PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

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• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP96-00789R003000190001-8
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• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 20, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 20, 1992
• Content Type: RP

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Phenomenological Research
and
Analysis
Edwin C. May, Ph.D. and Wanda L. W. Luke
20 July 1992
~~_ _ __
Science Applications lntemational Corporation
An Employee-Owned Company
Contract MDA908-91-C-0037
(Client Private)
Submitted by:
Science Applications International Corporation
Cognitive Sciences Laboratory
1010 E! Camino Real, Suite 330, P.O. Box 1412, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (4 i 5) 325-8292
A61tke~'.~c~::~~u~~~rY~~~F~$Day~au~~9~~~~~?~~~q~~~,~7~gndo, Palo Alto, Seattle, Tucson
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................. ii
I OBJECTIVE ................................................................ 1
II INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 2
III PROGRESS TO DATE ....................................................... 3
6.2 Basic Research .......................................................... 3
6.3 Applied Research ........................................................ 8
6.4 Research Methodology .................................................. 11
IV GLOSSARY ............................................................... 12
REFERENCES .. ~ ................................................................. 13
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LIST OF FIGURES
1. Experimental Paradigm for Twining .............................................. 10
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I OBJECTIVE
The objective of this document is to provide an interim technical report on tasks 6.2, "Basic Research,"
b.3, "Applied Research," and 6.4, "Research Methodology," as listed in the 1991 Statement of Work.
This report covers the time period from 15 February to 30 June 1992, and includes all subtasks.~
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II INTRODUCTION
Under Statement of Work items 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4 in contract IVIDA908-91-C-0037, the Cognitive Sciences
Laboratory of Science Applications International Corporation is tasked to wnduct phenomenological re-
search and analysis. This document details the activity accomplished under these items and constitutes the
interim report covering the period from 15 February to 30 June 1992.
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III PROGRESS TO DATE
This section describes the progress to date for each of the subtasks listed under items 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4
(basic research, applied research, and research methodology, respectively). The section numbering
corresponds to the numbering in the Statement of Work.
6.2 Basic Research
6.2.1 Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Investigations
From 1S through 28 March 1992, the third portion of a four-part MEG investigation was carried out
.using receivers from a variety of populations. Details of the protocol may be found in a separate docu-
ment, which has been approved by the Scientific Oversight Committee (SOC).1` It is beyond the scope
of this report to describe the protocol in detail; however, we provide a brief overview here, followed by a
summary of the analysis and the conclusions to date.
Protocol. Each of twelve receivers contributes ten blocks of data. Each block consists of ten 2-minute runs,
each of which contains approximately 100 remote and 100 pseudo stimuli. Each block of data is accompa-
nied by acontrol block of equal length during which the conditions aze identical to the experimental block;
however, no receiver is present under the MEG. The dependent variable is the average effect size of the
root mean square (RMS) relative phase shift (i.e., prestimulus to poststimulus) of the dominant alpha
rhythm.
In February, the statistician from the SOC visited the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory. After reviewing
the statistics for the MEG project, we noticed that the t-tests that were described in the technical proto-
col to test difference the between various conditions were not correct because they assumed statistical
independence between the variables. Measurements of brain waves that occur at 1- to S-second inter-
valsare likely to be correlated, especially at 10 Hz, nominally the frequencyunder study. Therefore, the
statistics used to combine the results of all blocks from a single receiver had to be modified. We provide
that modification here.
Consider N blocks of experimental data. Let ry, be the number of remote stimuli (RS) for block j, and
nip be the number of pseudo stimuli (PS) in block j. Similarly, define sip and ~p as the corresponding
effect sizes for block j. We define the weighted effect size for each stimulus type, k, as
N
~k - ~ WjkEjkr
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njk
wjk = N ,
nj k
j?r
and
k=r,p.
Tests Against the Null Hypothesis: E = 0. Since the experimental effect sizes, Ejk, are derived from nor-
mallydistributed data (i.e., Monte Carlo calculations of the RMS phase shift), then we know the stan-
dard error for each Ejk is
SC/(Ejk)
njk
Thus, the variance of the weighted average effect size is
N
VQr(~k) _ ~ Wyk YUr(Ejk) -
j~l
(1)
Z = ~k
k
va~(~k)
(2)
Equation 2 is used to test the average effect sizes of the RS and PS for the experimental and control
conditions against the null hypothesis of E = 0 for the experimental and control conditions.
Tests Against the the NuU Hypothesis: $(RS) - s(PS) = 0. Within a given condition we cannot assume
that the phase shifts from an RS are independent from those associated with a PS. Thus, hypotheses
tests that do not account for potential correlations between the RS and PS are inappropriate. Because
of the simplicity of the individual Ejk, we can compute the exact variance for the differences as follows.
Let the difference between the effect sizes for RS and PS be
dj=Ej,-Ejp.
Since there usually is a different number of stimuli for RS and PS, we define a weighting factor for the dj as
nj
~j = N ~
nj
j=1
n = nj ~ x njp .
j nj, + njp
Then the weighted mean difference is given by
N
d = ~ Sljdj .
j-1
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The variance of a is given by
N
Yar(d~ _ ~ Slj Yar(dj),
i-1
Yar(dj) = Yar(EJr) + Yar(Ejp) - 2 Cov(E1~Elp)~
CtlV(Ej?Eip) = erp Yar(EJr) Yar(EJp) '
Combining these equations with the dei"inition for the variance of the effect size, gives the Yar(d) as
N _
Yar(d~ _ ~ Slj I njr + n~ - 2 e,p Yar(EJr) ' Yar(eip)],
j.i L
Z= ~
~ Yar(c~
fists Against the Null Hypothesis: e(F.xperiment)-s(Control) = 0. 'Ib compare each stimulus type in
the experiment and control conditions, we assume that the data are independent. Thus, the z-score for
the difference is given by
(3)
sk(Ex) - ~',~(Cd)
Zk(Fxperiment -Control) _
Yar(i`'k(Ex).) + Yar(~k(Cl))
~~(Fx) - ~k(C1)
(4)
~ ~.. ~
N N
^f k~~~ ~ ^j~(C~
j~l J-1
Equation 4 is used to test the difference between experimental blocks and their corresponding control
blocks.
Conclusions. All data from the MEG investigation have been analyzed. Using the above tests, we have
not observed significant deviations from chance expectations for any of the conditions. The specifics
and tables of individual performance will be presented in the final report.
In this investigation, however, we did learn that the well-known Crammer-Rao limitation2 on the ex-
pectedvariance for a phase measurement in low signal-to-noise environments was a limiting factor. In
fact, if there is a phase shift due to the RS, then the mathematical technique that was used in this study
would not be sensitive enough to detect it.
For basic neuroscience arguments, we expect that a phase shift should exist. A phase shift of primary alpha
rhythm is one indication that the central nervous system (CNS) has been aroused by some stimulation.
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Given that anomalous cognition (AC) has been well established in the laboratory and in practical applica-
tions, it would be likely that an AC stimulus would arouse the CNS in a similaz way.
We have collected nearly 1,000 megabytes of data in this study. Proposed modifications to the analysis of the
data should determine if a phase shift is present. The details of the proposed analysis will be described in
detail in the final report.
6.2.2 Data Patterns/Correlations
6.2.2.1 AC/Tzarget Feature Correlations
We have reviewed our standard static target pool of 100 National Geographic magazine photographs and a
set of 30 clips of video movies and documentaries, and have analyzed them with regazd to the total change of
Shannon entropy (DS). The complete details of that analysis can be found in the technical protocol, which
has been approved by the SOC,3 and the results of this analysis can be found in a previous interim report.4
6.2.2.2 Experiments Testing AC/Target Feature Correlations
All AC trials were conducted without monitors, and the data were faxed to the principal investigator.
Five receivers completed 40 trials each. Significant effects were seen for two of the five receivers for
static targets (p < 0.02), and a significant effect was observed for the combined data (p < 0.01). Analy-
sis of vaziance (ANOVA) showed no overall difference between sender and no-sender conditions. That
is, the quality of AC did not depend upon a sender. Significant AC was not observed for the dynamic
targets regardless of the sender condition. We found a significant correlation between the quality of AC
and the Shannon entropy of the targets. The details of this correlation and of the ANOVA results will be
provided in the final report.
6.2.2.3 AC/Geomagnetic Activity Correlations
We may discover more about the impact of geomagnetic field fluctuations (GMF) on AC performance by
research on possible medical effects that are modulated by very low frequency magnetic fields. Some litera-
ture suggests a connection between idopathic and epileptic seizures and GMF fluctuations. Currently, we
are assembling a database of approximately 4,000 seizures and seizure-related mortalities. Preliminary
analysis of a subset of this database suggests that both seizures and mortalities associated with seizures are
weakly correlated with elevated GMF noise levels. GMF noise might be depressing the melatonin level,
resulting in an increased probability of seizure. We have examined the database with respect to recordings
of precise power levels in the ULF/ELF spectrum and found that the correlations persist.
6.2.2.4 Literature Search for AC Correlations
Mr. Charles Honorton of the Psychophysical Research Laboratories (PRL) has been subcontracted to
conduct a detailed key-word parapsychology literature search for potential correlations between AC
performance and external variables (e.g., personality, IQ), and to perform meta-analyses where ap-
propriate. The meta-analyses portion of this task is complete: Clairvoyance and telepathy were ex-
aminedwith regard to Ganzfeld studies, the results were inconclusive because of insufficient data. The
details of this meta-analysis will be provided in the final report.
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6.2.3.1 Assessment of Theoretical Constructs
Currently, one senior research physicist has been identified who is anxious to explore thermodynamic
and general relativistic models to formulate hypotheses for the mechanism of AC. We have identified a
systematic approach for the theoretical modeling.
6.2.3.2 'Pargeting
As part of its subcontract, the PRL is nearing completion of a detailed design to explore the potential of
a beacon as a targeting mechanism. In addition, the experiment, which is described in Section 6.2.2.2
above, explores the role of a sender in AC experiments. Mr. Honorton has designed an appropriate
investigation to address the sender/no-sender condition in the Ganzfeld.
6.2.3.3 Communication
We have designed acomputer-based binary AC experiment that uses sequential analysis to enhance AC
effects. The details of the experimental design can be found in our technical protocol, which is under
review by the SOC.S Sequential analysis will improve a sample hit rate from a raw hit rate of 60% to an
observed hit rate of $5%. We show in the technical protocol that this enhancement is 21% better than a
one-in-three majority vote procedure. The experiment is nearly complete, and preliminary results indi-
cate that some receivers are able to realize the predicted hit rate.
6.2.4.1 Lucid Dreaming
The Lucidity Institute has been subcontracted to conduct a pilot experiment to study AC in lucid dreams.
The details of the experimental design can be found in our technical protocol, which is under review by the
SOC.6 Experienced receivers and lucid dreamers will individually be given carefully double-wrapped and
sealed targets drawn randomly from our standard set of National Geographic magazine photographs. With
the aid of a DreamLight, a device to help induce a lucid dream, the experimental task is to
? become lucid in a dream
? open the sealed envelope (i.e., while still dreaming)
? study its content
? wake up and record the dream impressions
Analysis of the responses will follow the standard protocol for rank order judging.
As an introduction to lucid dreaming, the Lucidity Institute conducted a 3-day workshop in January for the
participants in the experiment and afollow-up 1-day work shop in March. 'Vials began in late March.
We have experienced some difficulty in this experiment because the frequency of lucid dreams has been
lower than expected. We will, however, provide the analysis of the complete trials in the final report.
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6.2.5 Energetics
6.2.5.1 Anomalous Perturbation Protocol
At the sponsor's request, SAIC provided two receivers to participate in an exploratory anomalous per-
turbation (AP) experiment. The results of that exploration indicated that addition sessions must be
conducted with similar AP target systems.
6.3 Applied Research
6.3.1 MEG Developments
6.3.1.1 Identification
There has been no additional activity for this item beyond that reported earlier 4
6.3.2 Correlations/Pattern Analysis
6.3.2.1 Correlations
'We have used the fuzzy set database for the static targets that were used in the experiment, which is
outlined in Section 6.2.2.2. We are currently examining the results of that experiment with regard to
various levels in the target fuzzy sets.
6.3.2.2 Beacon Conditions
PRL has been subcontracted to conduct a test of the sender/no sender condition in Ganzfeld experi-
ments. A protocol is currently being prepared for review by the SOC, and the laboratory is now com-
pleted for the experiment. Mr. Honorton has designed protocols to test the role of the sender in the
Ganzfeld environment. The protocols consider the results of the meta-analysis (see Section 6.2.2.4).
6.3.3 Training
6.3.3.1 Empirical Training Analysis
An analysis of one in-use training procedure, which uses astimulus-response protocol has been wm-
pleted. The results of that analysis will be provided in the final report.
6.3.3.2 Potential New Methods
We have designed a potential new training methodology that is based upon subliminal perception.
Background. Preconscious processing of sensory information maybe responsible for much of the per-
ceptual information that reaches conscious awareness. A trivial example is the processing of the left
and right two-dimensional retinal images into a single three-dimensional cyclopean percept. Because
the eyes view the world from different viewpoints, the two retinal images are not superimposable, and
frequently contain different information about the external environment. In those abnormal instances
where both retinal images reach conscious awareness, the viewer perceives diplopic images of the exter-
nal environment, that is, he has double vision. The observations that the cyclopean image is not retino-
topic for either eye and that the cyclopean image is created without conscious effort are strong support
for preconscious processing of sensory information.
Amore significant example is provided by the Poetzl effect,g in which an unperceived stimulus is capa-
ble of evoking subsequent memories of having perceived the stimulus. Very often, the memories are
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distorted, but contain spatial, chromatic, textural, temporal, and contextual elements of the previously
unperceived stimulus. This effect provides evidence of preconscious processing of not only the unper-
ceivedstimulus, but of its primitives in several domains, such as color.
The most compelling evidence for preconscious processing is provided by a body of research commonly
known as blindsight.9 Blindsight can occur when anatomical brain structures that are crucial to visual
perception, such as the striatal cortex, have -been destroyed, but the remainder of the visual system is
intact. Under these conditions, any visual stimulus that falls on an area of the retina that projects to the
destroyed area of the striate cortex cannot reach perceptual awareness. A person with this condition is
blind in this area of the visual field. A large body of evidence, however, demonstrates that persons with
this condition can respond to visual stimuli, even though they cannot see them. Furthermore, persons
with blindsight can make visual discriminations, for example of form and color, without perceiving the
form or color of the stimuli. Blindsight, then, is a compelling example of preconscious, or perhaps extra-
consciousprocessing.
Other evidence of preconscious processing can be found by comparing the sensory and perceptual
thresholds. The sensory threshold can be determined physiologically by measuring the amplitude of a
stimulus that elicits an identifiable signal in a receptor system, for example, a change in the firing rate of
a sensory neuron. The perceptual threshold can be defined as that amplitude of the same stimulus that
elicits a response indicating that the stimulus has been detected. It is a well-known phenomenon that
r
the sensory and perceptual threshold can differ markedly.t0,11 Thus, between the sensory and per-
ceptualthresholds, the receiver is processing information that is below the perceptual threshold, that is,
preconscious processing.
The question of interest here is whether the perceptual threshold can be reduced so that it is closer to
the physiological threshold. Several studies suggest conditions under which the perceptual threshold
can be lowered to more closely approximate the sensory threshold. For example, changing the emotion-
al content of the stimuli or the emotional state of the viewer has been shown to affect the perceptual
threshold for subliminal stimuli.l2,is Essentially, reducing the emotional state of the subject or elevat-
ing the emotional content of the stimulus reduces the perceptual threshold.
The question can now be refined further to ask whether the perceptual threshold can be reduced through
training. Couched in terms of signal detection theory, the question can be posed: Can the subject's thresh-
old be changed through training so that the subject can detect a signal at a lower signal-to-noise ratio?
Here, again, the answer is yes. Detection thresholds have been found to respond to training protocols
that use feedback on repeated trials to elevate sensitivity to previously unperceived visual cues.14,i5,16
We propose to change the detection threshold through a program of repeated feedback.
Purpose. This study has atwo-fold purpose. The first is to assess the effects of training protocols on the
detection thresholds for subliminal visual stimuli. The second is to examine whether those subjects
whose thresholds were lowered by training perform better on remote viewing tasks than subjects who
have not been through the training. By using threshold-lowering training protocols, we will attempt to
increase the sensitivity of human subjects to subliminal visual stimuli so that following training, stimuli
that had been subliminal will be supraliminal. We will then determine whether there is a parallel in-
crease in sensitivity to AC stimuli.
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Methods. Subjects will first be randomly assigned to asubliminal-training group and asham-training
group. No subject will be informed of his status until both the training and remote-viewing portions of
the study have been completed.
Each subject in either group will be shown a series of target images that are presented tachistoscopicallyfcr
approximately 10 milliseconds, alternating with a 5-second presentation of a masking stimulus. All target
images will be below the subject's detection threshold, that is, theywill be subliminal. Interspersed randomly
among the subliminal stimuli will be an equal number of blank trials in which no target image is presented
during the 10-millisecond presentation.
Immediately following each presentation of either the blank or target stimulus, the subject will respond
by pressing a button indicating either that he was aware that a target was presented or that he was un-
aware. Essentially, the subject's task will be to report whether a target was presented. After each re-
sponse, the subject will receive feedback about whether his response was corrector incorrect. The ex-
perimental paradigm is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Experimental Paradigm for Tlaining.
Subjects in the subliminal-training group will receive truthful feedback about their performance, whereas
subjects in the sham-training group will receive random feedback. Because all stimuli will be subliminal,
sham-training subjects should not be able to detect that the feedback is unoorrelated with the stimuli.
Feedback to the subliminal-training subjects is expected to reinforce the pathways identified by bold
arrows in Figure 1. The proportion of "yes" responses under blank-trials conditions (i.e., sham-train-
ing) will be used to estimate the guessing rate.
Several hundred trials will be run, and cumulative performance measures, in terms of percentage of
correct responses, will be calculated for each of the sham-trained and subliminally-trained subjects.
Subjects from both groups will participate in a blind study of remote-viewing performance.
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6.3.4 Applications
6.3.4.1 New Approaches
There was no activity for this item during the reporting period.
We developed a technical protocol, which is currently under review by the SOC, that applies standard Bose-
Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes to AC analysis.t~ The BCH code that was selected includes two
message bits and three check bits and will correct for all single errors and some double errors.4 Six receivers
completed this experiment. The rank-order analysis did not demonstrate statistically significant evidence
for AC; therefore, the BCH analysis was not successful at enhancing evidence for AC. This experiment,
however, did indicate unforeseen difficulties with the particular protocol. Even though we attempted to
prevent receivers from guessing the answers to the analysis questions, they reported that after the first trial,
they were unable to function in their "normal" AC mode. In addition, we gained insight into the nature of
successful target pool construction. The details of this experiment will be provided in the final report
In analyzing the results of all the experiments, we have gained valuable insight into the nature of what
wnstitutes an AC target system. A general picture is emerging that suggests a target selection method that
is sensitive to a possible-fundamental limitation to the amount of information that maybe gained by AC and
is optimized with regard to specific intrinsic properties. Details will be provided in the final report.
6.3.4.4 Analysis _ .
We have developed an adaptive fuzzy set procedure that maybe applied to both laboratory and field ap-
plications. In this procedure, the analysis of a current AC session is modified to include the statistical past
"successes" of the spec receiver. The details of the technique will be provided in the final report.
6.4 Research Methodology
6.4.1 Scientific Oversight Committee
The SOC was not involved during this reporting period. One member, however, did visit the laboratory
and provided valuable addition to the MEG statistical analysis.
6.4.2 Institutional Review Board
The Institutional Review Board did not meet during the reporting period.
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IV GLOSSARY
Not all the terms defined below are germane to this report, but they are included here for completeness.
In a typical anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) task, we define:
? Anomalous Cognition A form of information transfer in which all known sensorial stimuli are ab-
sent. That is, some individuals are able to gain access, by as yet an unknown process, to information
that is not available to the known sensorial channels.
? $~~iver An individual who attempts to perceive and report information about a target.
? AEent-An individual who attempts to influence a target system.
? r et-An item that is the focus of an AMP task (e.g., person, place, thing, event).
? 'T~rget Designa ion-A method by which a specific target, against the backdrop of all other possible
targets, is identified to the receiver (e.g., geographical coordinates).
? 8enderBeacon-An individual who, while receiving direct sensorial stimuli from an intended target,
acts as a putative transmitter to the receiver.
? onitor-An individual who monitors an AC session to facilitate data collection.
? Session-A time period during which AC data are collected.
? protocol-A template for conducting a structured data collection session.
? I~esnonse-Material that is produced during an AC session in response to the intended target.
? Feedb~ After a response has been secured, information about the intended target is displayed to
the receiver.
? An 1st-An individual who provides a quantitative measure of AC.
? eci li -A given receiver's ability to be particularly successful with a given class of targets (e.g.,
people as opposed to buildings).
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REFERENCES
1. E. C. May and W. L. W. Luke, "T~chnical Protocol for the MEG Investigation," Scientific Oversight
Protocol, Science Applications International Corporation, Menlo Park, CA (August 1991).
2. S. Kay, Modern Spectral Estimation, p. 46, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, (1988).
3. J. Cohen, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (rev. ed.), Academic Press, New
York (1977).
4. E. C. May and W. L. W. Luke, "Phenomenological Research and Analysis," Interim Report
Covering 2/4/91-12/31/91, SAIC, Menlo Park, CA (February 1992).
5. E. C. May, "Enhancing Anomalous Cognition of Binary 'Targets," Scientific Oversight Protocol,
Science Applications International Corporation, Menlo Park, CA (December 1991).
6. E. C. May and S. LaBerge, "Anomalous Cognition in Lucid Dreams," Scientific Oversight Protocol,
Science Applications International Corporation, Menlo Park, CA (December 1991).
7. E. C. May, J. IvI. Utts, B. S. Humphrey, W. L. W. Luke, T. J. Frivold, and V V mask, `Advances in
Remote-Viewing Analysis," Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 54. pp. 193-228 (September 1990).
8. O. Poetzl, "The relationship between experimentally induced dream images and indirect vision,"
Monograph No. 7, Psychalogicallssues, Vol. 2, pp. 41-120 (1917).
9. L. Weisdrantz, Blindsight: A Case Study and Implications, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1986).
10. E. Gellhorn "Physiological processes related to consciousness and perception," Brain, Vol. 77, pp.
401-415 (1954).
11. B. Libet, W. W. Alberts, E. W. Wright, and B. Feinstein, "Responses of the human somatosensory
cortex to stimuli below the threshold for conscious sensation," Science, Vol. 158, pp. 1597-1600
(1967).
12. N. F. Dixon and T. E. Lear "Perceptual regulation and mental disorder,"Journal ofMental Science,
Vo1.108, pp.356-361(1962).
13. P. Tyner, P. Lewis, and I. Lee, "Effects of subliminal and supraliminal stress on symptoms of
anxiety," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, Vo1.166, pp. 611-622 (1978).
14. B. Bridgeman and D. Staggs "Plasticity in human blindsight," Vision Research, Vol. 22, pp.
1199-1203(1982).
15. J. Zihl, "Blindsight: Improvement in visually guided eye movements by systematic practice in
patients with cerebral blindness," Neuropsychobiologica, Vo1.18, pp. 71-77 (1980).
16. J. Zihl, and R. Werth, "Contributions to the study of'blindsight' - II. The role of specific practice
for saccadic localization in patients with postgeniculate field defects," Neuropsychobialogicq Vol.
22, pp.13-22 (1984).
17. W. L. W. Luke and E. C. May, "Enhancing Detection of AC with Binary Coding," Scientific Oversight
Protocol, Science Applications International Corporation, Menb Park, CA (December 1991).
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