USAMICON PROGRAM DIRECTIVE & PROTOCOL ON REMOTE PERTURBATION TECHNIQUES

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• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 29, 1998
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Program Directive and Protocol
On
REMOTE PERTURBATION TECHNIQUES
CLASSIFIED BY:
C, STRAT BMD & STRAT ADM SYS DIV
REVIEW ON:
28 JUNE 1999
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I INTRODUCTION
A.
General ----- ------------------ ------------ -----
1
1. Military, Objective ---_-__--_
2. Militar !A licatio
Y PP ns 'I-----------------
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1
. Approval
History
Project Officers
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Data Base for RNG Experiments --------------------
3
1? Early Experiments ------------
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3. Critique of Data Base -----
4
4
D.
Scientific Merits --------------------------------
Technical Application
II EXPERIMENTS -------------------------------------
A.
General ------____--
B.
Assumptions --------------------------------------
9
C.
D.
E.
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Hardware
1. Random Sources ------------------------------
2
10
. Analysis -----------------------------------
12
Display ------------------------- ------
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4. Hardware Redundancy ___________________
15
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III PARTICIPANTS -----~____ ----------------------------------
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A.
Selection Criteria -------------------------------
B.
Experiment Duration -------
16
C.
D.
Number of Participants -----
Volunteer Consent Form ---------------------------
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1. Personal Injuries --------------------------
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2. Emergency Response Program ------------------
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3. Insurance Coverage --------------------------
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F.
Debriefing Schedule
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2. Experiment Debriefing ------------------------
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3." Specific Debriefing Protocols ---------------
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V
ENVIRO
NMENT ---------------------------------------------
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REFERENCES
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APPENDIX A
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PROPOSED GRILL FLAME PROTOCOL: TASK II
PROPOSED DARCOM PROTOCOL FOR RESEARCH
ON REMOTE PERTURBATION TECHNIQUES
A. General
This protocol contains the procedure for DARCOM research on remote
perturbations. It is to remain in effect until the completion of Task
II. The term "remote perturbation (RP)" is used herein to signify an
intellectual/mental process by which a person perturbs remote sensitive
. ,t
apparatus or equipment. RP does not involve any electronic sensing
devices at, or focused on, the RP agent. No drugs, hypnosis, special
sensory (visual, auditory or olfactory) or proprioceptive stimuli,
liminal, or subliminal, electrical, or electromagnetic will be used in
this protocol.
1. Military Objective
It is the objective of this protocol to determine whether target-
ed sensitive electronic equipment can be perturbed as a result of RP
activity.
2. Military Applications
RP offers the potential for remote man/machine interactions
with computers, locks, switches, codes, and other sensitive or delicate
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mechanical or electronic apparatus, barred or held secure from ordinary
physical contact or intervention.
3. Approval History
Thd commander, U.S. Army Materiel Development and Readiness
Command (DARCOM) approved in principle the U.S. Army involvement in
what is now known as project GRILL FLAME in April 1978. In May 1978,
the Assistant' Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) accepted lead
responsibility for GRILL FLAME applications. Overall DoD responsibility
resides with the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
4. , Project Officers
The overall, responsible individuals for all aspects of the
project are Mr. Billy Jenkins, Missile Research and Development Command;
and Mr. John Kramer, Army Materiel System Analysis Agency.
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B. Data Base for RNG Experiments
2
In 1970, H. Schmidt'reported that he had observed significant
perturbations by psychoenergetic means, of an otherwise binary (0, 1)
random sequence that was derived from the beta decay of strontium 90 90Sr.
The binary sequence was produced by the random interruption of a high
90
speed binary electronic clock when an electron from the Sr decay was
detected. The sequence generation rate was approximately 1/s.
In this experiment individuals were asked to focus their atten-
tion on the electronic system by remote viewing the noise source, and
monitoring any effects that occurred by watching the random walk of a
display light feedback system. (A circular array of lights was used to
indicate the state of the interrupted clock by advancing the position of
the activated light clockwise for each logical "1" and counterclockwise
for each "0".)
resulting binary (0, l)_sequence was found to contain only 49.1% 1's.
-
Since the total sequence had a length of over 32,000 bits, the deficit
of l's was highly significant. The probability of such a result occurring
by chance is less than one in a thousand. Furthermore, during extensive
control runs when no individual was focusing his attention on the electronic -
hardware, the system performed according to the usual binomial statistic,
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and showed no statistical effect.- Appendix A contains the original paper
describing this experiment.
reported in the literature (see'Table 1). Of these, 35 reported signifi-
cant departure from'chance expectation, and none reported similar effects
during'control runs We Gan?summarize the data base generated in these
experiments as follows:
The generation rate extended from a few per second to
300 per second.
? The sequence lengths varied from 103 to 105 bits.
I
? Beta decay and thermal noise were used as sources of
randomness.
? The effects (deviation from 50% chance expectation)
were on the order of 1% to 5%.
? Control runs did not yield results which differ sig-
nificantly from chance expectation.
As an overall evaluation of the data base, it is unlikely that the apparent
RP effect is simply an artifact of selected reporting by the laboratories
involved; even if one were to assume that there were 10 unreported non-
significant experiments for each reported significant one, the entire
expanded data base would still show significant effects with odds against
chance of better than 2000:1.
3. Critique of Data-Base
There are, however, two characteristics of this data base which
pose problems. First, the effects are rarely stable with one individual's
RP effort,.the quoted results being averages over a number of individuals.
Secondly, the physical environment of the noise sources and associated
Total RNG Data ;Base
As of 1978, a total of 54 experiments of this type had been
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RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR EXPERIMENTS--DATA BASE
Author
(reference)
Comments
Level of
Significance
Schmidt (3)
Preliminary experiment
n.s.
Main experiment
0.00087
Schmidt (4)
1st cat series
0.016
2nd cat series
n.s.
1st roach series
0.0069
2nd roach series
1.2 X 10-4
Schmidt & Pantas (5)
Preliminary experiment
0.012
Series I
6.3 X 10-5
Series II
0.0093
Matas & Pantas (6)
0.0014
Andre (7)
Experiment I
0.11
Experiment II
0.009
Honorton & Barksdale (8)
Group series
0.034
Individual Ss
n.s.
Selected subject
3.4 X 10-6
Schmidt, (9)
Exploratory experiment,
5.6 X 10-6
Confirmatory experiment
2.1 X 10-8-
Bierman & Houtkeeper (10)
0.026
Schmidt (11)
Experiment I
Series 1
0.001
Series 2
0.001
Series 3
0.001
Experiment II
Real-time
0.05
Prerecorded
0.0005
Experiment III
n.s.
Stanford & Fox (12)
0.05
Stanford, et al (13)
0.0069
Braud, et al (14)
Experiment I -
0.002
Experiment II
0.05
Experiment III
n.s.
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Author
(reference)
i ' Comments
Level of
Significance
Honorton & May (15)
0.035
May & Honorton (16)
0.011
Millar & Broughton (17)
n.s.
Millar & Mackenzie (18)
n.s.
Millar (19)
n.s.
Honorton & Winnett (20)
Meditator
0.018
Winnett & Honorton (21)
Meditators
0.0024
Braud & Hartgrove (22)
Meditators
0.034
Broughton, et al (23)
n.s.
Braud (24)
i
Experiment 1
0.028
Experiment 2
0.022
Experiment 3
n.s.
Experiment 4
0.044
.Schmidt (25)
Expt. I (prerecorded)
0.00037
Expt. II (prerecorded)
n.s.
Terry & Schmidt (26)
Condition A
0.04
Condition B
n.s.
Jungerman & Jungerman (27)
Experiment 1
n.s.
Experiment 2
n.s.
Davis & Morrison (28)
Experiment 1
n.s.
Experiment 2
n.s.
New procedure
n.s.
Braud & Braud (29)
Experiment 1
n.s.
Fbk
0.05
No fbk
0.05
"Experiment 2 (no fbk)
0.05
electronics. was not discussed in any detail for any of the experiments, so
it is possible that some of the effects may be the result of normal and
possibly subtle electronic interference.
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We intend to address these two problems by first focusing our
attention upon a limited number (9 or less)jof participants who have shown
previous expertise as remote viewers. By using experienced remote viewers,
it is anticipated that we should observe an effect within this limited
number, rather than having to average over large numbers of individuals as
in the data base experiments: Also, by using more sensitive analysis
techniques than have been used previously, even a small effect can be
Secondly to assure ourselves that the noise sources are suffic-
iently free of even subtle (but normal) electronic nonrandomness, we intend
to use the rigorous construction and design techniques possible (battery
power, optically coupled signals, etc.) to isolate the sources from normal
environmental influences. Furthermore, the noise sources will be chosen
for their internal simplicity30 and thus may be amenable to realistic
mathematical modelling. Using the models, we are able to calculate by
.Monte Carlo techniques a noise source's dependence on various external
and internal physical parameters.
If it is possible to have a stable remote perturbation source and
detection system, no matter how small the effect, we would be able to
investigate the nature of this interaction in a most straightforward
manner. For example, distance effects could be accurately determined
simply by doing experiments as a function of participant/device separation
distance which in principal could range as far as interplanetary distances
if necessary. Shielding and other effects could be investigated by placing
the detection system in various environments. Most importantly, we could
investigate the relation (if any) between remote viewing and remote per-
turbation. Some relation might be expected-since in ordinary physical
interactions information about the state of a system can be obtained only
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by way of some interaction with the system, which in some cases is supplied
by the observer. We might therefore expect an observable dependence
between RV and RP under certain conditions.
D. 1 Technical Application
Using the proper analysis procedure, even a very small effect can be
made to operate a mentally-activated switch with arbitrarily high reliability.
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WE RUT
A. General
We intend to replicate the type of experiments that are represented
by the data base discussed in the previous section. These experiments are
to be carried out however, under conditions more rigorously controlled.
As with the, earlier experiments, our proposed experiments contain three
(1) Noise sources--$ decay, noise diode.
(2) Analysis and recording techniques--LSI-11, floppy-
disk-based microcomputer.
(3) Feedbank display--video system.
In this section we describe the assumptions and the independent and
dependent variables that are implied in such an experiment. This section
also contains an outline of the hardware and software components of the
complete random number generator system.
B. Assumptions
The characteristics of this hypothesized remote perturbation process
are completely unknown. The data base suggests that the putative effect
is quite small, so it is reasonable to make a few assumptions about our
,_analysis hardware (LSI-11 microcomputer), the
experiments: (1) the
recording device (floppy disk system), and the display devices (computer-
driven video monitors) are to first order assumed to be stable against
remote perturbation processes, the effect being assumed to be isolated
within the random noise sources exclusively (an assumption that can be
checked during the course of experimentation); (2) the source of the remote
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pertubation is assumed to be the human participant. Evidence to date
tends to support these assumptions.
C. Independent Variables
There are three primary independent variables that may be varied
during the course of the investigation:
(1) Participant/no participant..
i
(2) Source variation (beta decay, noise diode,
pseudo random).
(3) Feedback display variation.
D. ;Dependent Variables
There' is only one dependent variable, namely the output of the
statistical analysis of the binary bit stream derived from the noise
E. Aardware
An electronic instrument that is designed to be sensitive to remote
pertubation processes contains three basic elements: sources of randomness
an analysis capability, and a feedback mechanism. We propose to integrate
these components with our existing Digital Equipment Corporation LSI-11/2
microcomputer system. Figure 4 shows a block diagram for such a system.
1. Random Sources_
We will consider three types of random sources: an electronic
noise disk, a radioactive (beta) decay source, and a pseudo-random feed-
back shift register.-
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THERMAL
NOISE
ELECTRON
DECAY
SHIFT
REGISTER
16-BIT
LSI-11
COMPUTER
COLOR
GRAPHICS
FEEDBACK
GRAPHICS
TABLET
FIGURE 4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER-BASED INSTRUMENT DESIGNED TO BE
SENSITIVE TO REMOTE PERTURBATION PROCESSES
a. Electronic Noise Diode
In a preliminary design effort carried out in another
program, we have determined a suitable electronic noise diode. The diode,
first constructed by Haitz,30 is well understood from the quantum mechanical
point of view.
We propose to design a binary noise source derived from the
beta decay of carbon 14 (14C) and prometheum 147 (147Pr). We have chosen
these isotopes since they are 100% beta emitters with no competing decay
modes, and thus provide a simple radioactive decay spectrum. To insure
isolation from spurious power line transients we plan to use battery-operated
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surface barrier detector with charge-sensitive preamplifier and associated
shaping circuitry to produce the random binary noise signal. This and the
electronic noise source will. be optically coupled to the LSI-11.
To act as a control noise source we will optically: couple
a standard pseudo-random shift register to the LSI-11. The binary output
of such a device has the property that although the sequence meets a
number of criteria for randomness, the sequence is deterministic, once the
starting seed for the register is given.
The analysis and control portion of the system consists of an
i
existing project LSI-11 microcomputer. To obtain an input, the LSI-11
is programmed to sample one of the noise sources at a specified rate to
obtain its random bits. A sequence of such samples is tested by the LSI-11
for an excess or deficiency of l's on a continuous basis, using a sequential
analysis statistical technique. 31,32 The sequential-analysis technique
is an extremely efficient technique for determining whether the output of
the binary random generator contains a distribution of 0's and l's as
expected for an unperturbed source, or is distorted due to, say, RP influence.
The principal advantage of the sequential sampling technique as compared
with other methods is that, on average, fewer bits per final decision are
required (roughly 50%) for an equivalent degree of reliability.
Before we are able to detect that the random output of the
binary generator has been distorted, we must a priori define how much
distortion we require to conclude that there is an effect,. and what sta-
tistical risks we are willing to accept for making an incorrect decision
as to whether the disturbation under consideration is indeed distorted.
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To meet these criteria sequential analysis requires the specification of
four parameters to determine from which of two binomial distributions
under consideration (distorted or undistorted) a data sample belongs.
The four parameters are: p 0 , the fraction of l's expected. in an undistorted
distribution (e.g., 50%); pl, the fraction of l's assigned a priori to
define a distorted distribution (e.g., 60%); a, the a priori assigned
acceptable probability for concluding that the random source is perturbed
(p1 distribution) when in fact it is not perturbed, i.e., the correct
distribution is the p one (Type I error); 0, the a priori assigned
acceptable probability for concluding that the random source is unperturbed
(po distribution) when in fact it is perturbed (p1 distribution), i.e.,
the correct distribution is the pl one (Type II error). With the parameters
thus specified, the sequential sampling procedure provides for construction
of a decision graph as shown in Figure 5, The decision graph gives a
rule of procedure for making one of three possible decisions following the
sampling of each bit: continue sampling before making a decision (Region
I in Figure 5); label the sequence as undistorted; label the sequence as
distorted (Region III).
Sampling rules can be defined for the nth sample:
(1) Sample the binary sequence
(2) Sum the numbers of l's to date
(3) If the sum of l's lies in Region I then
do Step (1).
(4) If the sum lies in Region II, stop the run, .
concluding that the binary sequence is derived
from-the'-undistorted po distribution.
(5) If the sum lies in Region III, stop the run,
concluding that the binary sequence is derived
from the distorted pl distribution.
Utilization of the above statistical procedure permits analysis of the
binary noise sequence for excess l's or 0's by the most efficient technique
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SAMPLES
FIGURE 5 IF THE ACCUMULATED.. NUMBER OF 1's ENTERS REGION III, THE SEQUENCE
IS ACCEPTED AS PERTURBED --if it enters Region 11, the sequence is accepted as
unperturbed, and no decision is made while the accumulated number of is remains
in Region 1.
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3. Display
The feedback display to the participant consists of two inde-
pendent color video channels. The output from the computer analysis of
the binary bit stream will "drive" some interesting aspect of the video
image. The second channel may be connected to a video recorder for later
off-line analysis.
4. Hardware Redundancy
Using a computer system such as the one described above as a
possible detector of remote perturbation, it is important to have as much
hardware redundancy as possible. Particularly in the areas of data
recording and feedback display. As was stated above, the most likely
assumptions for experiments of this type are that the recording and
display hardware are stable with respect to remote perturbation processes.,,
It is possible to examine partially the validity of these assumptions with
suitable hardware redundancy. We plan to record the raw noise data prior
to analysis, and to record the feedback display on video tape during the
experiment, using the second channel of the display facility. After the
participant has left the area, a comparison can be made between the actual
display during the experiment and the display which is now generated from
the recorded raw data of the experiment. If there is a disagreement, we
are able to isolate the pertubation to the analysis display (as opposed
to source) hardware. An agreement between the two displays is an indica-
tion that the initial assumptions are valid.
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A. Selection Criteria
Missile Research and'Development Command (MIRADCOM), Army Materiel''
System Analysis Agency (AMSAA), and SRI International have individuals
who are presently, or have past experience in, participating in remote
viewing experiments. The MIRADCOM and AMSAA participants` are government
employees. The SRI participants are consultants or members of the SRI
staff-and will work'if selected in a contractural arrangement. Only
those individuals who indicate a positive desire to participate, after
familiarization with the remote perturbation experiments and procedures,
will be accepted into the RP program. An information and consent form is
included below (Section D).
In addition-to willingness to participate, special attention will be
paid to enlisting the support and participation of those subjects who have
already demonstrated ability in the area of remote viewing.
B. Experiment Duration
The total duration of the investigation is 6 months. Experiment
sessions will take place during the normal work week and will not exceed
1/2 hour length each. There will be no more than 2 sessions per day,
one in the mo-rnin-gafi4,one in the afternoon.
C. Number of Participants
We plan to seek only experienced remote viewers to participate in this
investigation, and we expect to work with no more than nine individuals.
All participants are to be in general good health, as determined by a
standard employment physical examination.
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E TO FOREIGN
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I, SSN
having attained my eighteenth (18th) birthday, and otherwise having full
capacity to consent, do hereby volunteer to participate in this program to
determine the nature, and possible applications of inherent psychic abilities.
The following items have been explained to me by,
and are set forth on the reverse side of this agreement, which I have
initialed.
a. The .nature, duration, purposes, and expected benefits of. the
program in which I will be participating.
b. The methods and means by which the program is to be conducted;
any methods and means that are experimental will be identified as such.
c. The inconveniences, hazards, discomforts, risks or other effects
on my health or person which may possibly come from my participation in the
program.
d. The alternative procedures, if any, that might be employed to
protect or further my health and well-being. I have been given an oppor-
to ask questions concerning this project and any such questions have
tunity
been answered to my full and complete satisfaction. I understand that I
may at any time during the course of this project revoke my consent and
withdraw from the study without prejudice; however, I may be requested to
undergo certain further examinations, if, in the opinion of a qualified
physician, such examinations are necessary for my health or well-being.
(Name) (Date)
I was present during the explanation referred to above, as well as the
volunteer's opportunity for questions, and hereby witness his signature.
I am not involved in the program in any way.
(Name)
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1. Explanation of the Experiments. The purpose of these experiments
is to determine the extent to which a person is able to mentally perturb or
affect sensitive electronic equipment. In this case a random number gener-
ator will control a variety of different video displays generated by a small
computer. Your interaction with the computer is to be by mental means
alone. You will be asked to try to make changes in the video display; or,
in biofeedback terminology, to use passive volition to produce the desired
change. We are naming this interaction between a person and a remote system
remote perturbation,;or RP for short. We are endeavoring to both foster and
understand these abilities. i
In the course of these experiments, no drugs, hypnosis, psychopharma-
cological agents of any kind or.subliminal stimulation will be used.
:{
2. Explanation of the Procedures. You will be asked to sit'in a cotn-
fortably appointed environment on Redstone Arsenal(see Figure 6). -A video
display will be present which you may attend to if you wish. In the course
of a half-hour session, a number of electronically controlled runs will be
carried out,-in which you will be asked to try to cause a change'on the
video monitor, by an act of will. You will receive immediate feedback, if
you wish, to assist you in gaining conscious control over the remote per- --
turbation abilities we are examining. You will be asked to participate in
no more than one half-hour session in the morning, and, one half-hour session
in the afternoon. At any time you may decline to take part in either
session, without prejudice to your continued participation in the program. 04
3. Description of Reasonably-Expected Inconveniences, Hazards,
Discomfort, Risks, or Other Effects. There is no known evidence for any
adverse effects or risks associated with participation in research of this
type., Investigations such as these have been carried out in laboratories
for almost a hundred years in the United States and England, and there is
no record of any type of hazard or discomfort to a participating subject.
4. Description of Any Alternative Procedure that Might be Employed
to Protect the Subject's Health. There is no known risk to protect against.
5. Description of Alternative Advantages to the Volunteer. He has
opportunity to gain conscious control over otherwise latent or unconscious
processes within himself.
6. Questions Posed by Volunteer--and Answers. (To be filled in.)
Volunteer w,'_1l initial end-of each of the above paragraphs.
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E. Medical Facilities-
1. Personal Injuries or Illnesses
General
When accidents occur involving personal injuries to project
members or, subjects, or1 when a project member or subject experiences a
sudden onset of illness, the supervisor shall:
.(1)
Ensure that the project member or subject receives first aid
and medical care immediately;
(2) If the accident or illness is serious enough to warrant addi-
tional assistance, dial 6-5854 for the emergency room, Fox
Army Hospital, Redstone Arsenal, and, if necessary, 6-6110
for ambulance service to the hospital;
(3) Investigate the accident or illness, and prepare in duplicate
an Accident/Illness Investigation Report. This report must be
submitted to the Project Manager or his designee the
same day. The Project Manager will sign the report
and forward the original to Occupational Health, Bldg 7110,
Redstone Arsenal, AL 35809.
Medical Assistance in Case of Injury
The Fox Army Hospital, Redstone Arsenal, has been designated to
handle accident and illness cases occurring on-post at Redstone Arsenal.
The emergency room service is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Emergency Response Program
The Project Manager, or his designated alternate, is responsible
for the preparation of the Emergency Program and the coordination of all
emergency activities. He has complete authority to take whatever action
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 Approved For Rel A-RDP96-00788R002000230006-0
is necessary to protect human life or property in time of an emergency.
Procedure
In the event of, and depending on the type of emergency, the
person involved will as soon as practical:
(1) Dial117 for Fire Department j j
(2) Dial16-6110 for ambulance service
.(3) Dial 6-5854 for Medical Officer of the Day (Foxy Army Hospital)
(4) While waiting for assistance and
(a) if the injured person is bleeding profusely, the first alder
should try to stop the flow of blood (e.g., direct pressure
should be applied over the wound, and if necessary a tourniquet
should be applied);
(b) if the injured or ill person is not breathing, the first aider
should apply mouth-to-mouth resuscitation or whatever method he is
most familiar with, in order to revive the injured person as soon
as possible; .
(c) if the injured or ill person is suffering from shock, he or she
should be wrapped or covered with a blanket.
Emergency on post ambulance service may be obtained on a 24-hour basis.
A driver and attendant will be pre's'ent with each ambulance. These personnel
will be familiar with and capable of operating the emergency life saving
japparatus installed-in he. ambulance.
3. Insurance Coverage
Medical and Disability Benefits. Participants in the Remote
Viewing activities will fall into three classes; with resulting differ-
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 Approved For Release
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ences in their insurance coverage.
SRI Employees (California). Their participation in the project
will be as part of their employment at SRI. Therefore, if they sustain
any injury or illness as a result of their participation in the project,
they would by entitled to the benefits of Worker's Compensation Insurance,
as prescribed by the State of California. These bnefits include, full
medical treatment, reimbursement for lost wages (subject to statutory
a
limitations)i, and awards for permanent disability if any.
U.S. ' Government Employees. Their participation would be in the
course of their employment with the U.S. Government, and so they would be
entitled to the federal equivalent of Worker's Compensation Insurance
benefits.
04
Individual Consultants. As independent contractors, consultants
would not be covered by Worker's Compensation Insurance, nor would they
be covered by any of the insurance benefits available to SRI employees
or government employees. They would have to look to.their own personal
insurance for protection.
F. Debriefing Schedule
1. Session Debriefing
At the end of each experimental session, the subject will be
given all the data available pertaining to that group of trials. Any
statistical significance or lack thereof will also be clearly explained to
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2. Experiment Debriefing.
At the conclusion of experimental testing, a final unclassified
report will be prepared, summarizing all results from the experiment,
together with any conclusions or scientific findings that may have come
out of the study. The report will be given to each participating subject.
Finally, any remaining questions that the subjects may have about the
experiment will be answered.
1 3. Specific Debriefing Protocols
We do not anticipate that participation in these experiments
will have any effect on the day-to-day life of the subjects. This study
Lt
ishpurely intellectual activity, and we believe that the debriefing
provided by the final technical report will be a suitable termination
of the experiment for the -subject.
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 Approved For Release-2q9 0 CIA-RDP96-00788ROO2000230006-0
IV INVESTIGATION ANALYSIS CRITERIA
The first 4 months of the investigation will be used as a pilot
period during which the, participants will familiarize themselves with
the experiment and explore various techniques in a learning mode. This
period will also be used to optimize the device parameters. During the
final two months of the investigation, each participant will be asked
to contribute 100 runs. Using the analysis described above, we will
determine the number of runs that had odds against chance expectation
of greater than 20:1. If this total number of runs is greater than
10 (the number required by exact binomial calculation to meet odds
against chance of greater than 20:1) then we will declare that partici-
pant to have a significant result. To assess whether the entire investi-
gation is significant, we shall combine the results of the six participants
using standard statistical procedures. 33
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V ENVIRONMENT
The laboratory in which these experiments will be conducted is
located on Redstone Arsenal, Alabama.
The room to be used for this work is a comfortable, carpeted, air-
conditioned environment. It is lit by a combination of fluorescent and
incandescent fixtures in the ceiling. There is a couch, an easy chair,
and two tables. The.computer graphics terminal stands on one of these
tables. The participant will be seated on a conventional reclining swivel
 Approved For Release 2001/04/02 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000230006-0
1. H. E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Physics, Entropy, and Psychokinesis,"
Proc. 23rd Annual International Conference, Quantum Physics and
Parapsychology, Geneva, Switzerland (August 1974).
2. H. Schmidt, "A PK Test with Electronic Equipment," J. Parapsychology,
Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 175-181 (cYptember 1970).
3. H. Schmidt, J. Parapsychology, Vol. 34, p 175 (1970).
4. H.-Schmidt, J. Parapsychology, Vol. 34, p. 255 (1970).
5. H. Schmidt and L. Pantas, J. Parapsychology, Vol. 36, p. 222 (1972).
6. F. Matas and L. Pantas, Proc. Parapsychol. Assn., Vol. 8, p. 12 (1971).
7. E. Andre, J. Parapsychology, Vol. 36, p. 283 (1972).
S. C. Honorton and W. Barksdale, J. Amer. Soc. Psychical Research,
Vol. 66, p. 208 (1972).
9. H. Schmidt, J. Parapsychology, Vol. 37, p. 105 (1973).
10. D. J. Bierman and J. M. Houtkeeper, European J. Parapsychology,
Vol. 1, p. 3 (1975).
11. H. Schmidt, J. Amer. Soc. Psychical Research, Vol. 70, p. 267 (1976).
12. R. G. Stanford and C. Fox, Research in Parapsychology 1974, Vol. 61
13. R. G. Stanford, R. Zenhausern, A. Taylor, and M. Dwyer,.J. Amer. Soc.
Psychical Research, Vol. 69, p. 127 (1975).
14. W. G. Braud, G. Smith, K. Andrew, and S. Willis, Research in Para-
psychology 1975, Vol. 85.
15. C. Honorton and E. C. May, Research in Parapsychology 1975, Vol. 90.
16. E. C. May and C; Honorton, Research in Parapsychology 1975, Vol. 88.
-25-
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 ? Approved For R
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i Research in Prapsychology-1975-, Vol. 83.
17. B.I~illar and R. Broughton,
Research in Parapsychology 19761 Vol. 23.
18. B. Millar and J. Mackenzie,
Assoc. Meeting 1977.
. B. Millar , Parapsychology
19.
Research in Parapsychology , Vol. 97
C. Bonorton and R. Winnett,
Research in parapsychology 1976., Vol' 95-
21. R. Winnett and C. Honorton, 1977.
G. Braud and J. Hartgrove, Parapsychology Assoc. Meeting
22. W. 1977, Vol. 41.
Research in ParaPSYc---
23. R. Broughton, et al,
Assoc. Meeting 1976.
Parapsychology
w. G. Braud,
24.
25.
Research in Parapsychology 1977.
H. Schmidt, 36
Vol.
1977
26.
,
Research in Parapsychology
J. Terry and H. Schmidt, Vol. 157.
logy 1977,
h
o
Research n Parapsyc
i
27
J. Jungerman and R. Jungerman,
163.
Vol
.
28.
.
s chology 1977,
J. Davis and R. Morrison, Research in Parap Y
Vol. 135.
1977
29.
,
I,? W. Braud,and W. G. Braud, Research in Parapsychology
Diodes
30.
with Avalanch
" Controlled Noise Generation wi342-346
R. H. Haiti, Vol. ED-13, No. 3, pP?
Electron Devices,
on
IEEE Transaction
(March 1966)? New York
Sequential Analysis, Dover Publications, Inc.,
31. A. Wald,
(1973)" John Wiley
and Mathematical Statistics,
32. M. FiSZ, Probability Theory
& Sons, Inc., pp. 584-611, New York (1973).
ies,11.Psvchological
"Combining Results of independent Stu(
33. R. Rosenthal, 1, pp? 155-193.
Vol. 85., No.
Bulleti 1978,
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Appendix A
A PK TEST WITH ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
by H. Schmidt
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'The Joux'naJ of
P .ra+p s rchO1og V
SEPTEMBER 1970
NUMBER 3
A PK TEST WITH ELECT
By HELMUT SCHMIDT
ABSTRACT: The subjects in this research were tested fore their number g nc
ability by means of an electronic apparatus made up of
erator (RNG) connected with a display panel. The RNG produced random se-
quences of two numbers which were determined by a simple quantum process
(the decay of radioactive strontium-90 nuclei). essential aspect of the display
panel was a circle of nine lamps which lighted one at a time in the which kpthe
(+1) direction or the counterclockwise (-1) direction depending
clockwise or cothe RNG produced. The subject's unterclockwise motion and try by P k to make thec light l proceed was to in that direction s" of the light, and there were four runs
One run was made up of 128 "jump
per session. In a preliminary series of 216 runs, the 18 and e subjects had a negative
expected to give negative
deviation of 129 hits. Accordingly, the main series was escores, and a negative attitude was encouraged among the subjects. Fifteen sub-
jects carried out 256 runs, with a significant negative deviation of 302 hits
(p = .001). experiment and was
The RNG was checked for randomness throughout the found to be adequate Ed.
In previous work (4, 5) the author was able to get significant ev-
idence of precognition in which the testing apparatus was an elec-
tronic device based on a simple quantum process. The present
experiment was an attempt to get significant evidence of psychoki-
nesis by the use of a similar apparatus.
The basic part of the apparatus was a binary random number
generator which produced the numbers "+1" and "-1" in random
sequence, and the general objective was to have the subjects try to
mentally influence the generator to produce one of the two numbers
more frequently than the other.
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176 The Journal of Parapsychology
The most easily available random generators, which have been
used in many PK experiments, are a rolled die and a flipped coin.
In comparison with these, an electronic random generator, the op-
eration of which most of the subjects cannot understand, may at first
thought seem psychologically unfavorable. Results of experiments
with complex targets (3, p. 142), however, suggest that PK is goal
9 oriented in the sense that results can be obtained by concentrating
on the goal only, no matter how complicated the intermediate' steps
may seem to the rationalizing mind. A definite advantage of an elec-
tronic apparatus is chat it permits a psychologically challenging for-
mulation of the goal. In the present experiment the random number
generator (RNG) was connected with a display panel showing a
circle of nine lamps. One lamp was lit at a time, and each generated
"+1" or "--1" caused the light to jump one step in the clockwise
or counterclockwise direction, respectively. The subjects were not
asked to try to force the generator to produce more +1's than -I's
but, rather, to force the light on the panel to make more jumps in
one direction or the other. Both tasks are certainly equivalent, but
the latter seems psychologically much more appealing to most sub-
jects.
A further obvious advantage of electronic test equipment is that
the detailed results can be automatically recorded and evaluated and
that one can work, if desired, at high speeds.
The particular type of random generator used here was chosen
partly for practical and partly for theoretical reasons. The sequence
in which the random numbers are produced is determined by simple
quantum processes, the decays of radioactive strontium-90 nuclei.
The electrons emitted in this decay trigger a Geiger counter, and
the random times at which electrons are registered at the Geiger
counter decide the generated numbers. Practically, the generator is
easy to build, and the randomness of the generated numbers has
been found to be very good. Furthermore, the simplicity of the gen-
erator allows a complete theoretical discussion (6) of its random-
ness properties,;,and in addition, one* can say fairly well at which
point the random element in the number generation comes in. The
generator is essentially deterministic except for the random decay
times of the nuclei.
The use of simple quantum jumps to provide randomness is, for
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A PK Test with Electronic Equipment 177
the theorist, a rather natural choice, since these processes are as-
sumed by physicists to be nature's most elementary source of
randomness, and some psi tests utilizing quantum processes have
already been reported (1, 2). Certainly, the outcome of a die throw
is also largely determined by microscopic quantum processes. The
thermal vibrations of the surface and the air fluctuations at an atomic.
level co-determine the generated die face. The process in this case
is much more complicated, however, since many more factors con-
tribute to the end result.
The test equipment consisted of a binary random number gen-
erator and a display panel.
Random Number Generator
The RNG, which was similar to the one described in connection
with earlier precognition experiments (4, 5, 6), can produce se-
quences of binary random numbers of any specified length. Electrons
emitted by the strontium-90 decay trigger a Geiger counter and the
momentary position of a binary high frequency counter at the time
of the electron registration determines whether a "+1" or a "-1"
is generated.
The numbers of electrical pulses produced on the +1 output
and the -1 output are recorded by two electromechanical reset
counters, and the complete sequence of generated numbers is recorded
on paper punch tape.
Randomness Tests
Because of the simplicity of the circuitry, the degree of random-
ness to be expected of the RNG can be discussed in detail (6) and
it can be shown to be much greater than required by the experiment.
The electronic circuitry is designed so that variations in the
characteristics of the components cannot impair the randomness. In
order to guard.against any gross malfunctions, the proper electronic
operation was tested frequently. Furthermore, the randomness of
the generated number sequence was tested experimentally. For this
purpose, a sequence of four million numbers, generated on many
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178 The Journal of Parapsychology
different days, was recorded on paper tape. Then for the whole se
quence the numbers N+, N- of generated +1's and -l's were
counted and were found to be consistent with randomness, as was
the total number of flips (F) ; i.e., events where a +1 was followed
by a -1 or vice versa. The same procedure was applied to the 400
number sequences obtained by cutting the whole sequence into
blocks of 10,000 numbers each. A goodness-of-fit test verified that
the 400 values for +1 and -1, and the 400 values for F were con-
sistent with their expected normal distribution.
Display Panel
In testing with this apparatus, the two above-mentioned counters
for the numbers of generated +1's and -l's could serve as the only
display, i.e., the (visual) focusing point toward which the subject
could have directed his PK efforts. In this case, the subject might
try to enforce mentally on the +1 counter a higher number of counts
than on the -1 counter. It seemed desirable, however, to use a psy-
chologically more stimulating display in the form of a panel with
nine lamps arranged in a circle and connected to the RNG by a 30-
foot long cable. One of the nine lamps was lighted at a time ; and
each time the RNG produced a signal, the light advanced one step
in the clockwise or the counterclockwise direction according to
whether the signal came to the +1 or the -1 output. Thus the light
performed a "random walk" among the nine lamps. Rather than di-
rect his PK toward the counters, then, the subject generally tried
to "will" the light on the display panel to - advance in an overall
clockwise motion.
Some of the subjects, however, preferred to force the light in
the counterclockwise direction. For them the two signal wires from
the RNG to the display panel were interchanged by flipping a switch
on the display panel so that a count on the +1 counter was displayed
as a jump of the light in the counterclockwise direction. Thus, for
all subjects, a jump of the lamp in the preferred direction, whether-
clockwise or counterclockwise, was registered on the +1 counter.
TEST PROCEDURE
The subjects in this experiment were members of the Institute
for parapsychology plus a few visitors. During a test session, the
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A PK Test with Electronic Equipment 179
subject sat in a dark closet with the display panel in front of him.
The RNG and .the experimenter were stationed in the room outside
the closet.
Each testing session comprised 4 runs of 128 counts (steps in
the random walk). A run took approximately two minutes. The
machine stopped automatically after the one hundred and twenty-
eighth count. There were short breaks, mostly between one-half arF4,,
two minutes, between the runs.
At the beginning of each run, the subject, having decided in
which direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) he wanted to in-
fluence the light to go, set a switch on the panel accordingly. Then
the experimenter turned on the start switch, causing the RNG to
generate 128 random numbers. At the end of each run, the experi-
menter recorded the readings of the +1 counter and -1 counter.
The correctness of the counter readings was later checked with the
sequence of generated numbers recorded on the paper punch tape.
From the experimenter's point of view, the subject's goal was
always to produce a high number of +1 counts. From the subject's
viewpoint the equivalent goal was to influence the light in the di-
rection desired and indicated by the position of the switch on the
display' panel.
The subject was permitted to flip the switch during the course
of a run so as to change the direction in which he wanted the hits
displayed, but only a few subjects actually took advantage of the op-
portunity. With this arrangement, the subject could have had the
impression that he was doing a test in precognition (by setting the
switch in the direction in which he thought the light would move
on the next jump) while he was actually doing a PK test.
There were 18 subjects in the preliminary series and they carried
out a total of 54 sessions, each subject contributing from one to
seven sessions.
The total score was a negative deviation of 129 hits below
chance expectation out of 216 runs; CR = 1.55. These results in-
dude one subject who obtained a high positive score of 52 hits above
chance in 16 runs (CR = 2.3).
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180 The Journal of Parapsychology
MAIN SERIES
It was expected on the basis of the preliminary results that by
leaving out the one high-scoring subject, an overall significantly
negative score would be obtained in the main series. In order to em-
phasize the negative scoring, some subjects were asked to associate
feelings of pessimism: and failure with the experiment. The more
negative-scoring subjects were used more frequently, and a few
new subjects were allowed to contribute only after preliminary tests
had suggested a negative scoring tendency.
The total length of the experiment was set in advance at 64 ses-
sions of four runs each. It was not determined in advance, however,
how many sessions each individual subject should contribute. Alto-
gether there were 15 subjects and they contributed between one and
10 sessions each.
Although the proper randomness of the generator had been tested
extensively, as mentioned before, a further safeguard against a pos-
sible bias of the generator was introduced. After the first half of the
confirmatory test was completed the two outputs of the generator
were internally interchanged. Thus, even a constant bias in the gen-
erator could not have caused the total significant score to be reported.
A total of 256 runs in this part of the experiment yielded a neg-
ative deviation of 302 hits (CR = 3.33; P < .001, two-tailed). Of
the 64 sessions, 46 gave below-chance scores, 15 above-chance scores,
and three were just at chance level (CR = 4.0). Of the 256 runs,
147 were below chance, 92 above chance, and 17 at chance level
(CR = 3.55). These three CR values are certainly not independent,
but they do emphasize the consistency of the results.
A post hoc analysis of the data showed two types of decline
effect : more negative scoring in the second half of each.run than
in the first; and more negative scoring in the second half (the third
and fourth runs) of each session than in the first half (first two
runs). The decline results, however, are suggestive rather than sta-
tistically significant-
Deviation for pooled first half of the run: -91
Deviation for pooled second half of the run: -211
Deviation for the pooled first half of the session: -83
Deviation for the pooled second half of the session:-219
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A PK Test with Electronic Equipment 181
' DlscussloN
The result of the experiment shows that the binary random num-
ber generator had no bias for generation of +1's or -l's as long as it
was left unattended (in the randomness tests) but that it displayed a
significant bias when the test subjects concentrated on the display
panel, wishing for an increased generation rate of one number.
The experiment has been discussed in terms of ?K, but in prin-
ciple the result could certainly also be ascribed to precognition on
the part of the experimenter or the subject. Since the sequence of
generated numbers depended critically on the time when the test
run began, and since the experimenter, in consensus with the sub-
ject decided when to flip the start switch, precognition might have
prompted experimenter and subject to start the run at a time which
favored scoring in a certain direction.
If the PK interpretation is appropriate, the results imply the
action of PK at some distance, since the generator was- separated
from the subject by a wall and only the display panel was close to .
the subject.
REFERENCES
1. BELOFF. J., and EVANS, L. A radioactivity test of psychokinesis. J.
Soc. psych. Res., 1961, 41, 41-46.
2. CHAUVIN, R., and GENTHON, J. Eine Untersuchung caber die Mog-
lichkeit psychokinetischer Experimente mit Uranium und'Geigerzahler
[An investigation of the possibility of PK experiments with ura-
nium and a Geiger counter). Zeitschrift fur Parapsychologie and
Grenzgebiete der Psychologie, 1965, 8, 140-47.
3. RHINE, L. E. Mind Over Matter. New York: Macmillan, 1970.
4. SCHMIDT, H. Anomalous prediction of quantum processes by some
human subjects. Document D1-82-0821 (1969). Boeing Scientific
Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washing-ton. Available from Clear-
ing House, U.S. Dept. Commerce, Springfield, Va.
5. ScnMmT, H. Precognition of a quantum process. J. Parapsychol.,
1969, 33, 99-108.
6. SCHMIDT, H. Quantum-mechanical random-number generator. J.
app. Physics, 1970, 41 (No. 2), 462-68.
In.rtitute for Parapsychology
College Station
Durham, N. C. 27708
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