RESEARCH APPROACHES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 24
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 1, 1998
• Sequence Number: 6
• Content Type: OUTLINE

Approved Fc-r lease 2001/03/07 CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
RESEARCH APPROACHES
A. Characteristics, Analysis, and Theory
1. Characteristics
a. Remote Viewing Reliability Enhancement
b.. Role of Feedback in Remote Viewing
c. Role of Consciousness (Computer-Controlled Experiments)
d. Tracking of Targets in Motion
e. Measurement of Accuracy as a Function of Repetition Role
2. Analysis
3. Mechanisms
a. Theoretical Studies
b, ELF Experiments
c, Subject-Induced Equipment Perturbation Effects
1. Strain Gauge Experiments
2. Random Number Generator Experiments
3, Magnetometer Experiments
E. Psychophysiological Correlates
1. Physiological Measures of PSI-Conducive States
2. Environmental Factors
a, Altered States of Consciousness; Special Environments
b. Examine the Part Played by the Experimenter
Educational Procedures
a. Screening
b. Training
INCLOSURE 5
Approved For Release 1103/ 2 YClb-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved Fc-r lease 2001/03/07 CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
RESEARCH APPROACHES
A. Characteristics, Analysis, and Theory
1. Characteristics
a. Remote Viewing Reliability Enhancement
b.. Role of Feedback in Remote Viewing
c. Role of Consciousness (Computer-Controlled Experiments)
d. Tracking of Targets in Motion
e. Measurement of Accuracy as a Function of Repetition Role
2. Analysis
3. Mechanisms
a. Theoretical Studies
b, ELF Experiments
c, Subject-Induced Equipment Perturbation Effects
1. Strain Gauge Experiments
2. Random Number Generator Experiments
3, Magnetometer Experiments
E. Psychophysiological Correlates
1. Physiological Measures of PSI-Conducive States
2. Environmental Factors
a, Altered States of Consciousness; Special Environments
b. Examine the Part Played by the Experimenter
Educational Procedures
a. Screening
b. Training
INCLOSURE 5
Approved For Release 1103/ 2 YClb-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
RESEARCH APPROACHES
Objective
A comprehensive program is proposed. that is based on information
derived from SRI experimentation and the documented work of others.
The goals of the program are twofold:
To establish the repeatability of the psychoenergetic process
and the statistics that govern its usefulness for various
applications
To determine the underlying physical characteristics of the
channel, such as bit rate, channel capacity, and resolution
potential.
A. Characteristics, Analysis, and Theory
1. Characteristics
a. Remote Viewing Reliability Enhancement (Coding)
One of the most successful psychoenergetic processes is the
remote viewing of target locations demarcated by some means, such
as the presence at the site of an individual known to the "viewer".
Unfortunately, this process--which works so well--results in narrative
description that is difficult to assess in a quantitative manner.
In order to utilize the remote sensing phenomena as a too] to
investigate the physical and psychological parameters of
psychoenergetic processes, it is important to establish optimum
analysis (judging) procedures, Because experiments are designed with
the goal of varying specific parameters, such as subject shielding
or the necessity of feedback, the analysis or judging procedure
must be as rapid as possible, while retaining objectivity, if
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
immediate feedback to both subject and experimenters is to be provided.
A judging procedure will be established and experiments will be
carried out to evaluate the proposed judging procedure. If successful,
such a procedure will provide information on subject reliabilities
with respect to various categories of response, and will thus be useful
in assessing channel reliability.
b. Role of Feedback in Remote Viewing
In past programs two series of experiments have been conducted with
experienced remote viewing subjects to determine the effects of
withholding feedback. Both of these series failed to give a single
successful outcome in the no-feedback condition. This result offers
strong evidence that feedback is an essential element for successful.
remote viewing, whether the reasons be psychological or physical. The
next appropriate series of experiments with these normally successful
subjects is to intermix, on a random schedule, feedback and no-feedback
trails, to eliminate any effect of psychological expectation that a
subject might have with regard to a given trail being carried out
without feedback. If again no success is found in trials without feedback
while the subjects continue to demonstrate successful remote viewing
in those experiments with feedback, this would indicate that there
was some substantive, perhaps physical, basis for the effect.of feedback
on the experiments.
c. Role of Consciousness (Computer-Controlled Experiments)
If it should turn out that the subjects under the conditions of
the previous experiment exhibit success in remote viewing independently
of the feedback condition, then a further experimental series would be
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
carried out to define more precisely the role played by feedback. In this
cast: a subject would be asked to describe pictorial material presented
by a distant slide projector. (Experiments were carried out in a
pilot study and were found to be successful.)
.The outcome of experiments of this type is important with regard
to assessing the reliability of information obtained under conditions
in which feedback is minimal. As a side benefit, the protocol as
outlined can yield information as to resolut'on (depending on size of
slide and
projection) enhancement factors associated with the presence
or absence of individuals knowledgeable of the target. Finally, the
data obtained provide for evaluation of the feasibility of using slide
targets as a medium for a practical communication system. If the use
of slide targets is successful, a standard demonstration experiment
would be developed so that the communications system could be observed
by outside evaluation teams.
d. Tracking of Targets in Motion
It has been pointed out by several sources that some operators of
fire-control radar displays can continue to make correct judgements
even when their scope is "white" with chaff and jamming. The conjecture
is that they either obtain subliminal information that the untrained
observer cannot see, or that there is a paranormal component to their
perception
An attractive way to investigate this phenomena with regard to the
paranormal hypothesis would be to generate a CRT display showing clouds
with a superimposed grid. An invisible target airplane can be programmed
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
to circumnavigate the display in a randomly-determined manner. The
task of the operator would be to activate a light-pen gun over the
square where he senses the plane to be, at which time the plane's
location is made visible for a short feedback interval. This
computer-controlled game would test, record, and provide immediate
feedback to the user. If tracking of this nature is a learnable skill,
the protocol of feedback and immediate reinforcement should allow learning
to take place.
e . Measurement of Accuracy as a Function of Repetition Rate
The rate at which trails in a paranormal experiment are conducted
appears to strongly affect the success of the experiment. The success
of subjects increases in direct proportion to the-time between
experiments. From data including card guessing, remote viewing, and
picture drawing experiments; the common finding suggests that if the
targets are presented too rapidly in time, a temporal contamination
of neighboring stimuli occurs. In the annals of psychical research
this has been called displacement. A typical example is afforded
by repetitious slide experiments in which a subject gives an excellent
description of a remote slide that has not yet been illuminated, or a
description of one which has been illuminated but not yet shown to
the subjects thereby missing the real-time target. A corollary is
that. displacement phenomena must be inhibited for successful real-time
psychaenergetic functioning.. to occur.
Tart has a theoretical explanation for this effect, which he. draws
from conventional physiology.1 He calls this phenomenon "Trans-Temporal
Inhibition," and offers the following explanation:
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release.2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
Trans-Temporal Inhibition
"What I am postulating, then, is an active inhibition of the
precognitively and post-cognitively gained information about immediate
future and immediate past, in order to enhance the detectability of
ESP information about real-time events. Since this inhibition extends
over time, I have named this phenomenon trans-temporal inhibition.
Except for the unusual features of extending over time rather
than space, trans-temporal inhibition is analogous to a widely used
information processing strategy in the nervous system called lateral
inhibition. This is a general phenomenon of a highly stimulated
receptor sending out inhibitory impulses to receptor endings laterally/
spatially adjacent to it, thus suppressing their initially weaker
output, unless they are also strongly stimulated by an appropriate
stimulus. It amounts to an edge detection process. To illustrate:
If you press on your skin with a sharply pointed object, not only is
the touch receptor immediately under the point strongly stimulated, but,
because of the mechanical deformation of the skin, receptors laterally
adjacent to the point are also stimulated, although less intensely.
The neural impulses resulting at the first stage of detection, then,
would be most intense immediately under the stimulated point, but fairly
intense on each side of it, gradually tapering off, producing a neural
signal pattern suggesting a blunt, rounded stimulating object, rather
than a point. The most stimulated receptor under the point, however,
sends out inhibitory impulses suppressing the weaker (less frequent)
impulses from the laterally adjacent receptors, and so recovering a
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
pattern indicating point stimulation further on in the nervous system.
The phenomenon of trans-temporal inhibition, then, suggests that a
generally useful information processing. procedure is also operative for
psychoenergetics.
In order to investigate this conjecture, the results of experimentation
under way for other purposes would be analyzed for the displacement
phenomenon as a function of inter-experiment temporal spacing.
2 Analysis
In remote viewing experiments, the final output is typically a tape
recording and a written transcript, in which the subject relates his
perceptions and experiences with respect to the remote site that he
is attempting to describe. It is becoming apparent that some portions
of a subject's output are more reliable than others. For example, when
a subject describes something at the site as being very surprising to
him, it can usually be found at the site. When the subject assigns a
name to the site, or a specific function, it is usually incorrect.
Similarly, when motion is perceived at the site, this perception is
usually correct. In some instances, a change in the tone of voice of
the subject is an indicator that the material being described is more
(or less) likely to be correct.
In addition, certain descriptive aspects of remote sites are
usually described correctly, such as whether they are indoors or
outdoors, whether the light is bright or dim, or whether the outbound
experimenters at the site are active or passive. These dichotomies
have already been codified in preliminary attempts to quantify remote
viewing for the purpose of sending messages.
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R00200001.0006-4
A systematic analysis of transcripts and tapes could greatly
increase the accuracy of information obtainable from this type of
experiment, and therefore extensive transcript analysis could profitably
be carried out on the data base generated to date. This could include
such speculative procedures as voice stress analysis of the tapes.
3. Mechanisms
a. Theoretical Studies
To date, three basic physical models have been proposed to describe
paranormal functioning on the basis of present theory or reasonable
extensions of same. These are the ELF (extremely low frequency)
electromagnetic hypothesis, the quantum correlation hypothesis,
and the extradimensional hypothesis.
The ELF hypothesis suggests that psychoenergetic processes are
carried by electromagnetic waves in the frequency region below 1 kHz.2-5
Experimental support for this hypothesis is claimed on the basis of
lower-than-inverse-square attenuation, low bit rates, and ineffectiveness
of ordinary electromagnetic shielding; factors (among others) apparently
common to both ELF and psychoenergetic processes. The quantum
correlation hypothesis stems from the recognition that a theory
of reality compatible with quantum theory cannot require spatially
separated events to be independent, 6!g but must permit interconnectedness
of distant events in a manner that is contrary to ordinary experience.9"o
The extradimensional hypothesis is based on the ideas of Targ, Puthoff,
and May (SRI), G. Feinberg (Columbia University), and E. Rauscher
(University of California Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory) pertaining to
the use of extra spatial and temporal dimensions. to provide a space-'
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
time metric especially suitable for describing psychoenergetic processes.''
set of studies will he formulated to provide a series of predictions
and which experiments can be designed., and thus provide for the
necessary differentiation among competing models for psychoenergetic
mechanisms. Such work would be pursued by both SRI personnel and by
consultant theoretical physicists; it will be collated by SRI.
b. ELF Experiments
The objective of these experiments to determine the extent to which
the demonstrated remote viewing ability of an experienced subject is
degraded by placing him in electrically shielded environments such as
mu-,mmutal chambers or submersibles.
c. Subject-Induced Equipment Perturbation Effects
The study of human/machine interactions as a psychoenergetic
process has posed great difficulties for serious investigators. Among
these difficulties are the combined facts that the reported effects tend
to be small, and that the local environment has rarely been monitored for
causes other than the proposed psychoenergetic ones. In addition, one
finds that the strongest effects are reported as occurring with the most
controversial and/or suspect subjects. Out of this collection of
questionable experimentation (and often poor reporting) emerge, however,
a few provocative experimental results that suggest that further careful
examination may be worthwhile and possibly rewarding. Such studies would
provide valuable data for assessing whether the area of subject-induced
equipment perturbations constitutes a useful area for inquiry.
(1) Strain Gauge Experiments
Professor John Hasted, Birkbeck College, University of London, has
observed inelastic and elestic deformations of metal bars by some kind
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
o remote human interaction. During these experiments the subjects are
reported to cause effects without any physical contact with the metal.
In an effort to replicate Professor Hasted's results, are electrically
shielded enclosure has been constructed having more than 135 dB RF
attenuation from 10 kHz to 10 MHz and plexiglass sides (to shield against
air currents). Within this enclosure is an experimental system of
resistive strain gauges attached to a thin metal bar. These are wired
as a temperature-compensating bridge and connected to battery-operated
amplifiers and recording instruments. Detection can be made of changes
in the length of the bar on the order of 500 angstroms and applied
transverse forces of approximately 100 mg. To date, SRI has been
successful in isolating and correcting several sources of artifact,
and have obtained hours of artifact-free baseline operation. All of
the data will be magnetically recorded for later computer analysis, and
a simple stripchart record will provide immediate feedback to the subject
of any changes in the bar. Experiments are proposed to task subjects
to attempt to perturb the isolated metal bar.
Should experimentation reveal genuine subject-induced perturbations,
determinations will be made as to whether such effects can be used as a
message-transmission device (remote telegraph).
(2) Random Number Generator Experiments
Another class of experiments that have been extensively reported
are those that involve alleged human/machine interaction with electronic
random-number generators. In these experiments, digital electronic noise
derived from a thermal noise source of from the decay of a radioactive
material is monitored while a subject is attempting to alter the
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
statistical properties of the noise distribution. The usual protocol
involves providing visual and audio feedback signals, proportional to
various statistical parameters, to a subject who is asked in a
biofeedback scenario to concentrate upon the feedback signals and to
alter them in a prescribed way. To date, there have been 54 such
experiments reported in the literature,12 of which 35 repo?-t statistically
significant effects, while none of these studies show similar departures
from radomness during control runs without intended influence.
SRI is presently in the design stage of a micro-processor-based
random-number generator. Plans are to use three fundamentally
different sources of random events to derive the digital electronic
noise signal. The first of these is a diode designed by R. H. Haitz,13
that is completely understood from both the quantum mechanical and
solid state construction point of view. A second fundamentally
different source of random events is to be derived from the decay
of a single-transition beta emitter. Lastly, the entire system can
be checked against a pseudorandom shift register, that constitutes
.a third source of random events. This latter has the property that
a long string of bits appears random, yet once the shift register
is reinitialized it produces the identical random sequence once again.
The instrument is under control of a microprocessor that records
data on magnetic tape for later analysis, and controls a printing I/O
statistical calculator that provides immediate results for feedback.
Once the instrument is complete, it will be exhaustively tested for
possible artifacts resulting from environmental conditions.
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
This instrument will be used first to attempt to confirm
existence of the claimed phenomenon, and, if it is confirmed, to
investigate theoretical implications with regard to various modes
of human/machine interaction. Assuming that an effect can be
~
stabilized,
this microprocessor-based system can easily be reprogrammed
to utilize coding techniques (described earlier) to construct a
"remote" telegraph communication system.
(3) Magnetometer E~eriments
One of the first intentionally induced physical perturbation
effects observed by SRI personnel was the apparent perturbation of
a superconductor-shielded Josephson effect magnetometer by two
subjects who performed successfully in remote viewing experiments. '
Intentions are to carry out further experimentation with,a sensitive
Josephson junction cryomagnetometer, a commercial instrument manufactured
by Superconducting Technology, Inc., Mountain View, California (Model
A201 magnetometer, employing an A4O1 SQUID sensor, A310 RF amplifier,
and removable superconducting shield),
Experimentation with such instrumentation requires the following
steps:
(1) Obtain calibration data in control runs to establish baseline
runs to'establish baseline performance of the magnetometer in the
absence of any subject.
(2) Repeat above with various subjects present, but passive,
to establish background of perturbation effects in the presence of
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
suujects not engaging in volitional efforts to perturb magnetometer
ys teIn.
(3) Carry out controlled experimental runs based on effort/
non-effort periods being determined by random number generator to
provide statistical control. Make multiple recordings to investigate
"recorder only" effects, and conduct automated statistical analysis
(FFT, spike train analysis, etc.) of the magnetometer output to
determine the signature of subject-produced effects.
(4) If perturbation effects are observed, interposition of
distance and shielding in a systematic way to determine dependence
o!" these factors.
In addition to the possible use of sensitive instrumentation as
targets for active perturbation efforts in, for example, a communication
link, such study offers the potential for determining the use of such
instrumentation as passive detectors of remote viewing phenomena
("intrusion detection").
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
i;. %y;.hcpirysiological Correlates
1. Physioloqical Measures of Psi-Conductive States
In recent years, behavioristically oriented scientists have
suggested that in addition to obtaining overt responses such as
verbalizations or key presses from a subject, it should be possible
to obtain objective evidence of psychoenergetic activity by direct
measurement of some physiological parameter of a subject.
Experiments will be formulated where a subject is closeted in
an electrically shielded room while his EEG is recorded. Meanwhile,
in another laboratory, a second person is stimulated from time to
time, and the time of that stimulus is marked on the magnetic tape
recording of the subject's EEG. The subject does not know when the
reaiote stimulus periods are, as compared with the nonstimulus periods.
Evidence for systematic changes in EEG correlated with the remote
stimuli are then sought.
These physiological measures will be used as a potential signaling
channel for information transfer,.but a more important application of
this output would be as feedback to the subject, so that he could
learn to recognize his own optimal state of mind for success in a
psychoenergetic task.
2. Environmental Factors
a. Altered States of Consciousness: Special Environments
.For the entire history of psychoenergetic research there has
been keen interest in optimizing the physical and psychological
conditions for a subject during an experiment.
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
1 iferefore, it -is desirable to conduct experiments with trained,
high-scoring subjects to examine the effects of other factors which
might provide psychological conditions conducive to high-quality
psychoenergetic functioning (e.g., sensory isolation, free-fall
conditions in space, etc.).
b. Examine the Part Played by the Experimenter
From the work of Professor Robert Rosenthal at Harvard it is
clear that there is a strong difference in the outcome of some
psychology experiments, depending on who conducts the experiment.
This so-called experimenter effect has been the subject of
investigation for the past 15 years in an attempt to find means to
objectify some of the principal findings of conventional perceptual
and behaviorial psychology. We are not suggesting that this
experimenter effect in psychology is due to paranormal influences,
but rather than some of the inability to replicate psychoenergetic
experiments of one laboratory, when the experiments are transferred
to another laboratory, might be due to subtle experimenter effects
of the type known to occur in psychology and behavior experiments
in general.
It is important to find out if the success or failure of
psychoenergetic experiments relate to the experimenter effect
through interpersonal interaction, subliminal cueing, or some as-yet
uncataloged factor.
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
3. Educational Procedures
a. Screening
Information from East Bloc researchers, and Soviet researcher
I. M. Kogan indicate that the USSR has established a significant
nationwide testing program to identify psychically gifted young
people. It is now generally agreed that psychic functioning is
an innate or latent ability, somewhat similar to musical talent.
T! it is, all people have it to some degree, but there is a wide
range of abilities from the psychically tone deaf, to the
virtuoso performer. It would be the goal of a screening program
to locate and recruit the most psychically talented individuals
available, both to obtain a measure of the range of abilities that
exists, and also to make use of these abilities to further increase
our understanding of the phenomenon.
(1) Explore Training Techniques with Children, the Blind, and
Other :;.pecial_Subjects
Although there is strong laboratory evidence for psychoenergetic
functioning in a great number of individuals, psychic functioning is
not yet widely accepted and utilized in the society at large. One
conjecture for the reason that there is not more day-to-day evidence
of this ability is that it is a forbidden activity, largely suppressed
in our society. It is further conjectured that psychic functioning
may be easier to elicit from children, who have not yet "unlearned"
the use of this otherwise natural ability. Therefore, we would
anticipate that part of any program effort would be directed toward
work with children in order to test this hypothesis.
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
Similarly, if the hypothesis of societal inhibition against the
use of psychic functioning is correct, a group of adults likely to
have overcome it to some degree would he the blind, since it would
be greatly advantageous to them to have additional means of gaining
information about their environment. A remote sensing experiment
has been conducted with one blind individual and he was found to be
an excellent subject.
In addition, work with the blind people may provide an
opportunity to observe underlying parameters of paranormal perception
at a more primary level, since individuals lacking sight may be less
conditioned by the visual learning modalities characteristics of
our society.
Investigation with both children and blind subjects would constitute
a valuable addition to any continuing effort to screen the population
for high-performance subjects.
(2) Distance Experiments with Identical Twins
Identical twins have become an enigma to modern psychoenergetic
research. Although there is copius anecdotal material attesting to
the existence of a paranormal rapport between distantly separated
twins, this alleged linkage has resisted laboratory confirmation.
Identical twins often express the opinion that they have a
sensitivity to the feelings, dangers and traumas experienced by
each other, and many such instances have been well documented in the
parapsychological literature. However, it is interesting that these
same twins tend to perform at chance 'levels when tested with standard
testing materials, such as cards and pictures. Meaningful use can
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
be made of the possible unique psyc:hologica.l and physiological
relationship existing between twins, by having them participate in
ex_oeri,riunts of the remote viewing type in which there is a high
yeild of success generally. If an exceptionally high degree of
success with twins taking part in remote viewing experiments was
forthcoming, perhaps new measures of the limits of resolution could
be obtained from such an effort.
It. appears that the Tack of accuracy in the remote viewing
protocol comes not so much from the lack of perception by the
receiver, but rather from his or her inability to render the
preconscious images without distortion, It is possible that twins
share a common fond of such images and image-processing mechanisms,
and therefore could provide increased resolution and analytic
content, as compared with relative strangers who typically make
up the remote viewing duo.'
b. Trainin c
(1) Traininin Perceptual Tasks Paralleling Ordinary Perception
SRI in their laboratory carried out a series of communication
experiments involving the transmission, from one laboratory to
another, of simple shapes (e.g., T, 0, A), which also were of
different colors for each shape. These tests were initiated in an
effort to assess reports of Soviet work in this area, which include
the transmission of decimal numbers via a psychoenergetic channel,
with ,a claimed yield of 105 out of 135 decimal digits 0-9 (p x-10-77).15
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
The communications series was designed to determine whether a
c ciir3nt series of perception tasks that mimic the known develop.--ent
c ordinary perception would be useful in the development of
paranormal perception. The decision to follow such a protocol was
derived from data indicating that the laws of paranormal perception
are congruent with, rather than skew to, the laws that govern ordinary
perception, especially under conditions of subliminal presentation.
he particular question examined was whether a specific perceptual
orientation process known to hold in ordinary perception of color,
would hold in the case of paranormal perception as well. The
perceptual process of interest was the well-documented scale of
increasing sensitivity to color tones. Cross-cultural studies of
98 separate linguistic stocks indicate that perception of color
tones in the environment begins with discrimination first of black
and white (dull/bright); then red is identified as a color; then
yellow followed by green or green followed by yellow;.then blue;
brown; and finally purple, pink, orange, grey. 16
With the hypothesis that a similar gradient is followed in the
development of paranormal perception, subjects were asked to
differentiate among simple remote color card targets first on
the basis of the dichotomy dull/bright, then with regard to shape,
and only finally with regard to color. Specifically, subjects were
encouraged to reject premature mental discrimination processes based
on color recognition, which, by the hypothesis under tests, we would
assume to be imaginative overlay from the already highly developed
ordinary perceptual modes.
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
Numerous data were gathered with two subjects who v:ere experienced
remote viewers. Analysis of the data, which shows learning in both
cases, provides initial support for the hypothesis that progress in
paranormal perception can be made on the basis of training drills
designed from what is known about ordinary perception.
The purpose of this kind of training is the development of
excellent and reliable paranormal perception of analytic and other
alphanumeric types of target material.
Two extensions of this work are proposed: (1) Novice, as opposed
to experienced, subjects will be tested on the protocol established
above to determine whether they also show improvement in remote
perception skills; and (2) additional protocols based on factors
known to be important in ordinary perception will be designed and
evaluated by further testing with experienced subjects.
(2) Trainin in Abstract Targeting, Including Geographical Coordinates
To date, two subjects have unmistakably demonstrated their ability
to describe distant locations, given only the map coordinates (latitude
.and longitude) of a target site. Other subjects have attempted similar
tasks with mixed results,
One notable difference between the two groups is that the
successful group ran through practice training procedures involving
about 100 sites taken from an ordinary atlas. Therefore, it is proposed
that a similar procedure be applied with new subjects to evaluate
whether such a procedure might result in the development of a training
protocol of general use. Should improvement be forthcoming on this
basis, novice subjects would also be tested and evaluated utilizing
the same protocols.
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
Additional variations on the theme of abstract targeting would
include targeting on the basis of pictures or maps of the target
site (with and without key elements missing).
The goal of these efforts is to evaluate potential training
protocols of wide applicability. Should such a program be successful,
it would eliminate dependence on a select group of naturally gifted
individuals, a group that is inadequate in number for large-scale
exploration of the field's potentialities.
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
R~r E RENCES
i. C. Tart, Improving Real-Tine 5P by Suppressing the Future:
Trans, Temporal inhibition," IEEE Electra/77 Professional
Program Special Session: The State of the Art in Psychic Research,
New York April 977 .
2. I. M. Kogan, "Is Telepathy Possible?," Radio Ems., Vol. 2I, p_ 75
(January 1966).
3. I. M. Kogan, "Telepathy, Hypotheses and Observations," Radio Eng.,
Vol. 22, p. 141 (January 1967).
4. I. M. Kogan, "Information Theo?y Analysis of Telepathic Communication
Experiments," Radio Eng., Vol. 23, p. 122 (March 1968).
5. I. M. Kogan, "The Information Theory Aspect of Telepathy," RANG
Publication P-4145, Santa Monica, California (July 1969).
6. D. Bohm and B. Hiley, "On the Intuitive Understanding of icon
Locality as Implied by Quantum Theory," Foundations of Physics,
Vol. 5, pp. 93-109 (1975).
7. J. S. Bel1, "On the Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Theory,"
R
ev. Mod. Pus., Vol. 38, No. 3, p. 447 (July 1966).
8. H, Stapp, "Are Superluminal Connections Necessary?," Report
LBL-5559, Lawrence-Berkeley Laboratory, University of California,,,
Berkeley (November 1976).
9. A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, "Can Quantum-Mechanical
Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?," Phys.:
Rev., Vol. 47, p. 777 (May 15, 1935).
10. -R. H. Dicke and J. P, Wittke, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics,
Chap. 7 (Addison-Wesley, New York, NY, 1-5-6-0).
11. H. E. Puthoff.and R. Targ, "Direct Perception of Remote Geographical
Locations," Proc. IEEE Electro/77 Professional Program (April 1977).
12. C. Honorton, "Replicability, Experimenter Influences, and Para-
psychology," paper presented to 1978 Annual Meeting of AAAS,
Washington, D.C., 1978.
13, R. H. Haitz, "Controlled Noise Generation with Avalanche Diodes,"
IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, p. 198 (April 1965).
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4
11. H. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Physics, Entropy, and Psychokinesis,,"
(roc. 23rd Annual International Conference, Quantum Physics and
' 'aps~ycholy, Geneva, Switzerland, August 1974, L. Oteri, ed.
ti-3rrapsychology Foundation, New York, N.Y., 1975).
15. V. Ye. Fidel?man et al., "Procedure and Results of an Experimental
Check of the Possibilities for Telepathic Communication,"
FTD-ID(RS)-1336-77.
16, B. Berlin and P. Kay, Basic Color Terms (University of California
Press, Berkeley and Los nge es, 1969).
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010006-4