APPENDIX ANOMALOUS PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH; CURRENT STATUS IN RUSSIA, VOLUME II, THE EFFECTS OF HIGH FREQUENCY OF E&N ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

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Reactions of the Central Nervous system to Peripheral
Effects of Low-Intensity EHF Emission
Natalia N. Lebedeva
Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology
of the USSR Academy. of Sciences
Abstract
The study of reactions of human CNS to peripheral effects of
EHF emission, created by therapeutic apparatus Yav-I (the wave
length is 7.1 mm) revealed restructuring of the space-time
organization of biopotentials of the brain cortex of a healthy
individual which indicate development of a non-specific activation
reaction in the cortex. The study of sensory indication of EHF
field with these parameters showed that it is can be reliably
detected at the sensory level by 80% of the subjects.
Introduction
In the process of study of reactions of living systems with a
different level of organization to millimeter waves, non-thermal
(informational) effects were discovered [1-3]. The distance from
the place affected by the emission to the location of appearance of
the biological reaction may be hundreds and thousands times larger
than the distance at which the emission decreases one order of mag-
nitude. This fact demonstrates participation of the nervous system
in perception of millimeter-range emission by living organisms.
There is a wide-spread opinion that biological effects of EMF
are realized in humans at a subsensory level. However, in the
recent years there is interest to their sensory detection in the
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form of radiosound, magnetophosphenes, or skin sensations [4-9].
Changes in EEG to EMF effects were most often observed in the
form of an increase in the slow waves and spindle-shape
oscillations in reptiles, pigeons, rats, rabbits, monkeys, and
humans [10-12].
We have not found studies devoted specifically to the effects
of millimeter waves on the central nervous system in the available
literature; thus, the current study has been undertaken. This
study employed electrophysio logical and psychophysiological methods
for the evaluation of the state of the central nervous system while
affected by EMF.
Methodolouy
Twenty healthy subjects aged 17 to 40 years participated in
the experiments. Apparatus Yav-I with the wave length of 7.1 mm
was used as the EMF source. A flexible waveguide with the power of
5 mW/cm2 at its end was directed at He-Gu [4 Gi] acupuncture point
in the right or left hand of the subject.
Two experimental series have been conducted. In the first one
(10 subjects, 10 tests with each subject, 20 instances of field
action in each test), sensory detection of the field was studied.
The length of the EMF signal or control trial without the signal
was 1 minute. To evaluate the subject's EMF sensitivity, the
indicator of response strength (RS) was used, i.e., the ratio
:between the number of correctly identified trials and the total
number of EMF signals. Another indicator used was the level of
false alarms (FA), i.e., the ratio between the number of false
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positives to the total number of control trials. The significance
of the difference between RS and FA was evaluated by using the
Mann-Whitney test. The analysis of latent time (TLat) included
total histograms of true responses and false alarms.
In the second series (10 subjects, 11 tests with each,
including placebo tests) the exposure to the field was equal to 60
minutes.
EEG recording was conducted before and after the EMF influence
by using EEG-16S (Hungary), with 4 paired leads, located according
to 10-20% system (in the frontal F-F, central C-C, parietal P-P and
occipital 0-0 areas). As the reference electrode, a joint ear
electrode was used.
Together with EEG recording on paper, the data were fed for
on-line processing into an IBM-PC Amstrad computer using spectrum
coherent analysis by means of rapid Fourier transformations with
plotting power spectra and computing mean coherence levels.
Selected for the study were frequencies from 2 to 30 Hz in major
physiological ranges of the EEG spectrum.
Results and discussion
In the first experimental series, the subjects showed a
division into two unequal subgroups according to their RS and FA
indicators. The first subgroup (8 individuals) could reliably (at
a statistically significant level] detect EMF: the differences
between :RS and FA were significant according to Mann-Whitney test,
the means for RS and FA being 64.3% ? 10.5% and 20.6% ? 11.2%, re-
spectively. The second subgroup (2 individuals) could not reliably
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distinguish between EMF effects and control trials, the means for
RS and FA being 59.0% ? 14.25% and 43.53% ? 16.5%, respectively.
From the eight individuals who could detect the EMF well, two
could reliably distinguish it from control trials with both hands,
one could do this only with the left hand and the others only with
the right hand. An analysis of distribution of TLat of true
responses and false alarms showed single mode distribution in both
instances. The mean of latent time for eight subjects was 46.1 ?
5.8 sec.
The prevalent sensations were pressure (46.7%), tingling
(36.3%), itching (8.9%), warmth-coolness (5.3%), and other
sensations (2.8%). All the sensations were experienced either in
the palm of the hand or in the fingers, each subject having his own
set of sensations.
An analysis of the data obtained experimentally justifies the
assumption that humans are capable to perceive sensorially the EFM
in the millimeter range, similarly to their capacity of perceiving
the ELF fields [4-6], which is in accordance with the results
obtained elsewhere (9].
Interaction of any physical factor with biological systems of
complex organization begins on their surface, and the skin is the
first receptor. Unlike other analyzers, the skin does not have
absolutely specific receptors. This was confirmed in experiments
conducted by A.N. Leontiev and his associates [13], who conducted
similar studies with non-termal emission in the visible range of
spectrum and found that their subjects were capable of reliably
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distinguishing the emission effects from control trials. The modes
of perception were similar to those observed in our tests. Thus,
our results as well as data of other authors indicate the
importance of the skin analyzer in EMF perception.
Study of the modes of perception which occur in the process of
EHF field reception makes it possible to assume that EMF stimuli
are perceived either by mechanical receptors (sensations of touch
or pressure), or by pain receptors, i.e., nociceptors (tingling and
burning sensations). From mechanical receptors, only Ruffini's and
Merkel's endings and tactile disks may be involved in the process,
according to the depth of their location in the epidermis, their
adaptation speed and their capacity to spontaneous activity. The
assumption that nociceptors may be responsible for the reception of
EMF signal is based on the following: their polyspecificity in
relation to stimuli; the kind of sensations, i.e., tingling and
burning, which are considered precursors of pain; experiments which
showed complete disappearence of EMF sensitivity in individuals
whose skin at the place of influence was treated by ethyl chloride
that turns off pain receptors; facts from medical practice that the
EHF influence on the respective dermatome [dermatome means the
areas of the skin supplied with sensory fibers from a single spinal
nerve--LF] causes sensory response in the afflicted organ of the
body which may be the result of convergence of nociceptive
afferents from the dermatomes and the internal organs on the same
neurons of pain pathways. With this, skin hypersensitivity occurs
because visceral impulses increase the excitability of inter-
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stitual neurons and facilitation takes place.
The latent time of EMF responses (to both ELF range and
millimeter range EMF) is unusually large. While the reaction time
of visual and auditory sensory systems is from dozens to hundreds
of milliseconds, the perception of EMF takes dozens of seconds.
This is in a good agreement with theoretical calculations by I.V.
Rodshtat [14] who made an assumption that a single time cycle of
microwave sensory reception, including detection of sensory
sensation, is within 40 to 60 seconds. This is explained
[according to him] by a complex structure of the reflex arc which
includes both nervous and humoral links.
An analysis of inter-central EEG ratios is one of the
approaches to the study of regulation mechanisms of functional
states of the human brain.
As known from the literature [15], the indicator of coherence
level (COHm) is the most significant of EEG correlates which
characterizes the peculiarities of the human brain functioning.
Major changes of the cortical EEG with regard to both inter-
central and intra-hemispheric connections in placebo tests can be
characterized either by a decrease in COHm, especially in the range
of delta and theta, or by maintaining the background level. A
power spectrum analysis shows a decrease in the brain waves
magnitude, especially in the alpha range (Fig. 1).
Thus, as a result of placebo (control) tests, a kind of
"expectancy reaction" with specific space-time organization of the
cortex biopotentials takes place.
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A different EEG pattern is observed after the individual is
exposed to EMF. There is a significant power increase in the alpha
range, especially in occipital and parietal areas in both
hemispheres; in other parts of the spectrum the power remains close
to the background level (arrows 2 and 3 in Fig. 1). Unlike in
placebo tests, an increase in the mean of the coherence level COHm
takes place practically in all the subjects resulting from exposure
to EHF. It mainly occurs in the frontal and central areas of the
cortex and is mostly expressed in slow wave spectrum range (delta
and theta). A similar pattern of brain waves is characteristic of
the state of an increased brain tone, i.e., it occurs in non-
specific activation reaction (16]. This kind of response is
characteristic because it is known that frontal areas of the cortex
are sensitive to various external factors. These zones have broad
bilateral connections with other cortical and subcortical
structures which determine the involvement of frontal areas in many
functional response systems.
Conclusions
1. Peripheral effects of EHF (7.1 mm wave length, 5 mW/cm2)
with a 60 minute exposure causes restructuring of the cortical
brain waves in a healthy individual; this points to the
developments of a non-specific activation reaction, i.e., to an
increase in the tone of the cortex.
2. The study of sensory detection of EMF in EHF range showed
that the field with the above parameters is detected at a
statistically significant level by 80% of the subjects.
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References
1. Devytakov, N.D., Betsky, O.V., Gelvich, E.A., et al.
Ftadiobiolo i a, 1981, Vol. 21, 2, pp. 163-171.
2. Devyatkov, N.D., Golant, M.B., & Tager, A.C. Biofizika, 1983,
Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 895-896 [English translation: Role of
synchronization in the impact of weak electromagnetic sygnals in
the millimeter wave range on living organisms. Biophysics, 28 (5),
952-954].
3. Sevastiyanova, L.A., Potapov, S.A., Adamenko, V.G., &
Vilenskaya, R.L. Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey Shkoly, 1969, Vol. 39,
No. 2, pp. 215-220.
4. Lebedeva, N.N., Vekhov, A.V., & Bazhenova, S.I. In: Problemy
plektromagnitnoy neirofiziologii [Problems of Electromagnetic
Neurophysiology]. Moscow: Nauka, 1988, pp. 85-93.
5. Lebedeva, N.N., & Kholodov, Yu.A. Materials of the 15th
Congress of I P Pavlov All-Union Physiological Society.
6. Kholodov, Yu.A. In: Materials of the 7th All-Union Conference
can Neurophysiology. Kaunas, 1976, p. 395.
7. Andreyev, Ye.A., Bely, M.I., & Sitko, S.P. Vestnik AN SSSR,
1.985, No. 4, pp. 24-32.
8. Lovsund, P., Oberg, P.A., & Nilsson, S.F.G. Med. Biol. Eng.
.'omput., 1980, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 758-764.
9. Kholodov, Yu.A., & Temnov, A.A. Materials of the 5th-All-Union
Seminar "Study of the Mechanisms of Non-Thermal Effects of EMF on
13iological Systems." Moscow, 1983, p. 8.
10. Anderson, L.Ye. XXIII General Assembly of URSI, Prague, 1990,
p. 12.
11. Semm, P. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 1983, Vol. 76, No. 4, pp-
683-690.
12. Kholodov, Yu.A. Reaktsii nervnoy sistemy na elektromagnitnyye
polva [Reactions of the Nervous System to Electromagnetic Fields].
Moscow: Nauka, 1975, 208 pp.
13. Leontiyev, A.N. Problemy razvitiva psikhiki [Problems of the
Development of the Psyche]. Moscow: Moscow University Press,
1981, 582 pp.
:L4. Rodshtat, I.V. Preprint No. 20 (438). Moscow: Institute for
Radio Engineering and Electronics of the USSR Academy of Sciences,
:1985, 4, pp. 24-32.
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15. Livanov, M.N. Prostranstvenno-vremennaya organizatsiya
:otentsialov i sistemnaya devatelnost golovnoao mozga [Spatial and
Temporal organization of Biopotentials and Systemic Activity of the
:Brain]. Moscow: Nauka, 1989, 398 pp.
16. Sviderskaya, N.Ye. Sinkhronnaya elektricheskaya aktivnost
:mozga i psikhicheskiye protsessy [Synchroneous Electrical Activity
of the Brain and Mental Processes]. Moscow: Nauka, 1987, 154 pp.
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TAB
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Biophysics Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 1086-1098, 1989
Printed in Poland 0006-3509/89 S10.O is Pk
0 1991 Pergamon Prey Dk
BIOPHYSICS OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS
RESONANCE EFFECT OF COHERENT
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS IN THE
MILLIMETRE RANGE OF WAVES ON LIVING
ORGANISMS *
(Received 10 June 1987)
The results of Soviet and foreign theoretical studies furthering understanding of the mechan-
ism of the acute resonance action of extremely high-frequency coherent electromagnetic ra-
diations of low power on live organisms and the significance of these radiations for the func.
tioning of the latter are analysed.
REFERENCE [1] presents a systematic review of experimental work promoting under-
standing of the mechanism of the acute resonance effect of extremely high frequency
(e.h.f.)t low power irradiations on living organisms. The results of these studies show.
in particular, that the cells of live organisms generate coherent acousto-electric vibra-
tions of the e.h.f. range used in the body as control signals of its functioning. As fol-
lows from experimental research, the influence of the external e.h.f. radiations on the
body is apparently connected with the fact that at certain resonance frequencies the
signals coming from without imitate the control signals generated to maintain homeo-
stasis by the body itself. External radiations may make good the inadequacy of the func-
tioning of the control system of the body in conditions when the formation by it of
signals of these frequencies in arrested or becomes less efficient for one or other reason.
Acquaintance with.the data outlined in reference [1] greatly simplifies the review
of theoretical work allowing one not to deal with the investigations in which the initial
premise is the assumption of the impossibility of generation by live organisms of cohe-
rent vibrations.: It also becomes possible to reduce to the limit the exposition of the
essence of the first theoretical studies seeking to prove the possibility, in principle, of the
mechanism of generation of coherent e.h.f. vibrations in living organisms but not tying
the mechanisms considered to the features of their functional use: in such a complex
system as the living body one may imagine a number of different mechanisms of genera"
? Biofizika 34: No. 6, 1004-1014, 1989.
t The frequency range corresponding to the millimetre range of wavelengths according to SoviCl
standard GOST 24375-80 is called the extremely high frequency range.
t See reference [21 to acquaint oneself with the conclusions of such theories and the resultin(i
insurmountable difficulties of squaring their conclusions with the results of experiments.
bn [3] but one may sele
the functional rcle.
Since the present re
ere remains outside it:
iference [4]) although
ng them in a very gene
control.
At the same time, a r
_tical notions is required
notions does not a
:b conclusions significan
eriments to elucidate
changed as compared ~
which, as is known, is:
ults of the action of e
daptibility of the organ:
Link between the effic
oiling signals. Living or
ery developed system o
ystems as the mammalia
Us) but confines oneelf
riety indirectly characte
thor of reference [7, (F
all types of form and
The field of effective u
quency range of the cc
rtially matching ideas
e control of processes in
ust exist, i.e. in the volur
for the formation of s
aintain homeostasis in ar
information must be e:
ay?be excited in a nartict
ngtn. Consequently, to ei
t the excited waves must b
e possible degree of the
brations f is limited by th
sufficient for the effective
traviolet frequency range
But the wavelength in tl
y the velocity of propagai
i
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standing of the
rent electromagne
radiations for thefi
'ork promoting ui
tremely high free ien
of these stud1ei.,'
acousto-electri6
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h.f. radiations
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adequacy of the fnuG_
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one or other reason.
simplifies the r(lew
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in such a cotnplez
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the according to Sorkt
N't
Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations
lion [3] but one may select those actually existing only starting from their correspondence
to the functional role.
Since the present review is concerned with the biophysical aspects of the problem
there remains outside its scope a wide range of biocybernetic studies (see, for example,
reference [4]) although devoted to the control systems of living organisms but consid-
ering them in a very generalized form difficult to tie to analysis of the specific mechanisms
of control.
At the same time, a review of theoretical work necessary for the formation of theor-
etical notions is required not only for the completeness of the picture: absence of theoret-
ical notions. does not allow one to stage correctly experimental investigations leading
to conclusions significant in practice. For example, one widespread error is the use for
experiments to elucidate the influence of e.h.f. radiations of organisms with a character
unchanged as compared with normal of the ongoing functioning (the ongoing functioning
of which, as is known, is not influenced by e.h.f. radiations [5]) and also evaluation of the
results of the action of e.h.f. radiatio
Al'
n
adaptibility of the sregarding the parameters characterizing the
organism to particular conditions of existence [6].
Link between the efficiency of the control system and the frequency range of the con-
trolling signals. Living organisms are exceptionally complex and accordingly require a
very developed system of control. Even if one does no consider such ultracomplex
systems as the mammalian organism or th
e human body (the latter includes 1014?-lots
cells) but confines onself to a single cell, its reactions are extremely varied and this
variety indirectly characterizes the complexity of the system controlling them. Thus, the
author of reference [7, (Russian transl
ti
a
on)] writes: "...that to give a full description
of all types of form and movement of eukaryote cells one book would not suffice".
The field of effective use of a particular control system is largely determined by the
frequency range of the control signal. This problem was analysed in reference [8] and
partially matching ideas are contained in reference [9]. Where the question concerns
the control of processes in a single isolated cell the possibility of "writing" in its volume
must exist, i.e. in the volume the mean size of which ..10-16 m3, any information neces-
sary for the formation of signals exercizing adequate control of the processes helping to
maintain homeostasis in any conditions of the vital activity encountered, i.e. "the writing"
of information must be extremely economical. The number of different signals which
may be excited in a particular resonance system is primarily determined by its electrical
length. Consequently, to ensure the necessary diversity of the control signals the lengths
Of the excited waves must be very short as compared with its geometric length. Naturally,
the possible degree of the contraction of wavelength by increasing the frequency of the
vibrations fis limited by the fact that beyond a certain limit the energy of the quantum hf
is sufficient for the effective destruction of biological bonds, i.e. is actually limited by the
ultraviolet frequency range.
But the wavelength in the system d is determined not only by the frequency but also
by the velocity of propagation v:
:
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1088 M. B. GOLANT
If the magnitude v corresponds to the velocity of propagation of acoustic waves (hun-
dreds of m/sec) then at frequencies equal to or exceeding 10 GHz the A values become
less than 10-8 m which ensures the possibility of accomodation in the cell volume (the
mean linear size of which N 10-s m) of resonance systems of large electric length. The
velocity in hundreds of m/sec is peculiar not only to purely acoustic waves but also to
acousto-electric waves which will be considered below. Further substantial (by 1-2 or-
ders of magnitude) contraction of the wavelength would lead to its commensurability
with the size of the atoms a consequence of which would inevitably be the thermal in-
stability of any informational structures the size of the informationally significant ele-
ments of which would be of the order of one wavelength. The contraction of A to the
same values for smaller f through further fall in v would lead to mechanical instability
of the wave-guide structures (cell membranes [1]) as a result of decrease in the elastic
modulus (see below).
The ideas presented make it clear why the influence of coherent radiations of low
(non-thermal) intensity on live organisms has been particularly often observed in the
millimetre* and even shorter wave ranges. As shown in reference [8] in terms of use in
the information system of living organisms the millimetre waves possess two further
advantages.
I. The energy losses associated with the propagation in lipid membranes of an elec-
tric e.h.f. field are relatively low (in the longwave part of the millimetre range -0.25
dB/cm [10]). From the data of reference [1] it is clear why the water surroundings of the
lipid membranes do not influence the size of these losses: the aqueous medium is separ-
ated from the hydrophobic layer by a space - 10 A in which the density of the flux of
e.h.f. power falls by an order. Apparently (judging from the width of the resonance bands
given in reference [I]) the acoustic losses are also low which is also probably explained
by the feature already noted in reference [1] of the structure of the membranes: the
acoustic link through the 10 A-slit separating the hydrophobic layer from the cytoplasm
is greatly weakened.
2. The energy expenditure on the formation of a certain volume of information in the
millimetre range is relatively low as compared both with the longer wave and the far
shorter wave ranges. This is connected with the difference in the character of noise in
these ranges as compared with the millimetre. In longer wave ranges noise of a thermal
nature dominates.
Since in this region hfkT. Here the quantum noise associated with the
discrete nature of the radiation dominates. Reliable transfer of a certain volume of in-
formation requires that the corresponding signal is formed by the number of quanta
* We would recall that the millimetre range of waves corresponds to the frequencies of the vibra-
tions of 30-300 GHz-e.h.f. frequency range.
deeding a cettain I
imal the energy c
ratio of the volur
on where hf>>k2
rgy resources mir
the millimetre and
Aeousto-electric e
es the results of ex
e cells is connected
nes. A theoretical r
0.45 N/m, thickr
lien of the velocity c
Pere p is the density
al to 800 kg/m3. TI
may one may calm
equency shift between
g to change per unit
e membrane: *
ere d is the diameter
The Af values calcu
ctral characteristics
receding section that ti
coustic waves. Separati
to the form
ce the number N of
equal for the cells in N
"eds or thousands ther
ological membranes c
t03-104.
As is known [3], cell
11 the strength of the
107 V/m. Therefore, or
embrane thickness) in
eld changing with the fr
* Although excitation o:
rent d, this is of no import,
ues corresponding to dif_
 oved For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
oustic way
e A values '
ie cell volunait"
lectric lengthj,
waves but ai
tantial (by:
commens
be the then
lly significa
rction of 4
hanical inset
ease in the;
radiatiojj
,i observed
in terms'
cranes of an elec.
Are range.,(}
groundings of the
medium is. M
ity of Inc flwit
obably explained?;:'
Y ?
membranes::th :
,m the cytoplasm.
.formation in the
lave and the far'.
acter of noise in
rise of a thermal
-f which exceeds
tuber of quanta,,:';;
since the neon-
volume of infor-
Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1089
exceeding a certain level minimal for this volume of information. The higher f the more
minimal the energy of the signal determined by the given number of quanta. Therefore,
the ratio of the volume of information to the energy expenditure on its formation in the
region where hf>>kT falls in proportion to f. For living organisms with their limited
energy resources minimization of the expenditure of the latter determined by the use
of the millimetre and shorter wave ranges nearest to it is quite substantial.
Acousto-electric e.h. f. waves in cell membranes and their resonances. Reference [1]
gives the results of experiments showing that the resonance effect of e.h.f. radiations on
the cells is connected with excitation of the acoustic-electric waves in closed cell mem-
branes. A theoretical analysis of the problem is outlined in references [5, 11]. In this work
on the basis of the data on cell membranes presented in reference [12] (elastic modulus
K,:0.45 N/m, thickness of the hydrophobic region dm.: 3 x 10-9 m) an evaluation is
given of the velocity of propagation of acoustic waves in the membrane:
vp `(Ke/pdm)??S, (2)
where p is the density of the lipid (fat-like) layer which for the calculation is taken as
equal to 800 kg/m3. The magnitude vp calculated from (2) is -400 m/sec. Using (1) and
(2) may one may calculate the wavelength in the membrane for diff
d
erent f an
also the
frequency shift between the centres of the neighbouring resonance bands df correspond-
ing to change per unit of the number of wavelengths accomodated at the perimeter of
the memb
rane:
Idf I ?(KeIpAm)? s (7rd)- t,
where d is the diameter of the membrane.
The df values calculated from (3) satisfactorily agree with those presented for the
spectral characteristics of different cells [1]. This confirmed the ideas discussed in the
preceding section that the information signals in the cells must spread at the s
d
f
pee
o
the
acoustic waves. Separating the right and left parts of (3) into f and using (1) we transform
(3) to the form
f/df=7rd/4. (4)
Since the number N of wavelengths A at the perimeter of the membrane equal to 7rd/2
is equal for the cells in which the value d lies within the limits 0.5-10 pm to several hun-
dreds or thousands then relation (4) indicates that the sharpness of the resonances in
biological membranes corresponds to that of the contours with the quality factor
103-104.
As is known [3], cell membranes are polarized and during normal functi
i
f
h
on
ng o
t
e
cell the strength of the electric field in the membrane perpendicular to it
f
i
s sur
ace
s
x4" - 10" V/m. Therefore, on propagation of acoustic waves (producing periodic changes in
)ciated with the membrane thickness) in the polarized membrane there appears an alternating electric
n volume of 1U .. field changing with the frequency of the acoustic vibrations exciting it. For vibrations of
nber of quanta Although excitation of the vibrations may occur in membrane sections corresponding to dif-
ucies pf the viitorg~ ferent d, this is of no importance in evaluating the magnitudes since as a rale the differences in the d
SVi values corresponding to different sections are insignificant.
 1090 M. B. GotaNr
low amplitude considered here the membrane represents a linear system and hence for a
certain size of the constant electric field in the membrane the ratio of the amplitudes
of the acoustic and electric vibrations remains constant regardless of the amplitude of
the spreading wave, i.e. an acoustic-electric wave is considered in which the variable
electrical and acoustic parameters cannot be regulated independently.
It should be noted that unlike electromagnetic waves (the slowing of which in the
membrane would be insignificant) the length of the acoustic-electric wave in the mem-
brane is - 104 times less than the wavelength in free space and, therefore, the energy of the
electric e.h.f. field in the course of the vibrations in the main is transformed not to the
energy of the magnetic field but to the energy of the acoustic e.h.f. vibrations and back.
This is similar to the transformation of energy in some low frequency parametric systems
in which the vibrations are maintained through transformation of the mechanical energy
expended on increasing the distance between the charges on the condenser plates to the
energy of the electric field.
To the different resonance frequencies f corresponds a different number of standing
waves at the perimeter of the membrane. Therefore, the character of the distribution
of the e.h.f. field also changes with f both at the surface of the membrane and in the intra-
and extra-cellular spaces lying next to it and, consequently, so does the character of
the controlling action of the e.h.f. field. But for a large total number of wavelengths
accomodated at the perimeter of the membrane, change in this number per unit cor-
responding to the neighbouring resonarces introduces a slight change in the character
of the field distributions. As a result the character of the controlling action connected
with the spatial structure of the field gradually changes from one resonance to another.
At the same time the controlling action of the external radiations may be connected not
only with the spatial field distribution but with the resonance frequencies of particular
protein molecules or intracellular elements. These last changes are more weakly connected
with the structure of the field of the acoustic-electric waves. In reference [5] it is also
noted that since different membrane systems literally pierce the whole cell the acoustic-
electric waves branching off from the resonating membrane may penetrate to any region
of the cell, the direction of propagation and action depending on the type of vibrations
in the resonating membrane and the character of the membrane network changing
configuration in different conditions [7].
The theoretical evaluations and ideas presented above applying both to acoustic-
electric waves and their controlling action in the cells did not touch upon the problems
of excitation of such waves. The question of excitation is trivial neither for the case when
it operates under the influence of external radiation nor the autonomous generation of
vibrations by the cell itself. Discussion of the problems connected with the excitation of
vibrations in the membrane directly leads to analysis of the mechanism of generation
by the cells of coherent vibrations. Therefore, it appears desirable before starting such a
discussion to go briefly into some hypotheses on the character and nature of the
mechanism of action of coherent vibrations on living cells put forward even before
clarification of their functional role in living organisms and the careful experimental
treatment of the problems associated with these mechanisms.
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280
t theoretical n
g the theoretic:
f coherent vibt
ich already begi
first to express
olic energy coh
brations possil:
the thickness
that the action
tic vibrations wi
c vibrations i
'8hlich came to t
All these and a
stain their value
anisms of genera
radiations. He p.
S similar to the v
,citation. Therefor
gh to initiate gene
on.
e vibrations acct.
Iarization waves i
ervoir and are
systems with lo
or phenomena of
stribution of ener
w frequency forms
d conformational -,
a mechanism of ge
ypothesis the role
also its need for
M
Ously assume that
ency range discuss
ccordingly, in wor
on of organisms t,
aviation from norrr
variety of the specs
nor were questic
;e signals generated
.study of the probI
cal use of e.h.f. it
ow far the hypott-
ear. Probably it is
 oved For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1091
m and hi
of the'a
"the anipl
,hich the ~ya $
9 of which
wave in this.,,
the energy
ormed not"
rations aria
arametric sys'
lechamcalra
en
nser plates
mber of
f the dish
e and in thi
the charade
r of wavelesij
ber per unit'+
in the charade
action cone
lance to anti
cies of part
weakly cow
:rice [5] it
cell the acoustic-
ate to any region
ype of vibrations,6.
etwork changing'
,on the problii
the excitation'
m of generation ~?
ti
e starting su
yard even beforezr
ful experime~
First theoretical models of the mechanisms of excitation of coherent vibrations in cells.
Voong the theoretical studies aimed at validating the possibility of generation by living
.lls of coherent vibrations a special place is taken by the numerous investigations by
rohlich already begun in 1968 and summarized by him in 1980 [13]. Frohlich was one
,f the first to express the conviction that in living organisms thanks to the presence of
yetabolic-energy coherent vibrations may be generated with the energy of random ther-
$al vibrations possibly being transformed to the energy of coherent vibrations. Com-
%ring the thickness of the membrane with the length of the acoustic waves he postu-
'ted that the action of radiation may be the cause of excitation in the membranes of
o;oustic vibrations with which following polarization of the membranes the appearance
electric vibrations is connected.
Firohlich came to the conclusion that the resonance frequencies may lie in the e.h.f.
.atge. All these and a number of other ideas, in somewhat modified and refined form,
X11 retain their value today. Frohlich theoretically also worked out one of the possible
occh,anisms of generation of vibrations by the cells on exposure to external electromag-
jetic radiations. He postulated that the mechanism of generation of vibrations by the
xlls is similar to the work of a regenerative amplifier brought to the face of the regime
of excitation. Therefore, a very low external signal (he did not discuss other cases) is
:Hough to initiate generation of coherent vibrations the power of which approaches?sa-
uration.
The vibrations according to Frohlich [34] are connected with the strong interaction
,f polarization waves in a certain band lying in the frequency region - 1011 Hz, with a
peat reservoir and are ensured by the inflow of energy from metabolic sources. In bio-
?cgical systems with low frequency collective vibrations favourable conditions are cre-
ited for phenomena of the Bose-Einstein condensation type in the course of which there
sredistribution of energy between the different degrees of freedom and the concentration
a low frequency forms of vibrations. Condensation determines the possibility of goal-di-
.ected conformational conversion. Frohlich was unable to demonstrate the presence of
,uch a mechanism of generation (see below). Moreover, in the period when he advanced
he hypothesis the role of coherent e.h.f. vibrations for the functioning of the cell and
ience also its need for them was not known. Only in one of his late papers [14] did he
autiously assume that biological systems "...themselves somehow use radiations in the
requency range discussed and are, therefore, sensitive to the corresponding radiations".
Accordingly, in working out the hypothesis questions connected with the different
:eaction of organisms to radiation as a function of the initial state of the organism and
.its deviation from normal were not raised or solved; nor were questions concerned with
he variety of the spectra generalized by living organisms in particular cases raised or
-ulved; nor were questions of the significance for the organisms of the degree of coherence
)f the signals generated raised or solved as is also true of a host of other problems under-
:ying study of the problem today when answers to specific questions associated with the
practical use of e.h.f. influence are required.
How far the hypothesis presented may be adapted to solve the questions arising is
ot clear. Probably it is simpler to validate the theoretical construction of the mechanisms
 1092 M. 2- Gorarv2
of action isolating oneself from model concepts corresponding to the results of experi.
mental research. In this connexion of interest is the many years of discussion between H.
Frohlich and M. A. Livshits and other supporters of their views [15-18]. The point is
that to describe the mechanism of excitation of coherent vibrations in the cell Frohlich
proposes [19] a kinetic equation including second order terms ("two-quantum" terms)
characterizing the redistribution of energy between the different vibrations as a result
of interaction with a thermostat. Livshits considers that "two-quantum" terms are not
completely written in the Frohlich equation. But if this omission is removed then the
mechanism of excitation of coherent vibrations worked out by Frohlich will not work.
Objecting to M. A. Livshits, H. Frohlich writes that the "unusual physical properties
of biological systems developed b
lo
y
ng evolution cannot be predicted by simple model
calculations but call for direct harmonization with the experiment". Can one choose be-
tween these two mutually exclusive views?
At first sight the experimental detection of generation by the cells of coherent vibra.
tions [1] favours the correctness of Frohlich's kinetic equation. But such a conclusion
would be illogical: generation may not be connected with that mechanism which reflects
this equation. But in such a case the subject of discussion would be peripheral to the real
problem. The only way to isolate the true mechanism among the hypothetically possible
is to establish its correspondence to the whole body of know facts (including the facts
outlined above). Therefore, the view of the author of the review will be formulated below
after ending the discussion of the published data.
Frohlich's hypothesis was not the only approach to the problem; there are others
stemming from th
id
e
ea of the existence in living organisms of coherent vibrations but
not solving the real problems listed above. Thus, for example, the author of reference [2]
in 1984 advanced a hypothesis based on the assumption of the existence of a still un-
identified molecule taking part in the intermedate stages of development of biochemical
reactions and present in the triplet state in which two unpaired electrons interact with
their magnetic fields. The molecule has three possible initial states to each of which cor-
responds its course of chemical reactions. It is assumed that the initial state may be in-
fluenced by e.h.f. pumping so regulating the course of the processes. Naturally, this
hypothesis, too, cannot give concrete answers to the real problems of using e.h.f. sig-
nals in medicine and biology if only because of the unidentified nature of the molecules
the existence of which is taken as its base.
Effect of external e.h. f, radiation on the process of excitation of acoustic electric vibra-
tions in cells
h
, c
aracter of the influence of external radiations on the functioning of the cells.
In many experimental studies it is emphasized (1] that a single external e.h.f. exposure
does not act on the ongoing functioning of healthy cell;. In reference [5] it was shcwn that
this may be due to the absence of a link between the retarded e.h.f. waves in the mem-
brane and the unretarded or weakly retarded waves of external radiation. From electro-
dynamics it is known [20] that the link between delayed and undelayed waves may be
established by one or more coupling elements (antennae, slits, etc.) located at points the
vibrations in which occur approximately in the same phase, i.e. shifted relative to each
other by a whole number of delayed waves. And, in fact, reference (I] presents published
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to on the formatic
disturbed (and ext
uctures which ma}
But how do these
mponent of the wi
shorter than the ler
litude of the field on
by the exponential 1i
e action of the po
uch a rapidly changii
where the aqueous it
exposure to these
rface and adhere tc
Armed. In fact, the pc
fined not only by the
embrane pulsating it
e square of the field
erms of smallness the
ng on the protein r
'A) where El is the ai
ane;1 is the ongoing
membrane. Conseq
ngth of the retarded w
hick in line with the fo
;Optimally the link betw,
From the photogra
uctures described for.
# curvature or in nano
'f the fields where their
many cases lead to de
n of these temporary
e cells with disturbed
n the membrane on exp
y of the linking eleme
ation of stable informa
so after arrest of irradi
It should be noted th
oted by such cell defo
ctures described but
pone of the cells to rep,
'0 a single exposure cann
To conclude the expo
L4nd the external e.h.f. fief
)
 oved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
r
the iesj
iscussion'
15-181..m
in the ce[i+,
wo-quan
,ibrations -i
_
ntum" teA
3hlich wilt!"
physical. P
;ted by sini
Can one c1
ils of coke
ut such av
ianism
peripheral to-1
fpotheUCauY F105Sitye
s (including thex "ices
be formulated belop
em; there-".
Serent vibratfii
uthor of ref.-.
)ment of bioclite'mii aI
ectrons interact with
to each of which cor?
,itial state maybe in.
esses. Naturally; this
ns of using e.h.L siig-
ture of the mo! ?ties
zcoustic electric
unctioning of MW
ternal e.h.f. exposure
[5] it was shown Vb
ilt n-
f. waves in the.
.elayed waves nbe
located at pinin the
iifted relative t;
[1] presents pub
Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1093
data on the formation at the membrane surface in periods when normal cell functioning
is disturbed (and external radiation is capable of acting on its recovery) of temporary
structures which may also act as coupling elements.
But how do these temporary structure form? Since the membrane for the electrical
component of the waves excited in it is a retarding system the wave length in which A
is shorter than the length of the electromagnetic waves in the surrounding space, the am-
plitude of the field on moving from the surface of the membrane decreases approximately
by the exponential law exp (-2nx/A) where x is the distance from the surface [21].
The action of the polarization forces on the excited protein molecules (see below) in
such a rapidly changing field, especially at the surface of the lipid layer of the membrane
(where the aqueous medium does not penetrate), is always directed to the surface [22].
On exposure to these forces protein molecules and aggregates move to the membrane
surface and adhere to it [I] from which the elements of the temporary structure are
formed. In fact, the polarization forces acting on the molecules and aggregates are deter-
mined not only by the variable but also by the constant components of the field in the
membrane pulsating in response to the acoustic wave. These forces are proportional to
the square of the-field strength. As shown by calculation, if one ignores second order
terms of smallness the variable component depending on the coordinate 1 of the forces Fl
acting on the protein molecules at the membrane surface is proportional to El sin2 (27r//
:2A) where E1 is the amplitude of the variable component of the wave field in the mem-
brane; I is the ongoing coordinate read off along the perimeter of the excited section of
the membrane. Consequently the Fl maxima are shifted relative to each other by the
length of the retarded wave A (but not A/2 as in the standing wave), i.e. by the distance
which in line with the forgoing is necessary for the temporary structures formed to ensure
optimally the link between the waves in the membrane and surrounding space.
From the photographs given in reference [23] it will be seen that the temporary
sti uctures described form not over the whole perimeter of the membrane but at points
of curvature or in narrow gaps between the membranes, i.e. in regions of concentration
of the fields where their amplitude is maximal. The factors disturbing cell functioning
in many cases lead to deformation of the membranes which apparently causes the forma-
tion of these temporary structures. Therefore. the effect of the external e.h.f. signals on
the cells with disturbed functioning grows. At the same time amplification of the field
in the membrane on exposure to e.h.f. fields leads to acceleration of the formation not
only of the linking elements of the cells with the external e.h.f. field but also to the for-
mation of stable information structures ensuring generation by the cells of e.h.f. signals
also after arrest of irradiation [1] (see also below).
It should be noted that strengthening of the link with the external field is also pro-
moted by such cell deformations still not leading to the formation of the temporary
structures described but such a link must be weaker. This probably determines the re-
sponse of the cells to repeated exposure to external e.h.f. irradiation where the response
to a single exposure cannot be detected [24].
To conclude the exposition of the question of the link between the cell membranes
and the external e.h.f. field we would mention that the literature quoted in reference [1]
 1094 M. B. Gor.Arrr
describes the possibility of enhancing this link by adding to the nutrient medium in which
the cells are present long-fibre molecules in a concentration corresponding to their posi-
tion close to the surface of the plasma membrane at distance A from each other [5].
The nature of the attendant strengthening of the link is understandable from the fore-
going remarks.
In reference [25] the authors discuss the nature and character of the influence of low
intensity external e.h.f. radiation on the cells which is linked with synchronization by co-
herent low intensity radiations of th
ib
e v
ratory pr ih
ocessesn te cell. With synchroniza-
tion is linked the strengthening of these vibrations determined, in particular, by the co-
herent summing of the vibrations previously dephased or excited at different frequencies
of the intracellular sources and the formation of a highly effective controlling signal
capable of orienting in a definite way or reorienting the processes in the cells (see above).
Since ionic and molecular transport takes place across the membrane ensuring the
vital activity of the cell and the membrane takes an active part in its regulation [3] in
reference [25] it was assumed that external e.h.f. radiation must influence it.
It is important to emphasize that external e.h.f. radiation is not an energy source
for the established coherent vibrations in the cells but merely synchronizes them. The
question of the transformation of the random energy of metabolism to the energy of cohe-
rent vibrations demands special analysis. One of the later sections is concerned with
this question.
Excitation of the vibrations ofprotein molecules in the cell. The published data outlined
in reference [I] referring to experimental studies indicate that the living cell as an auto-
nomous system is controlled by e.h.f. signals generated by the cell itself. A major role
in this process is apparently played by the protein molecules. In the literature the prob-
lems of excitation of vibrations in protein molecules have been explored reasonably
fully both experimentally and theoretically.
The most detailed experimental investigations [26-30] were undertaken under the di-
rection of Didenko on a specially designed apparatus permitting use of spectra obtained
by the method of nuclear gamma resonance spectroscopy. The apparatus permitted
various measurements in conditions of e.h.f. irradiation both of crystalline and lyophyl-
lic haemoglobin samples including measurements in a strong magnetic field ensured by
the use of superconducting solenoids with change in the temperature of the samples from
room to helium. Haemoglobin was used as protein, although the results of measurement
probably apply more generally. As shown by the measurements, e.h.f. exerts a resonance
action on the haemoglobin molecules expressed in changes in the Mossbauer spectrum;
the width of the resonance bands at room temperature is only 3 MHz. Several series of
resonance bands were detected. From analysis of the changes in the Mossbauer spectra
Didenko concluded that on e.h.f. irradiation the haemoglobin molecules pass to new
confcrmational states distinguished by the distribution of charge of the electrons and by
the electric field gradient on the iron nucleus; at resonance frequencies the tertiary struc-
ture is rearranged in the globin part of the molecule and its dynamic properties change.
These problems have also formed the subject of numerous theoretical investigations
in the recent period. Among them we would note the work of Frauenfelder et at. [31-33]
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o developed the
lecules perform
y of these state
es (nitrogen level
rcoming the potz
rgy of the transit
ilibrium. The co
glecules of their bi
is averaged distrib
The e.h.f. signal is
,na] states in those
chronizing signal.
the electromagnet
lecules are distrib
e moments [35]
ce [36] at differen
cularly effective i
the membranes wi
ustic (see precedin
Lein molecule. As c
'es are drawn to the
Cr surface of the mE
a result informatic
of them was giver
Didenko relates th
the Mossbauer spec
quencies of acoustic
ustic resonators Q,,
with polymers is q
lecules the effects of
one to isolate the a
oise.
Mechanism of genes
evious sections allow
eady noted the actio
mitates their autovib
Probably it is ration
the autovibrations. L
g to anomalies in its i
itation are created in
s leads to svnchroni.
e membrane and the r
 aedium ia"
ng to their,
each other.
from the
.nfiuence of
)nization
th synchror
Aar, by: tha?
-ent freque
Ztrolling
?11s (see aria".
P iai
gulatiort .?
it. iFw(fj1' ti
energy so
zes them',`
nergy of cohi
oncerned tviij"
I data outllll 4-
A major:;
Lure the;W1
ed reasonm
under the di.
ctra obtained
tus permitted
and lyophyl-
id ensured by
samples from
measurement,.
s a reson
ier spectrnnw;'_-
'eral series of
)auer spectra
pass WOW;:
trons and by
ertiary struo4'
rties change:..
tvestigatiois
et al. (314s..
.V V
01
roved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations
1095
who developed the model of the dynamic behaviour of proteins according to which the
molecules perform fluctuations passing from one conformational state to another,
many of these states being energetically very close to each other. At reduced tempera-
tures (nitrogen level and even lower) the probability of such transitions associated with
overcoming the potential barriers falls in proportion to exp [-E,/k7'J where Et is the
energy of the transition [34]. At rocm temperature most of the substates are in thermal
equilibrium. The conformational mobility is important for the fulfilment by the bio-
molecules of their biological function. Accordingly thermal equilibrium leads to a cer-
tain averaged distribution of these functions between the molecules.
The e.h.f. signal is capable of synchronizing the vibrations is
l
i
o
at
ng certain conforma-
tional states in those molecules with r esonance frequencies close to the frequency of the
synchronizing signal. The possibility of excitation of the vibrations in protein molecules
by the electromagnetic signal is determined by the fact that ions as part of the protein
molecules are distributed in them unevenly so that these molecules have considerable
dipole moments [35]. In line with the model of biomacromolecules developed in ref-
erence [36] at different frequencies the e.h.f. field interacts with their different portions.
Particularly effective interaction of the e.h.f. field with protein molecules must occur close
to the membranes where the e.h.f. waves are retarded and their lengths are equal to
acoustic (see preceding section) the length of which is commensurate with the size of the
protein molecule. As made clear above, on exposure to an e.h.f. signal the protein mole-
cules are drawn to the membrane surface, the character of the process of drawing to the
inner surface of the membrane being similar to that of molecules to its outer surface [23].
As a result information structures may form on the membrane surface (an example of
one of them was given in reference [1]).
Didenko relates the results obtained by her in study of the action of an e.h.f. signal
on the Mossbauer spectra of protein molecules to excitation in the latter at the resonance
frequencies of acoustic vibrations. The quality factor of the haemoglobin molecules as
acoustic resonators Q,? according to the evaluation made by her (on the basis of the ana-
logy with polymers is quite large: - 10'. The magnitude hfQ,,> kT and, therefore, in such
molecules the effects of accumulation of the energy of many quanta may operate allow-
ing one to isolate the action of even very weak coherent signals against the background
of noise.
Mechanism of generation by the cells of coherent e.h. f, signals. The material of the
previous sections allows us to pass to an exposition of ideas on the mechanisms of auto-
generation of e.h.f. vibrations in the cell [5]. This is a very important question since as
already noted the action of the external signals on the cells is effective only to the extent
it imitates their autovibrations.
Probably it is rational to outline as follows the sequence of the process of excitation
of the autovibrations. In conditions when as a result of certain actions on the cell lead-
ing to anomalies in its functioning its symmetry is disturbed, conditions of preferential
excitation are created in the cell membranes at certain resonance frequencies (see above).
This leads to synchronization of the vibrations of those
rot
i
l
p
e
n mo
ecules adhering to
the membrane and the resonance frequencies of which coincide or are close to the fre-
 Approved For Release 2000/08
M. B. GOLANT
quencies mostly excited in the membranes. Synchronization and the associated summing of the vibrations ensure rise in the efficiency
membrane and radiation to the ensure
of transfer of their energy a the
surrounding space. coherent
tion on frequency begins to differ from that observed in the case of equilibrium Asa result the dependence of rdia.
radiation at the temperature of the cell: at resonance frequencies it rises.
rise in the energy thermal
of radiation occurs through the ener Naturally, the
rise in the energy losses on radiation (but not through c olin
compensating
Transformation
f
f
o
g o
energy
thell)
ce.
apparently occurs as follows. Disturbance of equi-
librium through increase in radiation at certain resonance frequencies
bution of energy between the protein molecules taking thermal tween them and directed at restoring the equilibrium state leads t red be.
place during energy exchange
preferential transfer of energy to the molecules s nchro zed brocess is linked with the
he
membranes since the radiation at their resonance frequencies is more intense at the frequencies of the vibrations of other molecules, by the vibrations of the
of the cell is ensured by fall in the removal of ener
gy of Maintenance of the tempe ature
In the initial period after disturbance of the symmetry metabolism into the external space.
eration of coherent vibrations, the number of protein molecules adhering brave is relatively low t as compared with the of the cell giving rise to the em.
to the
periods
h
b
e
mem
w
en pi
rane f
srom the cytop lasm
roten molecules aredrawn
( of
v at
surface which undergo the sharpest ldistortions [113?
With increase those
ur ace adhering the membrane and the formation of information structures the
brave and emitted into space (the energy transmitted by the protein molecules to the mem-
grows. gY of the coherent vibrations generated by the cells)
The process of rise in the Power of the coherent vibrations generated is not The limitations are connected with the non-linearity of the process_ Wherein eF its
source? In reference I limitless.
[ ] attention was drawn to the fact that enlistment of protein mole-
cules further from the surface to form information structures on the me
quires energy expenditure exponential) growing mbranes re
d~o once. This inevitably leads to
y of the attainable power of the vibration
The hi
i i
h
g
s
e
er the ll
eve of disturbances and the Passage to stead
y generation.
greater the invaginations of the membrane
it produces [37] the higher the maximum level of the vibrations generated.
The reaction of the systems present in the state of stable equilibrium to the forces
Perturbing them (but not leading to irreversible changes) always boils down to fall in the
effect of the action of the latter (le Chatelier principle; in relation to living same meaning is attached to the concept of homeostasis). In this case this means that the
the
effect of the control e.h.f. signals generated by the cell always restores the organisms stable state
of the cell whatever the cause of its disturbance or to the
effects of the action of the forces is in disturbing the given state* De t f
r all
possible fall io the ailed treatm the associated processes is not possible since the processes petturbing the work of the cell
are highly diverse but, for example, elimination of the membrane deformations the
easy
* The character of the processes is determined both by the spectrum of the signals generated and
the localization of the disturbances Producing them.
ase 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R00310
xplain as a cons,
Wn to them by th
ch for the cone
iy accelerate the 1:
tive.
The process desc;
the membrane s;
e not touched up,
one also conside
ees). The mechan
GOLANT, M. B., Bi.
KEILMAN, F., Phys
BYERGEL'SON, L. 1
1982
HAKEN, H., Biol. Cy
GOLANT, M. B. and
FUR1A, M. et al., IEE
FULTON, A., Cytosk(
Mir, Moscow, 1987
DEVYATKOV, N. D.
TASTED, J. B., J. Bio
LAND, D. V., IEEE P~
GOLANT, M. B. and S
and Medicine (in Russ,
IVKOV, B. G. and B'
(in Russian) P. 224, Na,
FROHLICH, H., Adofs
Idem., Mol. Models I
to 8 Sept., 1982, Pp. 39-
LIVSHITS, M. A., Biofi
FROHLICH, H., Ibid. 2.
WU,T.M.and AUST12
YUSHJNA, M. Ya.
1h&
,
ROHLICH, H., Ibid. 2E
LEBEDEV, I. V., Techn
Sir, R. A. and SAZO
Moscow, 1966
POHL, H. A., Coherent E
berg, 1983
SOTMKOV, O. S., Dynan
Leningrad, 1985
GOLANT, M. B. et al.
Ef
,
Objects (in Russian) pp. 1 l
DEVYATKOV, N. D. eI at
DIDENKO, N. P. et al., En
Objects (in Russian) Pp. 63
 oved For Release 2000/08/08: CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1097
associated to explain as a consequence of the impacts on their protruding portions of the molecules
f their a . 100 May, are determined by both elastic (elec- fraction v(T) is expended on the formation of radia-
tromagnetic and nuclear) and inelastic interactions tion-induced point defects in elastic' interactions of
of the primary protons with the target atoms. The the recoil nucleus with target atoms. The NRT stand-
recoil nuclei which acquire energy as a result of ard2 is widely used to calculate the function v(T).
nuclear Interactions of protons create atom-atom col- To evaluate the rate at which point defects are gen-
lision cascades which are greater in extent than erated by radiation, we need to know the effective
the cascades which start at the atoms that are the cross section for defect formation, ad, and the num-
first ejected from their positions in Coulomb Inter- ber of defects, nd = v (T) / (2Ed) , produced by the
actions, and these recoil nuclei are primarily re- - first-ejected atoms in the cascade of subsequent
sponsible for tlAa% ffor 8ieas.e 2000'/08/08ato~~~tp suf-
650 Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 15(8), Aug. 1989 0360c120X/89/08 0660-02 $02..00 01/119990 American Institute of Physics'( 650
 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
TAB
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
 Approvj
Role of synchror
initial assumption is tha
in part of the oscillatory
Biophysics Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 952-954, 1983
Printed in Poland
utofluctuations sustained
ted not with excitation
istics of auto-fluctuation
spectrum. We shall assum'
DISCUSSION
ROLE OF SYNCHRONIZATION IN THE IMPACT OF WEAK ELECTROMAGNETIC
SIGNALS OF THE MILLIMETRE WAVE RANGE ON LIVING ORGANISMS*
N. D. DEVYATKOV', M. B. GOLANT and A. S. TAGER
(Receired 28 September 1982)
The possible mechanism of the action of weak electromagnetic radiation on living organisms
is discussed based on the assumption of electromechanical autofluctuations of cell substruc-
tures (for example, portions of the membranes) as the natural state of living cells. It has been
established that synchronization of these autofluctuations by external electromagnetic radiation
leads to the appearance of internal information signals acting on the regulatory systems of
the body. This hypothesis helps to explain the known experimental data.
IT Is known that the electromagnetic radiation of the milimetre wave range e.m.r. of very low
(non-thermal, i.e. not appreciably heating the tissues) power may exert a fundamental action on
various living organisms from viruses and bacteria through to mammals [1]. The spectrum of the
e.m.r. induced biological effects is also extremely wide - from change in enzymatic activity, growth
rate and death of microorganisms through to protection of bone marrow haematopoiesis against
the action of ionizing radiations and chemical preparations [1]. Many years of experimental ra
search have established the main patterns of the action of e.m.r.: its "resonance" character (the
biological effect is observed in narrow-from tenths of a per cent to percentage units-frequent?'
intervals and starting from a certain threshold value practically does not depend on the intensity
of the e.m.r.); the high reproducibility of the resonance frequencies in repeat experiments; 'mema'
rization' by the organism of the action of the e.m.r. over a more or less long period if irradiation
lasts a sufficiently long time (usually not less than I hr); the non-critical nature of the observed
biological effect to the irradiated portion of the animal body, etc. [2].
The most general conclusion arising from analysis of the patterns identified is that thPaction
ry
of the e.m.r. on live organisms is not of an energetic but information character (2, 31, the effect of the e.m.r. being realized at cell level and asociated with biostructures common to differerd
organisms. Such structures may be, in particular, elements of cell membranest with a considerable
dipole electric moment, molecules of protein enzymes, etc., for which, as shown by evaluations the
frequencies of the natural mechanical vibrations lie (depending on the speed of sound) in the
val (0.5-5) x 1010 Hz.
Below is described the most probable, in our view, mechanism of action of e.m.r. on fluctuat'?
in cell structures and the appearance of information signals in the body=
* Biofizika 28: No. 5, 895-896, 1983.
t Such an assumption has been advanced by many investigators. S. Ye. Bresler was the fi
to point out this possibility to the authors. siderod
t The problem of transformation of information signals into control signals is not con
here.
1952]
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R00310.
Yfll membranes.* Sets of I
implest model of such
rators (oscillators) weak
each of which the aut
nchronization of the (
of the links between the
nous regimes, if they exi
.Therefore, it may be exr
t oscillators, including
ly so that the mean valu
pse to zero is the macro!
such fluctuations - they '
tion system of the be
tic field. If the freq
harmonics and subh
tion) by the externs
up and depends little
onization is accompa
bases of these oscillt
bets (for exampt
diitm) and serve
above mentionec
the actions of
is of frequencies rr
ts.
eristic feature of t'
external signal rec
given group. Incre
er of the syncl
of the oscillati
lfxation of new
mentioned effect
harmoni
 G ORG
M
Lions of
:rimental da
nzymatic activi
v haematopo
esonance" chars
estt~
centage units-freq
depend on the
long period if i
tntified is that the
racter (2, 31, the g3
:nest with a eonsid
shown by evaluatio
A of sound) in the
2
RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
of weektiectromagnetic signals 953
Role of synchronization in impact
The initial assumption is that in the living organism and in the absence of external action all
co-
ain part of the oscillatory degrees of freedom of certain biostructures is in the regime of _r ril The eflect of an external e.m.r.
M
idy~ the energy
ors
, sautofltuations sustane not with excitation ofthe fluctuations nostructurres but w h change in particular 11 t
PWA ested particular, with change
~0CCer istics of auto-fluctuations already existing in the living organism, ions of the lipid skeletons
spectrum. We shall assume that the auto-fluctuations appear pon
to the cell membranes.* Sets of normal fluctuations with an almost identical spectrum correspond
artions of the membranes of the given cell similar in structure or in identical cells adjacent
1- of
0it' oel of such a structure The simplest weakly joined together. The whole set may be b ken down into several
nerat
00 ators nerat
in each of which the autogeneratocs are almost identical. Within each group, in principle,
tual synchronization of the oscillators is possible although because of rapid weakening with
pence of the links between the elements of structure and a certain difference in the frequencies, tions between which synchronization
nditions the phases of the auto-fluctuations
sent. Ts regimes, may be expected r that in the-usual small
ech
as oscore it o may
are distributed
different nt oscill'besmean value of the sum ofvthephhasesoftall a tofluctuations~is close to* zero.
Jomly so that
close to zero is the macroscopic (mean over a large number of portions of the same type
ANO Aect of such fluctuations -they exert the minimal action on other cell structures and do not burden
information system of the body.
The situation, however, may of the external nagent sufficiently closely approaches the fre-
etromagnetic fleld. If the frequency
queasy of the auto fluctuations of one of the above mentioned groups of almost identical oscillators
(or to the harmonics and subharmonics of this frequency) the auto-fluctuations are 'captured'
41 he oscillators of
(synchronization)
determined by the mean weighted value of the partial synchronization
bof t
a given group and depends little on the deviations of the partial frequencies of the individual oscilla-
a even is
tors. Synchronization is accompanied by phasing of the oscillations of all the elementary autogen: -
ntors-the phases of these oscillations concur with the phase of the external signal in a given portion
of the structure. duce different
Such cophasic oscillations of identical portions of the cell membranes may pre
macroscopic effects (for example, excitation of electromagnetic or electro-acoustic waves in the
surrounding medium) and serve as an information signal for the regulatory systems of the body.
queany of the abo the actions ofthe external signal will lead to the same or similar biological effect.
Since os it
Since other structurally different portions of the membranes have their own spectrum of auto-fluctu-
ations other sets of frequencies may also be observed at which the external signal produces different
biological effects.
A characteristic feature of the phenomenon of synchronization of auto-fluctuations is the low
power of the external signal required for synchronization the threshold value of which depends
autoge-
othe f the external signal bove
the noise level in the Incr ase in the power of
nerators does not
aerators of a given group. .
change the character of the synchronized oscillations.
The phasing of the oscillations on synchronization may be accompanied by conformational
rearrangements of the cell structures since the auto-fluctuations influence the stability of mechanical
systems (6]. The fixation of new conformations involving metabolic processes in the cells may ex-
plain the above mentioned effect of "memorization" by the organism of prolonged ged t o and cache
not onl
The phasing of the auto-fluctuations of cell structures may apparently appear
influence of the external harmonic signal but also as a result of mutual synchronization of the oscilla-
* The mechanism of excitation of auto-fluctuations in membranes is discussed in [51.
W"I'M M11
 954 R. A. ABAGYAN et at.
tors due to their rearrangement with change in the conditions of existence or internal mobilization
of the organism.
It is natural to assume that the auto-fluctuations of portions of the membranes in the cells
of a living organism are not only a means of information transmission, there role is much wider.
In particular, auto-fluctuations, even not synchronous, must exert a fundamental influ fluence on
ionic and molecular transport across the membranes. The fluctuating portion-
acts as a pump the mechanism of action of which is based on the vibration displacement of particles
(on average, in a certain direction) under the influence of periodic (on average, not directed) forces
[71. The synchronization of the auto-fluctuations of different portions of the cell membranes may
fundamentally influence the processes of membrane transport and hence the properties and vital
activity of the cells.
The assumption that the biological action of e.m.r. on live organisms is connected with the
external synchronization of the natural autofluctuations of cell structures also agrees with other
patterns of this phenomenon not mentioned here.
REFERENCES
1. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et al., Radiobiologiya 21: 163,198 t
2. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et al., Electronic Techniques. Ser. UHF Electronics (in Russian) 9, (333
43, 1981
3. DEVYATKOV, N. D. and GOLANT, M. B., Letters (in Russian) Zh. tekhn. flz. 1, 39, 198-
4. FROLICH, H., Advances Electr. Electron. Phys. 55: 147, 1980
5. LIBERMAN, Ye. A. and EIDUS, V. L., Biofizika 26: 1109, 1981
6
6. CHALOVSKII, V. N., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 110: 345, 195
7. BLEKHMAN, I. I. and DZHANELIDZE, G. Yu., Vibration Displacements (in Russian) p. 41:.
Nauka, Moscow, 1964
0006-35119/83 $10.00'1'00
Biophysics Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 954-963, 1983 C 1984 Pergamon Pre, W
Printed in Poland
INVESTIGATION OF DIFFRACTION EFFECTS
APPEARING ON PACKING OF MOLECULES*
R. A. ABAGYAN, V. N. ROGULENKOVA, V. G. TUMANYAN
and N. G. YESIPOVA
Institute of Molecular Biology, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow
(Received 11 September 1980)
The paper considers the general problem of diffraction in biological specimens lnclnd'"
several levels of organization. Formulae are obtained for diffraction on aggregates of hel"
molecules in which the size of the cell in the direction of the axis of the molecule does.. not agle"
ns and
with the period and size of the helix. The formulae obtained fully describe the positlO
? Biofizika 28: No. S. 897-904, 1983..
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R00310028
d by the scatter c
ities of the reflexio
diffraction patter
which was earlier not
reflexion with d;z
approach developec
1 structures will be
the structure of a hi
nt in weakly defo
of the following or
'ollowing level wou
ed either the boi
on of this role is t
ization and the syt
:ological macromole
. In this case, on
taty cell naturally e
e diffraction patter
present stage of d,
level of structw
of unexplained
mplicates the p
ry of diffractic
grork considers tl
organization and
sing the diffract
form
scatter facto,
is a whole ni
the helical rr
it.they are s'
of molecules:
 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
TAB
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
BIOINFORMATIONAL INTERACTIONS: EHF-WAVES
N. D. Kolbun and V. E. Lobarev
Kibernetika I Vychislitel'naya Tekhnika,
No. 78, pp. 94-99, 1988
UDC 577.31
The informational interaction of the EHF-wave band are
discussed. The influence of electromagnetic fields in the
millimetric band, which are similar to natural fields, upon
human body is studied.
The evolution of life on earth was affected by various environ-
mental factors. Among the most important factors were electromagnetic
fields (EMF) and magnetic fields. Studies have confirmed a high sen-
sitivity of biological systems to these fields [2,5].
In principle, each band of electromagnetic waves reaching the
Earth's biosphere could have contributed to natural evolution and may
affect vital functions [5]. In the past few decades, the theory
which assigns a regulatory and informational role to EMF in biological
systems has been gaining supporters [5,14,16]. The theory views a bio-
logical system as a biochemical, complex inseparably linked with intern-
al and external EMF. A concept advanced by Kaznazheev in 1975 (see
[61) represented a biosystem as a nonequilibrium photon constellation
maintained by a constant energy influx from outside. Under this con-
cept, EMF quanta are material carriers of information flows in cellu-
lar biosystems. EMF flows within a biosystem constitute the informa-
tional base of its vital functions; flows of external EMF are the fac-
tors regulating (to some extent) the internal information flows.
Differentiation between energetic and informational flows of ex-
ternal EMF has been discussed in [3,5,8]. The energetic actions are
defined as the actions introducing a change into biosystem proportional
to the amount of energy contributed. An informational interaction of
a 1989 by Allston Pna. Inc.
an EMF witk
the amount
various EI
characters
carrying si
ergy or mat
er boundary
on the orde
bright line
gators (1,3
W/ cm 2. Figl
that form ti
the atomospk
is unevenly
from solar r
EM' range.
and dynamics
band. Biola
EMF flows in
lowest.
Biologi,
appear, acco;
the external
transparency
density of sc
an absolute. t
a fraction of
sun. In the
closely by th
T1a,o in the ra
been measured
8000 K E.
Galactic
the natural b~
absorbed comp:
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R00310020001-7
 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
the
upon
>nviron-
^omagnetic
sigh sen-
ig the
and may
ory
iological
ews a bio-
th intern-
5 (see
?1lation
its con-
, cellu-
.nforma-
the fac-
of ex-
ns are
portional
,ion of
an F with a biosystem is one where the effect is not determined by
the EM amount of energy brought in but by specific informational features;
various EMF modulations, frequency bands, polarizational and time
characteristics, etc., can function as such features. The information-
carrying signal, in that case, merely triggers a redistribution of en-
ergy or matter in the system and control processes in it [5]. The low-
er boundary of an information effect is set [8] at flow density (FD),
on the order of. lb-12 W/m2 (10-16 W/cm2). Apparently, there is no
bright line between informational and energetic FD. Various investi-
gators (1,3,8,10] place it in the region between 10-7 W/cm2 and 10-2
2
W/cm. Figure 1 compares the characteristics of principal EMF sources
that form the natural electromagnetic background of the biosphere and
the atomospheric transparency to the entire wave band. The atmosphere
is unevenly transparent to EMF of different wavelengths. In turn, FD
from solar radiation and from other sources is uneven throughout the
EMY range. The combination of these factors determines the magnitude
and dynamics of natural EM background of the biosphere in each frequency
band. Biological systems are likely to be more sensitive to external
EMF flows in the frequency bands where the natural field background is
lowest.
Biological effects at informational EMF'intensities (2)
r kinematics
itrary fixed
'hich the
the possible
ents (for M
he sweep of
he model ma
.o model loci
,
function k
expressio
-oposed foci
g
models" wi
)st of them.
a this case 'fh
but only one.,
of identical St
)vercoming su
Plenum
p. 1179, W
:iev, 1979.
w..a+rsI- aav.w*.w
in Poland
? 1991 Pergamon Press plc
DISSIPATIVE FUNCTIONS OF THE PROCESSES OF
rTERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH
BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS*
Yu. P. CHTIKOVA
"Otklik" Time Scientific Collective
(Received 23 July 1987)
The authors have determined the rate of generation of entropy in biological systems as a
result of the irreversibility of the processes of the interaction with electromagnetic radiation
which one accompanied by rise in free energy. The characteristics of the irreversibility of
the process of plant photosynthesis, human vision, etc. are presented. It is shown that in the
processes considered, irreversibility may greatly differ (up to 108 fold).
kEVERSIBILITY, as is known, is an integral property of all real processes. After the
rack of Prigogine [1] it is characterized by the magnitude Si, called the rate of genera-
tpa of entropy, the specific value of which a is called a dissipative function. Among
bt variety of irreversible processes of the real world we would mention but a few
yrocesses of heat and electrical conductivities, diffusion, thermal chemical reactions,
ttc,) for which methods of calculating this magnitude have been devised. As for biolo-
pcil objects for them as for more complex systems the question has hardly ever been
-=ed. Yet, the achievements of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes in the
ut few years and, in particular, the successful application of the Landau-Vainshtcin
aeehod for explaining the processes of energy transformation in quantum systems have
:ule possible evaluation of the magnitude St for a large range of processes of interac-
wn of electromagnetic radiation of any spectral composition with matter.
The method of determining St for endoergic processes occurring under the influence
of electromagnetic radiation is outlined in [2]. It is applicable to open systems in the
amdy state. While in these conditions electromagnetic radiation with the energy W.
:suits in processes accompanied by rise in the free energy (endoergic processes) of the
aad,ucts (Fe) as compared with the free energy of the reactants (F,J the efficiency of
is
roc
p
ess
he=(FP-FR)lwa
(1)
"here the points above the magnitudes denote time derivatives. From the laws of ther-
d
o
ynamics for ?1, we have the relation
Biofizika 34: No. 5, 898-900, 1989.
(2)
roved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
n
 976 YU. P. CHUKOVA
where S. is the flux of entropy of electromagnetic radiation with the power k, whxt
is absorbed by the system.
Usually relation (2) is analyzed in the approximation of the thermodynamic [,me
when S1=0 [3]. The limiting value of the efficiency of the system (r],) may in this Calf
be calculated for any system if the main characteristics of the process are known S,
may be evaluated from the difference of the real efficiency of the process (rle) from tk
limiting.
The effects appearing in biological objects as a result of interaction with electra.
magnetic radiation and those magnitudes from which they are judged with rare exccp
tions cannot be interpreted as efficiency. But in threshold conditions when the biora
ponse vanishes one may state that the efficiency of the endoergic process is equal u
zero. This aspect is considered in detail in [2]. In threshold conditions of real efficicncl
we have
St= W,?/TS; -1.
For the red boundary of all bio-effects with a wide frequency action band and far
bioresonance effects the position of the zero efficiency boundary of the endoer;%
process in the approximation of the thermodynamic reversibility of the process is grace
by the relation
c2E?=27rkTv2[(1+po)ln(1+po)-PolnPo]
where v is frequency; E? is the spectral density of the radiation at this frequency: T >ti
the temperature of the system; c is the speed of light; k and h are Boltzman and Plana
constants; po=c2Eo/27rhV3.
The Figure illustrates this dependence for a wide frequency interval. The cnap
of electromagnetic radiation the characteristics of which (frequency and spectral densitli
enter the region A cannot be transformed to the free energy of the system even in tbt
approximation of the thermodynamic limit (thermodynamic reversibility). The 'Juc
E? is always higher than the spectral density e,, T of the radiation of an absolute btad
ar algae
g plants
jig plants
t 1 prophage
`ate of yeasts
haemoglobin
The magnitude
processes S~.
and E; isthec
4ld be reme.
Calculated sts
se of the abso
ie width of t
pd from the
yes the St evah
ocesses and
JA the range c
e_ valuatiow
not CBUSt
istence of
ince the cha
the effect th
introduce i
wa in [2] tc
it does by
Position of zero boundary of endoergic processes on the plane log v- log E, in the apPr011"
. oration of the thermodynamic reversibility of the process.
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ity exceeds
 R
') ma:
Bess
s fre
item,
lity).
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Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with biological objects 977
body with the temperature T. Their ratio E?%,, T assumes a simple form for high fre-
quencies (hv>>kT): E?/ay,T=e and for low frequencies (hv< k7): E%,,,r=ln (ep0).
The position of the zero boundary of real processes is shifted towards high E, values
tbrou,gh dissipative processes. These processes may be evaluated from formula (3) if
it is known from the experiment under which conditions the effect disappears.
---System and process
igeshold human vision at the
red boandary
photosynthesis of
unicellular algae
shade-loving plants
light-loving plants
Synthesis of 2 prophage
Rigidity of the haeme protein
bond in haemoglobin
Experimental conditions
2=780 nm, E,0=3x 10-16 J/Cm3
[5]
2=950 nm, E.0=4 x 10-70 J/cm'
[6. 7]
400 nm