PROPOSED GRILL FLAME PROTOCOL (U), PROPOSED SRI INTERNATIONAL APPLIED REMOTE VIEWING PROTOCOL (S)

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• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP96-00788R001300070003-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 57
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 5, 2003
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: March 23, 1979
• Content Type: REPORT

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PROPOSED GRILL FLAME PROTOCOL (U)
PROPOSED SRI INTERNATIONAL APPLIED
REMOTE VIEWING PROTOCOL (S)
SRI 9-4107
Copy No. 17
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PROPOSED SRI INTERNATIONAL APPLIED
REMOTE VIEWING PROTOCOL (S)
CLASSIFIED BY: Msg. HQDA(DAMI-ISH) Wash.
NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION
Unauthorized Disclosure Subject to
Administrative and Criminal Sanctions
WARNING NOTICE - Intelligence Sources
and Methods Involved
NOT RELEASABLE TO FOREIGN
NATIONALS
This document consists
of 5S pages.
Copy No. ._L of 15 copies.
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PROPOSED GRILL FLAME PROTOCOL (U)
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(S) PROPOSED GRILL FLAME PROTOCOL (U)
(S) PROPOSED SRI INTERNATIONAL
APPLIED REMOTE VIEWING PROTOCOL (S)
1. (S) GENERAL
This protocol contains the procedure for AMSAA-sponsored SRI Inter-
national-performed remote viewing. It is in effect for the period required
to accomplish the scope of work. Remote viewing (RV) is an intellectual
process by which a person perceives characteristics of a location remote
from that person. RV does not involve any electronic sensing devices at
or focused at the target site, nor does it involve classical photo inter-
pretation of photographs obtained from overhead or oblique means. The
individual performing RV (the remote viewer) is provided with a unique
identifier such as stationary map coordinates, a specific structure, an
identifiable vehicle (aircraft tail number) or a specific individual
(name, place of birth, age, and/or photograph). The task of the remote
viewer is to locate, identify and/or describe the target. The task is
achievable.1-5 (Reference 1 is included here as Tab A.) No drugs,
hypnosis, special sensory (visual, auditory or olfactory) or proprio-
ceptive stimuli, liminal or subliminal, electrical or electromagnetic
stimuli will be used in this RV protocol.
It is the objective of this protocol to familiarize Army and contractor
personnel with RV procedures as they apply to the location and identifica-
tion of militarily significant targets.
3. (S) MILITARY APPLICATIONS
RV provides a potential capability to target field-mobile weapons which
are currently difficult or impossible to detect prior to launch, such as
tactical missiles and rockets and attack helicopters. RV can be used
to: target on key enemy military individuals, from covert agents to key
battle commanders; detect the change in state of military units; to
rapidly determine the damage resulting from nonnuclear weapon attack; to
determine the access code to computers and other electronic devices; and
to determine the general content of documents and other informational
items found in military organizations.
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4. (S) APPROVAL HISTORY
SRI International was requested by the U.S. Army Materiel Systems
Analysis Activity (AMSAA) to prepare a proposal for an extension of their
(SRI) previous RV work which would focus on familiarizing some Army
personnel with RV procedures and application of existing RV procedures
to tactical military targets.
The Commander, U.S. Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command
(DARCOM) approved in principle the U.S. Army Materiel Systems Analysis
Activity (AMSAA) involvement in what is now known as project GRILL FLAME
in April 1978. In May 1978, the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence
(ACSI) accepted lead responsibilty for GRILL FLAME applications. Overall
DoD responsibility resides with the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
5. (S) PROJECT'OFFICERS
The overall, responsible individuals for all aspects of the project
are Harold E. Puthoff, Ph.D. and Russell Targ (for curriculum vitae see
Tabs B and C).
6. (S) DEFINITIONS
a. Remote Viewing (RV): An intellectual process by which a person
perceives characteristics of a location remote from that person; it does
not involve any electronic sensing devices at or focused at the target
nor does it involve classical photo interpretation of photographs obtained
from overhead or oblique means.
b. Remote Viewer: The person who locates, identifies and/or des-
cribes the target.
c. Interviewer: The person who interacts with the remote viewer
before, during and after the RV session.
d. Remote Viewing Session: A single attempt by the remote viewer
to locate, identify and/or describe a target.
7. (S) PROCEDURE
To provide a framework for familiarizing Army and contractor per-
sonnel with the task of RV, a series of RV sessions will be conducted.
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The elements of an RV procedure are: (1) target selection; (2) remote
viewer session preliminaries; (3) remote viewing session; and (4) post-
session analysis. The procedure will now be described, using geographic
coordinates as the remote target identifier.
(1) TARGET SELECTION
From a target pool of 50 to 100 geographical coordinates
previously selected by an individual, called the target pool selector
(TPS), the TPS will select a target for the session. This person does
not communicate at any time with the remote viewer or the interviewer.
The 50 to 100 individual targets are randomized, numbered and stored in
a secure container accessible only to the TPS. Targets once used, are
not returned to the target pool.
Before a first RV session is scheduled, the remote viewer
is oriented by the interviewer to the procedure to be followed. The
remote viewer needs to understand that he or she should.give initial raw
perceptions; experience has shown' that later more deliberate interpre-
tations are quite often wrong while the initial raw perception tends to be
correct. Remote viewers are always encouraged to express their feelings
and ideas for enhancing all aspects of the RV process.
(3) REMOTE VIEWING SESSION
During the 30 to 60 minutes prior to the agreed-upon start
time of a session, the interviewer offers some encouragement to the
remote viewer in the manner of a coach giving a pep talk to his team, and
answers any questions the remote viewer may have about the procedures.
During the 15 minutes immediately before the session, the
remote viewer and interviewer are generally silent. Experience has shown
(unpublished data) that this "quiet time" enhances the RV process.
During the 15 minute viewing period the remote viewer and
the interviewer function as a team. At no time is the session conducted
by the remote viewer in the absence of all other persons. The inter-
viewer provides encouragement with words of reassurance that the task is
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in fact possible. Thus, if the remote viewer does not have any immediate
sensory images, the interviewer applies no pressure; rather, the interviewer
reassures the remote viewer that they have all the time in the world.
When the remote viewer has an image of the target site, the interviewer,
in conversation with the remote viewer, may then suggest that the remote
viewer intellectually move around at the site and describe the site more
fully (e.g., buildings, terrain features, people, activities, machinery,
etc.).
If it appears to the interviewer that the images are in
some way contradictory or inconsistent, the interviewer may then attempt
clarification by asking questions in order to verify what the remote
viewer first described.
The RV session is tape recorded and pen and paper are
available for the remote viewer to sketch his perceptions. Experience
has shownl that some remote viewers prefer to combine written and oral
descriptions, while some prefer to work sequentially.
The average RV session is approximately 30 minutes and
never exceeds 60 minutes.
(4) POST-SESSION ANALYSIS
After the RV session is over, the remote viewer and
interviewer obtain from the TPS specific information about the target
and compare their session results with these data. The remote viewer and
the interviewer discuss the session results. The purpose of this post-
session analysis is to provide the remote viewer with the satisfaction
of knowing how well he or she did.
8. (S) VARIATIONS IN PROCEDURE FOR RV
a. General Remote Viewing
The foregoing has described the use of coordinates to obtain
from a remote viewer the description of that site. Another approach to
the same goal is to access the target site on the basis of focusing on a
person rather than a coordinate. For example, the remote viewer is provided
some personal information and then proceeds to describe the location of
the individual. Thus, the individual serves as a beacon to locate the
target by By. To standardize this approach, the procedure described in
paragraph 6 is modified as follows.
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The elements of this procedure consist of (1) target selection;
(2) remote viewer session preliminaries; (3) activity of person who serves
as beacon; (4) remote viewing session; and (5) post-session analysis.
(1) TARGET SELECTION
A target pool of 50 to 100 targets will be selected by a
TPS. The targets chosen will be distinctive, but to include more than
one example of each type. This precludes the remote viewer from eliminating
a target type because one example was used before. The remote viewer is
informed that the target pool consists of similar as well as different
types of targets. All other aspects of the target selection element of
the procedure remain the same.
(2) REMOTE VIEWER SESSION PRELIMINARIES
(3) ACTIVITY OF PERSON WHO SERVES AS BEACON
At the beginning of the RV session, the remote viewer and
interviewer are given one or more items of biographical information con-
cerning, or may even meet briefly (for 3 to 5 minutes), the individual
serving as the beacon. If the latter is the case, the beacon individual
departs the meeting and obtains the target from the TPS. This procedure
eliminates the possibility of the beacon individual divulging any hint
of the target. The beacon individual travels to the target, arriving
there at a previously specified time. He or she then interacts with
the site for the predetermined length of time of the RV session.
(4) REMOTE VIEWING SESSION
(5) POST-SESSION ANALYSIS
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Currently envisioned military RV applications will draw on
general RV techniques utilized in coordinate and beacon RV. To stan-
dardize this approach the procedures described in paragraph 6 and 7a is
modified, as follows.
(1) TARGET SELECTION
Tactical targets will be selected from U.S. military units
involved in military exercises; they will range over field test units with
military vehicles such as tanks and helicopters which are instrumented to
determine their spatial location throughout a field trial, operational
units involved in routine field exercises and small units likely to
undertake no-notice exercises.
(2) REMOTE VIEWING SESSION PRELIMINARIES
This element consists of the basic RV procedure, augmented
by a briefing on some known aspects of the target.
(3) ACTIVITY AT TARGET
Target activity will be as prescribed by the commanders
and umpires and will be totally independent of the RV session.
(4) REMOTE VIEWING SESSION
This element is identical to that of the basic RV procedure.
(5) POST-SESSION ANALYSIS
After the RV session is over, the remote viewer and inter-
viewer discuss the session results and formulate specific questions about
the target activity, location, and state during the period of RV. When
information on the military exercise is available the interviewer and the
remote viewer compare it with the session results. The purpose of this
post-session analysis is to provide the remote viewer with the satisfac-
tion of knowing how well the remote viewer performed.
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9. (S) SCOPE OF TARGETS FOR REMOTE VIEWING
AMSAA-sponsored RV will exclude non program-associated U.S.,
allied, or neutral nation's citizens as targets.
10. (S) PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
SRI International is the performing organization.
11. (S) PROJECTED MAXIMUM NUMBER OF REMOTE VIEWERS AND INTERVIEWERS
? 8 active duty Army military officers
? 8 DA civilians (GS 12 and above)
? 3 AMSAA civilian consultants (retired general officers)
? 3 SRI International employees
? 9 SRI International Consultants
Persons involved will principally occupy the role of either remote
viewer or interviewer, but there may be some exchange of roles.
12. (S) SELECTION OF REMOTE VIEWERS AND INTERVIEWERS
A number of Army personnel were introduced to the RV phenomena by
a guest speaker presentation on the subject. Following this initial
introductionp others became familiar with the phenomena through the
circulation of open literature publications on RV. Discussions about
the military applications of RV phenomena by interested analysts resulted
in a decision by AMSAA management to seek establishment of a program to
define the military utility of the process. Individuals who had previously
shown an interest in the potential application of the RV process were
invited to participate as a remote viewer or interviewer. Individuals
desiring to participate in these tasks were accepted. Other individuals
selected after the initial participants were identified were given an
orientation on the phenomena and asked to read published materials on RV.
After a familiarization with the RV process and procedures, individuals
were asked if they would be willing to participate as a remote viewer
or interviewer. Only those individuals who indicated a positive desire
to participate were accepted.
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In addition to Army personnel, SRI International has additional
individuals who are participating as remote viewers; some of these are
consultants, others are members of the SRI staff. As with the Army
participants, only those individuals who indicated a positive desire to
participate after familiarization with the RV process and procedures were
accepted. An information sheet for participants is included here as Tab D.
It is proposed to conduct up to 40 RV sessions per month, up to a
maximum of 200 RV sessions during the contract year. For each participant,
the number of RV sessions is not to exceed 2 per day, and not to exceed
10 per week.
The recorded RV images are independently evaluated by one or more
judges in the following manner to semi-quantitatively determine the
correspondence of the RV results to the intended remote targets.
1. Determine the principle concepts (PC) stated in the images
recorded in each RV session transcript.
2. At each target site blind judge the correspondence, on a
scale of 0 to 10, of each PC of each transcript.
3. Calculate the mean and variance of all the judged PCs of
each RV session for each target.
4. Rank the correspondence of each RV session for each target
using the calculated mean values.
5. Review the correspondence ranking utilizing any drawings
or sketches to fine-tune the rankings to establish a final judged rank
ordering of each RV session with each target.
15. (S) CONFIDENTIALITY
Individuals performing as remote viewers and interviewers under the
SRI International GRILL FLAME programs will not be identified without their
prior consent and they will be referred to in project records only by an
alpha-numeric designator. Products of remote viewers and interviewer such
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as tapes, drawings, transcripts, rosters, or other materials which might
reveal the identity of the remote viewer will be coded to assure the
protection of their identity.
16. (S) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
RV sessions will be conducted in an ordinary room at ambient tempera-
ture and humidity during the normal waking hours of the participants.
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1. Puthoff, H. E. and Targ, R., "A Perceptual Channel for Information
Transfer Over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent
Research," IEEE Proceedings, Vol. 64, No. 3 (March 1976).
2. Puthoff, H. E. and Targ, R., "State of the Art in Remote Viewing
Studies at SRI," 1977 Proceedings, IEEE, of International Conference
on Cybernetics and Society.
3. Bisaha, J. P. and Dunne, B. J., "Multiple Subject and Long Distance
Precognitive Remote Viewing of Geographical Locations," 1977
Proceedings, IEEE, of International Conferences on Cybernetics of
Society.
4. Puthoff, H. E., Targ, R., and May, E. C., "(S) Advanced Threat
Technique Assessment (U)," Stanford Research Institute Final Report
Covering Period from 14 April 1976 to 15 April 1977 (July 1977).
5. Puthoff, H. E., Targ, P., May, E. C. and Swann, I., "(S) Advanced
Threat Technique Assessment (U)," SRI International Final Report,
Covering Period from 18 April 1977 to 18 April 1978 (October 1978).
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TAB A
PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 64, NO. 3, MARCH 1976 (U)
UNCLASSIFIED
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A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer
over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective
and Recent Research
CPYRGHT
HAROLD E. PUTHOFF, MEMBER, IEEE, AND RUSSELL TARG, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE
Abstract-For more than 100 years, scientists have attempted to
determine the truth or falsity of claims for the existence of a perceptual
channel whereby certain individuals are able to perceive and describe
remote data not presented to any known sense. This paper presents an
outline of the history of scientific inquiry into such so-called paranor-
mal perception and surveys the current state of the art in parapsycho-
logical research in the United States and abroad. The nature of this
perceptual channel is examined in a series of experiments carried out
in the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory of Stanford Research
Institute. The perceptual modality most extensively investigated is the
ability of both experienced subjects and inexperienced volunteers to
view, by innate mental processes, remote geographical or technical
targets including buildings, roads, and laboratory apparatus. The ac-
cumulated data indicate that the phenomenon is not a sensitive func-
tion of distance, and Faraday cage shielding does not in any apparent
way degrade the quality and accuracy of perception. On the basis of
this research, some areas of physics are suggested from which a descrip-
tion or explanation of the phenomenon could be forthcoming.
1. INTRODUCTION
"IT IS THE PROVINCE of natural science to investigate
nature, impartially and without prejudice" [ 1 ] . Nowhere
in scientific inquiry has this dictum met as great a chal-
lenge as in the area of so-called extrasensory perception (ESP),
the detection of remote stimuli not mediated by the usual
sensory processes. Such phenomena, although under scientific
consideration for over a century, have historically been fraught
with unreliability and controversy, and validation of the phe-
nomena by accepted scientific methodology has been slow in
coming. Even so, a recent survey conducted by the British
publication New Scientist revealed that 67 percent of nearly
1500 responding readers (the majority of whom are working
scientists and technologists) considered ESP to be an estab-
lished fact or a likely possibility, and 88 percent held the
investigation of ESP to be a legitimate scientific undertaking
[2].
A review of the literature reveals that although experiments
by reputable researchers yielding positive results were begun
over a century ago (e.g., Sir William Crookes' study of D. D.
Home, 1860's) [3], many consider the study of these phe-
nomena as only recently emerging from the realm of quasi-
science. One reason for this is that, despite experimental
results, no satisfactory theoretical construct had been advanced
to correlate data or to predict new experimental outcomes.
Consequently, the area in question remained for a long time
in the recipe stage reminiscent of electrodynamics before the
Manuscript received July 25, 1975; revised November 7, 1975. The
submission of this paper was encouraged after review of an advance
proposal. This work was supported by the Foundation for Parasensory
Investigation and the Parapsychology Foundation, New York, NY; the
Institute of Noetic Sciences, Palo Alto, CA; and the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration, under Contract NAS 7-100.
The authors are with the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory,
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA 94025.
unification brought about by the work of Ampere, Faraday,
and Maxwell. Since the early work, however, we have seen the
development of information theory, quantum theory, and
neurophysiological research, and these disciplines provide
powerful conceptual tools that appear to bear directly on the
issue. In fact, several physicists (Section V) are now of the
opinion that these phenomena are not at all inconsistent with
the framework of modern physics: the often-held view that
observations of this type are a priori incompatible with known
laws is erroneous in that such a concept is based on the naive
realism prevalent before the development of quantum theory.
In the emerging view, it is accepted that research in this area
can be conducted so as to uncover not just a catalog of inter-
esting events, but rather patterns of cause-effect relationships
of the type that lend themselves to analysis and hypothesis
in the forms with which we are familiar in the physical
sciences. One hypothesis is that information transfer under
conditions of sensory shielding is mediated by extremely
low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves, a proposal that
does not seem to be ruled out by any obvious physical or
biological facts. Further, the development of information
theory makes it possible to characterize and quantify the
performance of a communications channel regardless of
the underlying mechanism.
For the past three.years, we have had a program in the
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory of the Stan-
ford Research Institute (SRI) to investigate those facets of
human perception that appear to fall outside the range of well-
understood perceptual/processing capabilities. Of particular
interest is a human information-accessing capability that we
call "remote viewing." This phenomenon pertains to the
ability of certain individuals to access and describe, by means
of mental processes, information sources blocked from ordi-
nary perception, and generally accepted as secure against such
access.
In particular, the phenomenon we have investigated most
extensively is the ability of a subject to view remote geograph-
ical locations up to several thousand kilometers distant from
his physical location (given only a known person on whom,to
target).' We have carried out more than fifty experiments
under controlled laboratory conditions with several individuals
whose remote perceptual abilities have been developed suf-
ficiently to allow them at times to describe correctly-often in
great detail-geographical or technical material such as build-
ings, roads, laboratory apparatus, and the like.
As observed in the laboratory, the basic phenomenon appears
to cover a range of subjective experiences variously referred to
'Our initial work in this area was reported in Nature 141, and re-
printed in the IEEE Commun. Soc. Newsletter, vol. 13, Jan. 1975.
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Fig. 1. Airport in San Andres, Colombia, used as remote-viewing target, along with sketch produced by subject
in California.
in the literature as autoscopy (in the medical literature); exteri-
orization or disassociation (psychological literature); simple
clairvoyance, traveling clairvoyance, or out-of-body experience
(parapsychological literature); or astral projection (occult liter-
ature). We choose the term "remote viewing" as a neutral
descriptive term free from prior associations and bias as to
mechanisms.
The development at SRI of a successful experimental pro-
cedure to elicit this capability has evolved to the point where
persons such as visiting government scientists and contract
monitors, with no previous exposure to such concepts, have
learned to perform well; and subjects who have trained over a
one-year period have performed excellently under a variety of
experimental conditions. Our accumulated data thus indicate
that both specially selected and unselected persons can be
assisted in developing remote perceptual abilities up to a
level of useful information transfer.
In experiments of this type, we have three principal findings.
First, we have established that it is possible to obtain signifi-
cant amounts of accurate descriptive information about remote
locations. Second, an increase in the distance from a few
meters up to 4000 km separating the subject from the scene
to be perceived does not in any apparent way degrade the
quality or accuracy of perception. Finally, the use of Faraday
cage electrical shielding does not prevent high-quality descrip-
tions from being obtained.
To build a coherent theory for the explanation of these
phenomena, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of
what constitutes the phenomena. In this paper, we first briefly
summarize previous efforts in this field in Section II. We then
present in Sections III and IV the results of a series of more
than fifty experiments with nine subjects carried out in our
own laboratory, which represent a sufficiently stable data base
to permit testing of various hypotheses concerning the func-
tioning of this channel. Finally, in Section V, we indicate
those areas of physics and information theory that appear to
be relevant to an understanding of certain aspects of the
phenomena.
First, however, we present an illustrative example generated
in an early pilot experiment. As will be clear from our later
discussion, this is not a "best-ever" example, but rather a
typical sample of the level of proficiency that can be reached
and that we have come to expect in our research.
Three subjects participated in a long-distance experiment
focusing on a series of targets in Costa Rica. These subjects
said they had never been to Costa Rica. In this experiment,
one of the experimenters (Dr. Puthoff) spent ten days traveling
through Costa Rica on a combination business/pleasure trip.
This information was all that was known to the subjects about
the traveler's itinerary. The experiment called for Dr. Puthoff
to keep a detailed record of his location and activities, includ-
ing photographs of each of seven target days at 1330 PDT.
A total of twelve daily descriptions were collected before the
traveler's return: six responses from one subject, five from
another, and one from a third.
The third subject who submitted the single response supplied
a drawing for a day in the middle of the series. (The subject's
response, together with the photographs taken at the site, are
shown in Fig. 1). Although Costa Rica is a mountainous
country, the subject unexpectedly perceived the traveler at a
beach and ocean setting. With some misgiving, he described an
airport on a sandy beach and an airstrip with the ocean at the
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PUTHOFF AND TARG: PERCEPTUAL CHANNEL FOR INFORMATION TRANSFER
end (correct). An airport building also was drawn, and shown
to have a large rectangular overhang (correct). The traveler
had taken an unplanned one-day side trip to an offshore island
and at the time of the experiment had just disembarked from a
plane at a small island airport as described by the subject
4000 km away. The sole discrepancy was that the subject's
drawing showed a Quonset-hut type of building in place of the
rectangular structure.
The above description was chosen as an example to illustrate
a major point observed a number of times throughout the
program to be described. Contrary to what may be expected,
a subject's description does not necessarily portray what may
reasonably be expected to be correct (an educated or "safe"
guess), but often runs counter even to the subject's own
expectations.
We wish to stress again that a result such as the above is not
unusual. The remaining submissions in this experiment pro-
vided further examples of excellent correspondences between
target and response. (A target period of poolside relaxation
was identified; a drive through a tropical forest at the base of
a truncated volcano was described as a drive through a jungle
below a large bare table mountain; a hotel-room target descrip-
tion, including such details as rug color, was correct; and so
on.) So as to determine whether such matches were simply
fortuitous-that is, could reasonably be expected on the basis
of chance alone-Dr. Puthoff was asked after he had returned
to blind match the twelve descriptions to his seven target
locations. On the basis of this conservative evaluation proce-
dure, which vastly underestimates the statistical significance
of the individual descriptions, five correct matches were ob-
tained. :his number of matches is significant at p = 0.02 by
exact binomial calculation.2
The observation of such unexpectedly high-quality descrip-
tions early in our program led to a large-scale study of the
phenomenon at SRI under secure double-blind conditions (i.e.,
target unknown to experimenters as well as subjects), with
independent random target selection and blind judging. The
results, presented in Sections III and IV, provide strong evi-
dence for the robustness of this phenomenon whereby a
human perceptual modality of extreme sensitivity can detect
complex remote stimuli.
II. BACKGROUND
Although we are approaching the study of these phenomena
as physicists, it is not yet possible to separate ourselves entirely
from the language of the nineteenth century when'the labora-
tory study of the paranormal was begun. Consequently, we
continue to use terms such as "paranormal," "telepathy," and
the like. However, we intend only to indicate a process of
information transfer under conditions generally accepted as
secure against such transfer and with no prejudice or occult
assumptions as to the mechanisms involved. As in any other
scientific pursuit, the purpose is to collect the observables that
result from experiments and to try to determine the functional
relationships between these observables and the laws of physics
as they are currently understood.
2The probability of a correct daily match by chance for any given
transcript is p = i . Therefore, the probability of at least five correct
matches by chance out of twelve tries can be calculated from
12 12! (-)'t-) 6(12-t)
p=Y. 11 (12-t)! 7 0.02.
Organized research into so-called psychic functioning began
roughly in the time of J. J. Thomson, Sir Oliver Lodge, and
Sir William Crookes, all of whom took part in the founding of
the Society for Psychical Research (SPR) in 1882 in England.
Crookes, for example, carried out his principal investigations
with D. D. Home, a Scotsman who grew up in America and
returned to England in 1855 [3]. According to the notebooks
and published reports of Crookes, Home had demonstrated
the ability to cause objects to move without touching them.
We should note in passing that, Home, unlike most subjects,
worked only in the light and spoke out in the strongest pos-
sible terms against the darkened seance rooms popular at the
time [5].
Sir William Crookes was a pioneer in the study of electrical
discharge in gases and in the development of vacuum tubes,
some types of which still bear his name. Although everything
Crookes said about electron beams and plasmas was accepted,
nothing he said about the achievements of D. D. Home ever
achieved that status. Many of his colleagues, who had not
observed the experiments with Home, stated publicly that they
thought Crookes had been deceived, to which Crookes angrily
responded:
Will not my critics give me credit for some amount of common
sense? Do they not imagine that the obvious precautions, which
occur to them as soon as they sit down to pick holes in my
experiments, have occurred to me also in the course of my.pro-
longed and patient investigation? The answer to this, as to all
other objections is, prove it to be an error, by showing where
the error lies, or if a trick, by showing how the trick is per-
formed. Try the experiment fully and fairly. If then fraud be
found, expose it; if it be a truth, proclaim it. This is the only
scientific procedure, and it is that I propose steadily to pursue
[3].
In the United States, scientific interest in the paranormal
was centered in the universities. In 1912, John Coover [6]
was established in the endowed Chair of Psychical Research at
Stanford University. In the 1920's, Harvard University set up
research programs with George Estabrooks and L. T. Troland
(7], [8]. It was in this framework that, in 1930, William
McDougall invited Dr. J. B. Rhine and Dr. Louisa Rhine to
join the Psychology Department at Duke University [9]. For
more than 30 years, significant work was carried out at Rhine's
Duke University Laboratory. To examine the existence of
paranormal perception, he used the now-famous ESP cards
containing a boldly printed picture of a star, cross, square,
circle, or wavy lines. Subjects were asked to name the order
of these cards in a freshly shuffled deck of twenty-five such
cards. To test for telepathy, an experimenter would look at
the cards one at a time, and a subject suitably separated from
the sender would attempt to determine which card was being
viewed.
Dr. J. B. Rhine together with Dr. J. G. Pratt carried out
thousands of experiments of this type under widely varying
conditions [ 10] . The statistical results from these experiments
indicated that some individuals did indeed possess a paranor-
mal perceptual ability in that it was possible to obtain an
arbitrarily high degree of improbability by continued testing
of a gifted subject.
The work of Rhine has been challenged on many grounds,
however, including accusations of improper handling of statis-
tics, error, and fraud. With regard to the statistics, the general
consensus of statisticians today is that if fault is to be found
in Rhine's work, it would have to be on other than statistical
grounds [11]. With regard to the accusations of fraud, the
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most celebrated case of criticism of Rhine's work, that of
G. R. Price [ 12 ] , ended 17 years after it began when the
accusation of fraud was retracted by its author in an article
entitled "Apology to Rhine and Soal," published in the same
journal in which it was first put forward [ 13 ] . It should also
be noted that parapsychological researchers themselves re-
cently exposed fraud in their own laboratory when they
encountered it [ 14 ].
At the end of the 1940's, Prof. S. G. Soal, an English mathe-
matician working with the SPR, had carried out hundreds of
card guessing experiments involving tens of thousands of calls
[151. Many of these experiments were carried out over ex-
tended distances. One of the most notable experiments was
conducted with Mrs. Gloria Stewart between London and
Antwerp. This experiment gave results whose probability of
occurring by chance were less than 10-8. With the publication
of Modern Experiments in Telepathy by Soal and Bateman
(both of whom were statisticians), it appeared that card guess-
ing experiments produced significant results, on the average.3
The most severe criticism of all this work, a criticism diffi-
cult to defend against in principle, is that leveled by the well-
known British parapsychological critic C. E. M. Hansel [ 17] ,
who began his examination of the ESP hypothesis with the
stated assumption, "In view of the a priori arguments against
it we know in advance that telepathy, etc., cannot occur."
Therefore, based on the "a priori unlikelihood" of ESP,
Hansel's examination of the literature centered primarily on
the possibility of fraud, by subjects or, investigators. He
reviewed in depth four experiments which he regarded as
providing the best evidence of ESP: the Pearce-Pratt distance
series [18]; the Pratt-Woodruff [19] series, both conducted
at Duke; and Soal's work with Mrs. Stewart and Basil Shackle-
ton [IS], as well as a more recent series by Soal and Bowden
[20]. Hansel showed, in each case, how fraud could have been
committed (by the experimenters in the Pratt-Woodruff and
Soal-Bateman series, or by the subjects in the Pearce-Pratt
and Soal-Bowden experiments). He gave no direct evidence
that fraud was committed in these experiments, but said, "If
the result could have arisen through a trick, the experiment
must be considered unsatisfactory proof of ESP, whether or
not it is finally decided that such a trick was in fact used " [ 17,
p. 181. As discussed by Honorton in a review of the field
[21], Hansel's conclusion after 241 pages of careful scrutiny
therefore was that these experiments were not "fraud-proof"
and therefore in principle could not serve as conclusive proof
of ESP.
Even among the supporters of ESP research and its results,
there remained the consistent problem that many successful
subjects eventually lost their ability and their scores gradually
drifted toward chance results. This decline effect in no way
erased their previous astronomical success; but it was a disap-
pointment since if paranormal perception is a natural ability,
one would like to see subjects improving with practice rather
than getting worse.
One of the first successful attempts to overcome the decline
effect was in Czechoslovakia in the work of Dr. Milan Ryzl, a
chemist with the Institute of Biology of the Czechoslovakian
Academy of Science and also an amateur hypnotist [22].
Through the use of hypnosis, together with feedback and
reinforcement, he developed several outstanding subjects, one
of whom, Pavel Stepanek, has worked with experimenters
around the world for more than 10 years.
Ryzl's pioneering work came as an answer to the questions
raised by the 1956 CIBA Foundation conference on extra-
sensory perception. The CIBA Chemical Company has annual
meetings on topics of biological and chemical interest, and
that same year they assembled several prominent parapsy-
chologists to- have a state-of-the-art conference on ESP [23].
The conference concluded that little progress would be made
in parapsychology research until a repeatable experiment
could be found; namely, an experiment that different experi-
menters could repeat at will and that would reliably yield a
statistically significant result.
Ryzl had by 1962 accomplished that goal. His primary con-
tribution was a decision to interact with the subject as a per-
son, to try to build up his confidence and ability. His protocol
depended on "working with" rather than "running" his sub-
jects. Ryzl's star subject, Pavel Stepanek, has produced highly
significant results with many contemporary researchers [24]-
[29]. In these experiments, he was able to tell with 60-percent
reliability whether a hidden card was green side or white
side up, yielding statistics of a million to one with only a
thousand trials.
As significant as such results are statistically, the information
channel is imperfect, containing noise along with the signal.
When considering how best to use such a channel, one is led
to the communication theory concept of the introduction of
redundancy as a means of coding a message to combat the
effects of a noisy channel [30]. A prototype experiment by
Ryzl using such techniques has proved to be successful. Ryzl
had an assistant select randomly five groups of three digits
each. These 15 digits were then encoded into binary form and
translated into a sequence of green and white cards in sealed
envelopes. By means of repeated calling and an. elaborate
majority vote protocol, Ryzl was able after 19 350 calls by
Stepanek (averaging 9 s per call) to correctly identify all 15
numbers, a result significant at p = 10-15 The hit rate for
individual calls was 61.9 percent, 11 978 hits, and 7372 misses
[31].
Note Added in Proof: It has been brought to our attention
that a similar procedure was recently used to transmit without
error the word "peace" in International Morse Code (J. C.
Carpenter, "Toward the effective utilization of enhanced
weak-signal ESP effects," presented at the Annual Meeting of
the American Association for the Advancement of Science,
New York, NY, Jan. 27, 1975).
The characteristics of such a channel can be specified in
accordance with the precepts of communication theory. The
bit rate associated with the information channel is calculated
from [30]
R = H(x) - Hy(x) (1)
where H(x) is the uncertainty of the source message containing
symbols with a priori probability pi :
2
H(x), Pi 1092 Pi
i=1
and Hy (x) is the conditional entropy based on the a posteriori
probabilities that a received signal was actually transmitted:
116]. However, his long-distance experiments cited here were judged 2
in a double-blind fashion of the type that escaped the criticism of the Hy(x) = - L p(i, j) 1082 pi(j).
early experiments. %=1
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For Stepanek's run, with pi = 4, pi (j) = 0.619, and an average
time of 9 s per choice, we have a source uncertainty H(x) = 1
bit and a calculated bit rate
Similar behavior modification types of experiments have been
carried out in recent times by I. M. Kogan, Chairman of the
Bioinformation Section of the Moscow Board of the Popov
Society. He is a Soviet engineer who, until 1969, published
extensively on the theory of telepathic communication [371-
[40 1. He was concerned with three principal kinds of experi-
ments: mental suggestion without hypnosis over short dis-
tances, in which the percipient attempts to identify an object;
mental awakening over short distances, in which a subject is
awakened from a hypnotic sleep at the "beamed" suggestion
from the hypnotist; and long-range (intercity) telepathic com-
munication. Kogan's main interest has been to quantify the
channel capacity of the paranormal channel. He finds that the
bit rate decreases from 0.1 bit/s for laboratory experiments
to 0.005 bit/s for his 1000-km intercity experiments.
In the USSR, serious consideration is given to the hypothesis
that telepathy is mediated by extremely low-frequency (ELF)
electromagnetic propagation. (The pros and cons of this
hypothesis are discussed in Section V of this paper.) In
general, the entire field of paranormal research in the USSR
is part of a larger one concerned with the interaction between
electromagnetic fields and living organisms [41], [42]. At
the First International Congress on Parapsychology and
Psychotronics in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1973, for example,
Kholodov spoke at length about the susceptibility of living
systems to extremely low-level ac and dc fields. He described
conditioning effects on the behavior of fish resulting from the
application of 10 to 100 pW of RF to their tank [43]. The
USSR take these data seriously in that the Soviet safety re-
quirements for steady-state microwave exposure set limits
at 10 ?W/cm2, whereas the United States has set a steady-state
limit of 10 mW/cm2 [441. Kholodov spoke also about the
nonthermal effects of microwaves on animals' central nervous
systems. His experiments were very carefully carried out and
are characteristic of a new dimension in paranormal research.
The increasing importance of this area in Soviet research was
indicated recently when the Soviet Psychological Association
issued an unprecedented position paper calling on the Soviet
Academy of Sciences to step up efforts in this area [45 ].
They recommended that the newly formed Psychological
Institute within the Soviet Academy of Sciences and the
Psychological Institute of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences
review the area and consider the creation of a new laboratory
within one of the institutes to study persons with unusual
abilities. They also recommended a comprehensive evaluation
of experiments and theory by the Academy of Sciences' Insti-
tute of. Biophysics and Institute for the Problems of Informa-
tion Transmission.
The Soviet research, along with other behavioristically
oriented work, suggests that in addition to obtaining overt
responses such as verbalizations or key presses from a subject,
it should be possible to obtain objective evidence of informa-
tion transfer by direct measurement of physiological parame-
ters of a subject. Kamiya, Lindsley, Pribram, Silverman,
Walter, and others brought together to discuss physiological
methods to detect ESP functioning, have suggested that a
whole range of electroencephalogram (EEG) responses such as
evoked potentials (EP's), spontaneous EEG, and the contingent
negative variation (CNV) might be sensitive indicators of the
detection of remote stimuli not mediated by usual sensory
processes [46].
Early experimentation of this type was carried out by
Douglas Dean at the Newark College of Engineering. In his
R/T - 0.0046 bit/s.
(Since the 15-digit number (49.8 bits) actually was transmitted
at the rate of 2.9 X 10-4 bit/s, an increase in bit rate by a
factor of about 20 could be expected on the basis of a coding
scheme more optimum than that used in the experiments. See,
for example, Appendix A.)
Dr. Charles Tart at the University of California has written
extensively on the so-called decline effect. He considers that
having subjects attempt to guess cards, or perform any other
repetitious task for which they receive no feedback, follows
the classical technique for deconditioning any response. He
thus considers card guessing "a technique for extinguishing
psychic functioning in the laboratory" [32 1.
Tart's injunctions of the mid-sixties were being heeded at
Maimonides Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, by a team of researchers
that included Dr. Montague Ullman, who was director of
research for the hospital; Dr. Stanley Krippner; and, later,
Charles Honorton. These three worked together for several
years on experiments on the occurrence of telepathy in dreams.
In. the course of a half-dozen experimental series, they found
in their week-long sessions a number of subjects who had
dreams that consistently were highly descriptive of pictorial
material that a remote sender was looking at throughout the
night. This work is described in detail in the experimenters'
book Dream Telepathy [33]. Honorton is continuing work
of this free-response type in which the subject has no precon-
ceived idea as to what the target may be.
In his more recent. work with subjects in the waking state,
Honorton is providing homogeneous stimulation to the subject
who is to describe color slides viewed by another person in a
remote room. In this new work, the subject listens to white
noise via earphones and views an homogeneous visual field
imposed through the use of Ping-Pong ball halves to cover the
subject's eyes in conjunction with diffuse ambient illumina-
tion. In this so-called Ganzfeld setting, subjects are again able,
now in the waking state, to give correct and often highly
accurate descriptions of the material being viewed by the
sender [34].
In Honorton's work and elsewhere, it apparently has been
the step away from the repetitive forced-choice experiment
that has opened the way for a wide variety of ordinary people
to demonstrate significant functioning in the laboratory, with-
out being bored into a decline effect.
This survey would be incomplete if we did not indicate
certain aspects of the current state of research in the USSR.
It is clear from translated documents and other sources [35]
that many laboratories in the USSR are engaged in paranormal
research.
Since the 1930's, in the laboratory of L. Vasiliev (Leningrad
Institute for Brain Research), there has been an interest in the
use of telepathy as a method of influencing the behavior of a
person at a distance. In Vasiliev's book Experiments in Mental
Suggestion, he makes it very clear that the bulk of his labora-
tory's experiments were aimed at long-distance communica-
tion combined with a form of behavior modification; for
example, putting people at a distance to sleep through hyp-
nosis [36].
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search for physiological correlates of information transfer, he
used the plethysmograph to measure changes in the blood
volume in a finger, a sensitive indicator of autonomic nervous
system functioning [471. A plethysmographic measurement
was made on the finger of a subject during telepathy experi-
ments. A sender looked at randomly selected target cards
consisting of names known to the subject, together with names
unknown to him (selected at random from a telephone book).
The names of the known people were contributed by the sub-
ject and were to be of emotional significance to him. Dean
found significant changes in the chart recording of finger
blood volume when the remote sender was looking at those
names known to the subject as compared with those names
randomly chosen.
Three other experiments using the physiological approach
have now been published. The first work by Tart [48 1, a later
work by Lloyd [491, and most recently the work by the
authors [4] all follow a similar procedure. Basically, a subject
is closeted in an electrically shielded room while his EEG is
recorded. Meanwhile, in another laboratory, a second person
is stimulated from time to time, and the time of that stimulus
is marked on the magnetic-tape recording of the subject's EEG.
The subject does not know when the remote stimulus periods
are as compared with the nonstimulus periods.
With regard to choice of stimulus for our own experimenta-
tion, we noted that in previous work others had attempted,
without success, to detect evoked potential changes in a sub-
ject's EEG in response to a single stroboscopic flash stimulus
observed by another subject [50]. In a discussion of that
experiment, Kamiya suggested that because of the unknown
temporal characteristics of the information channel, it might
be more appropriate to use repetitive bursts of light to increase
the probability of detecting information transfer [ 51 ]. There-
fore, in our study we chose to use a stroboscopic flash train of
10-s duration as the remote stimulus.
In the design of the study, we assumed that the application
of the remote stimulus would result in responses similar to
those obtained under conditions of direct stimulation. For
example, when an individual is stimulated with a low-
frequency (< 30 Hz) flashing light, the EEG typically shows
a decrease in the amplitude of the resting rhythm and a
driving of the brain waves at the frequency of the flashes [52 1.
We hypothesized that if we stimulated one subject in this
manner (a putative sender), the EEG of another subject in a
remote room with no flash present (a receiver) might show
changes in alpha (9-11 Hz) activity and possibly an EEG
driving similar to that of the sender, or other coupling to the
sender's EEG [53]. The receiver was seated in a visually
opaque, acoustically and electrically shielded, double-walled
steel room about 7 m from the sender. The details of the
experiment, consisting of seven runs of thirty-six 10-s trials
each (twelve periods each for 0-Hz, 6-Hz, and 16-Hz stimuli,
randomly intermixed), are presented in [4]. This experiment
proved to be successful. The receiver's alpha activity (9-11 Hz)
showed a significant reduction in average power (-24 percent,
p < 0.04) and peak power (-28 percent, p < 0.03) during
16-Hz flash stimuli as compared with periods of no-flash
stimulus. [A similar response was observed for 6-liz stimuli
(-12 percent in average power, -21 percent in peak power),
but the latter result did not reach statistical significance.]
Fig. 2 shows an overlay of three averaged EEG spectra from
one of the subject's 36 trial runs, displaying differences in
alpha activity during the three stimulus conditions. Extensive
control procedures ere unde taken to determine f the e
Approved For 200
5 Hz 10 Hz 15 Hz
Fig. 2. Occipital EEG frequency spectra, 0-20 Hz, of one subject (H.H.)
acting as receiver showing amplitude changes in the 9-11-Hz band as a
function of strobe frequency. Three cases: 0-, 6-, and 16-Hz flashes
(twelve trial averages).
results were produced by system artifacts, electromagnetic
pickup (EMI), or subtle cueing; the results were negative [4].
As part of the experimental protocol, the subject was asked
to indicate a conscious assessment for each trial (via telegraph
key) as to the nature of the stimulus; analysis showed these
guesses to be at chance. Thus arousal as evidenced by signifi-
cant alpha blocking occurred only at the noncognitive level of
physiological response. Hence the experiment provided direct
physiological (EEG) evidence of perception of remote stimuli
even in the absence of overt cognitive response.
Whereas in our experiments we used a remote light flash as a
stimulus, Tart [48] in his work used an electrical shock to
himself as sender, and Lloyd [491 simply told the sender to
think of a red triangle each time a red warning light was
illuminated within his view. Lloyd observed a consistent
evoked potential in his subjects; whereas in our experiments
and in Tart's, a reduction in amplitude and a desynchroniza-
tion of alpha was observed-an arousal response. (If a subject
is resting in an alpha-dominant condition and he is then
stimulated, for example in any direct manner, one will observe
a desynchronization and decrease in alpha power.) We con-
sider that these combined results are evidence for the existence
of noncognitive awareness of remote happenings and that they
have a profound implication for paranormal research.
III. SRI INVESTIGATIONS OF REMOTE VIEWING
Experimentation in remote viewing began during studies
carried out to investigate the abilities of a New York artist,
Ingo Swann, when he expressed the opinion that the insights
gained during experiments at SRI had strengthened his ability
(verified in other research before he joined the SRI program)
to view remote locations [54]. To test Mr. Swann's asser-
tion, a pilot study was set up in which a series of targets from
around the globe were supplied by SRI personnel to the ex-
perimenters on a double-blind. basis. Mr. Swann's apparent
ability to describe correctly details of buildings, roads,
bridges, and the like indicated that it may be possible for
a subject by means of mental imagery to access and describe
randomly chosen geographical sites located several miles
from the subject's position and demarcated by some appro-
priate means. Therefore, we set up a research program to
test the remote-viewing hypothesis under rigidly controlled
scientific conditions.
In carrying out this program, we concentrated on what we
considered to be our principal responsibility-to resolve under
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class of paranormal perception phenomenon exists. At all
times, we and others responsible for the overall program took
measures to prevent sensory leakage and subliminal cueing and
to prevent deception, whether intentional or unintentional.
To ensure evaluations independent of belief structures of both
experimenters and judges, all experiments were carried out
under a protocol, described below, in which target selection at
the beginning of experiments and blind judging of results at
the end of experiments were handled independently of the
researchers engaged in carrying out the experiments.
Six subjects, designated S I through S6, were chosen for the
study. Three were considered as gifted or experienced subjects
(Si through S3), and three were considered as learners (S4
through S6). The a priori dichotomy between gifted and
learners was based on the experienced group having been
successful in other studies conducted before this program
and the learners group being inexperienced with regard to
paranormal experimentation.
The study consisted of a series of double-blind tests with
local targets in the San Francisco Bay Area so that several in-
dependent judges could visit the sites to establish documenta-
tion. The protocol was to closet the subject with an experi-
menter at SRI and at an agreed-on time to obtain from the
subject a description of an undisclosed remote site being
visited by a target team. In each of the experiments, one of
the six program subjects served as remote-viewing subject,
and SRI experimenters served as a target demarcation team at
the remote location chosen in a double-blind protocol as
follows.
In each experiment, SRI management randomly chose a
target location from a list of targets within a 30-min driving
time from SRI; the target location selected was kept blind to
subject and experimenters. The target pool consisted of more
than 100 target locations chosen from a target-rich environ-
ment. (Before the experimental series began, the Director of
the Information Science and Engineering Division, not other-
wise associated with the experiment, established the set of lo-
cations as the target pool which remained known only to him.
The target locations were printed on cards sealed in envelopes
and kept in the SRI Division office safe. They were available
only with the personal assistance of the Division Director who
issued a single random-number selected target card that con-
stituted the traveling orders for that experiment.)
In detail: To begin the experiment, the subject was closeted
with an experimenter at SRI to wait 30 min before beginning
a narrative description of the remote location. A second ex-
perimenter then obtained from the Division Director a target
location from a set of traveling orders previously prepared and
randomized by the Director and kept under his control. The
target demarcation team, consisting of two to four SRI experi-
menters, then proceeded by automobile directly to the target
without any communication with the subject or experimenter
remaining behind. The experimenter remaining with the sub-
ject at SRI was kept ignorant of both the particular target and
the target pool so as to eliminate the possibility of cueing
(overt or subliminal) and to allow him freedom in questioning
the subject to clarify his descriptions. The demarcation team
remained at the target site for an agreed-on 15-min period
following the 30 min allotted for travel.4 During the observa-
4The first subject (Si) was allowed 30 min for his descriptions, but
it was found that he fatigued and had little comment after the first 15
min. The viewing time was therefore reduced to 15 min for subjects
S2 through S6.
tion period, the remote viewing subject was asked to describe
his impressions of the target site into a tape recorder and to
make any drawings he thought appropriate. An informal com-
parison was then made when the demarcation team returned,
and the subject was taken to the site to provide feedback.
A. Subject Sl: Experienced
To begin the series, Pat Price, a former California police com-
missioner and city councilman, participated as a subject in
nine experiments. In general, Price's ability to describe
correctly buildings, docks, roads, gardens, and the like, includ-
ing structural materials, color, ambience, and activity-often
in great detail-indicated the functioning of a remote per-
ceptual ability. A Hoover Tower target, for example, was
recognized and named by name. Nonetheless, in general, the
descriptions contained inaccuracies as well as correct state-
ments. A typical example is indicated by the subject's drawing
shown in Fig. 3 in which he correctly described a park-like
area containing two pools of water: one rectangular, 60 by
89 ft (actual dimensions 75 by 100 ft); the other circular,
diameter 120 ft (actual diameter 110 ft). He incorrectly indi-
cated the function, however, as water filtration rather than
recreational swimming. (We often observe essentially correct
descriptions of basic elements and patterns coupled with in-
complete or erroneous analysis of function.) As can be seen
from his drawing, he also included some elements, such as
the tanks shown in the upper right, that are not present at the
target site. We also note an apparent left-right reversal, often
observed in paranormal perception experiments.
To obtain a numerical evaluation of the accuracy of the
remote-viewing experiment, the experimental results were
subjected to independent judging on a blind basis by an SRI
research analyst not otherwise associated with the research.
The subject's response packets, which contained the nine
typed unedited transcripts of the tape-recorded narratives
along with any associated drawings, were unlabeled and pre-
sented in random order. While standing at each target loca-
tion, visited in turn; the judge was required to blind rank order
the nine packets on a scale 1 to 9 (best to worst match). The
statistic of interest is the sum of ranks assigned to the target-
associated transcripts, lower values indicating better matches.
For nine targets, the sum of ranks could range from nine to
eighty-one. The probability that a given sum of ranks s or
less will occur by chance is given by [551
Pr (s or less) (-1),
?Nn \17linNtl 1/
i=n 1=0
where s is obtained sum of ranks, N is number of assignable
ranks, n is number of occasions on which i ~sw re made,
and 1 takes on values from zero to the osit integer k
in (i - n)/N. (Table I is a table to enable easy application of
the above formula to those cases in which N = n.) The sum in
this case, which included seven direct hits out of the nine, was
16 (see Table II), a result significant at p =.2.9 X 10-5 by
exact calculation.
In Experiments 3, 4, and 6 through 9, the subject was se-
cured in a double-walled copper-screen Faraday cage. The
Faraday cage provides 120-dB attenuation for plane-wave
radio-frequency radiation over a range of 15 kHz to 1 GHz.
For magnetic fields, the attenuation is 68 dB at 15 kHz and
decreases to 3 dB at 60 Hz. The results of rank order judging
(Table II) indicate that the use of Faraday cage electrical
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(a) (b)
Fig. 3. Swimming pool complex as remote-viewing target. (a) City map of target location. (b) Drawing by Price (SI).
TABLE I
CRITICAL VALUES OF SUMS OF RANKS FOR PREFERENTIAL MATCHING
Note: This table applies only to those special cases in which the number of occasions on which objects
are being ranked (n) is equal to the number of assignable ranks (N). Each entry represents the largest
number that is significant at the indicated p-level. Source: R. L. Morris [55 1.
Number of
Assignable
Probability (one-tailed) that the Indicated Sum of Ranks or Less Would Occur by Chance
Ranks (N)
0.20
0.10
0.05
0.04
0.025
0,01
0.005
0.002
0.001
0.0005
10-4
IO-s
10-6
10-'
4
7
6
5
5
5
4
4
5
11
10
9
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
6
16
15
13
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
7
22
20
18
18
17
15
14
12
12
11
9
8
8
29
27
24
24
22
20
19
17
16
15
13
11
9
8
9
37
34
31
30
29
26
24
22
21
20
17
14
12
10
10
46
42
39
38
36
33
31
29
27
25
22
19
16
13
11
56
51
48
47
45
41
38
36
34
32
28
24
20
17
12
67
61
58
56
54
49
47
43
41
39
35
30
25
22
shielding does not prevent high-quality descriptions from being
obtained.
As a backup judging procedure, a panel of five additional
SRI scientists not otherwise associated with the research were
asked simply to blind match the unedited typed transcripts
(with associated drawings) generated by the remote viewer
against the nine target locations which they independently
visited in turn. The transcripts were unlabeled and presented
in random order. A correct match consisted of a transcript
of a given date being matched to the target of that date. In-
stead of the expected number of 1 match each per judge, the
number of correct matches obtained by the five judges was 7,
6, 5, 3, and 3, respectively. Thus, rather than the expected
total number of 5 correct matches from the judges, 24 such
matches were obtained.
Fem
B. Subject S4: Learner
This experiment was designed to be a replication of our pre-
vious experiment with Price, the first replication attempted.
The subject for this experiment was Mrs. Hella Hammid, a
gifted professional photographer. She was selected for this
series on the basis of her successful performance as a per-
cipient in the EEG experiment described earlier. Outside of
that interaction, she had no previous experience with apparent
paranormal functioning.
At the time we began working with Mrs. Hammid, she had
no strong feelings about the likelihood of her ability to suc-
ceed in this task. This was in contrast to both Ingo Swann
who had come to our laboratory fresh from a lengthy and
apparently successful series of experiments with Dr. Gertrude
:S>x,aL.r1t~AlleSe, c.N~.'.oizk. 1561 and Pat Price
M
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PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS TARGET
TABLE H
DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO TRANSCRIPTS
ASSOCIATED WITH EACH TARGET LOCATION FOR EXPERIENCED
SUBJECT PRICE (SI)
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
Hoover Tower, Stanford
3.4
1
Baylands Nature Preserve, Palo Alto
6.4
1
Radio telescope, Portola Valley
6.4
1
Marina, Redwood City
6.8
1
Bridge toll plaza, Fremont
14.5
6
Drive-in theater, Palo Alto
5.1
1
Arts and Crafts Plaza, Menlo Park
1.9
1
Catholic Church, Portola Valley
8.5
3
Swimming pool complex, Palo Alto
3.4
1
Total sum of ranks
16
(p=2.9x10-1
)
who felt that
day life.
In comparison with the latter two, many people are more
influenced by their environment and are reluctant under
public scrutiny to attempt activities that are generally thought
to be impossible. Society often provides inhibition and nega-
tive feedback to the individual who might otherwise have
explored his own nonregular perceptual ability. We all share
an historical tradition of "the stoning of prophets and the
burning of witches" and, in more modern times, the hospitaliza-
tion of those who claim to perceive things that the majority do
scientific rigor, one of our primary tasks as researchers is to
provide an environment in which the subject feels safe to
explore the possibility of paranormal perception. With a new
subject, we also try to stress the nonuniqueness of the ability
because from our experience paranormal functioning appears
to be a latent ability that all subjects can articulate to some
degree.
Because of Mrs. Hammid's artistic background, she was ca-
pable of drawing and describing visual images that she could
not identify in any cognitive or analytic sense. When the target
demarcation team went to a target location which was a
pedestrian overpass, the subject said that she saw "a kind of
trough up in the air," which she indicated in the upper part
of her drawing in Fig. 4. She went on to explain, "If you
stand where they are standing you will see something like
this," indicating the nested squares at the bottom of Fig. 4.
As it turned out, a judge standing where she indicated would
have a view closely resembling what she had drawn, as can be
seen from the accompanying photographs of the target loca-
tion. It needs to be emphasized, however, that judges did not
have access to our photographs of the site, used here for
illustrative purposes only, but rather they proceeded to each
of the target locations by list.
In another experiment, the subject described seeing "an
open barnlike structure with a pitched roof." She also saw
a "kind of slatted side to the structure making light and dark
bars on the wall." Her drawing and a photograph of the
associated bicycle shed target are shown in Fig. 5. (Subjects
are encouraged to make drawings of anything they visualize
and associate with the remote location because drawings they
make are in general more accurate than their verbal description.)
not admit to seeing. Therefore, in addition to maintaining As in the original series with Price, the results of the nine-
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BICYCLE SHED TARGET
DETAIL OF BICYCLE SHED
Fig. 5. Subject Hammid (S4) response to bicycle shed target described as an open "barn-like building" with "slats
on the sides" and a "pitched roof."
TABLE III
DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO TRANSCRIPTS ASSOCIATED
WITH EACH TARGET LOCATION FOR LEARNER SUBJECT HAMMID (S4)
Target Location
Distance
km
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
Methodist Church, Palo Alto
1.9
1
Ness Auditorium, Menlo Park
0.2
1
Merry-go-round, Palo Alto
3.4
1
Parking garage, Mountain View
8.1
2
SRI International Courtyard, Menlo Park
0.2
1
Bicycle shed, Menlo Park
0.1
2
Railroad trestle bridge, Palo Alto
1.3
2
Pumpkin patch, Menlo Park
1.3
1
Pedestrian overpass, Palo Alto
5.0
2
Total sum of ranks
13
(p=l.8ol0-6)
experiment series were submitted for independent judging on
a blind basis by an SRI research analyst not otherwise associ-
ated with the research. While at each target location, visited
in turn, the judge was required to blind rank order the nine
unedited typed manuscripts of the tape-recorded narratives,
along with any associated drawings generated by the remote
viewer, on a scale 1 to 9 (best to worst match). The sum of
ranks assigned to the target-associated transcripts in this case
was 13, a result significant at p = 1.8 X 10-6 by exact calcula-
tion (see Table I and discussion), and included five direct hits
and four second ranks (Table III).
Again, as a backup judging procedure, a panel of five addi-
tional judges not otherwise associated with the research
were asked simply to blind match the unedited typed tran-
scripts and associated drawings generated by the remote viewer,
against the nine target locations which they independently
visited in turn. A correct match consisted of a transcript of
a given date being matched to the target of that date. In-
stead of the expected number of 1 match each per judge,
the number of correct matches obtained by the five judges
was 5, 3, 3, 2, and 2, respectively. Thus, rather than the ex-
pected total number of 5 correct matches from the judges,
15 such matches were obtained.
C. Subjects S2 and S3: Experienced
Having completed a series of 18 remote-viewing experiments,
9 each with experienced subject S 1 (Price) and learner S4
(Hammid), additional replication experiments, four with each
subject, were carried out with experienced subjects S 2 (Elgin)
and S 3 (Swann) and learners S 5 and S 6. To place the judging
on a basis comparable to that used with S 1 and S4, the four
transcripts each of experienced subjects S2 and S3 were com-
bined into a group of eight for rank order judging to be com-
pared with the similarly combined results of the learners
S5 and S6.
The series with S2 (Elgin, an SRI research analyst) provided
a further example of the dichotomy between verbal and draw-
ing responses. (As with medical literature, case histories often
are more illuminating than the summary of results.) The ex-
neriment described here was theme hiii conducted with this
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W ;rI4 1
experiments, he dictates two lists for us to record. One list
contains objects that he "sees," but does not think are located
at the remote scene. A second list contains objects that he
thinks are at the scene. In our evaluation, he has made much
progress in this most essential ability to separate memory
and imagination from paranormal inputs. This is the key to
bringing the remote-viewing channel to fruition with regard to
its potential usefulness.
The quality of transcript that can be generated by this pro-
cess is evident from the results of our most recent experiment
with Swann. The target location chosen by the usual double-
blind protocol was the Palo Alto City Hall. Swann described a
tall building with vertical columns and "set in" windows. His
sketch, together with the photograph of the site, is shown in
Fig. 7. He said there was a fountain, "but I don't hear it."
At the time the target team was at the City Hall during the
experiment, the fountain was not running. He also made an
effort to draw a replica of the designs in the pavement in front
of the building, and correctly indicated the number of trees
(four) in the sketch.
For the entire series of eight, four each from S2 and S3, the
numerical evaluation 'based on blind rank ordering of tran-
scripts at each site was significant at p = 3.8 X 10-4 and in-
cluded three direct hits and three second ranks for the target-
associated transcripts (see Table IV).
D. Subjects S5 and S6: Learners
To complete the series, four experiments each were carried
out with learner subjects S5 and S6, a man and woman on the
ternal signal from the internal noise. In our most recent SRI professional staff. The results in this
subject. It was a demonstration experiment for a government
visitor who had heard of our work and wanted to evaluate our
experimental protocol.
In the laboratory, the subject, holding a bearing compass at
arm's length, began the experiment by indicating the direction
of the target demarcation team correctly to within 5?. (In all
four experiments with this subject, he has always been within
100 of the correct direction in this angular assessment.) The
subject then generated a 15-min tape-recorded description and
the drawings shown in Fig. 6.
In discussing the drawings, Elgin indicated that he was
uncertain as to the action, but had the impression that the
demarcation team was located at a museum (known to him)
in a particular park. In fact, the target was a tennis court lo-
cated in that park about 90 m from the indicated museum.
Once again, we note the characteristic (discussed earlier) of a
resemblance between the target site and certain gestalt ele-
ments of the subject's response, especially in regard to the
drawings, coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of
the significances. Nonetheless, when rank ordering transcripts
1 through 8 at the site, the judge ranked this transcript as 2.
This example illustrates a continuing observation that most of
the correct information related to us by subjects is of a non-
analytic nature pertaining to shape, form, color, and material
rather than to function or name.
A second example from this group, generated by S3 (Swann),
indicates the level of proficiency that can be attained with
practice. In the two years since we first started working with
Swann, he has been studying the problem of separating the ex-
case, taken as a
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TABLE IV
DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO TRANSCRIPTS ASSOCIATED
WITH EACH TARGET LOCATION FOR EXPERIENCED SUBJECTS ELGIN (S2)
AND SWANN (S3)
.Subject
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
S2
BART Station (Transit System), Fremont
16.1
1
S2
Shielded room, SRI, Menlo Park
0.1
2
S2
Tennis court, Palo Alto
3.4
2
S2
Golf course bridge, Stanford
3.4
2
S3
City Hall, Palo Alto
2.0
1
S3
Miniature golf course, Menlo Park
3.0
1
S3
Kiosk in park, Menlo Park
0.3
3
S3
Baylands Nature Preserve, Palo Alto
6.4
3
Total sum of ranks
15
(p_3.8x10-*)
TABLE V
DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO TRANSCRIPTS ASSOCIATED
WITH EACH TARGET LOCATION FOR LEARNER SUBJECTS S5 AND S6
Sub ect
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
S5
Pedestrian overpass, Palo Alto
5.0
3
S5
Railroad trestle bridge, Palo Alto
1.3
6
55
Winimill, Portola Valley
8.5
2
S5, S6
White Plaza, Stanford (2)
3.8
1
56
Airport, Palo Alto
5.5
2
S6
Kiosk in Park, Menlo Park
0.3
5
S6
Boathouse, Stanford
4.0
1
Total am of ranks
20
(ps0.08, NS)
l.W~.4 { +w u1
CA *w -. P. -
b.,l.* w4 a+a.-T. d .
group, did not differ significantly from chance. For the series
of eight (judged as a group of seven since one target came up
twice, once for each subject), the numerical evaluation based
on blind rank ordering of transcripts at each site was non-
significant at p = 0.08, even though there were two direct hits
and two second ranks out of the seven (see Table V).
One of the direct hits, which occurred with subject S6 in her
first experiment, provides an example of the "first-time effect"
that has been rigorously explored and is well-known to experi-
menters in the field [57]. The outbound experimenter
obtained, by random protocol from the pool, a target blind
to the experimenter with the subject, as is our standard pro-
cedure, and proceeded to the location. The subject, a mathe-
matician in the computer science laboratory who had no pre-
vious experience in remote viewing, began to describe a large
square with a fountain. Four minutes into the experiment,
she recognized the location and correctly identified it by name
(see Fig. 8). (It should be noted that in the area from which
the target locations were drawn there are other fountains
as well, some of which were in the target pool.) As an ex-
ample of the style of the narratives generated during remote
viewing with inexperienced subjects and of the part played by
the experimenter remaining with the subject in such a case,
we have included the entire unedited text of this experiment
as Appendix B.
E. Normal and Paranormal: Use of Unselected Subjects in
Remote Viewing
After more than a year of following the experimental pro-
tocol described above and observing that even inexperienced
subjects generated results better than expected, we initiated a
series of experiments to explore further whether individuals
other than putative "psychics" can demonstrate the remote-
viewing ability. To test this idea, we have a continuing pro-
gram to carry out additional experiments of the outdoor type
with new subjects whom we have no a priori reason to believe
have paranormal perceptual ability. To date we have collected
data from five experiments with two individuals in this cate-
gory: a man and a woman who were visiting government
scientists interested in observing our experimental protocols.
The motivation for these particular experiments was twofold.
First, the experiments provide data that indicate the level of
proficiency that can be expected from unselected volunteers.
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PUTHOFF AND TARG. ERCEPTUA I TI
Fig. 8. Subject (S6) drawing of White Plaza, Stanford University. Sub-
ject drew what she called "curvy benches" and then announced cor-
rectly that the place was "White Plaza at Stanford."
Second, when an individual observes a successful demonstra-
tion experiment involving another person as subject, it inevi-
tably occurs to him that perhaps chicanery is involved. We
have found the most effective way to settle this issue for the
observer is to have the individual himself act as a subject so as
to obtain personal experience against which our reported
results can be evaluated.
The first visitor (VI) was invited to participate as a subject
in a three-experiment series. All three experiments contained
elements descriptive of the associated target locations; the
quality of response increased with practice. The third re-
sponse is shown in Fig. 9, where again the pattern elements in
the drawing appeared to be a closer match than the subject's
analytic interpretation of the target object as a cupola.
%/J0 Y/EM)
RESPONSES OF VISITING
SCIENTIST SUBJECT
Fig. 9. Subject (V1) drawing of merry-go-round target.
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TECHNOLOGY SERIES
TYPEWRITER TARGET
s arsf?Mi&e w20 A(>a'fs
ow citttag "-f p ? edo+ -
a wee ki * titi A pwICY .
ue tL. jLet - C
its Q??W w.d W*%k$ f.
SUBJECT SWANN (S3) RESPONSE
SUBJECT HAMMID (S4) RESPONSE
Fig. 10. Drawings of a typewriter target by two subjects.
The second visitor [V2] participated as a subject in two ex-
periments. In his first experiment, he generated' one of the
higher signal-to-noise results we have observed. He began
his narrative, "There is a red A-frame building and next to it
is a large yellow thing [a tree-Editor]. Now further left
there is another A-shape. It looks like a swing-set, but it is
pushed down in a gully so I can't see the swings." [All cor-
rect.] He then went on to describe a lock on the front door
that he said "looks like it's made of laminated steel, so it
must be a Master lock." [Also correct.]
For the series of five-three from the first subject and two
from the second-the numerical evaluation based on blind
rank ordering of the transcripts at each site was significant at
p = 0.0 17 and included three direct hits and one second rank
for the target-associated transcripts. (See Table VI.)
TABLE VI
DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO TRANSCRIPTS ASSOCIATED WITH
EACH TARGET LOCATION FOR VISITOR SUBJECTS VI AND V2
Subject
Target Location
Distance
km
Rank of
Associated.
Transcript
V1
Bridge over stream, Menlo Park
0.3
1
V1
Baylands Nature Preserve, Palo Alto
6.4
2
Vl
Merry-go-round, Palo Alto
3.4
1
V2
Windmill, Portola Valley
8.5
1
V2
Apartment swimming pool, Mountain View
9.1
3
Total sum of ranks
8
(p.,0.017)
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PUTHOFF AND TARG: RCEPTUAL CHANNEL FOR INFORMATION TRANSFER
TARGET LOCATION: XEROX MACHINE
(TECHNOLOGY SERIES)
TO ADD INTEREST TO TARGET
LOCATION EXPERIMENTER WITH
HIS HEAD BEING XEROXED
Fig. 11. Drawings by three subjects (S2, S3, and V3) for Xerox machine target. When asked to describe the square at upper left of response on
the right, subject (V3) said, "There was this predominant light source which might have been a window, and a working surface which might have
been the sill, or a working surface or desk." Earlier the subject had said, "I have the feeling that there is something silhouetted against the
window."
Observations with unselected subjects such as those de-
scribed above indicate that remote viewing may be a latent and
widely distributed perceptual ability.
F. Technology Series: Short-Range Remote Viewing
Because remote viewing is a perceptual ability, we consid-
ered it important to obtain data on its resolution capabilities.
To accomplish this, we turned to the use of indoor techno-
logical targets.
Twelve experiments were carried out with five different sub-
jects, two of whom were visiting government scientists. They
were told that one of the experimenters would be sent by
random protocol to a laboratory within the SRI complex and
that he would interact with the equipment or apparatus at
that location. It was further explained that the experimenter
remaining with the subject was, as usual, kept ignorant of the
contents of the target pool to prevent cueing during question-
ing. (Unknown to subjects, targets in the pool were used with
replacement; one of the goals of this particular experiment was
to obtain multiple responses to a given target to investigate
whether correlation of a number of subject responses would
provide enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio.) The sub-
ject was asked to describe the target both verbally (tape
recorded) and by means of drawings during a time-synchronized
15-min interval in which the outbound experimenter inter-
acted in an appropriate manner with the equipment in the
target area.
In the twelve experiments, seven targets were used: a drill
press, Xerox machine, video terminal, chart recorder, four-
state random number generator, machine shop, and type-
writer. Three of these were used twice (drill press, video
terminal, and typewriter) and one (Xerox machine) came up
three times in our random selection procedure.
Comparisons of the targets and subject drawings for three of
the multiple-response cases (the typewriter, Xerox machine,
and video terminal) are shown in Figs. 10, 11, and 12. As is
apparent from these illustrations alone, the experiments
provide circumstantial evidence for an information channel
of useful bit rate. This includes experiments in which visit-
ing government scientists participated as subjects (Xerox
machine and video terminal) to observe the protocol. In
general, it appears that use of multiple-subject responses to a
single target provides better signal-to-noise ratio than target
identification by a single individual. This conclusion is borne
out by the judging described below.
Given that in general the drawings constitute the most
accurate portion of a subject's description, in the first judging
procedure a judge was asked simply to blind match only the
drawings (i.e., without tape transcripts) to the targets. Multiple-
subject responses to a given target were stapled together, and
thus seven subject-drawing response packets were to be
matched to the seven different targets for which drawings were
made. The judge did not have access to our photographs of
the target locations, used for illustration purposes only, but
rather proceeded to each of the target locations by list. While
standing at each target location, the judge was required to rank
order the seven subject-drawing response packets (presented in
random order) on a scale 1 to 7 (best to worst match). For
seven targets, the sum of ranks could range from 7 to 49. The
sum in this case, which included 1 direct hit and 4 second
ranks out of the 7 (see Table VII) was 18, a result significant
at p = 0.036.
In the second more detailed effort at evaluation, a visiting
scientist selected at random one of the 12 data packages (a
drill press experiment), sight unseen and submitted it for in-
dependent analysis to an engineer with a request for an esti-
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12. Drawing by two subjects of a video monitor target. (a) Subject (S4) drawing of "box with light coming out of it . . . painted flat black
and in the middle of the room." (b) Second subject (V2) saw a computer terminal with relay racks in the background.
TABLE VII
DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO SUBJECT
DRAWINGS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH TARGET LOCATION
Subject
Target
Rank of
Associated
Drawing.
S3, S4
Drill press
2
S2, 53, V3
Xerox machine
2
S4, V2
Video terminal
1
S3
Chart recorder
2
S4
Random number generator
6
S4
Machine shop
3
S3, S4
Typewriter
2
Total sum of ranks
18
(p-0.036)
mate as to what was being described. The analyst, blind as to
the target and given only the subject's taped narrative and
drawing (Fig. 13), was able, from the subject's description
alone, to correctly classify the target as a "man-sized vertical
boring machine."
G. Summary of Remote Viewing Results
1) Discussion: The descriptions supplied by the subjects
in the experiments involving remote viewing of natural targets
or laboratory apparatus, although containing inaccuracies,
were sufficiently accurate to permit the judges to differentiate
among various targets to the degree indicated. A summary
TABLE VIII
SUMMARY: REMOTE VIEWING
Subject
Number of
Ex eriments
p-Value, Rank
Order Judging
With natural targets
Si (experienced)
9
2.9 x 10 5
S2 and S3 (experienced)
8
3.8 x 10-4
54 (learner)
9
1.8 x 10 6
S5 and S6 (learners)
8
0.08 (N5)
V1 and V2 (learners/visitors)
5
0.017
With technology targets
S2, S3, S4, V2, V3
12
0.036
tabulation of the statistical evaluations of these fifty-one ex-
periments with nine subjects is presented in Table VIII. The
overall result, evaluated conservatively on the basis of a
judging procedure that ignores transcript quality beyond that
necessary to rank order the data packets (vastly underestimat-
ing the statistical significance of individual descriptions),
clearly indicates the presence of an information channel of
useful bit rate. Furthermore, it appears that the principal
difference between experienced subjects and inexperienced
volunteers is not that the latter never exhibit the faculty, but
rather that their results are simply less reliable, more sporadic.
Nevertheless, as described earlier, individual transcripts from
the inexperienced group of subjects number among some of
the best obtained. Such observations indicate a hypothesis
that remote viewing may be a latent and widely distributed
perceptual ability.
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Fig. 13. Subject (S4) drawing of drill press showing belt drive, stool,
and a "vertical graph that goes up and down."
Thus the primary achievement of the SRI program was the
elicitation of high-quality remote viewing from individuals
who agreed to act as subjects. Criticism of this claim could
in principle be put forward on the basis of three potential
flaws. 1) The study could involve naivete in protocol that
permits various forms of cueing, intentional or unintentional.
2) The experiments discussed could be selected out of a larger
pool of experiments of which many are of poorer quality.
3) Data for the reported experiments could be edited to show
only the matching elements, the nonmatching elements being
discarded.
All three criticisms, however, are invalid. First, with regard
to cueing, the use of double-blind protocols ensures that none
of the persons in contact with the subject can be aware of the
target. Second, selection of experiments for reporting did not
take place; every experiment was entered as performed on a
master log and is included in the statistical evaluations. Third,
data associated with a given experiment remain unedited; all
experiments are tape recorded and all data are included un-
edited in the data package to be judged and evaluated.
In the process of judging-attempting to match transcripts
against targets on the basis of the information in the
transcripts-some patterns and regularities in the transcript
descriptions became evident, particularly regarding individual
styles in remote viewing and in the perceptual form of the
descriptions given by the subjects. These patterns and the
judging procedure are discussed below.
a) Styles of response: The fifty-one transcripts were
taken from nine different subjects. Comparing the tran-
scripts of one subject with those of another revealed that each
pattern tended to focus on certain aspects of the remote
target complex and to exclude others, so that each had an
individual pattern of response, like a signature.
Subject S3, for example, frequently responded with topo-
graphical descriptions, maps, and architectural features of the
target locations. Subject S2 often focused on the behavior of
the remote experimenter or the sequence of actions he carried
out at the target. The transcripts of subject S4, more than
those of other subjects, had descriptions of the feel of the lo-
cation, and experiential or sensory gestalts-for example,
light/dark elements in the scene and indoor/outdoor and
enclosed/open distinctions. Prominent features of S l's tran-
scripts were detailed descriptions of what the target persons
were concretely experiencing, seeing, or doing-for example,
standing on asphalty blacktop overlooking water; looking at
a purple iris.
The range of any individual subject's responses was wide.
Anyone might draw a map or describe the mood of the remote
experimenter, but the consistency of each subject's overall
approach suggests that just as individual descriptions of a
directly viewed scene would differ, so these differences also
occur in remote-viewing processes.
b) Nature of the description: The concrete descriptions
that appear most commonly in transcripts are at the level of
subunits of the overall scene. For example, when the target
was a. Xerox copy machine, the responses included (S2) a
rolling object (the moving light) or dials and a cover that is
lifted (S3), but the machine as a whole was not identified by
name or function.
In a few transcripts, the subjects correctly identified and
named the target. In the case of a computer terminal, the
subject (V2) apparently perceived the terminal and the relay
racks behind it. In the case of targets which were Hoover
Tower and White Plaza, the subjects (S 1 and S6, respectively)
seemed to identify the locations through analysis of their
initial images of the elements of the target.
There were also occasional incorrect identifications. Gestalts
were incorrectly named; for example, swimming pools in a
park were identified as water storage tanks at a water filtration
plant (Si).
The most common perceptual level was thus an intermediate
one-the individual elements and items that make up the tar-
get. This is suggestive of a scanning process that takes sample
perceptions from within the overall environment.
When the subjects tried to make sense out of these fragmen-
tary impressions, they often resorted to metaphors or con-
structed an image with a kind of perceptual inference. From
a feeling of the target as an "august" and "solemn" building,
a subject (S4) said it might be a library; it was a church. A
pedestrian overpass above a freeway was described as a conduit
(S4). A rapid transit station, elevated above the countryside,
was associated with an observatory (S2). These responses
seem to be the result of attempts to process partial informa-
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tion: similarly, this occurs in other parapsychological experi-
ments. These observations are compatible with the hypotheses
that information received in a putative remote-viewing mode
is processed piecemeal in pattern form (consistent with a low
bit rate process, but not necessarily requiring it); and the
errors arise in the processes of attempted integration of the
data into larger patterns directed toward verbal labeling.
When the subjects augmented the verbal transcripts with
drawings or sketches, these often expressed the target elements
more accurately than the verbal descriptions. Thus the draw-
ings tended to correspond to the targets more clearly and
precisely than the words of the transcript.
The descriptions given by the subjects sometimes went be-
yond what the remote experimenter experienced, at least con-
sciously. For example, one subject (S4) described and drew
a belt drive at the top of a drill press that was invisible even to
the remote experimenter who was operating the machine;
another subject (S1) described a number of items behind
shrubbery and thus not visible to members of the demarcation
team at the site.
Curiously, objects in motion at the remote site were rarely
mentioned in the transcript. For example, trains crossing the
railroad trestle target were not described, though the remote
experimenter stood very close to them.
Also in a few cases, the subject descriptions were inaccurate
regarding size of structures. A 20-ft courtyard separating two
buildings was described as 200 ft wide, and a small shed was
expanded to a barn-like structure.
c) Blind judging of transcripts: The judging procedure
entailed examining the transcripts for a given experimental
series and attempting to match the transcripts with the cor-
rect targets on the basis of their correspondences. The tran-
scripts varied from coherent and accurate descriptions to mix-
tures of correspondences and noncorrespondences. Since the
judge did not know a priori which elements of the descriptions
were correct or incorrect, the task was complicated, and tran-
scripts often seemed plausibly to match more than one target.
A confounding factor in these studies is that some target lo-
cations have similarities that seem alike at some level of per-
ception. For example, a radio telescope at the top of a hill,
the observation deck of a tower, and a jetty on the edge of a
bay all match a transcript description of "looking out over a
long distance." A lake, a fountain, and a creek may all result
in an image of water for the subject. Therefore, in several
cases, even correct images may not help in the conservative
differential matching procedure used.
According to the judge, the most successful procedure was a
careful element-by-element comparison that tested each tran-
script against every target and used the transcript descriptions
and drawings as arguments for or against assigning the tran-
script to a particular target. In most cases, this resulted in
either a clear conclusion or at least a ranking of probable
matches; these matches were subjected to the statistical
analyses presented in this paper.
2) Summary: In summary, we do not yet have an under-
standing of the nature of the information-bearing signal that a
subject perceives during remote viewing. The subjects com-
monly report that they perceive the signal visually as though
they were looking at the object or place from a position in its
immediate neighborhood. ' Furthermore, the subjects' per-
ceptual viewpoint has mobility in that they can shift their
point of view so as to describe elements of a scene that would
not be visible to an observer merely standing at ground level
and describing what he sees. (In particular, a subject often
correctly describes elements not visible to the target demarca-
tion team.) Finally, motion is seldom reported; in fact,
moving objects often are unseen even when nearby static
objects are correctly identified.
A comparison of the results of remote viewing (a so-called
free-response task) with results of forced-choice tasks, such as
the selection of one of four choices generated by a random
number generator [ 58 ], reveals the following findings. From a
statistical viewpoint, a subject is more likely to describe, with
sufficient accuracy to permit blind matching, a remote site
chosen at random than he is to select correctly one of four
random numbers. Our experience with these phenomena leads
us to consider that this difference in task performance may
stem from fundamental signal-to-noise considerations. Two
principal sources of noise in the system apparently are mem-
ory and imagination, both of which can give rise to mental
pictures of greater clarity than the target to be perceived. In
the random number task, a subject can create a perfect mental
picture of each of the four possible outputs in his own imagi-
nation and then attempt to obtain the correct answer by a
mental matching operation. The same is true for card guessing
experiments. On the other hand, the subject in remote view-
ing is apparently more likely to approach the task with a
blank mind as he attempts to perceive pictorial information
from remote locations about which he may have no stored
mental data.
Finally, we observe that most of the correct information
that subjects relate to us is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining
to shape, form, color, and material rather than to function or
name. In consultation with Dr. Robert Ornstein of the Langley-
Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, San Francisco, CA, and with
Dr. Ralph Kiernan of the Department of Neurology, Stanford
University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, we have formed
the tentative hypothesis that paranormal functioning may
involve specialization characteristic of the brain's right hemi-
sphere. This possibility is derived from a variety of evidence
from clinical and neurosurgical sources which indicate that the
two hemispheres of the human brain are specialized for dif-
ferent cognitive functions. The left hemisphere is predomi-
nantly active in verbal and other analytical functioning and the
right hemisphere predominates in spatial and other holistic
processing [59], [60]. Further research is necessary to
elucidate the relationship between right hemisphere function
and paranormal abilities. Nonetheless, we can say at this
point that the remote-viewing results of the group of subjects
at SRI have characteristics in common with more familiar
performances that require right hemispheric function. The
similarities include the highly schematicized drawings of ob-
jects in a room or of remote scenes. Verbal identification of
these drawings is often highly inaccurate and the drawings
themselves are frequently left-right reversed relative to the
target configuration. Further, written material generally is
not cognized. These characteristics have been seen in left
brain-injured patients and in callosal-sectioned patients.
As a result of the above considerations, we have learned to
urge our subjects simply to describe what they see as opposed
to what they think they are looking at. We have learned that
their unanalyzed perceptions are almost always a better guide
to the true target than their interpretations of the perceived
data.
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IV. CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING TIME
If the authors may be forgiven a personal note, we wish to
express that this section deals with observations that we have
been reluctant to publish because of their striking apparent in-
compatibility with existing concepts. The motivating factor
for presenting the data at this time is the ethical consideration
that theorists endeavoring to develop models for paranormal
functioning should be apprised of all the observable data if
their efforts to arrive at a comprehensive and correct descrip-
tion are to be successful.
During the course of the experimentation in remote viewing
(Section III), subjects occasionally volunteered the informa-
tion that they had been thinking about their forthcoming par-
ticipation in a remote-viewing experiment and had an image
come to them as to what the target location was to be. On
these occasions, the information was given only to the experi-
menter remaining at SRI with the subject and was unknown to
the outbound experimenter until completion of the experi-
ment. Two of these contributions were among the most
accurate descriptions turned in during those experiments.
Since the target location had not yet been selected when the
subject communicated his perceptions about the target, we
found the data difficult to contend with.
We offer these spontaneous occurrences not as proof of pre-
cognitive perception, but rather as the motivation that led us
to do further work in this field. On the basis of this firsthand
evidence, together with the copious literature describing years
of precognition experiments carried out in various other labo-
ratories, we decided to determine whether a subject could per-
form a perceptual task that required both spatial and temporal
remote viewing.
It is well known and recently has been widely discussed that
nothing in the fundamental laws of physics forbids the appar-
ent transmission of information from the future to the present
(discussed further in Section V). Furthermore, there is a gen-
eral dictum that "in physical law, everything that is not forbid-
den, is required" [61 ]. With this in mind, we set out to con-
duct very well-controlled experiments to determine whether
we could deliberately design and execute experiments for the
sole purpose of observing precognition under laboratory
conditions.
The experimental protocol was identical to that followed in
previous remote-viewing experiments with but one exception.
The exception was that the subject was required to describe
the remote location during a 15-min period beginning 20 min
before the target was selected and 35 min before the outbound
experimenter was to arrive at the target location.
In detail, as shown in Table IX, each day at ten o'clock one
of the experimenters would leave SRI with a stack of ten
sealed envelopes from a larger pool and randomized daily, con-
taining traveling instructions that had been prepared, but that
were unknown to the two experimenters remaining with the
subject. The subject for this experiment was Hella Hammid
(S4) who participated in the nine-experiment series replicating
the original Price work described earlier. The traveling experi-
menter was to drive continuously from 10:00 until 10:30 be-
fore selecting his destination with a random number generator.
(The motivation for continuous motion was our observation
that objects and persons in rapid motion are not generally seen
in the remote-viewing mode of perception, and we wished the
traveler to be a poor target until he reached his target site.) At
the end of 30 min of driving, the traveling experimenter gener-
TABLE IX
EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL: PRECOGNITIVE REMOTE VIEWING
Time
Schedule
Experimenter/Subject Activity
10:00
Outbound experimenter leaves with 10 envelopes (containing
target locations) and random number generator;
begins half-hour drive
10:10
Experimenters remaining with subject in the laboratory
elicit from subject a description of where outbound
experimenter will be from 10:45-11:00
10:25
Subject response completed, at which time laboratory part
of experiment is over
10:30
Outbound experimenter obtains random number from a random
number generator, counts down to associated envelope, and-
proceeds to target location indicated
10:45
Outbound experimenter remains at target location for
15 minutes (10:45-11:00)
Fig. 14. Subject Hammid (S4) described "some kind of congealing tar,
or maybe an area of condensed lava ... that has oozed out to fill up
some kind of boundaries."
ated a random digit from 0 to 9 with a Texas Instruments
SR-51 random number generator; while still in motion, he
counted down that number of envelopes and proceeded di-
rectly to the target location so as to arrive there by 10:45. He
remained at the target site until 11:00, at which time he re-
turned to the laboratory, showed his chosen target name to a
security guard, and entered the experimental room.
During the same period, the protocol in the laboratory was
as follows. At 10:10, the subject was asked to begin a descrip-
tion of the place to which the experimenter would go 35 min
hence. The subject then generated a tape-recorded description
and associated drawings from 10:10 to 10:25, at which time
her part in the experiment was ended. Her description was
thus entirely concluded 5 min before the beginning of the tar-
get selection procedure.
Four such experiments were carried out. Each of them ap-
peared to be successful, an evaluation later verified in blind
judging without error by three judges. We will briefly sum-
marize the four experiments below.
The first target, the Palo Alto Yacht Harbor, consisted en-
tirely of mud flats because of an extremely low tide (see Fig.
14). Appropriately, the entire transcript of the subject per-
tained to "some kind of congealing tar, or maybe an area of
condensed lava. It looks like the whole area is covered with
some kind of wrinkled elephant skin that has oozed out to fill
up some kind of boundaries where (the outbound experi-
menter) is standing." Because of the lack of water, the dock
where the remote experimenter was standing was in fact rest-
ing directly on the mud.
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Fig. 15. Subject (S4) described a formal garden "very well manicured"
behind a double colonnade.
Note that the subject has learned not to rush into interpreta-
tion as to the nature or purpose of the place. This is a result
of our cautioning based on the observation that such efforts
tend to be purely analytical and in our experience are almost
invariably incorrect. If a subject can limit himself to what he
sees, he is often then able to describe a scene with sufficient
accuracy that an observer can perform the analysis for him and
identify the place.
The second target visited was the fountain at one end of a
large formal garden at Stanford University Hospital (Fig. 15).
The subject gave a lengthy description of a formal garden be-
hind a wall with a "double colonnade" and "very well mani-
cured." When we later took the subject to the location, she
was herself taken aback to find the double colonnaded wall
leading into the garden just as described.
The third target was a children's swing at a small park 4.6 km
from the laboratory (Fig. 16). The subject repeated again and
again that the main focus of attention at the site was a "black
iron triangle that the outbound experimenter had somehow
walked into or was standing on." The triangle was "bigger
than a man," and she heard a "squeak, squeak, about once a
second," which we observe is a match to the black metal swing
that did squeak.
Fig. 16. Subject (S4) saw a "black iron triangle that Hal had somehow
walked into" and heard a "squeak, squeak, about once a second."
WORAW
Fig. 17. Subject (S4) described a very tall structure located among city
streets and covered with "Tiffany-like glass."
The final target was the Palo Alto City Hall (Fig. 17). The
subject described a very, very tall structure covered with
"Tiffany-like glass." She had it located among city streets and
with little cubes at the base. The building is glass-covered, and
the little cubes are a good match to the small elevator exit
buildings located in the plaza in front of the building.
To obtain a numerical evaluation of the accuracy of the pre-
cognitive viewing, the experimental results were subjected to
independent judging on a blind basis by three SRI scientists
who were not otherwise associated with the experiment. The
judges were asked to match the four locations, which they
visited, against the unedited typed manuscripts of the tape-
recorded narratives, along with the drawings generated by the
remote viewer. The transcripts were presented unlabeled and
in random order and were to be used without replacement. A
correct match required that the transcript of a given experi-
ment be matched with the target of that experiment. All three
judges independently matched the target data to the response
data without error. Under the null hypothesis (no information
channel and a random selection of descriptions without re-
placement), each judge independently obtained a result signifi-
cant at p = (4!)-1 = 0.042.
For reasons we do not as yet understand, the four transcripts
generated in the precognition experiment show exceptional co-
herence and accuracy as evidenced by the fact that all of the
judges were able to match successfully all of the transcripts to
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the corresponding target locations. A long-range experimental
program devoted to the clarification of these issues and involv-
ing a number of subjects is under way. The above four experi-
ments are the first four carried out under this program.
Currently, we have no precise model of this spatial and tem-
poral remote-viewing phenomenon. However, models of the
universe involving higher order synchronicity or correlation
have been proposed by the physicist Pauli and the psychologist
Carl Jung [ 62 1.
ACAUSALITY. If natural laws were an absolute truth, then of
course there could not possibly be any processes that deviate
from it. But since causalitys is a statistical truth, it holds good
only on average and thus leaves room for exceptions which must
somehow be experienceable, that is to say, real. I try to regard
synchronistic events as acausal exceptions of this kind. They
prove to be relatively independent of space and time; they rela-
tivize space and time insofar as space presents in principle no ob-
stacle to their passage and the sequence of events in time is in-
verted so that it looks as if an event which has not yet occurred
were causing a perception in the present.
We shall see in the next section that such?a description,
though poetic, has some basis in modern physical theory.
V. DISCUSSION
It is important to note at the outset that many contempo-
rary physicists are of the view that the phenomena that we
have been discussing are not at all inconsistent with the
framework of physics as currently understood. In this emerg-
ing view, the often-held belief that observations of this type
are incompatible with known laws in principle is erroneous,
such a concept being based on the naive realism prevalent
before the development of modern quantum theory and
information theory.
One hypothesis, put forward by I. M. Kogan of the USSR,
is that information transfer under conditions of sensory
shielding is mediated by extremely low-frequency (ELF)
electromagnetic waves in the 300-1000-km region [37]-
[40]. Experimental support for the hypothesis is claimed
on the basis of slower than inverse square attenuation, com-
patible with source-percipient distances lying in the induc-
tion field range as opposed to the radiation field range; ob-
served low bit rates (0.005-0.1 bit/s) compatible with the
information carrying capacity of ELF waves; apparent ineffec-
tiveness of ordinary electromagnetic shielding as an attenuator;
and standard antenna calculations entailing biologically gener-
ated currents yielding results compatible with observed signal-
to-noise ratios.
M. Persinger, Psychophysiology Laboratory, Laurentian Uni-
versity, Toronto, Canada, has narrowed the ELF hypothesis to
the suggestion that the 7.8-Hz "Shumann waves" and their
harmonics propagating along the earth-ionosphere waveguide
duct may be responsible. Such an hypothesis is compatible
with driving by brain-wave currents and leads to certain other
hypotheses such as asymmetry between east-west and west-
east propagation, preferred experimental times (midnight-4
A.M.), and expected negative correlation between. success
and the U index (a measure of geomagnetic disturbance
throughout the world). Persinger claims initial support for
these factors on the basis of a literature search [63], [64]. ,
On the negative side with regard to a straightforward ELF
interpretation as a blanket hypothesis are the following: a) ap-
parent real-time descriptions of remote activities in sufficient
detail to require a channel capacity in all probability greater
than that allowed by a conventional modulation of an ELF
signal; b) lack of a proposed mechanism for coding and decod-
ing the information onto the proposed ELF carrier; and c) ap-
parent precognition data. The hypothesis must nonetheless re-
main open at this stage of research, since it is conceivable that
counterindication a) may eventually be circumvented on the
basis that the apparent high bit rate results from a mixture of
low bit rate input and high bit rate "filling in the blanks" from
imagination; counterindication b) is common to a number of
normal perceptual tasks and may therefore simply reflect a
lack of sophistication on our part with regard to perceptual
functioning, [65]; and counterindication c) may be accom-
modated by an ELF hypothesis if advanced waves as well as
retarded waves are admitted [66], [67]. Experimentation to
determine whether the ELF hypothesis is viable can be carried
out by the use of ELF sources as targets, by the study of para-
metric dependence on propagational directions and diurnal
timing, and by the exploration of interference effects caused
by creation of a high-intensity ELF environment during ex-
perimentation, all of which are under consideration in our lab-
oratory and elsewhere.
Some physicists believe that the reconciliation of observed
paranormal functioning with modern theory may take place at
a more fundamental level-namely, at the level of the founda-
tions of quantum theory. There is a continuing dialog, for
example, on the proper interpretation of the effect of an ob-
server (consciousness) on experimental measurement [681,
and there is considerable current interest in the implications
for our notions of ordering in time and space brought on by
the observation [69], [70] of nonlocal correlation or "quan-
tum interconnectedness" (to use Bohm's term [711) of distant
parts of quantum systems of macroscopic dimensions. The
latter, Bell's theorem [72], emphasizes that "no theory of
reality compatible with quantum theory can require spatially
separated events to be independent" [73], but must permit
interconnectedness of distant events in a manner that is con-
trary to ordinary experience [741-[75]. This prediction has
been experimentally tested and confirmed in the recent
experiments of, for example, Freedman and Clauser [69],
[70].
E. H. Walker and O. Costa de Beauregard, independently
proposing theories of paranormal functioning based on quan-
tum concepts, argue that observer effects open the door to the
possibility of nontrivial coupling between consciousness and
the environment and that the nonlocality principle permits
such coupling to transcend spatial and temporal barriers [76],
[77].
Apparent "time reversibility"-that is, effects (e.g., observa-
tions) apparently preceding causes (e.g., events)-though con-
ceptually difficult at first glance, may be the easiest of appar-
ent paranormal phenomena to assimilate within the current
theoretical structure of our world view. In addition to the
familiar retarded potential solutions f (t - rlc), it is well known
that the equations of, for example, the electromagnetic field
admit of advanced potential solutions f (t + r/c)-solutions that
would appear to imply a reversal of cause and effect. Such
solutions are conventionally discarded as not corresponding to
any observable physicgl event. One is cautioned, however, by
statements such as that of Stratton in his basic text on electro-
magnetic theory [ 78 1.
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The reader has doubtless noted that the choice of the function
f(t - rlc) is highly arbitrary, since the field equation admits also
a solution f(t + r/c). This function leads obviously to an advanced
time, implying that the field can be observed before it has been
generated by the source. The familiar chain of cause and effect
is thus reversed and this alternative solution might be discarded
as logically inconceivable. However, the application of "logical"
causality principles offers very insecure footing in matters such
as these and we shall do better to restrict the theory to retarded
action solely on the grounds that this solution alone conforms to
the present physical data.
Such caution is justified by the example in the early 1920's of
Dirac's development of the mathematical description of the
relativistic electron that also yielded a pair of solutions, one of
which was discarded as inapplicable until the discovery of the
positron in 1932.
In an analysis by O. Costa de Beauregard, an argument is put
forward that advanced potentials constitute a convergence
toward "finality" in a manner symmetrical to the divergence
of retarded potentials as a result of causality [77]. Such
phenomena are generally unobservable, however, on the gross
macroscopic scale for statistical reasons. This is codified in
the thermodynamic concept that for an isolated system entropy
(disorder) on the average increases. It is just this requirement
of isolation, however, that has been weakened by the observer
problem in quantum theory, and O. Costa de Beauregard argues
that the finality principle is maximally operative in just those
situations where the intrusion of consciousness as an ordering
phenomenon results in a significant local reversal of entropy
increase. At this point, further discussion of the subtleties of
such considerations, though apropos, would take us far afield,
so we simply note that such advanced waves, if detected, could
in certain cases constitute a carrier of information precognitive
to the event.
The above arguments are not intended to indicate that the
precise nature of the information channel coupling remote
events and human perception is understood. Rather, we in-
tend to show only that modern theory is not without resources
that can he brought to bear on the problems at hand, and we
expect that these problems will, with further work, continue
to yield to analysis and specification.
Furthermore, independent of the mechanisms that may be
involved in remote sensing, observation of the phenomenon
implies the existence of an information channel in the
information-theoretic sense. Since such channels are amenable
to analysis on the basis of communication theory techniques,
as indicated earlier, channel characteristics such as bit rate can
be determined independent of a well-defined physical channel
model in the sense that thermodynamic concepts can be ap-
plied to the analysis of systems independent of underlying
mechanisms. Furthermore, as we have seen from the work of
Ryzl discussed in Section II, it is possible to use such a channel
for error-free transmission of information if redundancy coding
is used. (See also Appendix A.) Therefore, experimentation
involving the collection of data under specified conditions per-
mits headway to be made despite the formidable work that
needs to be done to clarify the underlying bases of the
phenomena.
VI. CONCLUSION
For the past three years we have had a program in the Elec-
tronics and Bioengineering Laboratory of SRI to investigate
those facets of human perception that appear to fall outside
the range of well-understood perceptual or processing capa-
bilities. The primary achievement of this program has been
the elicitation of high-quality "remote viewing"-the ability
of both experienced subjects and inexperienced volunteers
to view, by means of innate mental processes, remote geo-
graphical or technical targets such as roads, buildings, and
laboratory apparatus. Our accumulated data from over fifty
experiments with more than a half-dozen subjects indicate
the following. a) The phenomenon is not a sensitive function
of distance over a range of several kilometers. b) Faraday cage
shielding does not appear to degrade the quality or accuracy of
perception. c) Most of the correct information that subjects
relate is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining to shape, form,
color, and material rather than to function or name. (This
aspect suggests a hypothesis that information transmission
under conditions of sensory shielding may be mediated pri-
marily by the brain's right hemisphere.) d) The principal
difference between experienced subjects and inexperienced
volunteers is not that the latter never exhibit the faculty, but
rather that their results are simply less reliable. (This observa-
tion suggests the hypothesis that remote viewing may be a
latent and widely distributed, though repressed, perceptual
ability.)
Although the precise nature of the information channel cou-
pling remote events and human perception is not yet under-
stood, certain concepts in information theory, quantum
theory, and neurophysiological research appear to bear directly
on the issue. As a result, the working assumption among re-
searchers in the field is that the phenomenon of interest is
consistent with modern scientific thought, and can therefore
be expected to yield to the scientific method. Further, it is
recognized that communication theory provides powerful
techniques, such as the use of redundancy coding to improve
signal-to-noise ratio, which can be employed to pursue special-
purpose application of the remote-sensing channel independent
of an understanding of the underlying mechanisms. We there-
fore consider it important to continue data collection and to
encourage others to do likewise; investigations such as those
reported here need replication and extension under as wide a
variety of rigorously controlled conditions as possible.
APPENDIX A
SIGNAL ENHANCEMENT IN A PARANORMAL
COMMUNICATION CHANNEL BY APPLICATION
OF REDUNDANCY CODING
Independent of the mechanisms that may be involved in
remote sensing, observation of the phenomenon implies the
existence of an information channel in the information-
theoretic sense. As we have seen from the work of Ryzl dis-
cussed in Section 11,6 it is even possible to use such a (noisy)
channel for error-free transmission of information if suf-
ficient redundancy coding is used [30], [31]. Following is a
general procedure that we have used successfully for signal
enhancement.
We shall assume that the "message" consists of a stream of
binary digits (0,1) of equal probability (e.g., binary sort of
green/white cards as in Ryzl's case, English text encoded as in
Table X and sent long distance by strobe light on/off, and so
on). To combat channel noise, each binary digit to be sent
through the channel requires the addition of redundancy bits
(coding). Efficient coding requires a compromise between the
desire to maximize reliability and the desire to minimize re-
d See also the note added in proof on the successful work done by
carpenter.
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TABLE X
5-BIT CODE FOR ALPHANUMERIC
CHARACTERS
E
00000
Y
01000
T
11111
G,J
10111
N
00001
W
01001
R
11110
V
10110
I
00010
B
01010
0
11101
0
10101
A
00011
1
01011
S,K,Z
11100
2
10100
D
00100
3
01100
H
11011
4
10011
L
00101
5
01101
C,K,Q
11010
6
10010
F
00110
7
01110
P
11001
8
10001
U
00111
9
01111
N
11000
10000
Note: Alphabet characters listed
in order of decreasing frequency
in English text. See, for example,
A. Sinkov [79]. (The low-fre-
quency letters, X, Z, K, Q, and J,
have been grouped' with similar
characters to provide space for
numerics in a 5-bit code.) In
consideration of the uneven dis-
tribution of letter frequencies in
English text, this code is chosen
such that 0 and 1 have equal
probability.
dundancy. One efficient coding scheme for such a channel is
obtained by application of a sequential sampling procedure of
the type used in production-line quality control [80]. The
adaptation of such a procedure to paranormal communication
channels, which we now discuss, was considered first by
Taetzsch [811. The sequential method gives a rule of proce-
dure for making one of three possible decisions following the
receipt of each bit: accept 1 as the bit being transmitted; reject
1 as the bit being transmitted (i.e., accept 0); or continue
transmission of the bit under consideration. The sequential
sampling procedure differs from fixed-length coding in that
the number of bits required to reach a final decision on a
message bit is not fixed before transmission, but depends on
the results accumulated with each transmission. The principal
advantage of the sequential sampling procedure as compared
with the other methods is that, on the average, fewer bits per
final decision are required for an equivalent degree of
reliability.
Use of the sequential sampling procedure requires the speci-
fication of parameters that are determined on the basis of the
following considerations. Assume that a message bit (0 or 1)
is being transmitted. In the absence of a priori knowledge, we
may assume equal probability (p = 0.5) for the two possibili-
ties (0,1). Therefore, from the standpoint of the receiver, the
probability of correctly identifying the bit being transmitted is
p = 0.5 because of chance alone. An operative remote-sensing
channel could then be expected to alter the probability of
correct identification to a value p = 0.5 + 1G, where the param-
eter 0 satisfies 0 < I V1 I < 0.5. (The quantity may be positive
or negative depending on whether the paranormal channel
results in so-called psi-hitting or psi-missing.) Good psi func-
tioning on a repetitive task has been observed to result in >G =
0.12, as reported by Ryzl [ 31 ]. Therefore, to indicate the
design procedure, let us assume a baseline psi parameter
>Gb = 0.1 and design a communication system on this basis.
m
Z
W
Qz
(n W
0L
0
U
DECISION 2
Accept "0" as
the Bit Being
Transmitted
DECISION 1
Accept "1" as
the Bit Being
Transmitted
20 30 40 50 60
NUMBER OF TRIALS
Fig. 18. Enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio by sequential sampling
procedure (po = 0.4, p, = 0.6, a = 0.01, R = 0.01).
The question to be addressed is whether, after repeated
transmission, a given message bit is labeled a "1" at a low rate
po commensurate with the hypothesis Ho that the bit in ques-
tion is a "0," or at a higher rate p1 commensurate with the
hypothesis Hl that the bit in question is indeed a "1." The
decision-making process requires the specification of four
parameters.
The probability of labeling incorrectly a "0" message bit
as a "1." The probability of labeling correctly a "0" as
a "0" is p = 0.5 + O b = 0.6. Therefore, the probability
of labeling incorrectly a "0" as a "1" is 1 - p = 0.4 = po.
The probability of labeling correctly a "1" message bit
as a "1," is given by p =0.5+tyb=0.6.
a The probability of rejecting a correct identification for
a "0" (Type I error). We shall take a = 0.01.
The probability of accepting an incorrect identification
for a "1" (Type II error). We shall take 0= 0.01.
With the parameters thus specified, the sequential sampling
procedure provides for construction of a decision graph as
shown in Fig. 18. The equations for the upper and lower limit
lines are
log log
di do I -
log PI I - Po log pi Po
Po I - pi Po 1-pi
logl-Po
P1
log P1 I - Po
-- -
Po l'Pi
in which S is the slope, N is the number of trials, and d 1 and
do are the y-axis intercepts. A cumulative record of receiver-
generated responses to the target bit is compiled until either
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m E 0.2
Q E
E
-i's
wc,
rr-0
0 I I I I I I I
+0.4 +0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4
0 (psi parameter)
Fig. 19. Reliability curve for sequential sampling procedure (p0 = 0.4,
p1 =0.6,a=0.01,0=0.01).
the upper or the lower limit line is reached, at which point a
decision is made to accept 0 or I as the bit being transmitted.
Channel reliability (probability of correctly determining
message being transmitted) as a function of operative psi
parameter 0 is plotted in Fig. 19. As observed, the sequential
sampling procedure can result in 90 percent or greater reliability
with psi parameters on the order of a few percent.
Implementation of the sequential sampling procedure re-
quires the transmission of a message coded in binary digits.
Therefore, the target space must consist of dichotomous ele-
ments such as the white and green cards used in the experi-
ments by Ryzl.
In operation, a sequence corresponding to the target bit (0
or 1) is sent and the cumulative entries are made (Fig. 18) until
a decision is reached to accept either a 1 or a 0 as the bit being
transmitted. At a prearranged time, the next sequence is
begun and continues as above until the entire message has been
received. A useful alternative, which relieves the percipient of
the burden of being aware of his self-contradiction from trial
to trial, consists of cycling through the entire message repeti-
tively and entering each response on its associated graph until
a decision has been reached on all message bits. The authors
have used this technique successfully in a pilot study, but a
discussion of this would take us beyond the intended scope of
this paper.
From the results obtained in such experiments, the channel
bit rate can be ascertained for the system configuration under
consideration. Furthermore, bit rates for other degrees of
reliability (i.e., for other pa, p1i a, and /0) can be estimated by
construction of other decision curves over the same data base
and thus provide a measure of the bit rate per degree of
eliability.
In summary, the procedures described here can provide for a
pecification of the characteristics of a remote-sensing channel
nder well-defined conditions. These procedures also provide
or a determination of the feasibility of such a channel for
articular applications.
APPENDIX B
REMOTE-VIEWING TRANSCRIPT
Following is the unedited transcript of the first experiment
with an SRI volunteer (S6), a mathematician in the computer
cience laboratory, with no previous experience in remote
viewing. The target, determined by random procedure, was
White's Plaza, a plaza with fountain at Stanford University
(shown in Fig. 8). As is our standard protocol, the experi-
menter with the subject is kept ignorant of the specific target
visited as well as the contents of the target pool. The experi-
menter's statements and questions are italics.
Today is Monday, October 7th. It is 11:00 and this is a re-
mote viewing experiment with Russ Targ, Phyllis Cole, and Hal
Puthoff. In this experiment Hal will drive to a remote site
chosen by a random process. Phyllis Cole will be the remote
viewer, and Russ Targ is the monitor. We expect this experi-
ment to start at twenty minutes after eleven and run for )tf-
teen minutes.
It is just about twenty minutes after eleven and Hal should
be at his target location by now.
Why don't you tell me what kind of pictures you see and
what you think he might be doing or experiencing.
The first thing that came to mind was some sort of a large,
square kind of a shape. Like Hal was in front of it. It was a
... not a building or something, it was a square. I don't know
if it was a window, but something like that so that the bottom
line of it was not at the ground. About where his waist was, at
least. That's what it seemed to me. It seems outdoors some-
how. Tree.
Does Hal seem to be looking at that square?
I don't know. The first impression was that he wasn't, but I
have a sense that whatever it was was something one might
look at. I don't know if it would be a sign, but something that
one might look at.
Can you tell if it is on the ground or vertical?
It seemed vertical.
I don't have a sense that it was part of anything particular.
It might be on a building or part of a building, but I don't
know. There was a tree outside, but I also got the impression
of cement. I don't have the impression of very many people
or traffic either. I have the sense that he is sort of walking
back and forth. I don't have any more explicit picture than
that.
Can you move into where he is standing and try to see what
he is looking at?
I picked up he was touching something-something rough.
Maybe warm and rough. Something possibly like cement.
It is twenty-four minutes after eleven.
Can you change your point of view and move above the
scene so you can get a bigger picture of what's there?
I still see some trees and some sort of pavement or some-
thing like that. Might be a courtyard. The thing that came to
mind was it might be one of the plazas at Stanford campus or
something like that, cement.
Some kinds of landscaping.
I said Stanford campus when I started to see some things in
White Plaza, but I think that is misleading.
I have the sense that he's not moving around too much.
That it's in a small area.
I guess I'll go ahead and say it, but I'm afraid I'm just putting
on my impressions from Stanford campus. I had the impres-
sion of a fountain. There are two in the plaza, and it seemed
that Hal was possibly near the, what they call Mem Claw.
What is that?
It's a fountain that looks rather like a claw. It's a black
sculpture. And it has benches around it made of cement.
Are there any buildings at the place you are looking at? Are
there any buildings? You described a kind of a courtyard.
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Usually at some places there should be a building, large or
small that the courtyard is about. Look at the end or the sides
of the courtyard. Is there anything to be seen?
I have a sense that there are buildings. It's not solid build-
ings. I mean there are some around the periphery and I have a
sense that none of them are very tall. Maybe mostly one story,
maybe an occasional two story one.
Do you have any better idea of what your square was that
you saw at the outset?
No. I could hazard different kinds of guesses.
Does it seem part of this scene?
It ... I think it could be. It could almost be a bulletin board
or something with notices on it maybe.
Or something that people are expected to look at. Maybe a
window with things in it that people were expected to look at.
What kind of trees do you see in this place?
I don't know what kind they are. The impression was that
they were shade trees and not terribly big. Maybe 12 feet of
trunk and then a certain amount of branches above that. So
that the branches have maybe a 12 foot diameter, or some-
thing. Not real big trees.
New trees rather than old trees?
Yeah, maybe 5 or 10 years old, but not real old ones.
Is there anything interesting about the pavement?
No. It seems to be not terribly new or terribly old. Not
very interesting. There seems to be some bits of landscaping
around. Little patches of grass around the edges and periph-
eries. Maybe some flowers. But, not lush.
You saw some benches. Do you want to tell me about them?
Well, that's my unsure feeling about this fountain. There
was some kind of benches of cement. Curved benches, it felt
like.
They were of rough cement.
What do you think Hal is doing while he is there?
I have a sense that he is looking at things trying to project
them. Looking at different things and sort of walking back
and forth not covering a whole lot of territory.
Sometimes standing still while he looks around.
I just had the impression of him talking, and I almost sense
that it was being recorded or something. I don't know if he
has a tape recorder, but if it's not that, then he is saying some-
thing because it needed to be remembered. It's 11:33. He's
just probably getting ready to come back.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank the principal subjects, Mrs. Hella
Hammid, Pat Price, and Ingo Swann, who showed patience and
forbearance in addition to their enthusiasm and outstanding
perceptual abilities. We note with sadness the death of one of
our subjects, Mr. Price. We express our sincere thanks also to
Earle Jones, Bonnar Cox, and Dr. Arthur Hastings, of SRI, and
Mrs. Judith Skutch and Richard Bach, without whose en-
couragement and support this work could not have taken
place.
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Rev., vol. 47, p. 777, May 15, 1935.
[75) R. H. Dicke and J. P. Wittke, Introduction to Quantum Mechan-
ics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1960, ch. 7.
[76] E. H. Walker, "Foundations of paraphysical and parapsychologi-
cal phenomena," n Proc. Conf. Quantum Physics and Para-
psychology (Geneva, Switzerland). New York: Parapsychology
Foundation, 1975.
(77] O. Costa de Beauregard, "Time symmetry and interpretation of
quantum mechanics," Lecture delivered at Boston Colloquim for
Philosophy of Science (Feb. 1974), Foundations of Physics (in
press).
(781 J. A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory. New York: McGraw-
Hill, 1941.
[79] A. Sinkov, Elementary Cryptanalysis-A Mathematical Approach.
New York: Random House, 1968.
[80] P. Hoel, Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 2nd ed. New
York: Wiley, 1954, p. 27.
[811 R. Taetzsch, "Design of a psi communications system," Int. J.
Parapsychol., vol. 4, no. 1, p. 35, Winter 1962.
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CURRICULUM VITAE. (U)
HAROLD E. PUTHOFF, Ph.D.
RADIO PHYSICS LABORATORY
SRI INTERNATIONAL
UNCLASSIFIED
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HAROLD E. PUTHOFF, Ph.D.
Radio Physics Laboratory
SRI International
Menlo Park, California
Dr. Harold E. Puthoff was born in Chicago, Illinois, on June 20,
1936. His undergraduate and beginning graduate programs were pursued at
the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, from which he received
the Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree with High Honors in 1958,
and the Master of Science in Engineering degree in 1960. While at the
University of Florida he received an award for Outstanding Engineering
Student, and was awarded memberships in several scholastic and
scientific honorary fraternities (Phi Eta Sigma, Phi Kappa Phi, Sigma
Tau, and Sigma Xi).
After graduating with a Master's degree from the University of
Florida in 1960, he reported to active duty as a commissioned officer in
the Navy and was assigned a research billet at NSA, Ft. Meade, MD. While
there he pursued research and monitored contracts concerned with the
development of ultra-high-speed, computers under project LIGHTNING. He
also initiated a program to determine the potential of lasers, fiber
optics, and other devices, of this nature for use in optical and opto-
electronic computers. His work in this area resulted in the award of a
Department of.Defense Certificate of Commendation for Outstanding Per-
formance, and an award of Second Prize for Outstanding Paper of the
Year, NSA Technical Journal, 1963. Upon being released from active duty
in February 1963, he remained in a civilian status (GS-13) until
September 1963, at which time he entered Stanford University to pursue
a Ph.D. program.
Following receipt of his Ph.D. degree from Stanford in 1967, he
accepted positions as Research Associate at the Microwave Lab and Lecturer
in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Stanford; where he pursued
teaching and research in lasers and nonlinear optics. While at Stanford,
he conceived, patented, and developed a tunable Raman laser which
produces high power radiation throughout the infrared portion of the
spectrum. He also supervised research for Ph.D. candidates in Electrical
Engineering and Applied Physics, published over 25 papers in professional
journals on lasers and microwave devices, and published.a textbook on
lasers (in English, French, and Russian) widely used in universities
1
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both here and abroad'. Fundamentals of Quantum Electronics (Wiley,
1969).
In 1972, he joined the staff of Stanford Research Institute (now
SRI International) as a senior researcher where he initiated and is
presently engaged in research in quantum physics and parapsychological
phenomena.
In the SRI work he has been investigating facets of human perception
that appear to fall outside the range of well-understood perceptual/
processing capabilities. Of particular interest has been a human informa-
tion-accessing capability. that the SRI team calls "remote viewing." This
phenomenon pertains to the ability of certain individuals to access and
describe, by means ofmental processes, information sources blocked from
ordinary perception, and generally accepted as secure against such access.
In particular, the phenomenon most extensively investigated is the ability
of subjects to view remote geographical locations up to several thousand
km distant from their physical location given only geographical. coordinates
or a known person on whom to"target. The remote perceptual abilities of
subjects have been developed sufficiently to allow them to describe--
often in great detail--geographical or technical material such as buildings,
roads, and natural formations. The accumulated data indicate that both
specially selected and unselected persons can be assisted in developing
remote perceptual abilities up to a level of useful information transfer.
His articles published in Nature (1974) and Proc. IEEE (1976) are the first
major articles on the subject of paranormal phenomena to appear in general
science journals. He has also co-authored a book Mind-Reach, with an
Introduction by Margaret Mead (Delacorte Press, 1977), in which the first
five years of research at SRI were brought to the general public, and
has in press a co-edited second book of collected technical papers on
remote viewing, Mind at Large: Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers Symposia on the Nature of Extrasensory Perception (Praeger, 1979).
The general acceptance in the scientific community of his and his
colleagues' work at SRI resulted in his being invited to keynote the 1976
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society meeting in Washington, D.C.,
for which he was awarded the IEEE Franklyn V. Taylor Award for the best
presentation at. the conference; resulted in an invitation to him to
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participate in a Special Session on the State of the Art in Psychic
Research at the IEEE's national convention in New York City (ELECTRO '77,
April 1977); resulted in an invitation to him to keynote the 1977 IEEE
Microwave Theory and Techniques national conference in June 1977; and
resulted in an invitation to him to chair a session in parapsychology and
research at the IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics meeting in Washington,
D. C., September 1977.
He presently serves in various.capacities as consultant and contractor
to the DoD and Intelligence Communities in the parapsychological area.
3
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W.W. Peterson and H.E. Puthoff, "A Theoretical Study of Ion Plasma Oscillations,"
IRE Elect. Dev., Vol. ED-6, p. 372 (1959).
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PUBLICATIONS OF HAROLD E. PUTHOFF
H.E. Puthoff, it Crossed-Field Focusing of a Hollow Cylindrical Electron
Beam," U. of Florida M.S. Thesis (January 1960).
A.D. Sutherland, H.F. Renkiewicz, H.E. Puthoff, and D.E. C.ountiss, On the
Use of Periodic Electrostatic Focusing in Klystrons," presented at the
International Congress on Microwave Tubes, Munich, West.Germany (June 1960).
H.E. Puthoff, "Design of a Crossed-Field Electron Gun," presented at the
Eighteenth Conference on Electron Tube Research, Seattle, Washington (June
1960).
H.E. Puthoff, "Scaling Matrix for the Analog Computer," NSA Tech. Jour.,
Vol. 7 (1962).
J.T. Tippett and HE. Puthoff, "The Status of Optical Logic Elements for
Nanosecond Computer Systems," Proc. Pacific Computer Conf., Pasadena,
California (March 1963). Also published in NSA Tech. Jour., Vol. 8 (1963).
J.T. Tippett and H.E. Puthoff, "Optical Computers Approach Reality,"
Electronics, Vol. 36, p. 72 (May 1963). Also selected for publication in
Optoelectronic Devices and Circuits, ed. by Samuel Weber,. p. 266 (McGraw-
Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y., 1964).
R.H. Pantell and H.E. Puthoff, "A Proposed Novel Method for Obtaining a
Non-Spiking Pulsed Laser," IEEE, Vol. 53, p. 295 (1965).
R.H. Pantell, P. Pheneger, and H.E. Puthoff, "Transient Buildup of.Laser.
OOscillations," 'presented at Spring Meeting-of Electrochemical Society,
San Francisco, California (May 1965).
B. Huth, R.H. Pantell and H.E. Puthoff, "Characteristics of a Tunable
Raman Laser," presented at Spring Meeting of Electrochemical Society,
San Francisco, California (May 1965).
B. Huth, R. Pantell and H. Puthoff, it The Effect of a Static Field on
Raman Scattering," presented at 23rd Conference on Electron Device Research,
Urbana, Illinois (June.1965).
H.E. Puthoff, R.H. Pantell, and B.G. Huth, "Tunability of the Raman Laser,"
J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 37, p. 860 (1966).
R.H. Pantell, B.G. Huth, H.E. Puthoff, and R.L. Kohn, ''Mode Coupling in an
External Raman Resonator," Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 9, p. 104 (1966).
B.G. Huth, N.V. Karlov, R.H. Pantell and H.E. Puthoff, 'tA Study of the
Stimulated Raman Effect Using an Off-Axis Resonator," presented at 24th
Conference. on Electron Device Research, Pasadena, California (June 1966).
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B.G. Huth, N.V. Karlov, R.H. Pantell, and H.E. Puthoff, "Characteristics.of
the Stimulated Raman Effect in an External Resonator ,"?Proc. Sixth Int,
Conf. on Microwave and Optical Generation and Amplification, Cambridge,
England (September 1966).
B.G. Huth, N.V. Karlov, R.H. Pantell, and H.E. Puthoff, "A Quantitative
Study of the Stimulated Raman Effect Using an Off-Axis Resonator," IEEE
Jour. Quant. Elect., Vol. QE-2, p. 763 (December 1966).
R. Pantell, F. Pradere, J. Hanus, and II. Puthoff, "Theoretical and
Experimental Values for Two, Three, and Four Photon Absorptions," Jour.
Chem. Physics, Vol. 46, p. 3507 (1967)..
H.E. Puthoff, R.H. Pantell, B.G., Huth, and M.A. Chacon, "Near-Forward
.Raman Scattering in LiNbO31" J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 39, p. 2144 (March 1968).
R.H. Pantell, B.G. Huth, and H.E. Puthoff, "Generation of Nonthreshold
Second-Stokes Using an,Off-Axis Resonator," IEEE Jour. Quant. Elect.
(Corres.), Vol. QE-4, p. 41 (January 1968).
R.H; Pantell, G. Soncini, and H.E. Puthoff, "Stimulated Photon-Electron
Scattering," IEEE Jour. Quant. Elect.., Vol. QE-4, p. 905 (1968).
J. Gelbwachs, R.H. Pantell, H.E. Puthoff, and J.M. Yarborough, "A
Tunable Stimulated Raman Oscillator," Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 14, p. 258
(1969).
J.M. Yarborough, S.S. Sussman, H.E. Puthoff, R.H. Pantell and B.C. Johnson,
"Efficient Tunable Optical Emission from LiNbO3.Without a Resonator,"
.Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 15, p. 102 (1969)..
S.I. Way, M. Chodorow, and H.E. Puthoff, "Optical Damage in KDP,"
Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 16, No..4 (1970).
S.S. Sussman, B.C. Johnson, J.M. Yarborough, H.E. Puthoff, R.H. Pantell,
and J. Soo Hoo, "A New Source of. Tunable Optical and Infrared Radiation,"
Proc. Polytechnic Inst. of Brooklyn International Symposium on Submillimeter
Waves, New York, N.Y. (March 31 to April 2, 1970).
B.C. Johnson, H.E. Puthoff, J. Soo Hoo, and S.S. Sussman, "Power and
Linewidth of Tunable Stimulated Far IR Emission in LiNbO31" Appl. Phys.
Letters, Vol. 18, p. 181 (1970).
E. Amzallag, T.S. Chang, B.C. Johnson, R.H. Pantell and H.E. Puthoff,
"Stimulated Raman and Polariton Scattering in L1103," J. Appl. Phys.,
Vol. 42, p. 3251 (1971).
D.L. Hecht, W.L. Bond, R.H. Pantell, and H.E. Puthoff, "Dye Lasers with
Ultrafast Transverse Flow," IEEE Jour. Quant. Elect., Vol. QE-8, p. 15
(1972).
H.E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Experiments with Uri Geller," film for
general release, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California
(March 1973).
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H.E. Puthoff,"Psychoenergetic Research at Stanford Research Institute,"
presented at 1st International Congress on Parapsychology and Psycho-
tronics,'' Prague, Czech. (June 1973).
H.E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "PK Experiments. with Uri Geller and Ingo
Swann, " Research in Parapsychology 1973 (Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
Metuchen, N.J.., 1974).
R. Targ and H.E. Puthoff, "ESP Experiments with Uri Geller," Research in
Parapsychology 1973, pp. 57-60 (Scarecrow Press, Inc., Metuchen, N.J.,
1974).
M.A. Piestrup, R.H. Pantell, H.E. Puthoff, and G.B. Rothbart, "Cerenkov
Radiation as a Source of Ultraviolet RadiationJour. Appl. Phys.,.Vol. 44,
No. 11, p. 5160 (November 1973).
H.E. Puthoff and R. Targ, '.'Remote Viewing of Natural Targets.," Research in
Parapsychology, 1974 (Scarecrow Press, Inc., Metuchen, N.J.., 1975).
R. Targ and 11. Puthoff, "Remote Viewing of Natural Targets," Proc. 23rd
Annual International Conference, Quantum Physics and. Parapsychology,
Geneva, Switzerland (August 1974).
H.E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Physics, Entropy, and Psychokinesis," Proc. 23rd
Annual International Conference, Quantum Physics and Parapsychology,
Geneva, Switzerland (August 1974).
H.E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Psychic Research and Modern Physics," Psychic
Exploration--A Challenge for Science, John White, ed. (G.P. Putnam's Sons,
New York, N.Y., p. 524, 1974).
R. Targ and H.E. Puthoff, "Information Transmission Under Conditions of
-Sensory Shielding," Nature, Vol. 251, p. 602 (October 1974).
R. Targ and H. Puthoff, "Remote Viewing of Natural Targets," Parapsychology
Review, Vol. 6, No. 1 (January-February 1975).
H. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Precognitive Remote Viewing," Research in Para-
psychology, 1975 (Scarecrow Press, Inc., Metuchen, N.J., 1976).
R. Targ and H Puthoff, "Replication Study of the Remote Viewing of
Natural Targets,," Research in Parapsychology, 1975 (Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
Metuchen, N.J., 1976).
H.E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer
over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research,"
Proc. IEEE, Vol. 64, pp. 329-354 (March 1976).
H.E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Direct Perception of Remote Geographical
Locations," Proc. IEEE ELECTRO '77 Special Session on the State of the Art
in Psychic Research, New York, N.Y. (April 19-21, 1977).
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E.C. May, R. Targ, and II. E. Puthoff, "Possible EEG Correlates to Remote
Stimuli Under Conditions of Sensory Shielding,".Proceedings of the IEEE
ELECTRO '77 Special Session on the State of the Art in Psychic Research,
New York, N.Y. (April 19-21, 1977).
R. Targ, H.E. Puthoff and E.C. May, "State of the Art in Remote Viewing
Studies at SRI," Proceedings of the 1977 IEEE International Conference on
Cybernetics and Society Technical Session on Research in Psychoenergetics,
Washington, D.C. (September 20, 1977).
. H. E. Puthoff, R. Targ, and E.C. May, "Experimental Psi Research:
Implications for Physics," Presented at the 145th National Meeting of the
AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science), Houston,
Texas (January 1979).
H.E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Information Transmission in Remote Viewing
Experiments: II," submitted to Nature.
Books:
R.H. Pantell and H.E. Puthoff, Fundamentals of Quantum Electronics (John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1969) [English]; (Dunod, Paris, 1973)
[French]; (Mir Press, Moscow, 1972) [Russian].
R. Targ and H.E. Puthoff, Mind-Reach (Delacorte Press, New York, N.Y.,
1977).
C. Tart, H. Puthoff and R. Targ, Mind at Large: Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers Symposia on the Nature of. Extrasensory Perception
(Praeger Press, New York, N.Y., in press).
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CURRICULUM VITAE (U)
RUSSELL TARG
RADIO PHYSICS LABORATORY
SRI INTERNATIONAL
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RUSSELL TARG
Radio Physics Laboratory
SRI International
Menlo Park, California
Russell Targ was born in Chicago, Illinois, April 11, 1934. He
attended public schools in Chicago, Cleveland, and New York City, and
obtained his B.S. degree in,physics from Queens College, at age 20, in
1954.
He was awarded a research-assistantship in the Physics Department
at Columbia University. He pursued graduate studies from 1954 to 1956 in
the laboratory of Professor C.S. Wu.
While in both college and graduate school, Mr. Targ partially
supported himself as a stage magician and became familiar with the
paraphernalia and misdirection used in professional magic. This
experience led to his interest in the paranormal.
In 1956 Mr. Targ left Graduate School to work in the then new field
of gas plasma research at the Sperry Gyroscope Company in Great Neck,
Long Island. He was with the Electronic Tube Division, where he did
original work in the generation of high-power microwaves from electron
beam formed plasmas, leading in 1958 to publication of a paper describing
the first such device, and also initiating a continuing contractual support
for this research area from the Air Force Cambridge Research Center.
Mr. Targ also did early work in the technology of ultra-high vacuum.
In 1958 he was invited to join the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn
to become a Research Associate at the Microwave Research Laboratory and
assist in the formation of the new electron beam laboratory. He performed
experiments with high-density plasmas, making use of microwave diagnostic
techniques for the measurement of plasma density.
In 1959, because of his past plasma research, he was asked by his
Columbia University associates to join them in research at the newly-formed
Technical Research Group, to develop the gas laser which had just been.
proposed in the scientific. literature. Mr. Targ was involved in experi-
ments with new gaseous laser media, spectroscopy with various systems of
gasses, construction of He-Ne lasers in the visible and the infrared
spectral ranges, and the first optical heterodyne experiments using phase
modulation and demodulation techniques.
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In 1958 Mr. Targ married Joan Fischer, sister of Bobby Fischer, the
World Chess Champion, and in 1962 the family moved to'Palo Alto, California,
to seek a more congenial environment to raise children than could be found
in New York City.
Mr. Targ worked with GTE Sylvania in Mt. View, Calif., from 1962 to
1972. Most recently, he investigated techniques for the development of
new gas lasers, making use of his research on compact, self-contained,
multikilowatt CO2 lasers. He has pursued research resulting from his
original investigations of the FM laser and super-mode laser techniques.
This work included frequency stabilization and single frequency operation
of both He-Ne lasers and high power argon lasers.
Mr. Targ joined Stanford Research Institute in 1972 as a Senior
Research Physicist to help establish a psychoenergetics research program.
The purpose of this program has been to investigate a wide area of para-
normal functioning, and attempt to bring it within the framework of modern
physics. Since the initiation of this program, it has achieved recognition
and encouragement from the engineering, scientific and government
communities.
Publications and Inventions
Author or coauthor of more than thirty articles on lasers and plasma
research, and more recently, the first major publication of
research on psychoenergetic phenomena in Nature and in the
Proceedings of the IEEE: "Information Transfer Under Conditions
of Sensory Shielding," Nature (October 18, 1974) and "A Perceptual
Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances," Proc.
IEEE (March 1976).
Coauthor of Mind-Reach: Scientists Look at Psychical Research
(Delacorte Press, New York, 1976). Coeditor of Mind at Large:
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Symposia on the
Nature of Extrasensory Perception (Praeger Press, New York, in press
Invention of the tunable plasma oscillator at microwave frequencies.
Professional Associations and Honors
Senior Member IEEE; American Physical Society
Research associate in physics with the Polytechnic Institute of
Brooklyn.
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PUBLICATIONS OF RUSSELL TARG
M. Ettenberg and R. Targ, "Observations of Plasma and Cyclotron Oscillations,"
Proc. of the. Symposium on Electronic Wayeguides, Polytechnic Institute of
Brooklyn, New York (April 8-10, 1958).
R. Targ and L.P. Levine, "Backward-Wave Oscillations in a System Composed
of an Electron Beam and a Hydrogen Gas Plasma," J. of.Appl. Phys., Vol. 32,
No. 4, pp. 731-737 (April 1961).
P. Rabinowitz, S. Jacobs, R. Targ, and G. Gould,. "Honodyne Detection of
Phase-Modulated Light," Proc. IRE, Vol. 50, No. 11 (November 1962)..
G. Grosof and R. Targ, .."Enhancement in Mercury-Krypton and Xenon-Krypton
Gaseous Discharges," Appl. Optics, Vol. 2, No. 3,'pp. 299-302 (March 1963).
R. Targ, "Optical Heterodyne Detection of Microwave-Modulated Light,"
Proc. IEEE (Correspondence), pp. 303-304 (March 1964).
R. Targ, D.E. Caddes, and B.J. McMurtry, "The Traveling-Wave Phototube.
Part II: Experimental Analysis, IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices,
Vol. ED-11, pp. 164-170 (April 1964).
S.E. Harris. and R. Targ, "FM Oscillation of the He-Ne Laser," -App. Phys.
Letters, Vol. 5, No. 10, pp. 202-204 (15 November 1964).
R._Targ, G.A. Massey, and S.E. Harris, "Laser Frequency Translation by
Means of Electro-Optic Coupling Control," Proc. IEEE (Correspondence),
Vol. 52, No. 10, pp. 1247-1248 (October 1964).
R. Targ and W.D. Bush, "Automatic Frequency-Control of a Laser Local
Oscillator for the Heterodyne Detection of Microwave-Modulated Light,"
Appl. Optics, Vol. 41 No. 11, pp. 523-527 (December 1965).
G.A. Massey, M.K. Oshman, and R. Targ, "Generation of Single-Frequency
Light Using the FM Laser," Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 10-11
(January 1965).
L.M. Osterink and R. Targ, "Single-Frequency Light from an Argon FM
Laser," Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 115-117 (February 1967).
R. Targ and J.M. French, "Stabilization of a He-Ne Laser," Proc. IEEE,
Vol. 55, No. 7, pp. 1185-1192 (July 1967).
L.M. Osterink and R. Targ, "Single-Frequency Light Using the Super-Mode
Technique with an Argon FM Laser," Proc, of the Symposium on Modern Optics,
Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, New York (March 22-24, 1967).
R. Targ and L.M. Osterink, "Frequency Stabilization and Quieting of the FM.
Laser,'t 1967 WESCON Convention Record, San Francisco, California (1967).
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R. Targ and J.M. Yarborough, "Mode-Locked Quieting of the He-Ne and Argon
Lasers," Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 3-4 (1 January 1968).
D.E. Caddes, L.M. 0sterink, and R. Targ, "Mode-Locking of the CO2 Laser,"
Appl..Phys..Letters, Vol. 12, No."3, pp. 74-76 (1 February 1968).
R. Targ, J.M. Yarborough, and J.M. French, "Frequency Stabilization and
Noise Suppression in the Argon FM Laser," IEEE J. of Quant. Elect.,
Vol. QE-4, pp. 644-648 (October 1968).
W.B. Tiffany, R. Targ, and J.D. Foster, "Kilowatt CO2 Gas-Transport Laser,"
Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 15, No. 3 (1969).
W.B. Tiffany, and R. Targ, "The Gas-Transport Laser--A New Class of High-
Power Electro-Optic Devices," Laser Focus, pp. 48-50 (September 1969).
R. Targ and W.B. Tiffany, "Gain and Saturation in Transverse Flowing C02-N2-I1e
Mixtures," Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 15, No. 9 (1 November 1969).
S.E. Schwarz, T.A. deTemple, and R. Targ, "High Pressure Pulsed Xenon
Laser," Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 17, No. 7 (1 October 1970).
J.D. Taynai, R. Targ, and W.B. Tiffany, "An Investigation of Tellurium for
Frequency Doubling with CO2 Lasers," IEEE J. of Quant. Elect., Vol. QE-7
(8 August 1971).
R. Targ and M.W. Sasnett, "High Repetition Rate Xenon Laser with Transverse
Excitation," IEEE J. of Quant. Elect., Vol. QE-8, pp. 166-169 (February 1972).
R. Targ and M.W. Sasnett, "Xenon-Helium Laser at High. Pressure and High
Repetition Rate," Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 19, No. 12 (15 December 1971).
R. Targ, "Pulsed Nitrogen Laser at High Repetition Rate," IEEE J. of Quant.
Elect., Vol. QE-8, pp. 726-728 (August 1972).
R. Targ and D. Hurt, "Learning Clairvoyance and Precognition with an Extra-
sensory Perception Teaching Machine," Parapsychology Review, pp. 9-11
(July 1972).
T.S. Fahlen and R. Targ, "High-Average-Power Xenon Laser," IEEE Journal of
Quantum Electronics, Vol. QE-9, No. 6 (1973).
H.E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Physics, Entropy, and Psychokinesis,".23rd Intl.
Conf., Quantum Physics and Parapsychology, Geneva (1974).
R. Targ and H. Puthoff, "Remote Viewing of Natural. Targets," Proc. 23rd Intl.
Conference, Quantum Physics and Parapsychology, Geneva (1974).
HE. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Psychic Research and Modern Physics," Psychic
Exploration--A Challenge to Science, John White, Ed. (Putnam and Sons,
N.Y.) 1974).
R. Targ and H. Puthoff, "Information Transmission Under Conditions of
Sensory Shielding," Nature, Vol. 251 (1974).
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II. E. Pui;hoff and R. Targ, `'A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer
Over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research,"
Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 329-354 (March 1976).
R. Targ and H. E. Puthoff, Mind Reach: Scientists Look at Psychical
Research (Delacorte Press, New York, N.Y., 1977).
H. E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Direct Perception of Remote Geographical
Locations," Proceedings of the IEEE ELECTRO '77 Special Session on The
State of the Art in Psychic Research, New York, N.Y., April 19-21, 1977.
E. C. May, R. Targ, and H. E. Puthoff, "Possible EEG Correlates to Remote
Stimuli Under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," Proceedings of the IEEE
ELECTRO '77 Special Session on the State of the Art in Psychic Research,
New York, N.Y., April 19-21, 1977.
R. Targ, H. E. Puthoff and E. C. May, "State of the Art in Remote Viewing
Studies at SRI," Proceedings of the 1977 IEEE International Conference on
Cybernetics and Society Technical Session on Research in Psychoenergetics,
Washington, D.C., September 20, 1977.
C. Tart, H. Puthoff, and R. Targ, Mind at Large:. Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers Symposia on the, Nature of Extrasensory Perception
(Praeger Press, New York, N.Y., in press).
H.E. Puthoff, R. Targ, and E.C. May, "Experimental Psi Research: Implications
for Physics," presented at the 145th National Meeting of the AAAS (American.
Association for the Advancement of Science), Houston, Texas (January 1979).
H.E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Information Transmission in Remote Viewing
Experiments: II," submitted to Nature.
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TAB D
INFORMATION ABOUT REMOTE VIEWING FOR PARTICIPANTS (U)
UNCLASSIFIED
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INFORMATION ABOUT REMOTE VIEWING
FOR PARTICIPANTS (U)
(U) SRI International is carrying out a program to familiarize
individuals with a human sensory capability that we call "remote viewing."
Remote viewing (RV) is defined as the ability of a person to perceive,
by an intellectual process, remote physical locations blocked from ordinary
perception by distance or shielding. This includes the ability to view
remote geographical locations, even at intercontinental distances, given
only geographical coordinates or a known person on whom to focus.
(U) It appears that individuals inexperienced at RV nonetheless
exhibit the faculty, indicating that such functioning may be a latent and
widely distributed, though undeveloped, perceptual ability.
(U) The purpose of this project is to familiarize you with the RV
capability so that; (a) you will have an opportunity to exercise and
develop your innate RV faculty, and (b) you will be in a position to
utilize RV in the performance of your regular professional duties.
(S) The general outline of RV procedure is given in paragraphs
7 and 8 of, "Proposed SRI International Applied Remote Viewing Protocol
(S)," dated 23 March 1979. You as a remote viewer may perform one or more
types of remote viewing as outlined in these paragraphs. Your remote viewing
performance will be evaluated according to procedures described in para-
graph 14 of the same document, at which time you will receive information
about the targets and an assessment of how closely your RV images match
target site characteristics.
(U) The maximum frequency you may be asked to perform RV is two
times per day, ten times per week. You may choose not to perform RV at
1
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(U)
a particular time without prejudice as to further participation in this
program, and you may discontinue participation permanently at any time
without prejudice.
(U) There is no evidence of adverse effects, physical, psychological,
or social, on the remote viewer due to participation in this activity.
(U) With regard to confidentiality, individuals performing as remote
viewers and interviewers in this program will not be identified without
their prior consent, and they will be referred to in project records only
by an alpha-numeric designator. Products of remote viewers and interviewers
such as tapes, drawings, transcripts, rosters, or other materials which
might reveal the identity of the remote viewer will be coded to assure
the protection of their identity.
UNCLASSIFIED
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 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300070003-9
SECRET
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