occurring
during or shortly after the fall rainy season. Since this may not occur within the six month
performance period, and some of the effects such as fish spawning reduction could take years to
document, a two-phase approach can be considered. The first phase would consist of compiling
historical information on the aquatic systems of interest. The purpose is to determine (1) how
much information is already available, (2) how much additional information will be required, (3)
if there are already indications of water quality changes over time, and (4) if there are any
significant species of commercial fish that could be impacted by increased erosion. Depending on
the basin or watershed to be studied, an appropriate long-term field monitoring program would be
developed to complement existing data and assess the impact of increased erosion on water
quality. Under ideal conditions, a controlled monitoring program would be established in the
pristine basin, and in an experimental basin undergoing clear-cutting for comparison purposes.
A comparative study will be made between natural and undisturbed forests and disturbed areas,
totaling 16 areas. Four sampling areas will be established in undisturbed forest. Four more will
he established in areas with standing crops of illicit plant material. A third four sampling
area will be set up on land with a post cultivation status, regardless of crop species. A final
four study plots will be set up in fields under cultivation for food crops.
Field sampling will require compilation of species censuses for the major groups of plants and
animals, as well as determination of the microbiological components of those ecological systems.
Digital Remote Sensing
Remote sensing digital analysis techniques will be used to assess the areal extent of tropical
rainforest deforestation, specifically as it applies to the cultivation of illegal narcotics.
This is important because the destruction of tropical forest ecosystems has severe negative
impacts upon the environment.
Digital analysis techniques of high resolution data will be applied to assess land cover
characteristics for each of three study areas. Satellite data will be classified into land cover
categories, focusing on agricultural and forested land. The analyses will use multiple date
satellite data to ascertain changes and a quantified estimate of land use, land cover over time,
and forest lost to other land uses. Spectral analyses will also be performed in an attempt to
identify those lands specifically used for the cultivation of illegal narcotics. This
information can then be used to determine the extent of deforestation caused by this activity.
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Additional analyses of these data will involve geometrically correcting the data to an earth
coordinate system. This will enable land use changes to be expressed in quantifiable units such
as hectares or acres. These results will be graphically portrayed on computer generated plots
and overlayed onto maps, showing the extent of changes and where they have occurred.
Soil Ecosystems
Field work includes soil sampling and use of easily portable test equipment to collect soil
samples and to semi-quantitatively characterize samples in the field. Field sampling includes
procurement of samples for physical, chemical, and possible mineralogical and microbiological
analyses, according to modified soil conservation service procedures.
In situ semi-quantitative analyses are performed with portable soil test kits. These field
analyses include soil reactivity (pH) and selected nutritive cations and anions, such as
nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphorus, sulfate, iron, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium,
zinc, chloride, and molybdenum. Laboratory analyses include tests for moisture, bulk density,
porosity, texture, cation and anion exchange capacity, exchangable acidity, sulfate adsorption
and specific surface, total nitrogen and total carbon, and possibly other laboratory "retests"
to obtain more desirable quantitative data.
It is expected that local professionals or technicians could be trained in a short time in the
use of the soil test kits, and to assist in the interpretation of results as affected by local
environmental factors. Local personnel also could be trained to obtain data or information on a
periodic or extended time basis during seasonal changes.
o Principles of Analysis
Stereoscopy is the basis of aerial photographic analysis. Photography is acquired as a
series of overlapping frames along a predetermined ground track. The aerial film is viewed
through a special instrument that optically reconstructs the ground scene in three
dimensional detail. Features thus observed can be identified on the basis of color,
texture, size, shape, location, context, and association. The scene is then characterized
based on expert knowledge. An aerial photointerpretation code may be used to label features
in aerial scenes of high complexity or size.
o Measurement Design
Accurate delineation of the area to he photographed will determine other considerations
such as camera focal length, camera format size, average elevation of study area, and
desired overlap and sidelap. In addition, environmental information will be accounted for,
such as growing season, cloud cover, sun glint avoidance, and solar elevation.
o Photographic Scale and Resolution
The two main variables in planning photographic data acquisition are scale and resolution.
The larger the photographic scale, the higher the resolution (visible detail in the aerial
scene). However, a large photographic scale requires more exposure to cover a given area
consequently. Balance must be drawn between study area size(s) (number of exposures) and
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feature(s) of interest size (resolution). Once an acceptable balance is obtained,
development of a photo acquisition plan can be completed.
o Quality Control and Assurance
Quality control and quality assurance checks are performed in all phases of aerial
photography projects. These are summarized below:
Planning Phase
1) define data requirements
2) design project flight plan
3) define additional auxiliary data requirements
Data Acquisition Phase 4) undertake pre-mission briefing
Data Reduction and Processing 5) screen of film data
6) verify auxiliary data against project specifications
Data Analysis
7) standardize image analysis references
8) screen analysis for completeness and data requirements
9) independently verify with in-field personnel, site
visit, or third independent analyst
10) review technical report draft
11) obtain all final approvals
12) publish report
Analysis of aerial film includes a variety of techniques to transform the data contained in the
images into useful information:
o Image interpretation
Spectral analysis
Spatial analysis
Stereoscopic analysis
Monoscopic analysis
o Image mensuration
o Statistical analysis
o Digitizing of data
Meteorology and Climatology
To adequately address the meteorological and climatological impacts of illicit drug cultivation,
a literature search will be performed and a bibliography will be compiled on meteorological and
climatological factors favorable or necessary for plant growth. Based on the search, major
publications on deforestation in Latin America and related areas will be reviewed, and
additional relevant publications on deforestation will be identified. This review process will
also serve to identify existing experts in this and related fields. Additional information and
inputs will be solicited from these experts. Also, preliminary findings from on-going research
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activities will be solicited. The results of this process will be summarized and interpreted as
they relate to illicit drug cultivation and deforestation in the three case study areas. These
results will then be incorporated into a series of final reports addressing the integrated short
term and long term environmental and economic impacts of these activities.
In addition to the interpretive report, a long term research plan will be developed based on
identified deficiencies in the current knowledge base. These research initiatives will address
specific areas of applied research that are required to strengthen or extend the conclusions
reached in the final reports.
Water Quality
The field monitoring will initially focus on major aquatic constituents such as calcium,
magnesium, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and nitrate. These parameters
will receive attention because they are expected to change as a consequence of erosion.
Each of the determined parameters can be determined immediately in the field by using Hach kit
field test methods and portable battery operated instruments. This approach would alleviate the
logistical problem of handling and storing samples collected in remote locations. Selection of
initial study sites will be in coordination with the other field efforts.
In consideration of remote sensing data, development of aquatic ecosystem relationships could
show the benefits of long term remote monitoring of aquatic ecosystem changes.
Forest Ecology
The initial methodologies will consist of establishing three sample areas within native forest
and another three within standing crops of narcotic plants. Soils beneath canopy will be
replicate sampled with a coring tool at 10, 70, and 30 cm depths. Total carbon and soil
nutrients relative to plant analyses will be determined from those samples, and plant total
biomass will be determined along replicate vertical and horizontal transects in both crop and
natural areas using forestry sampling techniques. Representative leaf and wood samples will be
taken and analyzed for nutrients and total carbon. Biomass will be expressed as mass per unit
area (10 g/m--ultimately as kg/hectare).
Digital Remote Sensing
Digital analysis of land cover will be performed using a supervised classification technique.
This requires that training sets must first be taken to characterize the spectral response of
resources to be mapped. Determination of training set areas will be made from field visitation
of the study sites, and from interpretation of aerial photographs. A statistical analysis of the
training sets will be used to computerize group areas of spectral similarity. In this manner, a
land use classification will be achieved for each of the three study sites.
The resultant classification procedure will be used to analyze multiple dates of satellite data
for each site. Classifications produced for each date will be compared to determine changes in
forest resources that have occurred over time. This analysis will provide for the calculation of
the area of forested lands lost to other land uses.
It is anticipated that much of the loss of forested lands can be attributed to the increases in
the cultivation of illegal narcotics. To verify this theory, we will attempt to determine the
areal extent of this illegal activity. This will be facilitated if we can successfully
characterize the spectral response of marijuana and coca plants.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
Soil Ecosystems
As an initial, cursory survey, it is expected that the soil ecosystems and certain soil
characteristics, e.g., structure and essential soil nutrients, will reflect a decrease in soil
fertility and associated adverse environmental effects due to narcotics production. It is
expected that this brief survey will provide guidance for further studies of a more detailed and
scientific nature to partially meet short term objectives. Depending upon future studies, it is
expected that temporary soil chemical manipulations, and/or in association with bioengineered
microorganisms, can drastically affect illicit narcotics crop germination, growth, development,
maturity, and production, both qualitatively and quantitatively, e.g., induced chlorosis and
nitrogen imbalance, thereby reducing the quality and quantity of the crops, and promoting
disease susceptibility by insect or microbial vectors. If desired, application of nontoxic
soil-plant growth substance and inhibitors can be determined for temporary effects, and
residuals flushed from the soil ecosystem during successive rainy periods as demonstrated in
trial field study plots.
Preparation and presentation of final project documentation includes a technical narrative of
on-site observations and graphic illustrations, including photographic, photomosaic, and map
overlays. Additionally, tables summarizing the results of image mensuration and statistical
analysis can also be included.
Results should clearly document and characterize trends in tropical rainforest deforestation
subject to illicit narcotics cultivation. Analysis of newly acquired aerial data (summer, 1987)
should provide up-to-date information on recent cultivation incursions into the rainforest. In
addition, aerial photography should provide an important verification tool for satellite imagery
using the Landsat MSS (multispectral scanner) and TM (thematic mapper) sensors.
Meteorology and Climatology
It is expected that this study will provide the following results:
Bibliography of meteorological and climatological impacts of deforestation and illicit drug
cultivation.
Summary of current research relative to deforestation and illicit drug cultivation.
Interpretive summary of meteorological and climatological impacts.
Integrated assessment of the environmental impacts in the case study areas.
Water Quality
The short term effort will focus on the possibility of using existing data to document that
clear cutting is having an impact on water quality. This will depend on the basin selected, the
intensity of historical sampling completed, and the level of clear cutting that has occurred in
the basin.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180004-7
It is anticipated that longer term monitoring results will document the effects of clear cutting
relative to a pristine basin, the length of an aquatic system (river) that is impacted by
erosion, the time of year that erosional effects would be expected, and a summary of the
potential effects on local fisheries.
Additionally, it is expected that the potential effects of increased erosion would also increase
the need for any necessary navigational dredging. While this effect would not be significant in
many streams, it could be important if the clear-cutting occurs along the upstream reaches of
major rivers that flow past or through population centers. The consequences of increased
dredging and dredged material disposal due to silting from increased erosion will be addressed,
if it is appropriate for the study basin selected.
Forest Ecology
Analysis and comparison of total carbon and nutrient values within the soil-plant ecosystem will
give insight into the depletion and removal of carbon and associated nutrients by growth of
narcotic plants. Changes in carbon values will also provide indications of forest soil microbial
populations, e.g., mycological and bacteriological components of the soil resulting from removal
of native plants, and hence the raw material of decay and recycling of decay products. It is
expected that the most dramatic results will arise from analyses of values for plant bound
nutrients and total carbon when the native and cultivated areas are compared. The lesser amounts
of total carbon and nutrients from that portion of the ecosystem that has been cleared for
cultivation can be expressed as a direct loss of natural resources.
Digital Remote Sensing
The results of these analyses will be presented using two forms of output, tabular summaries and
computer generated maps. Tabular listings will be produced which summarize the areal extent of
land use changes related to deforestation and illegal drug cropping activities. Computer
generated maps will be produced from a color electrostatic plotter. These plots will overlay
existing base maps and will graphically portray changes in land use over time. An example of one
our output products is present on the following page. This, for example, is how we used Landsat
digital data in the GIS to analyze an intensive agricultural area in Ohio where excessive
precipitation run-off caused accelerated erosion, and a consequent reduction of local surface
water quality of rivers and lakes.
LEMSCO produced a series of photo maps such as the one shown where crop residue left on
harvested agricultural fields was automatically identified within the GIS and graphically
discriminated on the rectified photo crop output. The GIS merged ground observations and
geographically correct coordinates in the GIS with the classified MSS digital data to produce
color code photo map products such as the one illustrated. The importance of this experience is
that it allows LEMSCO to support INM with a powerful analysis and interactive graphics tool to
manage environmental monitoring data, and to assist in the environmental assessment decision
making process.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
SCALE1 I.[4000 2000 METER UTM ORIO. EORE 17
f9
0-15 k RESIDUE
0Ik RESIDUE
:_5_175 k RESIDUE
50-7RESIDUE
as 0 RESIDUE
75111 RESIDUE
HOODED NEI SOILS UNCLASSIEICO
OATEN VEDEIRTION RATER
RAILROAD/URBAN OURRRT/SRIDMT SURRRCES
CLASSIFICATION OF CROP RESIDUE--SENECA COUNTY. OHIO
COMPILED FROM LANDSAT THEMATIC MAPPER DATA ACQUIRED MAY 13. 1985
[ PREPARED ?on
dKA11lRNES M"Warn Ei~OOAIA1eMi aTIM[i
OT
U.O. [M LDCIOE"O [r91K R[ AIMS IMpC SS01p[CII UT ICRYICES C01 KR"kc ? R[YRM
,OUnKS. 1
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
LEMSCO PERSONNEL RESOURCES
FOR INN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT STUDIES
RESOURCE/
DISCIPLINE PERSONNEL DEGREE EXPERIENCE
Hydrology J.C. Rotert M.S. Hydrology Ten years experience: groundwater ex-
University of Hawaii ploration, evaluation and development;
extensive on-site investigation for
hazardous waste (RCRA and CERCLA),
nuclear waste repository; digital
simulations and modeling, waste-water,
stream flow, run off monitoring;
registered professional geologist in
California and Arizona.
Environmental R.H. Plumb Ph.D. Water Chemistry Sixteen years experience: inter-
Chemistry University of disciplinary studies to evaluate
Wisconsin distributions behavior, and potential
hazards of contaminants in surface water
and ground water environments; research
and development and evaluation of
requirements for dredged materials
disposal, ocean disposal; RCRA hazardous
waste ground water monitoring programs.
Botany K.O. Wirtz M.S. Biological Thirteen years experience: experimental
Science design, collection of samples for
University of Nevada, taxonomic, anatomical, physiological and
Las Vegas trace pollutant analysis; biochemical
studies, organic, wet chemistry, water
analysis, biotransformations. Plant
distribution and relationships. Fluent
Spanish.
Soil Science R.E. Cameron Ph.D. Plant Science; Twenty six years experience: soils,
M.S. Agricultural chemistry, microbiology, micro-
Chemistry and Soils climatology, and ecological modeling;
University of Arizona environmental monitoring, soils quality
assurance analysis; developed and
implemented training programs in these
scientific fields. Member, National
Agricultural Research Advisory Board,
environmental concerns. International
experience in soil sampling, analysis
and field coordination. Spanish
proficiency.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
RESOURCE/
DISCIPLINE PERSONNEL DEGREE EXPERIENCE
Meteorologist M.J. Pearson M.S. Atmospheric Twelve years experience: design and
Physics research on environmental field studies.
University of Nevada, Past studies include visibility impact
Reno assessments; remote sensing of air
pollution using airborne lidar; multi-
media environmental assessments;
population dynamics modeling; quality
assurance studies related to acid rain;
instrument development and evaluation;
power plant impact studies.
o Physical F. Mynar, II M.S. Geography Seven years experience: processing and
Geography Oklahoma State analysis of spectral and spatial
University remotely sensed data; aerial photo
interpretation of hazardous waste sites,
establishment of geographic information
system (CIS) techniques to model human
exposure to environmental pollutants;
utilization of aerial photography,
aircraft MSS and Landsat MSS and
Thematic Mapper in analyses. Specialist
in GIS applications utilizing ARC/INFO.
o Economic S.H. Page B.A. Geography
Geography University of Florida
Ten years experience: analysis of aerial
photography, aircraft MSS and satellite
data for multidiscipline approach to
environmental assessments; specialist in
historical and intensive analysis of
remotely sensed data for surface mining,
environmental resource survey, land use
- land cover and hazardous waste site,
utilized GIS for site analysis
techniques.
o Forestry D.R. Williams M.S. Forestry Sixteen years experience: digital and
Steven F. Austin conventional analysis techniques
State University specializing in forestry, vegetation,
and wetland studies and inventories;
conducted numerous historical wetland
and land-use mapping projects in
conjunction with EI'A monitoring and
enforcement investigations.
o Civil M.V. Olsen M.S. Civil and Eight years experience: remote sensing
Engineer- Environmental and spatial data analysis; digital
ing Engineering image processing and CIS applied to
University at environmental monitoring and resource
Wisconsin, Madison assessment. Considerable experience
processing and analyzing aircraft
satellite digital data for environmental
applications.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180004-7
Several comprehensive data base searches were conducted using DIALOG Information Services.
Approximately 60 scientific, news, and public affairs data bases were investigated. The search
strategies focused on the following topics:
I . Illicit drug crops and cultivation (worldwide).
2. Tropical rainforest deforestation.
3. South American, Central American, Latin American, and Caribbean agriculture (including
Jamaica, Columbia, and Peru).
4. Remote sensing technology, scientific research, and tropical rainforests.
5. Marijuana (Cannabis sativa), coca (Erythroxylum coca) and opium (Papaver somni/erum).
6. Environmental and ecological impacts and assessments.
A preliminary evaluation of the search results indicate that there is relatively little
documented research that specifically addresses the environmental and ecological impact of
illicit drug crop agriculture on tropical rainforest deforestation in the geographic areas of
interest (Jamaica, Columbia, and Peru). A more thorough review of the literature, as identified
by the present searches, should reveal some significant information in the relevant areas
subject areas of remote sensing technology, tropical deforestation and agriculture, and the
botanical species being examined.
The following list of references represents a portion of the total number of documents and
publications identified by the search. References include data base accession number and title
only, and have been sorted by data base.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
File 5: BIOSIS PREVIEWS 69-87/JUNE BA8402;RRM3302
(? BIOSIS 1987)
0017505442
BIOSIS Number: 33005442
Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon Basin Measured by Satellite Imagery
0017505441
BIOSIS Number: 33005441
Tropical Forests, Patterns of Depletion
0017505439
BIOSIS Number: 33005439
AAAS Selected Symposium 101. Tropical Rain Forests and the World Atmosphere
0016602704
BIOSIS Number: 31052782
Remote Detection of Forest Damage
0016520661
BIOSIS Number: 31010869
Spatial Concentration of Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon
0015008385
BIOSIS Number: 28008385
Using Landsat to Monitor Tropical Forest Ecosystems, Realistic Expectations of Digital
Processing Technology
0017107311
BIOSIS Number: 32057112
Continental and Global Scale Remote Sensing of Land Cover
0017023988
BIOSIS Number: 32014121
Local Effects of Tropical Deforestation
0017023987
BIOSIS Number: 32014120
Tropical Deforestation and a Mega-Extinction Spasm
0016082175
BIOSIS Number: 30043007
Tropical Deforestation and Pasture Development
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
1245551
N87-I8203/6/XAB
Application of Laser-Induced Chlorophyll-a Fluorescence in Forest Decline Research
1043324
DE84004444
Test of the use of LANDSAT Imagery to Detect Changes in the Area of Forest in the Tropics
1023586
DE83016645
Deforestation Measured by LANDSAT: Steps Toward a Method
963787
N83-14579/7
Remote Sensing Techniques for Conservation and Management of Natural Vegetation Ecosystems
909906
N82-20592/3
Amazonas Project: Application of Remote Sensing Techniques for the Integrated Survey of Natural
Resources in Amazonas
894125
N82-15490/7
Remote Sensing in Forestry: Application to the Amazon Region
866382
N 81-26524/i
Remote Sensing Data Applied to the Evaluation of Soil Erosion Caused by Land Use Ribeirao
Anhumas Basin Area: A Case Study
File 8: COMPENDEX - 70-87/JUNE
(? ENGINEERING INFO INC. 1987)
1752502
Global Forests: Another View
1732369
Weather Independent Forest Forest Surveillance by Means of Radar Measurements
1732325
Toward an Economic Model of Deforestation and Social Change in Amazonia
1609920
Identifying Deforestation in Brazil Using Multiresolution Satellite Data
1477424
Reduction of Biological Diversity and Species Loss (Tropical Rain Forests)
1088310
Temporary, Hydrologic Changes After Deforestation for Pioneer Homesteading
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
1037224
Use of LANDSAT Data for Evaluation and Characterization of Deforested Pastureland and Reforested
Areas in Brazil
1037192 '
Land Use Evolution of the City of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil from 1972 to 1978
0994903
Can Forest Policy Contribute to Solving CO2 Problem?
0976919
Will the World Face Up to Its Ever-Worsening Environmental Problems?
86068843 85079243 Holding Library: AGL
Improving the Monitoring of Deforestation in the Humid Tropics
86091342 86017894 Holding Library: AGL
Tropical Deforestation and Pasture Development
86091337 86017889 Holding Library: AGL
Saving Tropical Forests; Moving Beyond Documenting the Crisis
86077779 86005661 Holding Library: AGL
Countering the Effects of Tropical Deforestation With Modern Technology
85148031 85019940 Holding Library: AZUA; AGL
Chimera or Opportunity? An Environmental Appraisal of the International Tropical Timber
Agreement
851 19131 85000360 Holding Library: AZUA: AGL
Possible Climatic Impacts of Land Cover Transformations, With Particular Emphasis on Tropical
Deforestation
84114889 84004948 Holding Library: AGL
How Serious is Tropical Deforestation?
81756583 Holding Library: GPO; GPO; AGL
Tropical Deforestation: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the
Committee on Foreign Affairs
82005140 80737693 Holding Library: AGL; AGL
Issues in Tropical Deforestation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
81107646 81008605 Holding Library: AGL
Multiple-use Research (Forest Resources)
81074162 80125637 Holding Library: AGL
Tropical Deforestation: Fight for Survival (Forest Management)
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180004-7
874982
Possible Climatic Impact of Tropical Deforestation
File 13: INSPEC - 77-87/ISS14
(? IEE 1987)
1378382
Possible Climatic Impacts of Land Cover Transformations, With Particular Emphasis on Tropical
Deforestation
File 41: POLLUTION ABSTRACTS - 70-87/MAR
(? Cambridge Scientific Abstracts)
83-04477
Environmental Priorities: International and Supranational
1109753 111-09753
Environmental Effects of Deforestation: an annotated bibliography
1603514 116-03514; 216-00768
The Effects of Deforestation in Amazonia
1112969
111-12969:211-07135
Causes of Environmental Deterioration in Eastern Barbados Since Colonization
1654150 216-04150
On Monitoring Global Change by Satellites
0454677
Forest Surveys: Monitoring Tropical Deforestation by Remote Sensing in Latin America
0466089
Cartography of the Environment in Tropical Regions
0369160
Use of Landsat Imagery and Geographical Data Bases for Evaluation of Soil Erosion for
Reforestation Planning
0337549
Quantifying Changes in Forest Cover in the Humid Tropics: Overcoming Current Limitations
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
0229727
Ecology and Development of the Amazon
0145126
Part IV Resource Management. Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management
0220018
Intensive Forest Clearing in Rondonia, Brazil, as Detected by Satellite Remote Sensing
0209089
The Role of Terrestrial Vegetation in the Global Carbon Cycle: Measurement by Remote Sensing
0142264
Remote Sensing Data Applications for the Inventory and Monitoring of Renewable Natural Resources
in Costa Rica
0492009
The Effect of Tropical Deforestation on Atmospheric CO2. Land Clearing and Development in the
Tropics
0489507
Hoofprints in the Forest. Cattle Ranching and the Destruction of Latin America's Tropical
Rainforests
0361292
Countering the Effects of Tropical Deforestation with Modem Technology. Tissue Culture in
Forestry and Agriculture
0241781
Tropical Deforestation and Recovery: The Effects of the Evapotranspiration Process
0227345
The United States Policy on Tropical Deforestation: A Critique
0209231
Technologies to Sustain Tropical Forest Resources
0193439
Tropical Deforestation and North American Migrant Birds
0169982
Replenishing the World's Forests: Tropical Reforestation: An Achievable Goal?
File 53: CAB ABSTRACTS 1972-1983
SEE File 50 (1984+)
1573208 and 1505694
Blowing in the Wind: Deforestation and Long-Range Implications
1305114
Deforestation and CO2
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180004-7
1145298
Proceedings of the U.S. Strategy Conference on Tropical Deforestation
1030221
How to Save the World. Strategy for World Conservation
Remote Sensing Techniques to Assess Forest Resources
1115159
Deforestation for Sovereignty Over Remote Frontiers in Venezuela
1090719
Explosive Deforestation in Rondonia, Brazil
1026362
Possible Consequences of the Forest Decline in High Mountain Areas
1019467
Identifying Deforestation in Brazil Using Multiresolution Satellite Data
0992213
Desertification: A Threat to World Stability
0975974
Net Flux of Carbon Dioxide from Tropical Forests in 1980
0973782
The Continuing Deforestation of Haiti
0973519
Possible Climatic Impacts of Land Cover Transformations, With Particular Emphasis on Tropical
Deforestation
0965694
Effects of Deforestation and Afforestation on Climate
0949192
The Effects of Land Use Alteration on Tropical Carbon Exchange
0854182
Improving the Monitoring of Deforestation in the Humid Tropics
0813562
Succession. (Ecosystem Dynamics; Rain Forests; Tropical Environment; Environmental Impact;
Deforestation)
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
575549
Causes of Environmental Deterioration in Eastern Barbados Since Colonization
0973418
Tropical Forests: A Call for Action. Part I: The Plan
0760610
A Possible Role for Heterotrophs in the Global Carbon Budget
429110
Can the Wet Tropical Forest Survive?
1509318
Tropical Deforestation and Pasture Development
1508821
International Task Force Plans to Reverse Tropical Deforestation
1306669
How Serious is Tropical Deforestation?
1100360
Raven Warns of Rapid Tropical Deforestation
1001769
Editorial: Tropical Deforestation: Fight for Survival
0906663 and 0906657
Tropical Deforestation: Getting the Green Out
0819100
U.S. Strategy Conference on Tropical Deforestation
File 89: GEOREF - 1785-1987/JULY
(? American Geological Institute)
1. Deforestation in the Tropics; New Measurements in the Amazon Basin Using Landsat and NOAA
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Imagery
2. Use of Remote Sensors in the Planning and Evaluation of Exploratory Fields and Their
Relation to the Environmental Conservation
4. Possible Climatic Impact of Tropical Deforestation
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
1317628
DE-87: 003773, EDB-87: 22
Forestry Ekemplifying the Transfrontier Pollution Problem
1278904
NOV-87: 044160, EDB-87: 045215
World Resources 1986
1274254
EDB-87: 04565
Continental and Global Scale
Analysis
1111602
EDB-86: 066182
Saving Tropical Forests
Sensing of Land Cover Changing Carbon Cycle: A Global
1106183
EDB-86: 060763
Countering the Effects of Tropical Deforestation
With Modern Technology
372293
EDB-84: 170064
Blowing in the Wind: Deforestation and Long-Range Implications Studies in Third World Societies:
Publication No. 14
121635
EDB-83: 121648
Deforestation: Environmental Impacts and Research Needs. Joint Hearing Before the Subcommittee
on Natural Resources
024600
EDB-83: 024602
World's Forests
002950
ERA-08: 004618, EDB-83: 002950 TIC Accession No.: DE82019783
Evaluation of Merchantable-total Biomass Conversion Ratios Used in Global Carbon Budget Research
File 104: DOE Energy - 1974-1982 / See File 103
81514
EDB-81: 123410
Earthwatch Global Environmental Assessment
726480
EDB-81: 034734
Deforestation and CO
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180004-7
149347
Evaluation of Climate Relevant Land Surface Characteristics from Remote Sensing
1487017
Temporal Monitoring of Forest Land Change Detection and Forest Cover Mapping Through Satellite
Remote Sensing Techniques
1485347
Forest Inventory in Thailand Using Remote Sensing Techniques
1476751
Support for Global Science: Remote Sensing's Challenge
1438398
Anthropogenic Effects on the Environments According to Observations from Space (Russian Book)
1418651
Scientific Requirements for a Modern-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer
1417774
Application of AIS Technology to Forest Mapping
1413969
Determination of Surface Albedo from Satellites
1367014
Deforestation, Floodplain Dynamics, and Carbon Biogeochemistry in the Amazon Basin
1330391
Multitemporal Change Detection Techniques for the Identification and Monitoring of Forest
Disturbances
1301148
Study of Desertification/Aridity Through Remote Sensing
1272028
Test of the Use of LANDSAT Imagery to Detect Changes in the Area of Forest in the Tropics
1272007
Remote Sensing from Space for Forestry Purposes
1201754
Remote Sensing Techniques for Conservation and Management of Natural Vegetation Ecosystems
1183568
Amazonas Project: Application of Remote Sensing Techniques for the Integrated Survey of Natural
Resources in Amazonas
1179428
Brazilian Remote Sensing Activities, Current and Prospective Needs
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180004-7
1178478
Remote Sensing in Forestry: Application to the Amazon Region
1171532
What's Happening to the World's Forest Resources (Tropical Regions)
1159482
Monitoring Deforestation in the Eastern Part of the State of Guerrero, Mexico
1159479
Defining the Temporal Window for Monitoring Forest Canopy Defoliation Using Landsat
1159464
A Data Base Approach for Prediction of Deforestation-Induced Mass Wasting Events
1060528
Global Geochemical Problems
0838041
Remote Sensing - Satellite Analyses of Earth Resources
1486983
Evaluation of Digital Change Detection Techniques for Monitoring Tropical Deforestation Using
Landsat MSS Data
1418651
Scientific Requirements for a Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) for EOS
1304262
Using Landsat to Monitor Tropical Forest Ecosystems
576794
W87-00108
Deforestation Impact Assessment: The Problems Involved
File 165: EI ENGINEERING MEETINGS-87/June
(? Engineering Info INC-87)
0452943
Weather Independent Forest Surveillance by Means of Radar Measurement
0452899
Toward an Economic Model of Deforestation and Social Change in Amazonia
0414315
Analysis of Deforestation in Amazonia Using Shuttle-Imaging Radar
0400551
What the Forest Products Industry is Doing About Pollution-Induced Forest Health Problems
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180004-7
0390050
Uses of Remote Sensing for Monitoring and Control of Deforestation in the High Jungles of Peru
0386733
Some Observations on Remote Sensing of Tropical Environments
0372029
Energy, Hydrogen, and the Environment
0287612
Reduction of Biological Diversity and Species Loss. Tropical Rain Forests
0242710
Tropical Forest Extent and Changes
0215653
Multitemporal Change Detection Techniques for the Identification and Monitoring of Forest
Disturbances
0113627
Environmental Deterioration in the Caribbean Island of Hispaniola
0390050
EIM 8606-036655
Uses of Remote Sensing for Monitoring and Control of Deforestation in the High Jungles of Peru
0287612
EIM8504-019292
Reduction of Biological Diversity and Species Loss
File 185: ZOOLOGICAL RECORD-78-86 v. 123
(? BIOSIS & ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1987)
0648722
Disappearing Species, Deforestation and Data
0936329
Regional Overview of Environmental and Socio-Economic Aspects of Tropical Deforestation in the
ESCAP Region
0759800
Possible Climatic Impacts of Land Cover Transformations, With Particular Emphasis on Tropical
Deforestation
0408133
The Timber Dilemma Tropical Deforestation in Malaysia
0066085
Possible Climatic Impact of Tropical Deforestation
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-00500R000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
File 292: GEOBASE 1984 - APR 87
(? Geo Abstracts Ltd. 1987)
0474507 84V-2059
Univariate Image-Differencing for Forest Change Detection with Landsat
0467811 85L-0339
Remote Sensing Techniques for Conservation and Management of Natural Vegetation Ecosystems
0452946 84V-0479
Effects of Tropical Deforestation on Climate (Forests)
0452944 84V-0480
Tropical Deforestation and Genetic Resources Conservation
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/06: CIA-RDP98-0050OR000200180004-7
Lockheed Engineering and Management Services Company, Inc. in Las Vegas, Nevada (LEMSCO-LV) is a
multidisciplinary environmental sciences organization presently under contract to the United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). As a result of our relationship with the EPA, our
scientists are researching, developing, and managing monitoring techniques and data analysis
programs to assist EPA in solving our nation's most important environmental problems, hazardous
waste, ground water protection, and acid deposition.
LEMSCO-LV has a staff of over 230 scientists, engineers, and technical support personnel
representing the physical, biological, natural, and earth sciences, as well as chemical,
environmental, and geotechnical engineering.
The expertise of LEMSCO-LV's professional staff in the area of hazardous wastes site programs
includes preliminary site investigations, design of on-site investigations, environmental
monitoring, geophysical surveys, data management, analytical data analysis and interpretation,
and quality assurance of analytical data. Utilizing a team approach, LEMSCO-LV personnel
interact to develop solutions to complex problems. This integrated team approach will be applied
to research on the environmental causes and effects of illicit drug cultivation.
In addition, as part of the Lockheed Corporation, LEMSCO-LV can draw upon the 100,000 member
corporate resources for any needed expertise or consultation needed by LEMSCO-LV for this
effort. Corporate personnel can be drawn upon for support in technical, scientific, and
engineering areas for the various areas of program operations as for previous Lockheed programs
including programs not only with EPA, but with NASA. DOE and DOD, and previous work with the
U.S. State Department, the Republic of Mexico, and NASA/ERL to develop a means of locating
specific vegetative types (narcotics plants) using remote sensing technology.
For the 4-1/2 year Curb Illegal Narcotics Project, Lockheed provided support to NASA/ERL in
design, procurement, integration, and installation (in Mexico City) of two powerful
minicomputers; design and procurement of a specialized electro-optical airborne sensor;
development of remote sensing applications software and associated data processing and analysis
techniques; and training of Mexican Nationals (at NSTL and in Mexico City) in computer systems
O&M, data processing and analysis, and aircraft data acquisition techniques.
One of the major challenges in this project was providing Lockheed personnel in Mexico City for
extended periods of time during hardware installation and checkout, sensor verification, and
extensive training of Mexican personnel. This was accomplished by rotating personnel on a
one-month basis, which meant considerable persistence in scheduling and coordination to prevent
impacts on other ongoing work. Seeing this long and difficult project through to a successful
conclusion (both NASA and the Mexican Government considered the project a success) took
considerable tenacity.
This is an example of our perseverance and continuing pursuit of excellence in providing service
and support to achieve stated goals and objectives.
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Expertise within LEMSCO-LV lies principally within operational areas of remote sensing,
environmental monitoring, environmental chemistry, quality assurance and data analysis. A
synopsis of our operational expertise which can be drawn upon for the proposal project is given
below.
The Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing Group is responsible for collecting, processing,
and interpreting aerial photography as well as multispectral scanner and laser imagery.
LEMSCO-LV uses a Geographic Information System (GIS) supported on a VAX 785 to overlay
spatial data such as soils, watersheds, geology, and land use to photographic/scanner data
providing an integrated spatial analysis capability. Typical aerial photography/ remote
sensing projects include spill contingency planning, wetlands mapping, industrial facility
investigations, RCRA and CERCLA hazardous waste site investigations, and nonpoint source
plume mapping.
The Environmental Monitoring Group provides geophysical, air quality monitoring,
engineering, and technical support services. The geophysical personnel conduct research to
evaluate and improve the application of geophysical monitoring techniques. Geophysical
monitoring techniques currently utilized include: electromagnetic induction, resistivity,
seismic refraction, magnetics, and high precision gravimetry. LEMSCO-LV scientific and
engineering personnel have developed a passive soil gas sampling system for detecting
contamination from leaking underground storage tanks and in groundwater. We have designed,
developed, and managed a number of large scale air monitoring and meteorological networks.
Several projects required the design, fabrication, and installation of monitoring systems
in remote locations necessitating the use of solar power and satellite telemetry.
We have an excellent track record in designing, implementing, and managing environmental
field studies. Drawing upon resources throughout the organization, LEMSCO-LV project
managers utilize an integrated systems approach to coordinate the movement of people,
equipment, and samples to and from the study site. Such a system was used in the successful
completion of the National Surface Water Survey for which LEMSCO-LV personnel have received
some of the highest awards ever given a contractor by the EPA. Past EPA Administrator
William Ruckleshaus cited the LEMSCO-LV project management efforts as a model for future
EPA field programs.
Representative LEMSCO-LV projects include the National Lake Survey Phases I and II,
National Stream Survey, National Soil Survey, Spring Variability Survey, and the National
Snow Survey Pilot Program.
The Environmental Chemistry Group specializes in analytical chemistry and associated
sampling, sample handling, analytical methods development, occupational safety, and
groundwater and surface water monitoring. Over 50 analytical chemists are on staff to
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develop and evaluate new analytical methods and to prepare standard reference materials for
the EPA's RCRA, CERCLA, Acid Deposition, Toxics, and Pesticides. These chemists routinely
perform environmental programs in chemical analysis of environmental samples and operate
and maintain a wide variety of analytical instrumentation which enables the LEMSCO-LV
chemistry personnel to investigate virtually any chemical of interest in modern
environmental science. Recent programs in the development phase include the application of
biotechnology to chemical analysis, the use of fiber optics to perform in situ chemical
analysis, and the application of modern synthetic organic chemistry to problems in
environmental organic chemistry and analysis.
Additionally, LEMSCO-LV chemistry personnel are involved in the evaluation of the present
RCRA water regulatory strategy. These personnel also perform extensive literature reviews
to compile Quality Assurance. Quality Control, and Performance Data for routinely used
measurement methods to aid Project Managers in the selection of analytical techniques.
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND DATA ANALYSIS
LEMSCO-LV personnel are national experts in evaluating chemistry data. LEMSCO-LV Quality
Assurance personnel are directly responsible for developing and managing the existing
quality assurance programs for data collection, chemical analysis, and interpretation for
the Superfund Contractor Laboratory Program, RCRA. and the National Surface Water Survey.
By utilizing sophisticated statistical techniques, and computerized data management
systems, LEMSCO-LV personnel audit the results of laboratory chemical analysis to assure
that each data value is of known and prescribed quality, accuracy, and precision.
Representative projects include evaluation of the hazardous waste sampling and analysis
program for the Department of Defense and Department of Energy, assisting the EPA
Groundwater Monitoring Task Force in evaluating data from hazardous waste disposal sites,
and providing the necessary multi-laboratory method validation of Superfund analytical
methods.
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