EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF THE POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPING AND USING A SEMANTIC DRIVER

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• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 27, 2000
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EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
DEVELOPING AND USING A SEMANTIC DRIVER
Received from Dr. Igor Smirnov
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It is well known that many correlations have been discovered between the
memory processes and the behavioral, physiological, and neurochemical processes.
Researchers can be largely divided into three camps: advocates of the neuroche-
mical concepts of memory (data on the post-translational protein modification
during the memory consolidation and on the participation of epidindimine and oth-
er brain-specific proteins in this process are presented in review [41]); advo-
cates of the psychological [2] and physiological [21] approaches who study memory
as a "black box" based on the stimulus-response principle; and synthesizers who
are attempting to combine these two dominant methodologies. In the latter's opi-
nion, "...matter and brain on the one side and the abstract and thought on the
other relate to each other by means of functional (physiological-biochemical)
reorderings of this matter)" [4, p. 881].
"The behavioral specifics of the engram are undoubtedly transchemical and
can be adequately explained, e.g., by the spatial organization of the neuroglial
complex formed during the learning process" [7, p. 985]. These words can explain
the low efficiency of the attempts to construct a conceptual model of memory on
the basis of local actions on individual brain segments or introduction of vari-
ous arbitrary chemical substances. Such approaches to memory research are inevi-
tably limited to describing individual phenomena rather than the entire system as
a whole. This is best illustrated by the absence of acceptance methods of memory
modification, except for the methods related to learning.
If memory is understood as a set of all behavioral, physiological, and ge-
netic programs, the need for an integrated information approach to the study of
living systems becomes obvious. In this case, it becomes necessary to develop
the means of affecting the entire system as a whole rather than its individual
subsystems. In practice, however, medicine has accumulated a vast quantity of
methods and means of correcting violations either in subsystems or in their indi-
vidual elements yet there are still no sufficient possibilities for employing the
autocorrection capabilities explicitly present in the organism. Available meth-
ods of increasing the general adaptation properties of the organ ism--medicinal
and non-medicinal adaptogens, various psychotechnics, etc.--are good yet it is
often necessary also to use local stimulation. For example, gastrectomy is often
performed in the case of stomach ulcer yet the psychological discomfort accompa-
nying this disease inevitably leads to the appearance of other psychosomatic dis-
orders after such treatment. The spiral coils are sown into people suffering
with chronic alcoholism and, for the time being, they stop drinking yet often
continue to suffer either from an undetected or untreated affective complex. And
there are many more such examples.
Under the conditions of today's information stress and a rising volume of
psychosocial dissonances, the need has arisen in being able accurately to stimu-
late the autocorrection capabilities available in the organism. In most cases,
it would be preferable not to resort to any exogenic (chemical and physical) fac-
tors for this purpose in addition to the customary natural factors so as to avoid
the habitual iatrogeny, addiction, side effects, etc. Access to higher control
system hierarchies--the psychic sphere--always meets these conditions but calls
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for an individually oriented and unique activity on the part of the physician
which, in a perfect case, should be similar to the creative inspiration in art.
In order to see common features in known yet disjointed facts and understand
the relationship between them and thus employ these and new facts deliberately
rather than randomly and thus optimally, it is necessary to introduce logic into
the existing agglomeration of knowledge about mental activity.
Let us consider a simple memory organization model. To this end, let us
represent man as a complex transient self-organizing system capable of procreat-
ing and possessing the maximum possible number of degrees of freedom in his func-
tions in living nature. The most important among these functions are the capa-
bility of self-programming and adaptive reprogramming as well as the ability to
organize interfaces for the data input and output and to connect peripheral de-
vices (tools and auxiliary input/output devices). This system cannot be fully
described by the totality of its component subsystems which are partially known,
primarily due to the fact that it is open, i.e., constantly interacts with the
environment and cannot be considered separately from it. For the description
convenience, cybernetic models [25] are often used although we should note that
the approaches used in this case differ in the extreme. Thus, the processes of
forming conscious acts are likened to the quantum mechanical behavior of elec-
trons in a solid, and brain is considered as a sum of complex networks with a
variable degree of internal relationships [57] or, conversely, the validity of
similarities between the human brain and the computer is being sternly refuted
[56]. In our opinion, since computers are a product of human creative activity,
it is permissible to treat them as a model of personality with limited functions.
It will become evident from the subsequent presentation that the goals formulated
in this article also make it possible to make a reverse--generalized--description
of the structure of personality with the help of cybernetic constructions and
computer technology.
A version of a system which illustrates at least a three-dimensional model
of the personality structure is shown in Fig. 1. It is clear that there is an
infinite diversity of models yet there is no need for a more complicated model
for this study. The decision-making device (the processor) is a random access
memory consisting of the monitor memory and buffer memory. The processor has
either direct or mediated connections to other modules and contains data and pro-
grams of the most likely behavior and emergency life support as well as a system
of programs for the orientation and research activity. There is a periodic ex-
change with the read-only memory (long-term memory) in which data files are for-
matted with the help of the burner and programs are formed. The priority genera-
tor which has a counter for the number of incidents of behavior consistent with a
situation where a certain routine is being executed, allowing for the a priori
probability, assigns the highest priority to the routines which ensure. the maxi-
mum adaptation to the changing environment. When the value of the program prior-
ity comprised of the number of its realizations with successful or unsuccessful
outcomes exceeds a certain critical number, this routine is rewritten into the
data bank for permanent storage and is not subject to. correction. Access to this
memory area under intact conditions is impossible. Only the routines which are
at the stage of exchange between the buffer memory in the processor and the long-
term memory are subject to correction. It is assumed that this occurs as block-
by-block rewriting from the long-term memory into RAM during the slow-wave sleep
[8] and, conversely, with a program correction during the paradoxical sleep [19].
Programs whose realization is enabled are stored in the RAM buffer which, togeth-
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BED
YCTPORCTBO
9.OIlEPAT14BHAR MM M IIPOWCCOPA
IO.IIOCTO$HHOE 3AHOMRHA [I E YCT-BO
II. MOPMAI MOHH6i BAHK
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Fig. 1. Conceptual Cybernetic Model of Functional Human Memory Device. Key: I--Iconic memory; II--Short-term memo-
ry; III--Conscious; IY--Subconscious; 1--Analyzer; 2--Input interface; 3--Buffer storage; 4--Translator; 5--Editor;
6--Communicator; 7--Communicator memory; 8--Central processor; 9--Processor RAM; 10--RON; 11--Data bank (data and
program bank); 12--Contiguous storage device; 13--Probability counter and priority generator; 14--PROM burner; 15--
System loader (driver); 16--On-line loader (driver); 17--Output interface; 18--Effectors; 19--Timer [top center];
19--Semantic field of the universe [bottom left]
I2. HEIIPEPHBHOE
3AIIOMMIWQ11 1
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er with the long-term memory and the data bank, assists in the sphere of subcon-
scious mental activity. A part of the processor (the monitor memory) and the
monitor itself as a communication device make up the consciousness sphere. In
addition, the system contains the input/output devices with semantic interfaces a
part of whose structure is combined with a part of the short-term memory (input
and output register) into the iconic memory. Among other structures necessary
for describing the model, we should note the editor which is intended for analyz-
ing the semantic codes to'see whether they correspond to those permitted for in-
put/output, a contiguous memory which stores the nonformatted information in-
creases in time layer by layer, and the driver which performs the functions of
loading data and standard (corrected) programs into the data bank.
Even without a detailed description of the functioning of its individual
structures, this model makes it possible to illustrate how memory is transferred
from a short-term stack to RAM by means of successive learning, i.e., multiple
execution of the memory engram (program) with subsequent transfer to long-term
storage and eventually, to absolute standard memory (data bank). The latter also
contains all genetic life support programs.
It is obvious that disruptions in the state and behavior (diseases) may be a
result of incorrect operation of any of the structures (except for certain infec-
tious diseases or damage due to an injury). In this case, a search for the means
of correcting the control systems rather than the local manifestations of these
violations is justified. If we extend the use of the information approach to
describing the personality structure, such facilities should then be exceptional-
ly informative, i.e., being effective not only due to and not so much by means of
its physical origin as due to its semantic organization. Under natural condi-
tions, one can encounter several layers of semantic organization: from the sim-
plest, in the form of, e.g., a certain combination of geoelectromagnetic field
parameters which indicate an impending natural catastrophe (26] to the most com-
plicated verbal signals. The presence of the decoder (the editor code which
identifies the signal and assigns to it a corresponding number--is common to com-
plex-organized signals of any physical nature, making it possible to refer to
them as semantic, after which the semantic signal translated into autocodes is
nd~a~mzu forwarded for processing and incorporated in associative processes. It is obvi-
~as; o-
SOVVI ous that the semantic nature of any random signal, e.g., an arbitrary set of ph
nemes, is formed only when it is presented more than once (except for the in-
stinctive behavior signals whose corresponding autocodes are genetically deter-
mined). Consequently, in order to impart meaning to any sequence of signals, no
?ltevahut are matter how complex, it is necessary to present it for the second time in combina-
fcJreauww~ed tion with the context data (learning). As the long-term storage area is being
filled during the development of an individual, his ability for learning decreas-
es. Then, engram consolidation calls either for a greater number of signal pre-
sentations" f.,qr imparting greater significance in the context information,
i.e., enhancing ;the emotional resonance. Here, emotions play the role of the
communicative monitor signals which indicate the significance level of the signal
or the engram being reaized for the individual and as an accounting parameter for
the counter which determines the information or'program priority number.
Thus, an extended program correction or generation process is necessary for
modifying the behavior or state under natural conditions; Ebbinghaus devoted his
efforts to early studies of this process. In the case of a pathological condi-
tion, correction of the control system disruptions also calls for an equally long
process if it is possible altogether. Given a single signal presentation, orien-
tation-research activity programs are activated depending on the degree of its
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novelty and the semantic driver is organized after subsequent presentations; this
driver loads the program already formed in the long-term memory into the data
bank. As we have already mentioned, the speed of this process changes substan-
tially depending on the priority. If the program is formed and its standard is
available in the data bank, its source code present in the random access memory
is periodically compared to its matrix stored in the long-term memory which en-
ables constant autocorrection of the program due to the influx of sensory data on
the program realization outcome. A review of experimental studies [54] provides
extensive information indicating that after intensive learning, the number of
paradoxical sleep events and the duration of each such event increase substan-
tially even after several hours following the learning process and decrease grad-
ually during many days. Paradoxical sleep deprivation causes a considerable de-
lay in the habit formation speed. Based on these facts, many authors maintain
that transition of new information from the short-term to the long-term memory
actually occurs during the paradoxical sleep [31] although one can find experi-
mental proof that this conclusion is incorrect [54]. We know with certainty only
that paradoxical sleep is vitally necessary and its deprivation leads to a catas-
trophe [52]. The relationship between the sleep deficit or disorder and the de-
velopment of chronic mental disorders is well known [27]. A factor analysis of
the patients' reports about their dreams demonstrates that the possibility of
even conscious autocorrection of information during the controlled dreaming is
realistic [45}. In the opinion of Yu.S. Borodkin and P.D. Shabanov, "consolida-
tion of the persistence of memory [imprint] as a process of transition from
short-term memory to the long-term memory presupposes transformation of the neu-
rodynamic changes (possibly, circulation of nerve pulses in closed nerve circles)
into stable neurochemical reorderings of the synaptic apparatus involving the
neuron genome. One of the most important properties of consolidation is postula-
tion of a certain end time interval during which data are transferred from short-
term to long-term memory. It depends on the learning method and varies from sec-
onds to hours and even weeks. Individual periods of the consolidation process
are probably not equivalent. The most important (and, consequently, the most
vulnerable) are the initial triggering stages which are carried out during the
very learning procedure while the least significant (least vulnerable) are the
end processes (translation of specific proteins, their exchange, etc." [9, p.
10]. It is generally assumed that any stimulation of the engram during the con-
solidation which damages [9] or interferes with it [9] leads to an irreversible
change in the engram. Obviously, there can be many such actions: semantic inter-
ference, concussion, powerful stresses, etc., and if it had not been for the pos-
sibility of constant autocorrection of the program, the life of the individual
would terminate.
The autocorrection process is very slow and it sometimes lags far behind
available needs for adaptation. The facilities available in medicine are sto-
chastic in orientation and hit the target far from always even if it is known
precisely.
The simplified model of memory structure presented here makes it possible to
hypothesize about the possibility of developing an artificial semantic driver
whose functions are reduced to supplying the correcting information directly to
the damaged information area. Under natural conditions, there is such a possi-
bility (imprinting); furthermore, it is employed spontaneously, albeit in a frag-
mentary nature, in some psychotherapy procedures (catharsis).
Imprinting as a phenomenon of imprinting information after its single pre-
sentation was identified for the first time by Lorenz as an individual special
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psychic act; to this end, he examined known information about the movement of
chicks just hatched from eggs after any moving object. We can assume that the
possibility of imprinting decreases rapidly with the development of the organism
[33] which is due to the biological necessity of concentrating the learning abil-
ity during those organism development periods when the role of the acquired habit
is optimal [47]. Ethological-physiological-biochemical studies make it possible
to speculate that the nervous mechanisms of imprinting are due to the right in-
termediate area of the ventral hyperstriatum whereas the contralateral area per-
forms the function of translating the imprinting information into a certain un-
identified brain structure [43]. It has been established that a significant dif-
ference in the distribution character of synaptosomic proteins in the forebrain
from that under conventional conditioned reflex learning is observed during im-
printing [23]. The reality of quick formation of fixed neurochemical memory
codes during imprinting has confirmed the possibility of reproducing imprinting
in recipient chicks during the intra-abdominal injection of homogenates of donor
chick brain [34]. This is possible only during the first three weeks of develop-
ment since during this period, macromolecules can penetrate the brain even
through the not-yet-formed hematoencephalic barrier. The authors stress that
imprinting can be realized only during the sensitive period which for chicks, is
equal to 32-36 h after hatching and can be easily traced by the low pitch sound
emitted by the chicks. At the end of this period, an avoidance reaction develops
which is accompanied by distress tones, i.e., the sounds of displeasure. It is
thought that the amygdaloid complex plays an important role in forming the per-
sistence of memory during single-session learning [22] and it is stressed that
the engram activation largely depends on the contextual (emotionally tinted) in-
formation available during the presentation of the stimulus being imprinted. It
is important to note the difficulty of studying such engrains since they may modi-
fy insignificantly yet very stably in time the behavioral patterns of humans and
animals and have no crude noticeable manifestations in individual programs [55].
The latter can be attributed to the fact that the researchers do not have an ade-
quate logic approach to the imprinting research methodology.
An analysis of available data shows that the following is necessary for re-
alizing the imprinting:
? a relative sensory deprivation of the individual (in the literal sense, the
chick's.stay in the egg);
? a high semantic information gradient (i.e., the degree of its novelty relative
to the preceding experiment information which for the chick is literally reduced
to the medium volume bounded by nontransparent walls); and
? a high degree of stress (which is probably characterized by being similar to a
daze after information shock).
One can clearly see that simple mixing of these factors will by no means
facilitate the imprinting of information, so these are identified only for didac-
tic purposes for the sake of understanding subsequent text. In addition to this
``Pass factor, the absence of any kind of external information editing at the moment of
imprinting is extremely important since the system for comparing the memory codes
to the external information codes has not yet been formed. As the memory is be-
ing loaded, the correspondence codes will form in the editor and will play the
role of identifying the external stimulus and, according to the previous experi-
ence, initiate various behavioral programs. Any new stimulus which does not have
the corresponding codes (i.e., for which there is no similar image in the memory)
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initiates programs of the orientation-research activity as the result of whose
actions the identifying codes form in the editor.
In humans, eyeball movement following the moving object is observed during
the early days of their lives yet the rapidly forming editor soon makes it possi-
ble to perform selective orientation of the information input/output systems for
perceiving the stimulus with the maximum novelty gradient relative to the con-
text. At the same time, the extensively developing associative relationship sys-
tem attributes any new stimulus to a constantly increasing number of memory
cells, and it is classified as being partially known. As the personality devel-
ops, this leads to a gradual decrease in the ability to learn. We can speculate
that the early arrays of information entering the brain subsequently serve as a
peculiar reference point and format all subsequent information so that it only
complements the internal model of the world on the same scale rather than alters
it. Attempts to teach social skills to Amal, Carnal, et al. have been virtually
unsuccessful due to the fact that the proposed information was so inconsistent
with the image of the world stored in the memory that the editor could not trans-
mit it for organizing new memory cells, while a large number of information pre-
sentations in combination with various biological reinforcements would be neces-
sary both for organizing new memory cells and the corresponding codes. This has
been partially studied in animals yet only humans have such a highly developed
associative system which ensures the highest ability to learn in the animal
world. Yet the editor orients any semantic information, including verbal, toward
those memory areas where only gradual program correction (learning) is possible,
rather than an instantaneous program change (imprinting). The latter is also
impossible due to the fact that all arbitrarily changing random access and long-
term memory programs do not change the standard matrices stored in the bank which
are not subject to correction. While the learning process has been rather well
described and is well known even for humans without the cortex [42] and in lower
forms of life, the imprinting phenomenon remains unclear.
One can speculate that imprinting is a process where new standard matrices
are formed as a result of which the long-term memory is allowed to form and cor-
rect their working analogues to whose cells the editor addresses the new external
information.
In N.P. Bekhtereva's opinion [5], imprinting is possible under direct elec-
tric stimulation of brain segments; she cites references to studies demonstrating
that imprinting is possible not only at early ontogenesis stages. In an experi-
ment on humans, V.M. Smirnov et al. [35] demonstrated that direct electric stimu-
lation of the motor areas of the brain which destabilizes the muscular tension
leads to the formation of artificial stable functional links (ASFS) when combined
with rhythmic sensory stimulation and exposed to the effect of nonspecific con-
nectors (ethymizol). The authors classify the ASFS as imprinting by placing it
between conditioned and unconditioned reflexes. The ASFS formed between two
brain zones is used for treating, e.g., the Parkinson disease. In this case, the
light which is blinking at the same frequency as during imprinting is shown to
the patient, and a decrease in the muscular hypertension is attained the same way
as it happens when current pulses are applied to the motor zone through invasive
electrodes [36]. Today, the ASFS are formed in patients for therapeutic and di-
agnostic purposes and in healthy individuals, for the purpose of optimizing their
mental condition [37]. Versions of forming the ASFS without inserting electrodes
into the brain are possible yet this has been described in considerably lesser
detail [37].
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We can speculate that imprinting moments appear during the process of intact
vital activity when information slides into the data bank area. In this case, it
turns into a standard compared to which all service programs are formed (the life
support and behavior systems). If this information is a fully and correctly cor-
rected program (i.e., consistent with the corresponding tasks), there will be no
noticeable crude personality changes: a motor skill (automatism) develops in a
musician as a result of goal-oriented learning, a man acquires conversational
language in a foreign language environment under latent learning, etc. If an
inadequate program is imprinted, a disease develops, i.e., a stable pathological
state of the brain [10], a somatic disruption, etc. No matter what they are
aimed at, in this case the therapeutic facilities are not pathogenetic since they
by no means eliminate the cause of the disease, i.e., the fixed standard engram.
In the cases where the symptomatic treatment works, one can suspect that there is
an imprinting phenomenon when "correct" information about the state and behavior
of the system due to this treatment slides into the data bank and forms a new
standard. Such standard may exist in the memory simultaneously with the first
one (inadequate) yet when the source codes of service programs are compared to
them, priority is given to the correct one as being more capable of adapting, so
commands equivalent to the situation also appear on the input/output systems,
including behavioral, somatic, and vegetative. The possibility of substitution
of the standard program or its part cannot be ruled out.
All of the foregoing has been generally well known and is merely an outcome
of using a certain conceptual tool for ensuring the possibility of formulating
new premises. To this end, let us again examine Fig. 1 and try to establish how
the memory zones should differ.
The iconic memory retains information from milliseconds to tens of seconds.
It is physically localized predominantly along the periphery of the analyzers
(e.g., in the retina of the eye) and in their central sections. From the infor-
mation viewpoint, it is an analyzer (1), a semantic interface (2) which inter-
prets the serial code of the external stimulus as a parallel code of the neuronal
pulse, and a short-term memory input (3). In its functions, it is similar to the
computer analog-to-digital converter and has the same properties: a controllable
sampling rate (space-time discrimination thresholds) and the dynamic amplifica-
tion range (perception thresholds). It plays the role of a delay line in ensur-
ing adaptive tuning of other elements of the perception system to a discrete sti-
mulus. In an off-line mode, it continuously directs streams of information to
the short-term and contiguous memory. From the information viewpoint, iconic
input and output memories are identical and form a single autonomous system with
feedback.
The short-term memory retains information from hundreds of milliseconds to
several hours. Its capacity is much higher than the iconic memory capacity yet
it is a stack memory, i.e., when a new register is filled, the contents of the
old register are erased, which is manifested as a semantic interference phenome-
non (the effect of new data during the consolidation of the short-term engram
leads to its partial or complete erasure). It contains a translator (5) which
translates the neuronal autocodes (spatially organized neuronal constellations)
into the information display monitor codes (images, thoughts, feelings, and visu
alizations). It integrates information from the iconic memory into the system in
the domain of time which is manifested by the possibility of recalling the con-
text of recently presented stimulus; many violations of this ability are known,
e.g., "tunnel" vision as a result of intoxication with hallucinogenic drugs when
only a point of fixation is perceived while the context of the present moment is
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irreproducible. It is physically located largely in the cortex of the brain. It
is similar to the input/output register in the computer.
The consciousness stores information until the monitor memory is turned off,
which occurs most often upon falling asleep. It is intended for exchanging in-
formation with the environment and displaying information about the internal en-
vironment (partially). It comprises a communicator monitor (6) for orienting the
input/output device, an emotional resonator (18) (a statistical counter which
checks the correspondence of the commands to the outcomes), and monitor memory
(8) which is similar to the computer graphics display. The consciousness system
may exist for a certain time autonomously both when external information is
blocked (sensory deprivation) and when exchange with the processor is blocked
(endogenic depression). It is similar to the computer random access memory. It
can be easily turned off or modified by external stimuli but is easily restored
upon an exchange with the processor. The monitor memory is controlled by both
perceived and unperceived commands and contains a agglomeration of external in-
formation and activated engrams of the processor buffer memory.
The subconsciousness stores information indefinitely long yet it can be cor-
rected (forgotten) or completely erased (lacunar or total amnesia after concus-
sion, retrograde amnesia after electroconvulsive shock, etc.). In order to in-
crease the information storage reliability, it invariably contains identical in-
formation blocks: a data base (10) and a buffer memory (9). The latter has a
combinatorial apparatus for making the command decision which is a priori most
statistically optimal with respect to behavior and condition (motivation, will,
desire, needs, etc.). This information may be partially perceived yet the degree
of perception depends on'numerous factors and almost never is controlled random-
ly. The subconsciousness is similar to the computer processor since the princi-
pal behavior and state strategies are being generated there. The affective com-
plexes (programs with high priority) which in healthy people are preformed as
passions, impulsive actions, etc., form there. In sick people, they have already
slipped through into the data bank and inevitably transform any correct program
forming in the long-term memory until it matches an incorrect standard. For this
reason, various types of suggestions, rational psychotherapy, and other methods
employing learning are rather inefficient.
The continuous storage device (12) stores information during the lifetime.
It differs from other types of memory in that information is not stored in for-
mats and is not organized into files or blocks but is accumulated permanently.
It is impossible to access it; randomly selected information is used by the PROM
burner (14) as a substrate for making the program blocks. Cases where fragments
of such information enter random access memory are known (dreams, sudden recol-
lections of things allegedly never seen before, conversations in a foreign lan-
guage, etc., which is especially frequent as a symptom of mental disorder). Jud-
ging from available data, it indeed contains absolutely all--even contextual--
information ever received (including unperceived). Cases of phenomenal absolute
memory which are used most often as a circus act are known.
The data bank (11) stores some information during the lifetime of the bio-
logical object and some during the life span of the progeny of given species (ge-
netic programs). This information is standard and is not subject to correction.
Direct access to it is impossible and is gained only through the somatic driver
(15) which is organized exclusively when the biological object is in special
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states (imprinting) and relocates this or another information from the bank to
the long-term memory or vice versa.
The semantic field of the universe (19) per se is information. It is the
most hypothetical of all aforementioned formations. There are many hypotheses of
its existence (the world of Plato ideas, Young's archetypes, etc.), yet the most
up-to-date interpretation was given by V.V. Nalimov and Zh.A. Drogalina [30]
which, however, elicited justified criticism [3]. To a certain extent, it corre-
sponds to P.V. Simonov's "superconsciousness" category. It is related to the
concept of public consciousness and metaphysical categories of Ygregor, Atman (in
Buddhism), et al.
Without further dwelling on describing the components of the proposed model
of the personality structure, we should reiterate that it does not claim to be in
absolute correspondence with any currently known reality but serves merely as a
scheme for explaining the proposed approach to developing new nonmedicinal meth-
ods of correcting the state and modifying the biological object behavior.
Based on the goal thus formulated, we shall assume that at any personality
stage, any disruption of information or the systems retaining it (memory) may
lead to a consolidation of the incorrect standard engram during the imprinting.
Consequently, virtually all diseases (except for injuries and certain infectious
diseases) call for a certain critical time for treatment which exceeds the time
between two imprintings. In other words, in order to re-record or duplicate a
standard entry in the data bank for the purpose of treating the patient (elimi-
nating or suppressing the incorrect standard), it is actually necessary to enter
the correct program into the bank block which stores the preceding standard of
the same program (the incorrect one). This requires a lot of time during which
the correcting information will be constantly, or sufficiently often, presented
(drugs, suggestion, etc.) and during which the highest priority will be assigned
to the program being formed in the long-term matrix (i.e., the already formed
adequate control program with a positive outcome of its realization must be avai-
lable at the very moment of imprinting in the long-term memory). This program's
priority must exceed the priority of the standard present in the bank, and only
then will the new program, having become a standard, receive predominance in cop-
ying the service programs. As we can see, too many conditions are necessary for
truly pathogenic treatment. For this very reason, the arsenal of the stimulus
facilities in today's medicine is continuing to increase yet neither one of them
is a panacea, and there is no end in sight.
For this reason, the search for means of controlled imprinting is justified
since it will make it possible deliberately to correct defective information and
will form a completely new trend in medicine.
Based on the proposed conceptual model of the personality structure and an
analysis of the vast knowledge about imprinting, ASFS, amnesial actions, and cas-
es of self-therapy for various diseases and successful therapy by most diverse
methods, we are proposing the following principle of semantic driver organization
for altering the behavior and state. The following is necessary for realizi:~
it:
1. To identify the most significant affective information at a given moment
and in a given state.
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3. Develop a semantic resonance with the help of the most significant affec-
tive information.
4. Assign the highest priority to the correct program being formed by initi-
ating or simulating its successful operation.
5. Supply the new program with the highest semantic gradient against the
background of relative sensory deprivation.
6. Consolidate the engram.
The methods existing in psychology for determining the maximum significant
affective information are hardly suitable. With respect to the problem formula-
tion, the closest are the psychoanalytical methods yet they call for very high
outlays of time and are fraught with subjectivism in interpreting the outcome.
The most acceptable is the A.R. Luriya's principle [28] whereby verbal stimuli
are presented to the subject under test and his speech responses (as is done dur-
ing the associative experiment) and ideomotor reactions accompanying the motor
act of pushing the button when giving a verbal answer are recorded. The related
motor-associative technique opens up new possibilities: "...the diagnostics of
affective imprints is entering the path of considerably higher accuracy and ob-
jectivity; it becomes possible to observe the mechanisms underlying the identi-
fied verbal reaction and estimate the degree of stress, excitation, and disrup-
tion and, consequently, the degree of affectivity of the process occurring in
front of us" [28, p. 92]. Later, Razran and Riz and then O.S. Vinogradova et al.
suggested a method of assessing the semantic fields of affective formations where
the key stimulus is specially formed by developing a negative conditioned reflex
while the response to the testing stimuli is traced by the directional spread of
the changes in the finger and forehead plethysmogram. By using this technique,
we were able to prove that it was extremely labor-consuming and called for con-
siderable time outlays, but its principal shortcoming was the inevitability of
subjective interpretation of the results even at the stage of identifying the
response against the background of noise. While completely reproducing the pro-
cedure in [15] in recording the electroplethysmogram of the finger and forehead,
we obtained curves which were dithered with noise as much as those cited in the
procedure description. In other words, the confidence of response against the
background of noise was extremely low. To standardize the response identifica-
tion and the entire procedure, a controlled hardware system on the basis of the
Iskra-1256 microcomputer with real-time analog data analysis was developed. The
computer presented verbal stimuli on the display or from an analog tape recorder,
controlled the electric stimulator, generated the conditioned reflex, and carried
out the testing procedure with analysis of electroplethysmogram and oscillogram
over two channels (N.V. Gavrilov and A.N. Zhuravlev's procedure) and the galvanic
skin reflex according to Fdre. The computer version of the procedure turned out
to be sufficiently reliable yet the procedure of learning with subsequent testing
of one presumed affective formation required approximately one and a half hour.
Furthermore, negative reinforcement with the help of electric shocks was unac-
ceptable in certain instances. The source code is cited in Appendix 1 and a sam-
ple protocol is presented in Appendix 2. For practical purposes, the above com-
puter procedure is inconvenient yet it is suitable for studying the dynamics of
affective formations in psychopathology for scientific and research purposes.
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There have been many other attempts to define the physiological or behavior-
al responses to semantic stimuli: from the infamous "lie detector" (an individu-
ally targeted polygraph system in a general case) to complex methods of analyzing
the elicited semantic potentials in the brain [49, 32], including those recorded
by the electrodes implanted in the human brain [39]. Yet all these methods are
fraught with a significant defect: the editor may, depending on its tuning and
even the testee's desire, pass or not pass all external information in the per-
sonality structure or direct it to the memory zones which are totally different
from those necessary. The cognitive processes developing in this case will re-
flect the associations which are very far from the truth. In order to eliminate
the artificial effect of consciousness, the editor is either blocked by initiat-
ing changes in the state of consciousness in order to eliminate critiquing [38]
or the test information is presented above the perception threshold yet below the
comprehension threshold. In the latter case, the same parameters are used for
assessing the response to the stimulus as in the case where comprehended stimuli
are presented: the galvanic skin reflex [18], changes in the encephalogram [17],
changes in the generated potential [24], etc. It is assumed that virtually all
stimuli within the subsensory range (6-12 dB for sound) may be transferred to a
number of comprehended stimuli which cause a random response reaction [20] by
means of consciously changing the analyzer thresholds. In the opinion of other
researchers, the reactions to perceived or unperceived semantic stimuli differ in
principle [16]. All procedures for analyzing the behavioral and physiological
responses to perceived or nonperceived stimuli known in published sources can be
used only for scientific and research purposes and are not therefore used for the
purpose of practical diagnostics of affective formations.
We developed a research algorithm, a computer routine, and the corresponding
hardware system which record the time of complex visual and motor response of
discrimination and semantic stimuli and the averaged generated potentials to
these stimuli. The algorithm (Fig. 2) [figure is not reproduced] is simple: a
person is shown randomly alternating words on a display with the task of pushing
the button. as quickly as possible when the word having a meaning appears and
pushing it no sooner than 3 s and no later than 5 s later when a meaningless word
presented upon the command of another pseudorandom number generator appears.
Such an operator activity calls for a high level of stress during the entire pro-
cedure since the number of errors is taken into account, and information about
each error is displayed on the display screen. Naturally, these words are per-
ceived and are not only a substrate of the operator activity but also serve as
masking devices for the unperceived information. The latter is presented in the
form of a closed infinite cycle of words whereby the supposedly significant words
alternate with neutral. The luminous intensity was not changed while the time of
presentation of noncomprehended stimuli was set within a 5.0-40.0 ms range so
that they would not be comprehended in any situation. According to an expert
estimate, 200 people, both healthy and sick, could not comprehend the meaning of
the test words under masking conditions although after receiving corresponding
instructions, many (especially the schizophrenics with a high perceptive accura-
cy) noted that "something else was blinking under the words." Masking was also
facilitated by various forms of glare on the display screen [46]. The validity
of the method was confirmed by testing two lists of neutral words without mean-
ingful words as well as by the fact that in practically healthy people, there
were no reliable differences in parameters during the testing of any conjectural-
ly meaningful stimuli (money, exams, career, prestige, jeans, Zhigul.i [car],
food, sex, etc.). The latter can be attributed to the natural absence of affec-
tive complexes in healthy people. Under single conditions of obtaining confident
results from healthy individuals, deeply concealed affective formations were
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identified; no comprehensible information could be derived about them yet this
was possible to do only by using specially oriented additional procedures. Sta-
tistically significant parameter deviations of the response to conjecturally af-
fective and neutral stimuli were always discovered in the patients which made it
possible to determine not only the descriptor of the affective formation but also
its structure. The minimum procedure duration is 30 min. Parametric parameter
averaging criteria using two variational series--affective and neutral--and for
each stimulus separately were used for real-time processing. Appendix 3 contains
the source codes, Appendix 4 presents the introductory instruction, and Appendix
5 contains the research protocol (see Fig. 3).
We should note that the experimental results do not bear out the hypothesis
that in the case where a significant stimulus is presented, which is a part of
the affective semantic field structure, a large number of associative connections
is involved in its cognitive analysis, so both the response time and the charac-
ter of the induced potentials change likewise. The cases where the response time
is shortened and changes in the form and latent periods of the generated poten-
tials do not correspond to known concepts are also observed, albeit to a lesser
extent. The most frequently occurring pattern of averaged (600 averagings) gen-
erated potentials in the tap from the vertex is shown in Fig. 4.
Xozx ieCTB0 Cpe neHf(# IIo xaxAoe~y
xaxany N=600 ,u.. .
Fig. 4. Induced Potentials to Nonperceived Significant Words (Channel 1) and Non-
perceived Neutral Words (Channel 2). On top: The number of averagings for each
channel is N = 600.
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The use of the aforementioned algorithm in the program of computer on-line
psychosemantic testing (KOPS) demonstrated the high reliability (all criteria
have alpha of less than 0.01) of the method for diagnosing affective formations.
Thus, when the same lists of words were presented to patients with chronic alco-
holism and surgery patients during the preoperative examination, statistically
differing results were obtained according to the affective formation diagnosis.
In other words, when three to five lists are consecutively presented to the
healthy or sick persons, one can objectively diagnose latent alcoholism or hypo-
chondriac manifestations, etc., even without knowing the medical history, without
talking to the testee, and without visual acquaintance with him. This increases
the method reliability since those already existing are employing the subjective
physician interpretation of the results in all cases. Attempts to automate diag-
nostics, in particular in psychiatry, have been made before [50]; mental patients
are used as computer operators [48] so as to examine the higher senses of the
patients by semantic differential methods yet the unique capabilities of comput-
ers in the procedure of verbal testing have been discovered only recently [12].
Namely, these procedures enabled us to develop a practical working tool for stu-
dying the affects rather than a basic research tool which is the first component
of the semantic driver design.
Yet for practically healthy people, it is necessary to carry out a consider-
ably greater number of COPS-type procedures than for mental patients. For this
reason, a verbal display testing algorithm was developed which, in a general
form, represents a procedure of selecting a rhythm from the masking symbolic
noise. In reality, the presented information is completely randomized in bright-
ness and frequency, so the predictable distribution of descriptors of various
semantic formations defined by the physician is present only in the testing word
sequence in this cycle. Thirty words are tested during 20 min, which fully cov-
ers any conceivable sphere of human activity. The parameter is the rhythm at
which the button is depressed. The character of statistical distribution of the
number of depressions for individual words from the file is analyzed and the sta-
tistical significance of the maximum values of averaged reference points for neu-
tral words is estimated. The source code is cited in Appendix 6.
The COPS and PDP programs contain the procedure of individually targeted
subjective scaling--a repertory grid (V.I. Pokhilko). The results of its pro-
cessing are analyzed by multivariate statistical methods (factor and variance
analysis) after the computer testing procedure and, combined with the results
from using the personality questionnaires, questionnaires form procedures (MMPI,
Cattle, Roven, Spilberger, Lucier, et a1.) and the medical history information,
are embedded into the foundation of the semantic driver.
In other words, the first stage in organizing the driver is determining the
individually targeted affective information which is dominant by the survey time.
The second stage is ensuring the maximum expressed emotional semantic reso-
nance, first negative, then positive (something similar naturally occurs during
psychedelic, psycholytic, and psychocatarthic procedures). In practice, this
task is reduced to a dichotomy presentation of semantic information in the form
of operator activity with acoustic commands issued into the right ear above the
comprehension level, and uncomprehended information--into the left ear. The in-
formation structure is carefully and individually selected so as to ensure that
the maximum discomfort related to semantic analysis of the presented information
is achieved by the culmination moment. In this case, the information not related
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to the affective formations and representing operator activity commands, which
require that phrases be repeated or uttered, earlier given sequences of numbers
be recalled, etc., is presented in the conscious mode. In this case, the respon-
ses are not listened to the end while the testee's speech is interrupted, very
intimate questions are posed, etc. In the unconscious mode, a dialogue which
represents doubts in the possibility of treatment, skeptical statements about the
testee's personality, etc., is presented. The unconscious dichotomy presentation
of information makes it possible largely to bypass the editor, so the information
is perceived without conscious critiquing. The state of consciousness is altered
in order to eliminate the editor fully by injecting small doses of ketamine-se-
ries preparations. The drug injection time is the culmination of the procedure,
so the absolutely affective information presented at this time causes a consider-
able emotional response which is accompanied by significant vegetative and behav-
ioral changes.
Against the backdrop of ketamine, the negative emotions which accompany the
perception of the affective formation structure resemble the state of psychoca-
tharsis. At this moment, the content of information is abruptly changed by sup-
plying it with a positive connotation while the stimuli intensity is suddenly and
abruptly increased to the maximum (110 dB) thus causing considerable stress. At
the time of acoustic shock, ethymizol is injected to ensure data consolidation
and thus, the need for treatment formed by an imperative suggestive method and
the correct program being subconsciously formed slip through into the data bank.
In order to reinforce consolidation and ensure multiple re-recording of this pro-
gram with the maximum priority, a hypnotic drug is injected which puts the pati-
ent to sleep. During this time, information reflecting the success of the proce-
dure is being continuously presented.
Ethymizol (ethylnorantiphein) was synthesized in 1962 and is a neurotropic
drug from the family of antifeins has analeptic properties. Compared to other
analeptic medications (corazol, bemegrid, and caffein), it potentiates the effect
of analgesic and narcotic drugs while simultaneously stimulating breathing [40,
29, 1]. It is used in clinical psychiatry [1, 6]. Its principal feature is the
unique property of nonspecific connection [11] which makes it possible to form
temporary links between various zones of the brain. There are many contradictory
data on this field yet it has been demonstrated in recent studies that only the
ethymizol's ability to accelerate and reinforce the memory engram consolidation
is authentic [29]. Calypsol was selected among the ketamine preparations as be-
ing one of the most popular intravenous anesthetics which causes the so-called
dissociative anesthesia and has a powerful hallucinogenic effect. Introduction
of even small doses of this preparation makes it possible, while maintaining con-
sciousness, to attain a hallucinogenic effect whereby violations of the external
stimuli perception in this case potentiate hallucinations resembling oneiroid.
Ethamidat (radenarcon) is one of the softest hypnotics which has no side effects
and contraindications and does not cause a histamine release. Various combina-
tions of preparations are common while the preparations themselves are trivial.
Patient S.V. Kv-ts is 36 years old and is suffering from logoneurosis (stut-
tering), has no somatic contraindications and according to the results of psycho-
logical examinations, displays a tendency to astheno-depressive reactions, a re-
duced self-image, intrapunitivity (aggression directed at oneself) and sensitivi-
ty. Among his personality traits, depressive-alarmed complex is dominant due to
his living situation. Computer testing demonstrated the presence of a tendency
toward forming an affective formation due to stuttering.
17
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A block diagram of a complex for audio visual stimulation and recording of
physiological parameters is shown in Appendix 7. The patient was put on a couch
and subjected to psychocorrection according to a program developed beforehand.
The procedure proceeded completely in accordance with the program and there were
no extraordinary situations. The working protocols are cited in Appendices 8-11.
As a result of this procedure, depressive tendencies were completely sup-
pressed while maintaining the remaining character of the personality traits. The
logoneurosis was cured. There were no somatic changes and a decrease in the
brain cortex tonicity was detected in the electroencephalogram (an increase in
alpha-indices) with a sharp increase in the beta-activity which attests to an
activationof the hypothalamus-hypocampal formations. A subjective feeling of
self-confidence developed and the fear of social contacts disappeared.
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10
/4
is
!1
Appendix 7. Block Diagram of the Complex for Audio Visual Stimulation and Recording of Physiological Indicators
During the 'Imprinting' Procedure. Key: 1--BI Biomedica averaging device; 2--Sound amplifier; 3--FCP-II Fukudaa
Denshi cardIoco.pmter; 4--VC-9 Nihon Kohden Biophysical oscilloscope; S--Sanei Instr Balancing bridge; 6--DS-501
Fukuda Denshi Cardiotelemonitor; 7, 9--Biomedlca Telemonitor transmitters; 9--Biomedica telemonitor; 10--Schlumbeger
^agnetograph; 11--HO-671 recording magnetograph; 12--Halter recorder; 13--Telecardioaonitor DS-501 transmitter; 14--
Jupiter 203 tape recorder; 15--HO-67 playback tape recorder; 16--Button; 17--Transparency; 18--66-28 generator.
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Patient Iv-v, 32 years of age, is suffering from logoneurosis and has no
somatic contraindications and, according to the results of psychological examina-
tion, displays sufficient activity, has high self-confidence, and clearly ex-
presed tendency toward competition and domination. His behavior is characterized
by consistency and unity of purpose while control of motivation is lowered. Com-
puter testing made it possible to identify affective formations in the subconsci-
ous memory sphere which attest to the presence of a psychotrauma in childhood.
It was possible verbally to characterize the semantic field of the affect.
The working protocols which characterize the scheduled progress of the pro-
cedure are cited in Appendices 12-15. There were no extraordinary situations.
The character of the personality profile did not change after the procedure
although there were certain changes on individual scales. The speech character
changed: fluent speech appeared and stuttering during emotional verbal contacts
disappeared. Stuttering is possible in cases of calm and slowed-down speech.
The patient acquired a subjective feeling of controllability of his speech.
There were no somatic changes. In principle, the changes in the electroencepha-
logram are similar to those of the preceding patient.
From the viewpoint of analyzing the mechanisms which ensure the effective-
ness of the aforesaid procedure, we are especially interested in similar changes
in the test results of both patients. Thus, according to the results of the
electroencephalogram study, the cortex tonicity decreases after the procedure (an
increase in the alpha-index in the Kv-ts patient and a decrease in the alpha-
rhythm frequency in the Iv-v patient). At the same time, the theta-rhythm in-
creases sharply, whereby in the Kv-ts patient, this rhythm does not dampen when
stimulated with rhythmic light while in the Iv-v patient, the theta-rhythm is
amplified under rhythmic light stimulation and hyperventilation. The aforemen-
tioned shifts attest to a certain reordering of the functional relationships in
the cortex and subcortical formations: the activity of the hypothalamus-hypocam-
pal structures is reinforced sharply against the background of a certain decrease
in the cortex activation. We know that the hypothalamus and the hypocampal-type
structures are due to motivation, emotions, and memory. Consequently, we can say
that these results attest to a restructuring of the stored behavioral programs
and a reordering of the emotional and conceptual factors which control behavior.
In comparing the shifts of the electroencephalogram and changes in the per-
sonality profile, one can see similar changes on individual scales in addition to
the changes in profile which are specific for each patient and are determined by
the presence of affective complexes (e.g., a diminution of depression after the
procedure in patient Kv-ts). Thus, a decrease on the sixth scale of the "VI
test (the rigidity of the affect) was observed in both patients which, according
to the aforesaid assumptions, may reflect a reordering of the emotional-motiva-
tional sphere. An increase in the results on the seventh scale attests to an
increase in the emotional stress. The reordering occurring in the emotional-mo-
tivational sphere which is reflected by a change in the cortical-subcortical
functional relationships and is manifested in changes in the personality profiles
similar in character according to the MMPI test leads to individually specific
personality changes. Thus, the theta-rhythm activation in patient Iv-v can be
attributed to an increase in the values on the fourth scale and can be interpret-
ed as an enhancement of his impulsive behavior.
Thus, a good consistency of the results of psychological and physiological
testing gives reason to regard that the programs introduced for the purpose of
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psychocorrection are workable and that the proposed combination of stimuli corre-
sponds to the formulated goals and makes it possible efficiently to organize a
semantic driver for loading correctly organized information into the memory.
The resulting experimental data make it possible to speculate that a new
trend in developing the methods of nonmedicinal stimulation of the human psyche
function has been developed.
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Appendix 16
Glossary of Terms Used
Processor--a device intended for processing data stored in random access
memory. It serves for executing the programs and the related elementary opera-
tions, while in so doing, it controls the information flows and connections with
the input/output device.
Buffer memory--memory used by the processor for storing and accumulating
intermediate data or programs during processing or while accessing the input/out-
put devices without interrupting the processor operation at the same time.
Random access memory--memory which contains the programs to be directly used
and data being employed by them as well as data entering from the input device as
a result of these programs' execution.
Monitor (communicator)--a device which ensures generation of messages about
the program-run results and displays data stored in the monitor memory. It makes
it possible to direct the program execution process.
Read-only memory (data base and long-term memory)-serves for storing the
formed programs and data files. When the program is executed, it is transferred
to the buffer memory or the processor RAM.
Burner--a device which serves for developing new adaptation programs by for-
matting data and fragments of programs entering the random access memory as well,
as the contiguous storage device.
Contiguous storage device--is the permanent memory which operates in the
sequential (in time) accumulation mode. It contains all data as well as the re-
sponses of the system to various changes in the environment during the life span.
Interface--performs the functions related to organizing the data collection,
switching information channels to the input-output register, and at the stage of
accessing the peripheral devices (analyzers and effectors). It performs integra-
tion of sensory codes into semantic codes.
Driver--a device which ensures addressing and interchange between the data
base and the bank and organizes the data bank's data structure.
Data bank--the principal storage which contains formatted programs located
in a certain structure. It permanently stores all adaptation and behavioral pro-
grams and their priorities appearing during the lifetime.
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Appendix 18
Clarifications to the Block Diagram of Conceptual
Cybernetic Model of the Functional Device of Human Memory
Block No.
Block Name
Block Purpose
Analogue
1.
Analyzers
Data encoding
Peripheral data pro-
cessing (eyes, ears,
etc.)
2.
Input inter-
Image formation
Subcortical and cor-
face
tical data process-
ing (primary, sec-
ondary, and tertiary
analyzer zones)
3.
Buffer memory
Image stabilization
Short-term memory
4.
Translator
Image transformation into
Subconscious percep-
a form accessible to con-
tion of information
sciousness
5.
Editor
Comparison of the formed
Subconscious percep-
image to the existing
tion of information
ones
6.
Communicator
Incorporation of the im-
Conscious perception
age prepared for compre-
of}information
hension in the system of
existing images
7.
Communicator
Image storage in the form
Subjective experi-
memory
acceptable to conscious-
ence
ness
8.
Central pro-
Constructing behavior
Mechanisms of pur-
cessor
algorithms and control-
pose formulation and
ling their realization
meaning generation
9.
Processor RAM
Storage of programs en-
Actual motivation
tering for realization
and information for con-
struction of algorithms
by the processor
10.
Contiguous
Storage of behavior and
Individual experi-
memory device
adaptation software pack-
ence
age as well as catalog of
situations
11.
Data bank
Storage of standard cop-
Philogenetic and
ies of the software pack-
ontogenetic experi-
age as well as typical
ence
adaptation subroutine
packages
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Block No.
Block Name
Block Purpose
Analogue
12.
Contiguous
Continuous accumulation
Nonrandom memory
memory device
of unprocessed data
13.
Probability
Determining the priori-
Needs, motive hier-
counter and
ties of entering data,
archy formation, and
priority gen-
processing of priorities
learning
erator
of realized programs, and
probablistic estimate of
program effectiveness
14.
Burner
Conversion of behavior
Formation of neuron-
algorithms into behavior-
is codes in behavior
al programs
control
15.
System loader
System information load-
No analogues
ing
16.
On-line load-
Selection of priority
Actualization of
er
programs and their place-
individual experi-
ment in the processor RAM
ence
17.
Output inter-
Formation of codes for
Formation of a se-
face
executing systems (image
quence of motor acts
decoding)
(primary, secondary,
tertiary motor ana-
lyzer fields)
18.
Effectors
Execution of the output
Neuromuscular system
interface commands
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