CONTROLLED OFFENSIVE BEHAVIOR - USSR (U)

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• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
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• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 2, 1974
• Content Type: RS

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SECTION II - SIGNIFICANCE OF PARAPSYCHOLOGY IN THE USSR
1. (U) The Soviet Union is well aware of the benefits and applications
of parapsychology research. In 1963, a Kremlin edict apparently
gave top priority to biological research, which in Russia includes
parapsychology (74). The major impetus behind the Soviet drive
to harness the possible capabilities of telepathic communication,
telekinetics, and bionics is said to come from the Soviet military
and the KGB (57). Today it is reported that the USSR has twenty
or more centers for the study of parapsychological phenomena, with
an annual budget estimated in 1967 at over 12 million rubles
(13 million dollars) and reported to be as high as 21 million
dollars (1,57,75).
2. (U) According to a report by Velinov (76), Soviet interest
in biocommunications was clearly indicated in 1965 when the Depart-
ment of Bioinformation of the Scientific and Technical Society
of Radio Engineering and Telecommunications was established at
the Popov Institute in Moscow. Its stated objectives are to
discuss physical, biological, and philosophical aspects of bioinfor-
mation and to acquaint the Soviet scientific community with bio-
communications research conducted outside the Soviet Union.
3. (U) Soviet parapsychology research was actually stimulated
by the 1960 French story (77) concerning the US atomic submarine
Nautilus. The French journalists splashed the now rather infamous
Nautilus story in headlines "US Navy Uses ESP on Atomic Sub!"
Ship to shore telepathy, according to the French, blipped along
nicely even when the Nautilus was far under water. "Is telepathy
a new secret weapon? Will ESP be a deciding factor in future
warfare?" The speculating French sensationalized, "Has the
American military learned the secret of mind power?" In Leningrad
the Nautilus reports went off like a depth charge in the mind
of L.L. Vasilev. In April of 1960, Doctor Vasilev, while
addressing a group of top Soviet scientists stated:
"We carried out extensive and until now completely
unreported investigations under the Stalin regime.
Today the American Navy is testing telepathy on their
atomic submarines. Soviet scientists conducted a great
many successful telepathy tests over a quarter of a
century ago. It's urgent that we throw off our
prejudices. We must again plunge into the exploration
of this vital field." (78)
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Although the US Navy subsequently denied the reports of telepathic
testing on atomic submarines, the Soviet hierarchy apparently
heeded Doctor Vasilev's advice and gave support, both moral
and financial, to his dynamic view that. "The discovery of the
energy underlying telepathic communication will be equivalent
to the discovery of atomic energy (62).
4. (U) Since 1962, Doctor Vasilev has headed a special laboratory
for biocommunications research at the University of Leningrad.
Major aspects of the work of this laboratory are to conduct research
and to develop machines capable of monitoring, testing and studying
telepathic communication (79).
5. (U) In 1963, Doctor Vasilev claimed to have conducted successful
long-distance telepathic experiments between Leningrad and Sevastapol,
a distance of 1200 miles, with the aid of an ultra-short-wave
(UHF) radio transmitter. As a result, Doctor Vasilev was convinced
that his experiments, and those he conducted jointly with the
Moscow-based Bekhterev Brain Institute, offered scientific proof
of telepathic communications. His next goal was to identify
the nature of brain energy that produces it (59).
Theorizing on the above experiments, one Soviet scientist suggested
that telepathic impulses are radiated along the lines of bits of
information in a cybernetic system. Another scientist is known
to be working on the idea of time as energy, speculating that
telepathic transmissions may be propagated through a supposed
time-energy system, rather than through the electromagnetic field.
6. (U) Soviet research into biocommunications phenomena does not
appear to be earth-bound and limited to inner space, but apparently
extends to outer space as well. The so-called Father of Soviet
Rocketry, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, stated that:
"In the coming era of space flights, telepathic
abilities are necessary. While the space rocket
must bring men toward knowledge of the grand
secrets in the universe, the study of psychic
phenomena can lead us toward knowledge of the
mysteries of the human mind. It is precisely
the solution of this secret which promises the
greatest achievements." (80)
There are reports that the Soviets are training their cosmonauts
in telepathy to back-up their electronic equipment while in outer
space. One of these back-up schemes is known to involve coded
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telepathic messages. This method was previously demonstrated
in March 1967, when a coded telepathic message was flashed from
Moscow to Leningrad (81). The involvement of astronauts or cosmonauts
in telepathy experiments is not necessarily unprecedented. In
February 1971, during the Apollo 14 flight to the moon, astronaut
Edgar Mitchell made 150 separate attempts to project his thoughts
from inside the space capsule back to an individual on earth.
The results of the Apollo 14 experiments have been well-documented
in detail and are published in the Journal of Parasychology (82).
Further documentation of Mitchell's experiments can be found in
the University of California Newsletter (83).
7. (U) There are numerous reports on Soviet applications of:
clairvoyance, hynotism, dowsing, etc., in military operations.
In the case of dowsing, this is also not unprecedented, since
US forces have employed dowsing in Vietnam for locating enemy
tunnels and caches. With respect to brain and mind control/
conditioning, a recent report indicates that the Soviet Union
has made great strides in emotional training and conditioning.
Soldiers are being taught to set their own emotional tone in
battle and stress situations. Further, astronauts are being taught
through such mental conditioning to distort time and to offset
boredom in outer space (84).
8. (U) Man's sight and hearing are limited to a r9ylatively
small range of wavelengths, other living beings often possess
much wider perceptive capabilities, both with regard to sharpness
of perception and range of stimuli. For example, dogs hear higher
sound frequencies than man; bats and dolphins orient themselves
by means of an ultra-sound radar; bees perceive colors even in the
ultraviolet part of the spectrum; some snakes perceive minute
differences in temperature and orient themselves by means of
thermoreceptors. Certain living beings even react to stimuli to
which man is absolutely insensitive. Some species of fish and
homing pigeons, for instance, react to changes of the electric or
magnetic field In their surroundings (59). In view of these
perceptive processes, it has been difficult to differentiate
between those sensory processes which are merely sharpened or
highly honed and those that are extra or super-normal. Certain
military advantages would. come from the application and control of
these perceptive processes. For example, such application angi;
control could be used in the detection and identification of
animate objects or humans through brainwave interactions, mass
hypnosis or mind control through long--distance telepathy, thermal
receptors, and sensitivity to changes in magnetic/electrical/
gravitational fields.
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9. (U) According to observations made by Doctor Montague Ullman (M.D.)
during a trip to the Soviet bloc countries in the fall of 1970,
Soviet biocommunications investigations are effectively combining
the use of modern and sophisticated technology with basic pragmatic
approaches. This was evident, he states, in their approach to
long-distance telepathy experiments where the results were analyzed
in physiological (electroencephalogra.phic data) as well as phycho-
logical task performance (transmission of data in Morse Code) (85).
Doctor Ullman further observed that the Soviet researchers seemed
intent on confirming the existence of a new form of energy, referred
to as bioplasma, which they maintain is characteristic of life
processes and represents matter in the form of an integrated system
of elementary charged particles. Such energy, through interaction
with other systems, is thought to provide the basis for biocommuni-
cations (86).
10. (C/NFL) The above commentary documents a clear case for
research in the Soviet Union in parapsychology. It is significant
because of the energy and resources being allotted for this work in
the Soviet Union and because of its military implications especially
in mind manipulation and controlled offensive behavior. The
more sinister aspects of paranormal research appear to be surfacing
in the Soviet Union. Why else would Soviet researchers make the
statement:
"Tell America that the psychic potential of man must
be used for good." (75)
SECTION III -- THE APPORT TECHNIQUE
1. (U) The.following discussion on apports and astral projection
is not intended to be an endorsement for its scientific verification
or even its existence. However, reputable scientists in the USSR
and the US are keenly interested in this phenomenon. Areas that
appear to have potential must be discussed, even if only briefly.
2. (FOUO) According to Welk (87), a costly weakness in our
intelligence system, to a large extent, is an inability to use
effectively the resources of the science of parapsychology (there
are some definite indicators that the Soviets realize the potential
of "psi" which will be reported later in this section). Whenever
parapsychology is mentioned, most people are likely to think of
ESP. However, there are other types of parapsychological phenomena
which are just, as important militarily as ESP. Welk claims,
based on many Soviet sources, that the so-called "apport"
technique is likely to meet valuable intelligence needs. When
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fully developed, this technique would make possible the abduction
of actual objects (including documents) in enemy territory and
there transfer to friendly territory. Objects so abducted are
known as "apports." They could be returned to the point of origin
without the enemy becoming aware of this temporary abduction.
3. (U) Some of the world's most eminent scientists from the
late 1800's and early 1900's have claimed to have witnessed apport
phenomena. These include Sir William Crookes (1832-1919), British
chemist and physicist, discoverer of the element thallium and former
president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (88);
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), British naturalist and co-
discoverer, with Charles Darwin, of the theory of evolution (89);
Johann K.F. Zoeline.r (1834-1882), professor of physical astronomy
at the University of Leipzig, Germany (90).
4. (Ii) In the discussion of such an esoteric subject as a o
it is deemed sufficient to relate only one experience claimed tos,
have occurred to Sir William Crookes. The interested reader can
consult the non-cited bibliography for further references. The
following account is taken from pp. 87 and 88 of reference 88:
"Class IX. The Appearance of Hands, either Self-
luminous or Visible by Ordinary Light."
(William Crookes) will here give no instances in which
the phenomenon has occurred in darkness, but will simply select
a few of the numerous instances in which I have seen the hands
in the light.
................. I have more than once seen, first an object move,
then a luminous cloud appear to form about it, and lastly, the
cloud condense into shape and become a perfectly formed hand.... It
is not always a mere form, but sometimes appears perfectly life-like
and graceful, the fingers moving and the flesh apparently as human as
that of any in the room. At the wrist, or arm, it becomes hazy,
and fades off into a luminous cloud. To the touch, the hand sometimes
appears icy cold and dead, at other times warm and life-like,
grasping my own with the firm pressure of an old friend. I have
retained one of these hands in my own, firmly resolved not to let
it escape. There was no struggle or effort made to get loose,
but it gradually seemed to resolve itself into vapor and faded
in that manner from my grasp."
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5. (U) It is a known fact that the Soviet Union takes the appearance
of luminous bodies very seriously as evidenced by the Kirlian
photography of the.. human body's aura (91).. It appears that the
Soviets may be considering that a hand which appears out of nowhere
and can grasp, "with the firm pressure of an old friend," another
person may have first-rate military possibilities. There has
been some discussion recently about the prospects of being able to
control the apport technique to a point of sophistication where
individuals could control these "luminous clouds." The individuals
who have studied these effects (real or otherwise) have suggested
that since these bodies can travel unlimited distances and are
able to pass through solid material (walls), they might well be
used to produce instant death in military and civilian officials.
It is further conjectured that these bodies could disable military
equipment or communication nets.
6. (U) If one reads the cases and experiments mentioned here,
as well as references two through nine under PART II of the non-cited
bibliography, he can make certain deductions. If any of this
highly questionable material is true then it can be inferred that
organic matter can be transformed into "ectoplasm," that this can.
be rendered invisible and impalpable and thus converted into
something which, for all practical purposes, amounts to force.
If organic matter can be converted into such "force-matter," it
seems reasonable to assume that a physical object, if similarly
converted, could travel through space.
7. (U) Two things are certain: (1) that parapsychological
phenomena are due to the little-known faculties of the subconscious
mind; and (2) that the powers of the subconscious mind are vastly
superior to those of the normal consciousness. The fantastic
memory of the subconscious mind (sometimes referred to as
"photographic memory") is a well-established fact. So is its
extraordinary mathematical ability, which has baffled trained
mathematicians no end. It seems probable that some of these
little-understood faculties of the subconscious mind have some-
thing to do with its ability to put together again an object
which it had previously disintegrated, and to manipulate the
forces involved in this process. The only way one can learn
more about these little-understood processes is through intensive
study and experimentation. The stakes seem high enough.
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8. (U) While the process by which matter is converted into
"force-matter" (and vice versa) may not be understood, neverthe-
less, one is faced with the possibility that the human mind can
disintegrate and reintegrate organic matter - a feat which seems
far more complex than the disintegration and reintegration of,
say, a stone, a piece of wood, paper, etc. Experiments show
that a human body which has lost about half its weight can be
reintegrated without loss of normal functions. Since this is
possible, it does not seem safe to exclude - without further
investigation -- the possibility that inorganic matter might undergo
a similar disintegration and reintegration. After all, apport
phenomena in which physical objects have passed through solid
walls have been observed and attested to by some of the world's
most eminent scientists as well as by a host of other responsi-
ble witnesses. In view of what the human mind has demonstrated
it can do with organic matter, and in view of the very real Soviet
threat in this sector, the science of parapsychology should be
investigated to its fullest potential, perhaps to the benefit
of national defense.
9. (U) According to Pullman (92), Director of the Southeast
Hypnosis Research Center in Dallas, Texas, before the end of the
1970s, Soviet diplomats will be able to sit in their foreign
embassies and use ESP (in this case a form of the apport technique)
to steal the secrets of their enemies. (See also reference 91,
P. 216) Pullman states that a spy would be hypnotized, then
his invisible "spirit" would be ordered to leave his body, travel
across barriers of space and time to a foreign government's
security facility, and there read top-secret documents and relay
back their information. Such "astral projection" already has
been accomplished in laboratory settings, Pullman said, adding
that the Russians are probably now trying to perfect it. Pullman
further states that the Soviets are at least 25 years ahead of
the US in psychic research. According to Pullman, the Soviets
have realized the immense military advantage of the psychic ability
known as astral. projection. (out-of-the,-.body travel). In this
reference, details are given for some of Pullman's work in the
US with astral project i.on. Other ;c_ieutists and mediums interested
in this work are professor t1.A.. Cahn of Northern Arizona University (92),
Doctor Charles Tart of the University of Southern California (91,92),
and Doctor V. lnyushin of Alma-ata (91). Sybil Leek, noted abtrologer
and author, states, "there is great danger that within the next ten
years the Soviets will be able to steal our top secrets by using
out-of-the-body spies." Further reading, although much older,
can be found in a book by Muldoon and Carrington (93). Suggested
background reading on astral projection can be found in an excellent
article by J. Fraser Nicol in Pshic (94).
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1. (U) The reader by this time has realized that it is very
difficult to speak of one area of psychic phenomenon without
overlapping into other areas. There really can be no distinct
separation, for example, between apports and certain aspects
of telepathy; hypnosis also enters into this area. In an attempt
to illustrate the various subjects in parapsychology, however,
artificial sections were established. This is the reason for
a separate part in apports and ESP. Some aspects of hypnosis,
depending on its ultimate use, falls within parapsychology, some
areas into medicine; therefore, hypnosis is presented as a separate
section outside of this parapsychology discussion.
2. (U) Soviet research in ESP was started in the 1920's at
Leningrad University by V.M. Bekhterev. In his early work,
Bekhterev collaborated with V.L. Durov to investigate the effects
of mental suggestion on a group of performing dogs (62). It was
believed that telepathic communication depended on electromagnetic
radiation. Doctor L.L. Vasilev (95-97), shown in Illustration
One, at the Bekhterev Brain Institute set out to identify these
electromagnetic waves that carry telepathy. By 1937, Vasilev
had amassed evidence that known electromagnetic waves do not
carry telepathy. Tests were conducted in electrically shielded
chambers and over extreme distances denying the passage of electro-
magnetic fields (98). Some of the long range telepathy experiments
have been published (63,99,100) explaining the various techniques
employed including classical tests with Zener cards and more
unique tests with strobe lights and codes.
Illustration One - Professor L.L. Vasilev, pioneer Soviet para-
psychologist considered the father of Soviet
psychical research.
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3. (U) Professor L. Vasilev died in late 1965 or early 1966
and the task of continuing telepathy research was taken by Doctor
I. Kogan. Doctor Kogan is chairman of the Bio-Information Section
of the Popov Radio and Technical Institute in Moscow. This individ-
ual is still trying to wed telepathy to the electromagnetic spectrum
(101,102). Discussion as to the existence of telepathy has been
bandied about the Soviet Union (103) and elsewhere (104) for some time.
For the sake of research the Soviet Union accepts the validity
of ESP even though the argument as to the mode of transmission
continues. Professor E.K. Naumov (105), Chairman of the Division
of Technical Parapsychology at the A.S. Popov Institute mentioned
above, conducted long range telepathy tests from Moscow to
several other cities. Illustration Two is a photograph of Naumov
with associates.
Illustration Two - Sender Y. Kamenshi (left), Soviet physicist, and
receiver K. Nikolaev, Soviet actor, with para-
psychologist Edward K. Naumov (far right).
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4. (U) In 1967, the Soviet Maritime News reported, "Cosmonauts,
when in orbit, seem to be able to communicate telepathically more
easily with each other than with people on earth. A psi (short
for psychic faculty) training system has been incorporated in
the cosmonaut training program," but the News provided no further
details. Some informal reports relayed to Ostrander and Schroeder (106)
indicate that the Soviets are working on psi systems for space
use, involving not just telepathy, but also precognition.
5. (U/NFD) Kogan's systematic parapsychology research (102)
could also be of potential value to the overall Soviet cybernetic
research and development program. Efforts being made to optimize
sensory inputs in the interest of controlling the Quality of human
motor activity are well known, as is the ultimate Soviet goal of
achieving a perfect cybernetic man. It is of interest that both
conventional psychology and parapsychology programs are headquartered
in Moscow, although as depicted in the personnel and institute section
the trend is decentralization, is probably no coincidence and supports
the view that the latter program should not be taken lightly (63).
6. (U) As mentioned above, the Soviets seem preoccupied with
the search for the energy that carries or facilitates telepathy
transmission. Is it electromagnetic or not? The search for this
unknown energy has led the Soviets to Kirlian photography; named
after its inventors Semyon and Valentina Kirlian. The Kirlians
developed a technique of photographing with a high frequency
electrical field involving a specially constructed high frequency
spark generator, tuned up and down between 75,000 to 200,000
electrical oscillations per second. Their first photographs
showed turquoise and reddish-yellow patterns of flares coming
out of specific channels within leaves. A magnified picture
of a finger showed craters of light and flares (Illustration Three).
By the 1960s research on bioluminescence revealed by Kirlian photog-
raphy was going on in many Soviet universities. Perfected techniques
of photographing the play of high-frequency currents on humans,
plants and animals, as well as on inaminate matter have set the
Soviets on some striking discoveries about the energetical nature
of man. "Bio-plasma" is a term coined by the Soviets for bio-
luminescent phenomenon or energy. Scientists at the Kazakh State
University at Alma-ata have found that illnesses tend to show up
in advance as a disordered play of flares from the "bio-plasma"
long before they manifest in the Physical body. According to
Ostrander and Schroeder, the Soviets may be attempting to link
Kirlian photography with computers, among other things, to
instantly analyze the spectra of colors appearing in the vari-colored
flares from the living body.
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7. (C) It is believed that if there is any positive basis for
Kirlian photography and the "bio-Plasma" body of humans, the
Soviets may be closer than is thought on the controlled use of
the apport techniques and possible astral projection phenomenon.
8. (U) Doctor A. Podshibyakin, an electrophysiologist at the
Institute of Clinical. Physiology in Kiev, has found that by charting
acupuncture points a correlation exists between the "bio-plasma"
and changes on the surface of the sun. At the exact moment solar
flares (sun spots) occur, there are changes in the electrical
potential of the skin's acupuncture points. These electrical
charges are measured by a tobiscope (probably a simple wheatstone
bridge device). In some way, the "bio-plasma" of the body is
sensitive to these solar explosions the instant they occur even
though it takes about two days for the cosmic particles to reach
the earth.
9. (U) The most significant use of Kirlian photography is in the
area of psychokinesis or mind over matter (PK). Doctor Genady
Sergeyev (75) of the A.A. Uktomskii Military Institute in Leningrad
believes Kirlian photography may uncover the mechanism of PK.
Sergeyev is a prominent mathematician for the Soviet military
who works closely with an electrophysiologist from the University
of Leningrad, Doctor L. Pavlova. Sergeyev has devised important
mathematical and statistical methods for analyzing the EEG (107)
which allowed parapsychologists to follow and depict the actions
of telepathy in the brain (108). The type of work reported by
Sergeyev in 1967 and 1968 is just now beginning to appear in the
US efforts to understand the transmission of telepathy (109,110).
Sergeyev has conducted several years of intensive lab research
on the outstanding PK psychic in Leningrad, Nina Kulagina
(pseudonym Nelya Mikhailova). Illustration Four is a photograph of
Doctor G. Sergeyev and Illustration Five is a photograph of
Mrs. Kulagina. Sergeyev registered heightened biological lumi-
nescence radiating from Kulagina's eyes during the apparent movement
of objects by PK. Sergeyev postulates that the "bio-plasma" of
the human body must interact with the environment to produce PK.
Sergeyev emphasizes when target objects are placed in a vacuum,
Kulagina is unable to move them. Barcus (111) in the United
States reports some unusual occurrences during psychic photography
especially of the eyes. Reportedly, Kulagina has caused the
movement of a wide range of non-magnetic objects: (under strict
scientific control) large crystal bowls, clock pendulums, bread,
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matches, etc. In one test, a raw egg was placed in a salt solution
inside a sealed aquarium six feet away from her. Researchers
report she was able to use PK to separate the yoke from the white
of the egg. Observations by Western scientists of Mrs. Kulagina's
PK ability has been reported with verification of her authentic
ability (112,113). These same Western scientists have reported
that as of February 1971, they have not been able to visit or
observe Mrs. Kulagina. A veil of secrecy has been placed on
Sergeyev and Mrs. Kulagina for unknown reasons.
10. (U) Rather than simply observing PK, the Soviets typically
turned to instrumentation. Mrs. Kulagina was subjected to a
number of physiological electronic measuring devices and tested
for important body functions during her PK demonstrations. The
Soviets found that at the moment an object begins to move, all
of Mrs. Kulagina's body processes speed up drastically - heart,
breathing, brain activity - and the electromagnetic fields around
her body all begin to pulse in rhythm. Soviet researchers
postulate that it was these rhythmic "vibrations" that cause
objects to be attracted or repelled to her. Illustration Six
shows a photographic sequence of Kulagina's PK ability.
11. (C/NFD) Scientists report (113) that Kulagina has been able
to stop the beating of a frog's heart in solution and to re-activate
it! ! This is perhaps the most significant PK test done and its
I military implications in controlled offensive behavior, if true,
L are extremely important.
12. (U) Space does not permit a discussion on other important
parapsychological phenomena such as eyeless sight (75,114-129),
which appeared to be more of a fad than anything else. However
since the mid 1960s, the "eyeless sight" fad has subsided and
serious research has proceeded quietly at the State Pedagogical
Institute in Sverdlovsk, off bounds to foreigners (75). Space
in this report does not permit a discussion of psychotronic genera-
tors, devices which are reported to be able to store human bio-plasmic
forces for later use (75). For further reading on ESP, see the
non-cited bibliography; Section V, numbers 12-30.
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SECTION V - SU 1MARY AND MILITARY IMPLICATIONS
1. (U) The following discussion is based on a report by
Ostrander and Schroeder (75). The authors ask the question,
"Is ESP a weapon of war?" All research on ESP in the USSR is
funded by the government. The authors claim that their sources
indicate that psi. research with military potential is well-financed
by the Soviet Army, KGB, and other paramilitary agencies. Soviet
scientists doing psi research in nonmilitary areas often have
trouble obtaining funds. Doctor Milan Ryzl (131) reports that secret
psi research associated with state security and defense is going
on in the USSR. Communist state authorities, the military and
the KGB display an unusual, disproportionate interest in para-
psychology. The Soviets are attempting to apply ESP to both
police and military use (See appendix VI for biographic data
on Ryzl). According to Ryzl, some years ago a project was begun
in the USSR to apply telepathy to indoctrinate and re-educate
antisocial elements. It was hoped that suggestion at a distance
could induce individuals, without their being aware of it, to adopt
the officially desired political and social attitudes. Research
in this field of endeavor will hopefully become clearer in the section
on hypnosis later in this report. Reports of psi research in Soviet
submarines help confirm military involvement in parapsychology.
According to Stone (74), there is clandestine psi research going on at
the Pavlov Institute of Higher Nervous Activity in Moscow, the
Durov Institute, and certain areas in Sibera. Obviously, telepathy
and clairvoyance would make ideal additions to a spy arsenal and
such undercover groups are constantly said to be supporting ESP
research in the USSR. "One conclusion seems justified," says
Doctor Ryzl (130). "Parapsychology in Communist countries and
especially the USSR occupies a strong position. We can expect
it to be developed with determination." According to Ostrander
and Schroeder, the USSR is ahead of the US in certain areas of
technical psi research. The authors report that the USSR is
ahead of the US in discoveries about the physical essence of the
human being and how psi functions in and through us. They are
ahead of the US in uncovering the basic energy behind psi. They
are ahead of the US in attempts to control factors like the influence
of magnetic weather on psi tests. They appear to be ahead of the
US in seeking out and creating conditions that unlock the psi
potential present in every human being.
2. (U) In summary, what is the strategic threat posed by the
current "explosion" in Soviet parapsychological research? Soviet
efforts in the field of psi research, sooner or later, might
enable them to do some of the following:
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a. Know the contents of top secret US documents, the movements
of our troops and ships and the location and nature of our military
installations.
b. Mold the thoughts of key US military and civilian leaders,
at a distance.
c. Cause the instant death of any US official, at a distance.
d. Disable, at a distance, US military equipment of all types
including space craft.
3. (U) It is generally conceded that the above four areas
sound like science. fiction, however, the literature appears to
support (b) as being the most possible use of psi phenomena
during the time frame of this study. Again from Ostrander and
Schroeder who cite Oliver Caldwell, an expert on Soviet affairs
and past-acting commissioner for International Education in HEW,
as follows:
"I am amazed at the skepticism and sometimes hostility
which I encounter when I try to tell Americans about
some of the experimentation which is taking place in
the USSR in parapsychology and related fields. I find
this strange because there is available documentation
in translation which substantiates most of the things
I saw in the USSR. I am really disturbed, because if
the United States does not make a serious effort to
move forward on this new frontier, in another ten
years it may be too late."
4. (U) In closing this section on parapsychology a quote from
astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell, Jr. is appropriate (131).
"Extrasensory perception is not a matter of belief.
There is a great deal of serious scientific work
being done in it, and it has been established over
the last thirty years that it is a matter of proba-
bility, and the probabilities have been established
beyond chance. I think it is an important work. I
happen to be curious about it, and thus have been pur-
suing it for many years. This happened to be an
opportunity (Apollo 14 lunar mission) to do another
little step - a piece in the scientific puzzle of
what man's all about."
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PART III
MENTAL SUGGESTION AND CONTROLLED BEHAVIOR
SECTION I - HYPNOSIS
PART A - The Use of Hypnosis in Medicine - USSR
1. (U) In the latter half of the nineteenth century, many French
and German researchers began to use hypnosis as a therapeutic aid
and to study the way in which it worked. In the Soviet Union,
pioneer work in hypnosis was undertaken by V. Danilyevski, A. Tokarski,
and V. Bekhterev (see Part II, Section IV).
2. (U) V. Danilyevski discovered that the major characteristics
shown by man in a state of hypnosis, such as lower sensitivity,
"wax-like" flexibility of muscles and joints, and suppressed
movements, were also typical of animals in a similar state. This
led him to assert that hypnosis in man was identical in nature
to hypnosis in animals. A. Tokarski proved that hypnosis and
suggestion, like other psychical phenomena were determined entirely
by the influence of the environment on man. He wholeheartedly
supported the view that hypnosis was an effective treatment for
a wide variety of disorders. V. Bekhterev applied hypnosis widely
for treatment. He maintained that verbal suggestion played a
big role in developing a state of hypnotic sleep; physical stimuli
merely facilitated the achievement of this state. I. Pavlov advanced
a scientifically based theory of the nature of hypnosis and its
potential use as a method of treatment. In 1935 he described
hypnosis as "the standard method in the physiological struggle
against the pathogenic agent." Pavlov's school gave experimental
support to the view that hypnosis was a specific variety of sleep,
long before that view had been arrived at empirically. This
view had already been advanced in the last century by most doctors
and scientists who were concerned with the theory of hypnosis
and its application to therapeutic practice. On the basis of
experiments on animals and later on humans, the phasic suppression
theory developed into a firm physiological foundation for under-
standing hypnosis and suggestion and the way in which they work.
The theory held that hypnotic sleep is a transitional stage between
wakefulness and sleep and that there is an active "watch" point
in the cerebral cortex of both hemispheres (rapport).
3. (U) The three generally recognized stages of hypnosis are
sleepiness, hypotaxia, and somnambulism or, respectively, light,
medium and deep hypnosis. At the first stage of hypnosis, the
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unconditioned responses in most cases hardly differ from the
.responses in wakefulness. At the second stage, altered uncon-
ditioned vascular responses begin to prevail over normal vascular
responses to stimulation, and thus give evidence of hypnotic
phases in the cortex of both hemispheres. The suppression process
is most obvious with regard to extent and intensity at the third
stage, the deep stage of hypnosis known as somnambulism. Since
there is no vascular response to most of the unconditioned stimuli,
this means that complete suppression prevails. The rare unconditioned
vascular reflexes are of small magnitude, are extended in time and
are characterized by a prolonged latent period.
4. (U) Soviet psychotherapists believe that hypnosis is one of
the leading methods for the treatment of mental disorders. The
Soviets concentrate on the "word" as an adequate stimulus for the
development of the hypnotic state. The tremendous role played
by the emotional message carried by the word should not be over-
looked. The psychotherapist will achieve results depending on
the emotional content of the entire system of contact with the
patient. The greater the emotional. content the better the results.
Soviets recommend'that the psychotherapist takes into account not
only the meaning of what he is trying to achieve through suggestion,
but also the emotional content of his work, his contact with the
patient, his confidence in his own abilities, and the effectiveness
of psychotherapeutic treatment in general.
5. (U) The Soviets bel.i.eve that the hypnotic state offers the
researcher the means of penetrating into the physiological fundamentals
of human thought and behavior. The Russians conceive of no other
state (hypnosis) which would enable the scientist to simplify
human thought by splitting it into its component parts thus perrni.tting
him to get to the root of this most complex of nature's phenotne.ia,
to control and subordinate it for purposes of research. K. Platonov,
the patriarch of Soviet psychotherapists said (132) : " I still
maintain that hypnotherapy is the main stem of psychotherapy.
Hypnotherapy helps us understand better the mechanisnr.s of all
other forms of psychotherapy and, therefore, to master them better."
6. (U) The Soviets stress the use of hypnosis suffering from disorders of the gastrointestinalitractiespeciall.y
if neurotic symptoms accompany such disorders. They further stress
the use of hypnotherapy in surgical cases thus providing for a decrease
in anesthetic and drug usage. Hypnosis is also being studied for its
effectiveness in treating alcohol addiction. At first they approached
this problem with the idea of developing an emotionally negative
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nauseous reflex to the taste and smell of alcoholic drinks; this
method was later abandoned for lack of positive results. The method
now employed is to instill in the patient the view that excessive
drinking will inevitably lead to physical and mental destruction.
The Soviets seek to change the patient's mental outlook on alcohol
and to convince them that drinking is impermissible for moral and
ethical reasons. In other words, mental manipulation or behavior
alteration.
PART B - Hypnosis and Controlled Behavior
1. (U) The possible military uses of hypnotism has many rather
bizarre applications. Although there is no concrete proof that
hypnosis will play an important role in controlling behavior
in military situations, some uses will be mentioned. Biderman and
Zimmer (133) discuss hypnosis and other possible alternatives for
defense against brainwashing.
2. (U) The following discussion is based on a report by Estabrooks'
(134). According to the author, the facts and ideas presented
are, so to speak, too true to be good, but no psychologist of
standing would deny the validity of the basic ideas involved.
Of interest to this discussion are some of the more unfamiliar
facets of hypnotism which make it of use in warfare. If hypno-
tism can be used to advantage, we can rest assured that it will
be so employed.
3. (U) One in every five adult humans can be placed into the
hypnotic state - somnambulism - of which they will have no memory
whatsoever when they awaken. From the military viewpoint there
are a few facts which are of great interest. Can this prospective
subject be hypnotized against his will? Obviously no POW will
be cooperative if he knows that the hypnotist is looking for
military information,-nor will any ordinary citizen if he suspects
that the operator will use him to blow up a munitions plant. The
answer to this vital question is yes though hypnotists prefer
to say "without his consent" instead of "against his will." There
are disguised techniques available for hypnotizing an unsuspecting
or unwilling subject. The Soviets believe that telepathy may be
one such method.
4. (U) Multiple personality can be caused by hypnotism. One
could deliberately set up a condition of multiple personality
to further the ends of military intelligence and in the develop-
ment of the "super spy." In his normal waking state which is called
Personality A, or PA, this individual will become a rabid communist.
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He will join the party, follow the party line and make himself as
objectionable as possible to the authorities. Note that he will
be acting in good faith. He is a communist, or rather his PA
is a communist-and will behave as such. Then develop Personality B
(PB), the secondary personality, the unconscious personality.
This personality is rabidly American and anti-communist. It has
all the information possessed by PA, the normal personality, whereas
PA does not have this advantage. The proper training of a person
for this role would be long and tedious, but once he was trained,
one would have a super spy compared to any creation in a mystery
story. The super spy plays his role as a communist in his waking
state, aggressively, consistently, fearlessly. But his PB is. a
loyal American, and PB has all the memories of PA. As a loyal
American, he will not hesitate to divulge those memories, but be
sure he has the opportunity to do so when occasion demands. Here
is how this technique would work. Let us choose the Cubans as
examples. One could easily secure, say, one hundred excellent
hypnotic subjects of Cuban stock, living in the United States, who
spoke their language fluently, and then work on these subjects.
In hypnotism one would build up their loyalty to our country; but
out of hypnotism, in the "waking" or normal state, one would do
the opposite, striving to convince them that they had a genuine
grievance against this country and encouraging them to engage in
fifth column activities. So one builds up a case of dual personality.
They would be urged in the waking state to become fifth columnist
enemies to the United States, but also point out to them in hypnotism
that this was really a pose, that their real loyalty lay with
this country, offering them protection and reward for their
activities. Through them one would hope to be kept informed of
the activities of their "friends," this information, of course,
being obtained in the trance state. They would also be very useful
as "plants" in concentration camps or in any other situations
where it was suspected their services might be of use to our
intelligence department. Once again these people would have a
great advantage over ordinary "informers." Convinced of their
own innocence, they would play the fifth column role with the
utmost sincerity. This conviction of innocence would probably
be their greatest protection. Again, if suspected, no one could
obtain from them any useful information. Only a very few key
people could throw them into the trance and, without this, anky
attempt to get information would be useless. There are some
difficulties that would be encountered in building up an organi-
zation of such personnel. Hardly one somnambulist in ten or even
a hundred according to Estabrooks would be suitable for such spy
work; and the determining of this suitability would be a difficult
task. But, Estabrooks reports, it could be done, and once accom-
plished would repay amply for all the trouble.
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5. (U) The possibility of creating assassins through hypnotic
techniques on POWs exists. As was pointed out above, the subject
does not need to be willing to enter into such a condition. Once
the captive has been placed in a suitable hypnotic state then
one need only to establish the post-hypnotic suggestion or plan
for the assassination. After the prisoner is released and returned
to his organization, he will carry out his assignment through his
unconscious state, while appearing perfectly rehabilitated in his
wakeful state. The main problem in the assassin plan is in the
area of post-hypnotic reinforcement. There have been some ideas
mentioned that ouggest one needs to establish the reinforcement
pattern during initial hypnosis; some object that will reinforce
his goal whenever he looks at it, hears a certain sound, etc.
The real problem for the friendly forces is the detection of
these mentally altered individuals. At the present time there
is no fool proof method of detection. There is no test by which
one can discover these agents. Blood pressure, heart rate, electro-
encephalograph, psychogalvanic reflex, all these devices which
one can use to detect the most subtle bodily changes are worthless
for there are no bodily changes. Drugs, at least for the present,
appear to be-of no value. Further, there are certain safeguards
that the hypnotic method provides for the enemy. Most important
is the conviction of innocence which the man himself has. He
would never "act guilty" and if ever accused of seeking information
would act quite honestly indignant, the conviction of.innocence
on the part of the agent is perhaps his greatest safeguard under
questioning by our authorities. The Soviets are aware of the
above mentioned possibilities and appear to be using certain aspects
of psi research in order to manipulate an individuals mental
behavior toward these activities.
PART C - Artificial Reincarnation Through Hypnosis
1. (U) Vladimir L. Raikov, M.D., a Soviet psychiatrist, has
claimed that hypnotic phenomenon can be utilized for what he claims
to be "artificial reincarnations." For example, Raikov claims
that it is possible to hypnotically suggest to a girl who studies
violin that she is the virtuoso violinist Fritz Kreisler. It
is interesting to note, says Raikov, that her manner of playing
at this time is reminescent to that of Kreisler. If so desired,
it is also possible to create this capacity in an awake state.
Raikov has converted persons who have no desire to paint, invent
complex machines, or to play music into masters through hypnosis.
Raikov reports, that he is able to evoke this mental alteration
only when the subject is in an exceedingly deep trance which is
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5. (U) Where the Soviets are going to go with Raikov's work is
open to conjecture. There is some indication that the Soviets
believe that Raikov's work and the CCAP device may unlock many
of the mysteries behind ESP and other psi phenomena. If any
of the above is true, this work may be a new way of looking inside
and-catching the subtle interplay between thought and body, psyche
and soma. The CCAP device may have a much wider use than charting
the mental states of reincarnated artists.
PART D - Telepathic Hypnosis
1. (U) According to Ostrander and Schroeder (75), the ability
to put people to sleep and wake them up telepathically from a
distance of a few yards to over a thousand miles became the most
thoroughly tested and perfected contribution of the Soviets to
international parapsychology. It is reported that the ability
to control a person's consciousness with telepathy is being further
studied and tested in laboratories in Leningrad and Moscow. The
work was started in the early 1920s but was not publicized until
the early 1960s. The work was begun by K.O. Kotkov, a psychologist
from Kharkov University, in 1924. Kotkov could telepathically
obliterate an experimental subject's consciousness from short
distances or from the opposite side of town. The work was documented
by Vasilev (62) who conducted research of his own but could not
reveal it under Stalin's regime. The reality of telepathic sleep-
wake, backed by columns of data, might be the most astonishing
part of Vasilev's experiments in mental suggestion. See reference
62, pages 75 through 88.
2. (U) Parapsychologists in Leningrad and Moscow are involved
in the telepathic manipulation of consciousness, now recording
successes with the EEG. Doctor V. Raikov (see PART C of this
section) is involved in this EEG research as well as E. Naumov.
Naumov reports that mental telepathy woke up a hypnotized subject
(by telepathy) six of eight times. Naumov remarked that as soon
as the telepathic "wake up" is sent, trance becomes less and
less deep, full consciousness returning in twenty to thirty
seconds (137). In the Leningrad laboratory of Doctor Paul Gulyaiev
(Bekhterev Brain Institute), friends of subjects have been trained
to put them to sleep telepathically (138).
3. (U) Why are the Soviets again hard at work on the telepathic
control of consciousness? Doctor I. Kogan, like Vasilev, is
probably doing it for theoretical reasons; still trying mathe-
matically to prove that an electromagnetic carrier of telepathy
is possible. Why other scientists may be delving into control
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of consciousness by ESP is another question. During telepathic
sleep is an individual simply dreaming his own private dreams
or does someone else hold sway? The current Soviets have not
divulged the psychological details about their telepathic manipu-
lation of consciousness. Vasilev describes some revelations in
his book (62) but little else has been reported. Doctor Stefan
Manczarski of Poland predicts that this new field of telepathy
will open up new avenues for spreading propaganda. He feels.
that the electromagnetic theory is valid and believes, therefore,
that telepathy can be amplified like radio waves. Telepathy would
then become a subtle new modus for the "influencers" of the world
(139). Doctor Manczerski's wave ideas are still very debatable,
but what about telepathy someday becoming a tool for influencing
people?
4. (U) Hypnotizing someone telepathically probably comes over
as a more eerie, mystifying, almost diabolical act in the US
than it does in the Soviet Union. The US is really just becoming
adjusted to some of the aspects of hypnotism. Since the turn of
the century, the Soviets have been exploring and perfecting the
various advantages that hypnotism provides. In the Soviet Union,
hypnotism is a common tool like X-rays, used in medicine, psychotherapy,
physiology, psychology, and experimental pedagogy.
5. (U) The Soviets have been reportedly working on the effects
of drugs used in combination with psychic tests. Vasilev used
mescarine in the early days and more recently M.S. Smirnov, of
the Laboratory of Vision, Institute of Problems of Information
Transmission of the USSR Academy of Science, has been Obtaining
psychic success with psilocybin (140).
6. (U) The tests that Vasilev had perfected may have a more
interesting future in them than the developer had imagined. Manipu-
lating someone else's consciousness with telepathy, guiding him
in trance..... colorful uses are too easy to conjure. The ability
to focus a mental whammy on an enemy through hypnotic telepathy
has surely occurred to the. Soviets. In espionage, one could
telepathically hypnotize an individual with the post-hypnotic
suggestion to steal classified documents or detonate important
military equipment. The mission is accomplished and the individ-
ual does not even know that he has done anything. Ryzl (see
appendix VI) stated in Psychic (141), "The bulk of recent telepathy
research in the USSR is concerned with the transmission of behavior
impulses - or research to subliminally control an individual's
conduct." Visiting Soviet psi labs in 1967, Doctor Ryzl says
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he was told by a Soviet, "When suitable means of propaganda
are cleverly used, it is possible to mold any man's conscience
so that in the end he may misuse his abilities while remaining
convinced that he is serving an honest purpose." (140) Ryzl
continues, "The USSR has the means to keep the results of such
research secret from the rest of the world and, as practical
applications of these results become possible, there is no doubt
that the Soviet Union will do so." What will ESP be used for?
"To make money, and as a weapon," Ryzl states flatly.
SECTION II - CONDITIONING THROUGH SUGGESTION
PART A - Hypuopedia
1. (U) The subject of hypnopedia or sleep-learning has been
openly discussed in the Soviet literature for the past decade
(142-161). One of the most thorough Soviet reports has been
prepared by Bliznichenko (162) in 1966. Dodge and Lamont (163)
have published a report that covers the field of hypnopedia in
the Soviet Union through 1968. Further elucidation of this subject
in this report, with the exception of a discussion of possible
trends in this area since 1969, is believed to be redundant and
unnecessary.
2. (U) The last decade of Soviet hypnopedia research has led
them into new concepts of memory improvement. It is believed
that areas such as subliminal perception and subconscious learning
with hypnosis were borne from the basic research involved in
hypnopedia training. The most recent indication of new Soviet
interest in utilizing the subconscious as a reserve for the retention
of facts is a booklet written by L.I. Kuproyanovich (164). This
book describes the equipment and technical means used for improving
memory as well as the prospective uses of cybernetics for memory
retention. One of the more interesting features of this book
is a discussion on subliminal acquisition of facts. This is an
area of concern when one is speaking of conditioned behavior or
mental alteration. It is also an area seldom discussed in open
Soviet literature. PART B of this section will briefly discuss
some Soviet work in subliminal perception and possible uses for
this technique.
3. (U) The following discussion on memory and hypnopedia is based
on Kuproyanovich's report. The author states that the subconscious
is one of the unused reserves for the retention of facts. Memory
operation on the subconscious level takes place without our realizing
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ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS
1. (U) Over a span of years which exceeds that of a century,
numerous researches and observations have been conducted and
published on the physiological and psychological effects of elec-
tric fields. As Davis (293) has stated in his exhaustive review
of the subject, not much of substance has derived from all the
attention which has been paid to the physiological effects on
living organisms of placing them in environments which have been
changed by manipulating one or more electromagnetic parameters.
Somewhat more in the way of positive findings has been published
as they relate to the psychological effects. There appears to
be more literature from Soviet sources than from Western sources
concerning the effects of electromagnetic fields on the central
nervous system.
2. (U) A question was raised concerning the possible hazard
to personnel working with a device which generated very high field
density electromagnetic pulses. Of particular concern was the
possibility that people working on an object which was to be sub-
jected to the pulse might themselves receive the energy by virtue
of a premature triggering or some other mischance. The generator
created an electromagnetic field in the form of a pulse which
had a duration of 3 x 10-9 sec, at a voltage of 1.0 megavolt. In
essence, a Van de Graaf generator was used to charge a bank of
high capacity condensers. The condensers were discharged into
a load consisting of an array of aerial wires so that a high
potential difference was caused to exist between them and a grounded
metal mesh plate beneath. With the breakdown of the air dielec-
tric an intense pulsed field was created. On one occasion when
the generator was being tested after its erection, a bird flew
under the aerial wires just as it was pulsed. The bird fell from
the sky and flopped about in a rather disorganized way for a
minute or so. It then appeared to regroup all those things which
birds must have in order to fly, and flew off about its avian
business apparently none the worse for the experience. This inci-
dent was unsettling to those working with the generator, so a search
was made in the literature for something germane which would indicate
whether or not a hazard to operating personnel existed. This
literature search was reported by Hirsch et al (294). According
to Hirsch, not very much was found except for a paper by Salvingnac
et al (1967) which related to the psychomotor disturbances in air
crews-when their airplanes were struck by lightning. The density
of the electromagnetic fields to which these people were exposed
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was probably of the same order of magnitude and duration as was
that associated with the EMP generator, since a lightning bolt
generates a cylindrical electromagnetic field of about 10 mega-
volts at its center with the density decreasing toward the periphery.
The duration is about 6 microseconds. Salvingnac described the
psychomotor disturbances as a "slowing of thought processes and
psychomotor reactions" from which the people recovered within a
brief period apparently without permanent damage.
3. (C) The above information concerning pulsed electromagnetic
energy could have behavior implications just as the photic-flicker
"experiments" described in PART VI could have. The "slowing of
thought processes and psychomotor reactions" could lead to behavioral
changes effecting the ability of an individual to perform a critical
task such as piloting an aircraft. It cannot be determined if
the report mentioned above initiated or accelerated Soviet
research in the area of the psychological or behavior effects of
electromagnetic energy. Since the early 1960s, the Soviets have
been publishing reports on the effects of electromagnetic and
magnetic fields on the central nervous system of animals. Although
the Soviet reports do not contain specific reference to effects
on humans, the data would give one the impression that they have
extensive knowledge of the subject as it might apply to humans.
4. (U) One of the more outstanding publications from the Soviet Union
is a book prepared by Yu. Kholodov (295). The book is a compilation
of Soviet and Western work in the area of electromagnetic effects
on the central nervous system. The bibliography to the book contains
455 entries. A large portion of the text directs itself to the
subject of the changes in conditioned reflexes and sensitivity
to light in birds, rabbits, and fish. The effects of ultrahigh
and superhigh frequencies on the electrical activity of the rabbit
brain is extensively discussed. A report on constant magnetic
fields is also presented. Although the book addresses physiological
responses, it points out that the Soviets have considerable knowledge
and a keen interest in the field of electromagnetic energies.
5. (U) The UCLA Brain Information Service in Los Angeles is
a bibliographic collector of information which is pertinent to
this discussion. The service has compiled an extensive biblio-
graphic list on the biological effects of electromagnetic fields
(below visible frequencies) especially' on the central nervous system.
The list contains many Soviet references. However, the list is
constructed around research that addresses the physiological
aspects and not the psychological or behavior effects (296).
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6. (U) A Soviet review article concerning the effects of superhigh
frequency (wavelength of from one millimeter to one meter) on the
central nervous system is worth incorporation into this report.
Although the work is primarily physiological, it is meaningful
because it contains some of the important areas of interest to the
Soviets and could be correlated to Soviet work with other frequen-
cies. Kholodov (297) reports that the effect of SHF on the functions
of the central nervous system is of particular interest. So far,
few studies have dealt with this subject. Kholodov contends that
foreign investigators (chiefly American) use an SHF field with an
intensity on the order of tens of watts/sq cm, which results in
a considerable heating of the-brain (above 40 degrees C). Depending
upon the duration of the radiation, mice and rabbits have stopped
eating for some time, or have made spasmodic movements, and even
died. Post-mortem examination of the animals have shown that the
action of the powerful SHF field has resulted in destruction of
the brain cells. Especially extensive destruction has been observed
in the inter-brain and mid-brain. When the head of a monkey is
exposed to a strong SHF field, the animal behaves normally for
the first minute or two, and then covers his eyes and starts to
go to sleep. But a minute later he wakes up; the rate of respira-
tion increases; the pupils dilate despite the bright illumination;
and there is a heavy secretion of saliva. After some time the
monkey begins to shake with convulsions and utter cries. If the
radiation is discontinued, by the following day the monkey in no
way differs from other monkeys who have not been exposed to radiation.
If exposure is continued, the animal dies after a few minutes.
Experiments have shown that when men or animals are exposed to
radiation, there is a change in the sensitivity to sound, light,
and olfactory stimuli. A study of the receptors in the skin, the
gastrointestinal system, and the circulatory system has shown
slight changes in them after exposure to the action of SHF. Conse-
quently, the SHF field can act on the first link in the reflex
arc. At the same time, SHF may act directly on the central nervous
system. On the other hand, the appearance of slow waves in the
record of the biological currents of the cerebral cortex, the
inhibition of reflex activity, and the appearance of various
vegetative reactions indicate action of the SHF field on the inter-
brain, where the higher vegetative centers are located. The data
from physiological experiments check very well with the results
from morphological investigations. After exposure to SHF, rever-
sible structural changes were observed in the cerebral cortex and
in the inter-brain. It may be assumed that those areas of the
brain are the most sensitive to the action of an SHF field, although
if the intensity or duration of the action is increased, other
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parts of the central nervous system will also participate in the
reaction. Kholodov concludes by stating that only further experi-
ments will help us to explain the mechanism of the direct action
of an SHF field of nonthermal intensity. But it can already be
stated that these effects can be produced by an electromagnetic
field other than one of super-high frequency.
7. (U) Although Kholodov's article is early 1960, it points out
the interests the Soviets had over a decade ago; for that matter,
Vasilev was working with electromagnetic radiation in the 1930s
in his investigations of the transport methods for ESP. It is
evident that the effects of electromagnetic frequencies below
visible light on man are of interest to the Soviets. Kholodov
states that there is a change in the sensitivity in man to sound,
light, and olfactory stimuli. One can only make certain guesses
as to the possible relationship in Soviet research between electro-
magnetic radiation effects and behavioral responses to other
stimuli that they are working with.
8. (C) Christian (298) reports that the Soviet use of infrared
to cause gross damage to human targets is conjectural. However,
Christian in his report states that studies are being conducted
in the USSR which would lead one to conclude that infrared is
being considered as an anti-personnel weapon. Temporary blindness,
even of long duration, does not endanger the eye and yet is quite
serious when it alters the behavioral response of pilots or sentries
to their mission. 'Despite an extensive review of Soviet literature
on the effect of infrared radiation on humans, Christian could
find no reports on psychological effects. There was only one
report on behavior effects of infrared radiation. A report by
Dul'dier (299) states that a temporary loss of work capacity among
workers in hot shops, such as foundries, is directly related to
the dose of infrared received. He found somewhat surprisingly,
that temporary loss in working capacity is found'more frequently
with younger workers, those on the job less than five years, than
the more experienced workers.
9. (U) One report has appeared in the Soviet literature relating
to the behavior effects of ultraviolet radiation. A study by
Al'bitskaya (300) seems to show that ultraviolet radiation can
show a decrease in the latent period of speech reaction during
association testing. Al'bitskaya studied the effect of 136-400nm
ultraviolet radiation on 15-16 year-old technical school students
as measured by their response in a conditioned reflex situation
and the length of the latent period in motor and speech reactions.
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She concludes that the response system based on speech is more
excitable than the response system based on sensory perception
since it can be stimulated by ultraviolet radiation.
10. (U) Low frequency electromagnetic fields have been found
by Kevanishvili and Zhgenti to generate sonic and ultrasonic
oscillations in living organisms (301). These oscillations produce
elastic deformations in the organism. If the frequency of the
outside field corresponds to the oscillation frequency of the
cells, the latter deteriorate as the result of the mechanical
resonance.
11. (U) More recently, research at the Riga Medical Institute
has shown that high-tension static electrical fields affect the
neurohumoral regulatory systems (301). Work is now apparently
underway that is investigating the possibility of an effect of
strong electrical fields as the energy balance of living objects
at this institute.
12. (U) Sweeney (302) has prepared a study on the biological
effects of electromagnetic radiation in the range of 3 to 300,000
mHz. The study covers research in the Eurasian communist countries.
This exhaustive report again contains primarily information on the
effects of electromagnetic radiation as it applies to physiological
responses, not psychological or behavioral.
13. (C) Since almost all of the Soviet data on electromagnetic
radiation (below visible) applies to physiological response, one
can only imply that they have substantial knowledge of the psycho-
logical effects. Even if psychological or behavioral research is
under way in the USSR, it is doubtful that they would publish it.
There have been certain indications in the past that the Soviets
may be actively engaged in weapons research employing electro-
magnetic radiation. Doctor V.V. Meriakri, the Director of the
Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Soviet
Academy of Sciences stated during an early 1969 visit to the
United States, that he is studying the radiation absorption proper-
ties of biological fluids.
this assertion on the basis of the information alone. Much more
information about Meriakri and hisresearch organization is needed.
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