CURRENT NEWS SPECIAL EDITION NO. 1167. TERRORISM.

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• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 26, 1984
• Content Type: OPEN

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CURRENT NEWS
SPECIAL EDITION
26 JUNE 1984 Terrorism No. 1167
ARE
U.S. TO FORTIFY PERSIAN GULF EMBASSIES (Wall St Jrnl) Eduardo
Lachi ca
1
ONE REASON U.S. OFFICIALS ARE RELUCTANT... (U.S. News & Wrld Rept) 1
7 SUMMIT NATIONS EXPRESS RESOLVE ON TERRORISM, DEALINGS WITH SOVIETS
(Wash Post) Lou Cannon
2
U.S. BUILDS 3RD WORLD ARMS AID (Wash Post) Fred Hiatt
2
U.S. MILITARY CREATES SECRET UNITS FOR USE IN SENSITIVE TASKS
ABROAD (NY Times) Jeff Gerth and Philip Taubman
5
ITALY OPENS AN INQUIRY INTO A REPORT ON POPE (NY Times)
6
ADMINISTRATION DEBATING ANTITERRORIST MEASURES (NY Times) Leslie H.
Gelb
7
TERRORIST BILL CALLED 'MCCARTHY THROWBACK' (Wash Post)
8
REAGAN EXPECTED TO BID ALLIES ACT AGAINST TERRORISM (NY Times)
Steven R. Weisman
9
U.S. SEEKS ALLIED ACCORD ON TERRORISM, MISSILES (Wash Post) Lou
Cannon
10
GRADUATES TOLD OF 'NEW STRATEGY' FOR TERRORISM (Galt Sun) Michael
J. Clark
11
U.S. FOUND ILL PREPARED FOR TERRORISM (Wash Times) Bob Poos
11
WHERE WILL TERRORISTS STRIKE NEXT? (The Washingtonian) Bob Reiss 12
SECURITY A FACT OF LIFE IN WASHINGTON (Toronto Globe & Mail)
William Johnson
18
CAPITOL SECURELY GREETING TOURISTS (Wash Post) Alison Muscatine 19
EXERCISE IN TERROR GOES WELL (Dallas Mng News) Mark Edgar 20
BOMB SCARE INTERRUPTS DRILL AT NUCLEAR PLANT IN WASH. (Phil Inq) 20
POLICE HQ A TERRORIST PUSHOVER--RICE (Chi Sun Times) Art Petacque &
Hugh Hough
21
THE TERRORIST THREAT TO AMERICA (Rev of the News)
21
U.S. ACTS TO COMBAT TERRORISM AIMED AT OLYMPICS, BIG EVENTS (NY
Trib) James T. Hackett
22
HARD LINE URGED ON GLOBAL TERRORISM (San Fran Chron) Kevin Leary 23
SOVIETS HAD CHANCE TO HELP PLAN SECURITY (San Jose Merc) Maline
Hazle
24
INS CITES TERRORISM FEAR IN PROBE OF YUGOSLAV SMUGGLING (LA Times)
Laurie Becklund
25
WHETHER FOREIGN NATIONS LIKE IT OR NOT,...(U.S. News & Wrld Rept) 25
FEAR OF TERRORISM... (Wall St Jrnl)
25
KILLING FOR THE GOLD (Soldier of Fortune) Kevin E. Steele
26
TOOLS OF TERROR (Soldier of Fortune) Bill Guthrie
30
DEATH IN THE AFTERNOON (Soldier of Fortune) Adrian W'ecer
Helen Young, Chief, Current News Branch 76 31
For spedl& mMg F0089 r Q{~ arr~V k ?A' (0;88R(~0 100 n, Assistant Chief
ie , hews (ppmg & Analysis Service, 695-2884
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
U.S.-MEXICO BORDER WON'T BE TERRORISTS' ESCAPE ROUTE (LA Times)
Marjorie Miller
ISRAELI INQUIRY FOR BENEFIT OF TERRORISTS, NOT MORALISTS (Wall
St Jrnl) Eric M. Breindel
PROFESSOR LINKED TO TERRORISM JAILED (Bait Sun)
34
VIOLENT LEFTISTS AIM TO TERRORIZE OLYMPIC GAMES (Wash Post) Jack
Anderson
35
TERRORISM COMMON: KAPLAN (Toronto Globe & Mail) Jeff Sallot
35
AN INTERVIEW IN MEXICAN JAIL WITH A TERRORIST (Wash Post) Jack
36
Anderson
O COSTA RICAN BLAST (Bait Sun)
36
'JOURNALIST' IS LINKED T
DIPLOMATS & TERRORISM (For Svc Jrnl)
37
PLAYING EMBASSY CHESS (San Antonio Express-News) Glen W. Martin
38
U.S. ON ALERT FOR IRAN TERROR WAVE (NY Post) Niles Lathem & Uri Dan
39
BRITS BOOT KHOMEINI HIT SQUAD (NY Post)
39
LIBYAN ALLEGEDLY SOUGHT HIT MAN FROM FBI AGENT (Wash Post) Joe
Pichirallo
40
TERRORISM CONTROLS ENDORSED (Wash Times)
40
CAN'T CLOSE BORDERS TO LIBYANS: U.S. (NY News) Joseph Volz and
40
Barbara Rehm
QADHAFI'S NOT ALWAYS TO BLAME (Wall St Jrnl) Jerrold D. Green and
n
t
d N
41
or
o
Augustus Richar
LIBYAN THREAT TO BRITISH EXPATS (Manchester Guardian)
41
LIBYA MAY RESUME KILLINGS OF DISSIDENTS OVERSEAS (Wall St Jrnl)
42
Youssef M. Ibrahim
UT THREATENED (Phil Inq)
43
AMERICANS IN BEIR
EDITORIAL CARTOON (Omaha World-Herald)
43
THE TEN LESSONS OF LEBANON (R.O.A. Nat Sec Rept) 0. H. Rechtschaffen 44
46
MOVING AGAINST IRAN (Middle East Policy survey)
25 INDICTED IN ISRAELI PROBE OF JEWISH TERRORIST GROUP (LA Times) 47
Norman Kempster
48
ISRAELI GUILTY IN BOMB PLOT (Phil Inq)
JEWISH TERRORISTS USE ARMS STOLEN FROM ISRAELI ARMY (Louisville 48
Courier-Jrnl) Michael Widlanski
A CASE OF TERROR FOR TERROR (Newsweek) Angus Deming w/Milan J. Kubic 49
E THE TERRORIST (Bait News-
WAY TO TERRORIZ
UNCERTAINTY IS THE BEST
American) Marvin Leibstone
In-
i
50
ve
4'HY IS THE WEST COVERING UP FOR AGCA?(Human Events) Exclus
terview with Claire Sterling
51
55
FROM THE HOPPER
(Rev of the News)
VICTIMS OF THE
'DIRTY WAR'(New Statesman)
Duncan Campbell
56
BOOBY TRAPS AND BANK RAIDS (New Statesman)
Duncan Campbell
59
61
TERROR TACTICS
(New Statesman) Duncan Campbell
63
PATTERNS OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM: 1982 (Def & Econ)
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
TERRORIST INCIDENTS
21 BOMBS TRIGGER FEARS OF MORE TO COME IN MIDWEST (Chi Trib) Douglas
Frantz and Philip Wattley 75
THE MIDWEST HUNTS A BOMBER (Newsweek) 76
ANOTHER BOMB JOLTS VEGAS STRIP (Phil Inq) 76
U.S. SUSPECTS SOVIETS ORDERED ENVOY BEATEN (LA Times) Robert
Gillette
77
U.S. ASSAILS SOVIET ON ENVOY ASSAULT (NY Times) Stephen Engelberg 77
ISRAELI ATTACHE SHOT BY GUNMEN FROM CAR IN SUBURB OF CAIRO (Wash
Post)
NINE BOMBS EXPLODE IN TWO COLOMBIAN CITIES (Wash Post)
COPS PROBING BOMB FACTORY (NY Post)
2 TERRORIZE CONSULATE (NY News)
-NEW PERIL FOR BEIRUT YANKS- (NY Post)
BOOKS
TERRORISM OF WORDS (Wash Post) Oliver
THE COMPLEXITIES OF TERRORISM (RUSI) Peter Janke
79
PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM (For Svc Jrnl) Michael F. Speers
80
BOOK ON COUNTERTERRORISTS DRAWS FLAK (USA Today)
81
THE U.S. GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: IN SEARCH OF AN EFFECTIVE
STRATEGY (Air Univ Rev) Lt Col Richard Porter, USAF
81
EDITORIALS
COMPUTER ON GUARD (Ft. Worth Star-Tele)
82
ANOTHER VIEW: SUBVERSIVES (Albany, NY Knickerbocker News)
82
TO TELL THE TRUTH (Wall St Jrnl)
83
TERRORISM 138 (The Nation)
84
AGAINST REAGAN TERRORISM BILLS (Phil Inq)
85
ISRAEL VS. THE GANGS (Wash Post)
85
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM
WALL STREET JOURNAL 12 June 1984 Pg. 38
U.S. to Fortify Persian Gulf Embassies
By EutARtxt LACHICA
Staff Reporter of TIIL: WALL STBL:ET J/11'IVIAI
WASHINGTON-The State Department
is asking the Office of Management and
Budget for $165 million over the next two
fiscal years to redesign or build anew six
or seven embassies in the Persian Gulf,
where U.S. diplomats are exposed to maxi-
mum terrorist danger.
The new security program began even
before the latest tensions in the gulf from
the Iran-Iraq war. In December 1983, the
U.S.-Embassy in Kuwait was wrecked by a
terrorist who drove a dynamite-laden truck
through the gates, killing three Kuwaiti
employees and injuring 35 other persons.
Around the world, the department has
counted 45 separate acts of violence
against its facilities and personnel since
January.
Urgently needed security measures
have turned some of the remaining gulf
missions into veritable fortresses. The one
in Abu Dhabi looks like something out of
"Beau Geste," with armed sentries in
parapets. Pillboxes guard the wall corners.
"Dragon's teeth," or concrete barriers,
keep motor traffic a safe distance away.
But this siege setting isn't how the U.S.
government likes its overseas missions to
look. "Ideally, our embassies should physi-
cally express the openness of American so-
ciety," says Robert Lamb, assistant secre-
tary of state for administration. "We can't
conduct our business hiding behind sand-
bags and concertina wire. I'd hate to see
us go the way of the Russians who build
their embassies to keep their people in and
other people out."
The department is inviting U.S. archi-
tects to submit designs that can accom-
plish the twin objectives of keeping its dip-
lomats safe while maintaining certain aes-
thetic standards that the U.S. has set for
its official buildings overseas.
Some architects, though, wonder
whether this is possible. "The two aims
are terribly irreconcilable. You can't have
it both ways," says Edward Bassett, a se-
nior partner of Skidmore, Owings & Mer-
rill. The architectural profession is digging
deep into its bag of design tricks but
there's almost no stopping the trend to-
U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT
18 June 1984 (12) Pg. 16
One reason U.S. officials are reluctant
to send more Stinger antiaircraft mis-
siles to Persian Gulf nations threat-
ened by the Iran-Iraq War: They fear
security is so lax in some areas that the
sophisticated weapons may fall into
the hands of terrorists who would use
them to shoot down civilian airliners.
wards "building bunkers," he says.
Mr. Bassett, who has been advising the
U.S. government on building design since
1947, says it's almost impossible to protect
consulates that draw hundreds of visa
seekers every day. What makes the prob-
lem more challenging is the extent of the
threat. "Even our diplomats in friendly
countries aren't safe anymore," he adds.
"With all the insanity afoot in the
world, architects are resigned to building
castles again," he says. But even if he
were to build a strongbox surrounded by
20-foot walls, that still couldn't protect
against "a nut carrying a bomb in a sec-
ond-hand Cessna."
Some ideas that have been passed on to
Mr. Lamb's office, however, could improve
the security of embassies while retaining
an illusion of openness. These include:
-Constructing the buildings on ground
higher than street level if climate and the
need for public access require an open lay-
out. The higher elevation could prevent
truck-bombers from crashing into the
walls.
-Raising grassy mounds around the
buildings to provide similar protection
while giving the grounds a neat landscaped
look.
-Planting shade trees with dense fo-
liage to block the view of important offices
from the street.
-Fencing the property with iron grill-
work and firethorn shrubs. The layout is
decorative but the thorny bush and the
high fence could slow down an intruder
long enough for security personnel to re-
act.
The State Department is also experi-
menting with new ballistics-proof building
material and high-technology surveillance.
Much of this work is still secret.
Stuart Knoop, a vice president of Ou-
dens & Knoop Architects, notes that de-
signers are increasingly attuned to secu-
rity needs. "We've a rich market in the
corporate world," he confides. "Some
buildings designed for the oil and auto in-
dustries are made to keep out industrial
spies."
Mr. Knoop is advising the State Depart-
ment on finding new embassy sites. For
reasons of economy and convenience, the
department uses many rented properties
overseas. But the security threat is giving
the department a new incentive to acquire
its own sites and build on them. The Beirut
Embassy that was blown up in April 1983
with the loss of 47 lives was ill-suited for
security. It was originally an apartment
building.
Little can be done about the historic
buildings that U.S. diplomats occupy in
London, Paris and Ottawa. "They are just
too valuable to be ripped apart and re-
built," Mr. Knoop says.
Mr. Lamb says the department can't af-
ford to relax. "The kind of threat keeps
changing," he explains. In the late ]960s,
terrorists targeted ambassadors and other
principal officers. The Foreign Service re-
acted by armoring ambassadors' cars and
providing them with bodyguards. In the
early 1970s, America's enemies switched
tactics and started mailing letter bombs to
embassies. That threat was curbed, but
later in the decade mob violence became
the major threat. U.S. missions in Tripoli,
Islamabad and Tehran were overrun and
illegally occupied.
U.S. embassies now are easier to defend
against mob attack. Some 1,200 Marines
help guard overseas missions, and the de-
partment is negotiating with the corps to
augment this force. To prevent the capture
of diplomatic secrets, paper files are being
converted to computer memories that can
be easily destroyed in the event of an em-
bassy seizure.
But with the early 1980s came the truck-
bombing threat. The Beirut and Kuwait
embassies were the major casualties.
"We can counter each threat as it
emerges but we can't tell what our ene-
mies will think of next," Mr. Lamb ad-
mits.
Security doesn't come cheap. "We're al-
ready spending nearly 1212 of our entire
administrative budget for security," Mr.
Lamb says. The department already is au-
thorized to spend $175 million for that pur-
pose for the next fiscal year starting Oct.
1. That's 2571 more than similar provisions
for the current year, Mr. Lamb adds.
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26
WASHINGTON POST 10 June 1984 Pg. 26
7 Summit Nations Express Resolve
On Terrorism, Dealings With Soviets
By Lou CAnnon
Washington Post Staff Writer
LONDON, June 9-The western
democracies patched up their polit-
ical differences today and issued
declarations opposing international
terrorism and expressing "solidarity
and resolve" in dealing with the So-
viet Union.
But both statements were blandly
worded, and some diplomatic
sources said they represented a mild
setback for host Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher on terrorism and
for President Reagan, who had
pushed for a firmer statement on
East-West relations.
On terrorism, the six industrial-
ized western nations and Japan
meeting here at their annual eco-
nomic summit accepted U.S. and
British contentions that state-sup-
ported terrorism is an increasing
problem. The declaration said the
assembled nations "viewed with se-
rious concern the increasing involve-
ments of states and governments in
acts of terrorism, including the abuse
of diplomatic immunity."
This abuse has been a special
British concern since April 27, when
a British policewoman was killed by
shots fired from the Libyan Embas-
sy. Britain and Libya subsequently
broke off diplomatic relations.
But objections from the French;
and to some degree from the Ital-
ians, apparently blocked British pro-
posals to exchange intelligence and
technical information about terror.
ists, pass new legislation dealing with
international terrorism and agree to
expel or exclude known terrorists,
"including persons of diplomatic sta-
tus involved in terrorism."
All of these ideas were included in
the seven-point declaration on ter-
rorism issued today but the state-
ment referred to these points not as
agreements, but as "proposals which
found support in the discussion."
The international leaders also dis-
cussed preemptive acts to prevent
acts of terrorism, sources said, but is-
sued no declaration because the is-
sue is considered too sensitive for
public discussion.
The French, who receive signifi-
cant amounts of oil from Libya, re-
portedly expressed the view that any
public statement could serve as an
invitation to acts of terrorism. But
they agreed to the compromise state-
ment announced today by Thatcher,
in which the seven nations "ex-
pressed their resolve to combat this
threat by every possible means,
strengthening existing measures and
developing effective new ones."
On East-West relations, the Unit-
ed States salvaged portions of a pro-
posal that it had unsuccessfully
sought to append to a British-spon-
sored Declaration of Democratic Val-
ues approved yesterday.
The single-page statement today
said that the aim of the allied na-
tions was "security and the lowest
possible level of forces."
"We wish to see early and positive
results in the various arms-control
negotiations and the speedy resuinp-
tion of those now suspended," the
statement said. "The United States
has offered to restart nuclear arms
control talks, anywhere, at any time,
without preconditions. We hope that
the Soviet Union will act in a con-
structive and positive way."
A senior U.S. official said today
that West German Chancellor Hel-
mut Kohl and Thatcher had been
supportive of Reagan in private dis-
cussions when the U.S. president
said that continued deployment of
the missiles was necessary unless the
Soviets were willing to negotiate
their removal or reduction.
At a news conference following re-
lease of the statement, Thatcher
said, "It is the anticipation that we
will complete the two-track decision
on NATO [for negotiation and de-
ployment] and deploy the missiles
we agreed to deploy."
The East-West statement also
contained a phrase proposed by Ca-
nadian Prime Minister Pierre Tru-
deau saying, "We believe that East
and West have important common
interests in preserving peace ..." It
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WASHINGTON POST
10 June 84 (11) Pg.1
U.S. Builds
3rd World
Arms Aid
Defense Planners
Emphasize Role
Of `Special Forces'
By Fred Hiatt
Wuhington Post Staff Writer
The Reagan administration is sys-
tematically laying the foundation
within the Pentagon for increasing
military involvement in Third World
conflicts, according to budget doc-
uments and interviews with current
and former officials.
The new emphasis in many ways
recalls the early 1960s, when Pres-
ident John F. Kennedy commis.
sioned the Green Berets to stop
what he called "the Communist tide"
in poor countries in Asia, Africa and
Latin America. Once again, the De-
fense Department.isabeefing, up'its
Green, Berets and: other - `special
forces," troops trained to kill guer-
rillas and to teach other armies to-do
the same.
The increased U.S. role in what
the Pentagon calls "counterinsurgen-
cy," which has been advocated since
1982 in classified defense docu-
ments, also is reflected in the types
of ships and weapops being pur-
chased, the network of overseas
bases and military facilities being
formed, the increase in U.S. military
training overseas, the administra-
tion's legislative proposals to lift re-
rtrictions on such training and the
record U.S. share in the Third
World arms market.
Fueling the new emphasis is the
Reagan administration's conviction
that President Jimmy Carter con-
centrated too heavily on European
and South Korean defense while ne-
glecting what one former top official
called "the nibbling and erosion at
the edges." Fred C. Ikle, undersec-
retary of defense for policy, said in a
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ARMS AID... Continued
recent interview that the current
administration took office amid
"growing concern in this country
with the spread of the communist
empire into various outposts."
Top officials agreed that their pol-
icies echo those of the Kennedy ad-
ministration in many ways, but they
said they have placed more emphasis
on training others to resist guerrilla
movements than on using U.S.
forces. But if U.S. troops are needed,
they said, the lessons of Vietnam will
influence the troops' deployment.
"The military as well as the civil-
ian side in the administration rec-
ognize the importance of having a
coherent strategy of first, if at all
possible, avoiding the possibility of
U S. combat forces being involved
... and second, should it be neces-
sary, to make sure that an interven-
tion should succeed,".Ikle said.
The emphasis on counterinsurgen-
cy has created some unease within
the Pentagon, where generals who
came of age in Vietnam question the
usefulness of U.S. power in what
they call "low-intensity" conflicts.
Few seem to dispute the administra-
tion's characterization of Soviet
aims-"to put the West's access to
petroleum and other strategic raw
materials at risk," one official said
recently. But many ask how much
the U.S. military can do in places
like El Salvador.
Noel Koch, Defense Secretary
Caspar W. Weinberger's top aide for
special forces, said in a recent inter-
view that there is a "shortfall ... in
doctrinal development" for guerrilla
wars. The newly formed Joint Spe-
cial Operations Agency-which will
report to the Joint Chiefs of Staff-
is moving to correct that problem, he
said.
In the meantime, the administra-
tion is not waiting to demonstrate its
resolve to be more active in the
Third World:
-? The Pentagon requested $6.4
billion in foreign military aid this
year, as against $2.4 billion in 1980,
adcording to Pentagon officials.
Among the major recipients of U.S.
assistance are countries such as Pak
istan, which the Carter administra-
tion held at arm's length because of
concerns about nuclear proliferation
WASHINGTON POST
11 June 1984 Pg.2
Correction.
A report yesterday on mil-
itary aid to the Third World
should have said that, ac-
cording to Congressional Re-
search Service analyst Rich.
and F. Grimmett, the United
States concluded a record
$14.9 billion in arms-transfer
agreements to developing
countries in 1982.
and human rights.
To ease the burden on poor coun-
tries seeking arms, the administra-
tion has offered grants instead of
loans or has sought to ease lending
terms. In 1982, it created the Special
Defense Acquisition Fund, which
stockpiles arms and equipment to
allow quicker transfers, and in each
succeeding year it has sought to in-
crease the fund's size.
? In 1982, the United States
transferred a record $14.9 billion
worth of arms to Third World coun-
tries, according to Congressional Re-
search Service analyst Richard F.
Grimmett. Last year the total fell to
$9.5 billion, but the U.S. share of the
Third World market nonetheless
rose from 32 percent to. 39 percent.
"Carter believed that arms sales
are basically immoral, and he dis-
couraged official support," said re-
tired Air Force Lt. Gen. James
Ahmann, a Northrup Corp. execu-
tive who until 1982 headed the De-
fense Security Assistance Agency.
"That negativism on trying to help
oiu friends and allies has disap-
peared."
:v ? To permit more U.S. military
gaining, the administration has pe-
titioned Congress with mixed success
to scrape away what Ikle called "the
barnacles that restrict our ability to
help our friends in the post-Vietnam
period."
The administration- has sought
permission to train foreign police
and maritime forces; to send more
than the current legal maximum of
six military advisers to Tunisia, Leb,
anon, Yemen, Pakistan, Sudan, Hon-
duras, Venezuela and elsewhere; to
lower the amount it must charge for
military training; and to send train-
26 JUNE 198.4
SUMMIT... Continued
went on to endorse the "confidence-
building" measures proposed by the
United States that would improve
communications between the super-
powers and among their allies to re-
duce the risk of surprise attack and
accidental war.
Thatcher issued a statement from
the chair about the Iran-Iraq war
that she said the other nations had
agreed to, expressing the "hope and
desire ... that both sides will cease
their attack on each other and on
the shipping of other states," and
urging respect for the "principle of
freedom of navigation."
The statement voiced "deep con-
cern at the mounting toll in human
suffering, physical damage and bit-
terness." The formal communique
pledged coordination of oil resources
to deal with any shortages arising
from the Persian Gulf war.
The communique also endorsed
an international manned space sta-
tion, which is planned by the United
States, and took note of the "gener-
ous and thoughtful invitation" by
Reagan to the other summit nations
that would allow them to use the re-
sources of this station.
"President Reagan's vision is a
long-term partnership in the peace-
ful use of space-a permanent, fully
international space station built by
the United States together with its
friends and allies, and used by all
nations as an operating environment
in which to work and learn," said a
U.S. official.
ers to dictatorial countries like Uru-
guay that have been off limits.
"It's precisely by bringing these
people into the United States and
letting them see how a democracy
manages its military ... that you
have a certain hope of affecting the
political life in these countries," ilde
said.
? The Reagan administration has
expanded previous plans to establish
a network of bases and facilities
around the world. The overseas mil-
itary construction budget increased
from $1.79 billion in fiscal year 1981
to a proposed $2.14 billion in fiscal
1985, with more increases forecast.
The increase partly reflects imple-
mentation of two Carter administra-
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
ARMS AID...Continued
tion plans, one for the Persian Gulf
and one for stationing medium-range
nuclear cruise missiles in Europe.
But the Pentagon under Reagan has
done more than Carter planned at
the island of Diego Garcia in the
Indian Ocean and in Oman, Moroc-
co, Iceland, Japan, Honduras, Tur-
key and elsewhere.
? The Army late last year won
permission to create a new "light"
division, designed for quick deploy-
ment to Third World hot spots. The
Marines, the original Third World
intervention force, have been
strengthened and modernized. And
the expansion of the Navy, partic-
ularly the reactivation of four World
War II battleships that would be of
little use in a major conflict with the
Soviet Union, is intended to increase
U.S. "power projection" beyond U.S.
bases.
? The Navy's enthusiastic em-
brace of the cruise missile program
under the Reagan administration
similarly will expand the military's
reach into relatively undefended
countries. The Navy intends to buy
more than 4,000 of the long-range
slow-flying cruise missiles at mor(
than $3 million each by 1992, includ?
ing 3,200 in a non-nuclear versior
that would be of little use against
the Soviet Union.
The missiles will "permit a limit-
ed, measured response as an expres-
sion of U.S. will and determination
without jeopardizing aircraft or pi-
lots," Rear Adm. Stephen J. Hostet-
tier, director of the joint cruise mis-
siles project, testified recently in
Congress.
? The administration has rein-
forced its buildup with action: send.
ing AWACS (Airborne Warning and
Control System aircraft) to Africa to
respond to crises in Chad and
Sudan, shooting down Libyan jets in
the Gulf of Sidra, stationing Marines
in Lebanon, rotating thousands of
troops through Honduras, invading
Grenada.
During the first three years of
Reagan's term, the number of troops
overseas increased by about 5 per-
cent-from about 475,000 to almost
500,000.
? The administration has favored
covert action in Third World coun-
tries, unsuccessfully seeking to re-
peal congressional restrictions on
U.S. support for Angolan rebels and
successfully seeking to finance Ni-
caraguan insurgents bent on over-
throwing that country's leftist San-
dinista government.
.The administration has tried to
reduce the asymmetry, the extent to
which the Soviet Union can use all
means-terrorist, covert, arms ship-
ments, what have you-to topple
governments or support govern-
ments that are opposed by the peo-
ple-while the Unied States would
be left with a choice between vacat-
ing the field, abandoning the friends
of democracy, or getting into an all-
out conflict," Ikle said.
He was referring to covert war,
but his comment also could be ap-
plied to the most dramatic aspect of
the administration's preparations for
the Third World: the revitalization
of the Green Berets and other spe-
cial forces that went into a decline
after Vietnam. Koch, principal dep-
uty assistant secretary for interna-
tional security affairs, has been
charged with strengthening the spe-
cial forces to combat what he sees as
Soviet-inspired insurgencies.
"I think Kennedy properly recog-
nized that we were confronted with
this kind of problem all over the
world," he said recently. "Then the
thing slid into what became Vietnam
and sort of went to hell in a hand.
basket, but it doesn't follow that the
essential motive was faulty or the
rationale behind it was faulty."
In the two years ending next Oct.
1, the number of special operating
forces in the Army will have grown
by almost 50 percent, from a little
more than 4,000 to almost 6,000,
according to Army officials. The
Army is adding a third Ranger com-
mando battalion this year and a new
Green Beret unit with a forward-de-
ployed battalion in Okinawa, similar
to those already stationed in Pana-
ma and West Germany.
The Navy formed a new team of
commandos, known as Seals, and
now is modernizing the Seals' equip-
ment and buying them "special war-
fare infiltration craft; Koch said
recently. The Air Force agreed to
buy 12 new MC130 Combat Talon
airplanes, which can fly low at night
and drop troops and equipment with
pinpoint accuracy. It was then told
The potential use of these special
forces is not limited to guerrilla wars.
The forces also are trained to defeat
terrorists and to infiltrate enemy
lines in conventional wars, blowing
up radio stations, organizing fifth-
column resistance groups and sab-
otaging command centers.
how to defeat guerrilla movements.
"If we send in the 82nd Airborne
or the Marines, we have taken over
effective is questionable .... You
ulation over, and for that you need
guys or seven guys creeping around
nublic and skeptics within the Pen-
He frequently cites soviet -apet-
"The threat posed by these forces-
tal United States-is real, grave and
too slowly being recognized," he tes-
tnn. the Army in 1982 formed the
;Joint Chiefs creates the aoun opv-
611 snecial forces activities and, re-
generals would prefer to plan for
"which tend to be cleaner," Ahmann
said. Koch has complained in testi-
s mony that the services are stingy
with promotions for special-forces
conventional military is somewhat
suspicious of it, in many cases for
very good cause," Koch said in a re-
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM
NEW YORK TIMES 8 June 1984 Pg. 1
U.S. Military Creates Secret Units
For Use in Sensitive Tasks Abroad
The following article is based on reporting by Jeff Gerth and Philip Taub-
man and was written by Mr. Gerth.
WASHINGTON, June 7 - The De-
fense Department has created several
secret commando units in recent
years, and they have tried to rescue
missing Americans in danger spots
abroad, participated in the invasion of
Grenada and supported Central Intelli-
gence Agency covert operations in Cen-
tral America, according to Administra-
tion officials and members of Con-
gress-
The development of the elite units,
which has extended the military's
traditional concept of special forces,
has raised concern in Congress, some
lawmakers say. They say the worry is
that the units might become a uni-
formed version of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency and be used to circum-
vent Congressional restrictions and re-
porting requirements on intelligence
activities and the use of American
forces in combat operations.
But a senior intelligence official
denied that such a risk existed. He said
that although the new special opera-
tions forces constituted a resource for
intelligence operations, any such use of
them would be directed by the C.I.A.
and properly reported to Congress.
Some of the units were created to
fight terrorism 'but have acquired
broadened mandates and training for
missions against insurgencies in devel-
oping countries in Central America, Af-
rica and Asia, according to the Admin-
istration officials and members of Con-
gress. The training and activities of the
units are highly classified.
The growth of the units, Administra-
tion officials said, stemmed from a
general concern at senior levels in the
Government that the United States
needed to improve its ability to use spe-
cialized forms of force in situations in
which the open exercise of power and
the deployment of large numbers of
men and weapons would be politically
unacceptable.
In a few instances, including opera-
tions in Central America, these new
units have worked in conjunction with
C.I.A. covert activities, but they are
not officially considered intelligence
organizations.
Some of the Congressional commit-
tees that have jurisdiction over intelli-
gence and military matters, including
the Armed Services and Intelligence
committees in the House and Senate,
are seeking clarification from the De-
fense Department about the role of the
new units and their relationship to laws
and regulations governing intelligence
activities.
Maj. Gen. Wesley H. Rice, the direc-
tor of the Joint Special Operations
Agency, which provides high-level
Pentagon planning and coordination
for the units, told a House subcommit-
tee in April that he did not view his or-
ganization "as an agency of interest to
the intelligence oversight committee."
His remarks disturbed some of the
members and staff of the intelligence
committee, which has been trying to
look into some of the organization's ac-
tivities.
'Trying to Learn More'
Senator Joseph R. Biden, Democrat
of Delaware, a member of the Senate
Select. Committee on Intelligence, said
in an interview: "We are aware of the
existence of the special operations
units but not sufficiently informed
about their activities or their connec-
tion to intelligence operations. We are
trying to learn more."
Much about the units remains secret.
The Defense Department refused to
provide information about the organi-
zation, training or activities of the
groups, and the military officers who
direct them declined to be interviewed.
But interviews with current and for-
mer Defense Department and intelli-
gence officials, members of Congress
and staff members of key Congres-
sional committees, disclosed these de-
tails about the new units:
C1 They operate under the direction of
the Joint Special Operations Com-
mand, centered at Fort Bragg in Fay-
etteville, N.C. The command was
created to coordinate United States
counterterrorist activities in the wake
of the failed 1980 mission to rescue
Americans held hostage in Iran. The
command, which is headed by Brig.
Gen. Richard A. Scholtes, has a sepa-
rate budget for the development and
procurement of special assault weap-
ons. It has a core force of elite troops
who can be quickly supplemented with
more traditional commando units from
the military services, including the
Army Special Forces, better known as
the Green Berets,
cThe special operations units and the
command structure above them have
provided limited resources, both equip-
ment and personnel, to the C.I.A. for its
covert operations in Central America,
according to an American official
ARMS AID... Continued
cent interview. "It basically conflicts
with. standard doctrine, and there's a
certain amount of discomfort that
goes with that."
But retired Adm. Robert L.J.
Long, who headed the Pentagon in-
vestigation of the Marine headquar-
ters bombing in Beirut last October,
said the military will have to adjust
to "low-level" conflicts.
"The United States as a super.
power has become increasingly in-
apable and impotent at this low
send of the spectrum," Long said in a
recent address. "This administration
recognized that our problem is some-
thing more than countering the So-
viets on the plains of Germany.
"It's only been recently that the
true meaning of regional confronta-
tion has been understood," he added.
"This is an area we're going to hear
more of. The interests of the United
States and the free world are clearly
at stake."
familiar with the operations. Under the
terms of a secret 1983 memo to Presi-
dent Reagan from Defense Secretary
Caspar W. Weinber eer, the Pentagon
pledged to provide a wide range of
logistical support and manpower to as-
sist C.I.A. covert operations in Central
America, including support of Nicara-
guan rebels. The Senate and House in-
telligence committees are investigat-
ing whether this Pentagon support al-
lowed the C.I.A. to circumvent restric-
tions, including a $24 million ceiling, on
support for the rebels this year.
cSome of the special operations com-
mand units played a key but still
largely secret role in the American in-
vasion of Grenada last fall, according
to American officials. The units, in-
cluding Navy Sea Air and Land teams,
known as SEAL's, infiltrated Grenada
during the predawn hours before the
landing of Marines and Army Rangers.
They successfully carried out one ac-
tion, safeguarding Grenada's Governor
General, Sir Paul Scoon, but failed in
two others, including an effort to knock
the Grenada radio off the air, accord-
ing to a Congressional report. At least
four men were killed in these opera-
tions, which remain officially classi-
fied.
cThe command's units tried to find
missing or captured Americans in
Lebanon in the last 18 months and as-
sisted in the 1982 search for Brig. Gen.
James L. Dozier, who was held hostage
by Italian terrorists. As the Govern-
ment's. primary counterterrorist strike
force, the units under the special opera-
tions command have been deployed in
other unspecified situations around the
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SPECIAL EDITION --
SECRET UNITS.. .Cont 'd
world when American citizens were in-
volved in airplane hijackings and at-
tacks on American embassies or diplo-
mats and will be involved in protecting
against terrorist attacks at the Los An-
geles Olympics.
?One unit, identified as Navy SEAL
Team Six, based at the Little Creek
Naval Amphibious Base outside Nor-
folk, Va., operates amid extraordinary
secrecy. Its members dress in civilian
clothe.:, are permitted to have long hair
and beards, and train at civilian instal-
lations, including the Pinal County Air
Park near Tucson, Ariz., which was a
C.I.A. air base in the 1970's, according
to former intelligence officials. When
one team member was killed in a
skydiving accident at the air park last
year, his colleagues initially ordered
doctors and nurses at St. Mary's Hospi-
tal in Tucson not to turn over the body
to the country medical examiner for
"national security reasons," hospital
authorities said in a recent interview.
Civilian skydivers at the air park were
told not to take pictures of the team
members, and employees were in-
structed not to record their names.
Pentagon Wanted Its Own Units
Intelligence officials said the De-
fense Department, impatient with the
C.I.A.'s leading role in conducting cov-
ert operations, particularly paramili-
tary activities, has pressed in recent
years to establish its own units capable
of directing and carrying out such
operations.
Starting in 1980, after the failure of
the mission to rescue American hos-
tages in Iran, the Army, under the di-
rection of Gen. Edward C. Meyer, then
chief of staff, created a small, secret
intelligence organization called the In-
telligence Support Activity.
The group was formed without the
knowledge of the Secretary of Defense,
the Director of Central intelligence or
Congress, according to intelligence of-
ficials.
Group's Original Mission
Its original mission, according to for-
mer Army officers familiar with its
origin, was to collect intelligence to
plan for special military operations
such as the Iran rescue attempt.
Eventually, however, the unit devel-
oped the ability to conduct special
operations and became involved in sup-
porting C.I.A. covert activities in Cen-
tral America, including aid to Nicara-
guan rebels, according to intelligence
officials.
In the last few years, the Joint Spe-
cial Operations Command has evolved
beyond its original mandate of counter-
ing terrorism to other kinds of special
operations, according to American offi-
cials familiar with its operations. As
one official described it, the command
"has become mostly a nighttime
operation, with its own weapons pro-
curement and research, as well as
communications."
Congress has carefully prescribed,
through legislation and practice, the
26 JUNE 1984
TIMES 12 June 1984 Pg. 9
Italy Opens an Inquiry being held in IBulgarian taly on suspicion of
Into a Report on Pope
ROME, June 11 (UPI) - The Rome
sta , prosecutor's office opened an in-
quirytoday into how an American jour-
nali:jt olltained a confidential'pmsecu-
tol-'report on the
purported Bulgarian
aauaction to the 1981 attack on the
Pope, the Italian news agency ANSA
reported.
T1 a journalist, Claire Sterling, cited
the report in an article in The New
York Times on Sunday.
The decision to conduct the inquiry
followed formal protests today by Ital-
ian lawyers acting on behalf of Sergei
reporting and oversight responsibilties
for covert operations conducted by the
C.I.A. The Intelligence Oversight Act
of 1980 requires the executive branch to
keep Congress "currently and fully in-
formed" about intelligence activities.
In addition, a 1981 executive order on
intelligence issued by President Rea-
gan required agencies engaged in intel-
ligence activities to cooperate with
Congress.
Limit on `Special Activities'
The executive order also limited
"special activities," a synonym for
covert activities, to the C.I.A_ unless
the President determined that another
agency was better able to conduct such
activities.
The order, however, did not fully
spell out the definition of "special ac-
tivities." National security experts and
Congressional officials say there is
some ambiguity over whether some
types of commando operations carried
out by the Pentagon would fall within
the definition of special activities.
The staffs of the House Select Com-
mittee on Intelligence, Armed Services
Committee and the Appropriations
subcommittee on defense have been
seeking clarification about these Issues
from the Defense Department, Law-
makers and staff members said they
were concerned about the somewhat
ambiguous area one staff member
called it a "gray zone" -between mili-
tary and intelligence operations.
These sources also say they worry
about a situation in which secret com-
mando operations unknown to Con-
gress might lead to open combat, draw-
ing United States forces into a wider
conflict. Under the War Powers Act.
Congress must be informed about, and
in some cases ultimately approve, the
use of American troops overseas in
combat situations. It is unclear how the
law applies to commando operations,
The Defense Department has re-
sponded to oversight inquiries by the
Intelligence Committee, but officials
complicity in the assassination at-
tempt- .
The New York Times said Bulgaria
recrglted Mehmet All Agca for the at-
tempt on the Pope's life as part of a plot
to !eeken Poland's Solidarity union
movement. The same charge was re-
port$d earlier by NBC News.
WASHINGTON, June 11 (AP) - The
ft Department refused comment
today ao that toe, Italian state
ptosecuto had concluded that the as-
samination attempt on Pope John Paul
II WWI was part of a plot in which the
Bulgarian secret service played a ke
y
say the Pentagon is less cooperative
than the C.I.A. in discussing its opera-
tions.
Representative Joseph P. Addabbo,
Democrat of Queens, chairman of the
House Appropriations subcommittee
on defense, said he hoped the existing
Presidential directives, coupled with
assurancesgiven to his subcommittee
by Pentagon officials would provide
guidelines for proper oversight. Mr.
Addabbo and other officials said the as-
surances were contained in classified
responses by General Rice, the direc-
tor of the Joint Special Operations
Agency, and other Pentagon officials to
questions posed during and after the
April hearing.
"Hopefully, we have the apparatus to
know what they're up to," Mr. Ad-
dabbo said. He added that he opposed
the creation of a uniformed C.I.A. "I
think we have too much covert opera-
tions already, as it is," he said.
In a prepared statement in April be-
fore the defense subcommittee, Gen-
eral Rice said the Joint Special Opera-
tions Agency was organized to allow
the Joint Chiefs of Staff to better man-
age special operations forces. The
agency's organizational structure in-
cludes a research and development
division to provide items for use in anti-
terrorism, unconventional warfare,
psychological operations and direct ac-
tion activities, General Rice's state-
ment said.
The organizational structure also in-
cludes a support activities branch
which provides "sensitive support" to
other governmental agencies, includ-
ing personnel, training, logistics,
operational services, cover and opera-
tional intelligence support, according
to the written testimony.
The Pentagon's current budget re-
quest for special operations forces is
about $500 million, according to data
introduced at the hearing.
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
NEW YORK TIMES 6 June 1984 Pg. 6
Administration Debating Antiterrorist Measures
By LESLIE H. GELB
Special to The New York Time
WASHINGTON, June 5-Three and
a half years after announcing that com-
batting terrorism would be President
Reagan's first national-security priori-
ty, officials say a debate on the subject
is still going on in the Administration
and that it will be taken up at the eco-
nomic summit conference this week.
The British are said to have drafted a
tough statement designed to show that
the seven leaders at the meeting that
opens Thursday in London are deter-
mined to do something about state-
sponsored terrorism. Another reason
the statement was drafted, according
to a key Administration official, is that
"They think we're serious about pre-
emptive military attacks against coun-
tries supporting terrorism and they
want to tryto head this off."
Two months ago, President Reagan
signed a two-and-a-half-page decision
memorandum that officials called a
foundation for a policy but not specific
guidelines for action or specific com-
mitments of new resources.
As described by a range of Admin-
stration officials, the document ap-
proved on April 3 lists general princi-
ples - including efforts to "dissuade"
countries from sponsoring terrorism
and the right "to defend ourselves" if
victimized. But there is no discussion
of how to do this, and no definition of
state-sponsored terrorism.
The Diplomatic Alternative
Nor did the document discuss diplo-
matic efforts to organize countries
against state-sponsored terrorism, as
was done a decade ago against hijack-
ings, beyond calling for working "as
closely as possible" with other nations.
Officials said an obstacle to such ef-
forts is the fact that many nations are
reluctant to jeapordize economic ties
with Iran, Syria, Libya and other na-
tions, yet want to combat terrorism.
Instead. according to the officials,
the President's memorandum raises a
whole series of questions for further
study - principally, what additional
resources are needed to gather intelli-
gence on terrorist activities and how
the United States should respond to dif-
ferent kinds of terrorist attacks.
At the conference discussion on the
subject, officials said the British are
expected to take the lead. Officials de-
scribed the French as hesitant about is-
suing a policy statement and the Ital-
ians as reluctant to get too deeply in-
volved given their important trade
relationship with Libya.
A senior official, commenting on
some Administration-inspired news re-
ports that there was now a new policy
of taking pre-emptive and punitive ac-
tion against terrorists, stated that the
policy was essentially not new at all.
Cooperation With Other Nations
He said all it meant was that known
terrorists would be arrested and that
Washington should cooperate more
with countries that have intelligence on
terrorists, such as Britain, West Ger-.
many and Israel.
Officials said the memorandum also
stressed doing eveything "legally."
This word was added to the final docu-
ment, according to the sources, even
after virtually all those involved in the
interdepartneptal study reiected a
recommenda ion by senior 'Pentagon
officials to authorize "hit squads" to
kill terrorists and after the Central In-
telligence Agency succeeded in remov-
ing any language that might be con-
strued as involving it in domestic
spying.
Robert C. McFarlane, the national
security adviser; Vice Adm. John
Poindexter, his deputy, and other sen-
ior White House officials were said by
knowledgeable officials to have fash-
ioned the language of the document so
that Mr. Reagan could be portrayed as
taking strong action without his being
committed to anything, especially any-
thing that the Democrats in an election
year could portray.as recklessness.
`Crossing the Line'
The result, in the view of some in the
State Department and the Central In-
telligence Agency, is a document that
means either "essentially doing better
at what we've already been doing for
several years now," as one said, "or
crossing the line at some point with
pre-emptive counter-force and military
retaliation where hard evidence may
be lacking."
The potential for just such actions in
a second Reagan Administration is
precisely what makes the document at-
tractive to a number of high-ranking
Pentagon civilians and several senior
officials as well.
In a recent magazine interview, Wil-
liam J. Casey, Director of Central In-
telligence, cited Israeli action in strik-
ing back at countries that aid terrorist
attacks and continued, "I think you will
see more of that - retaliation against
facilities connected with the country
sponsoring the terrorists or retaliation
that just hurts the interests of countries
which sponsor terrorism."
Issues of Conscience
A close associate of Secretary of
State George P. Shultz said the Secre-
tary was "grappling with his con-
science." The source said Mr. Shultz
was in favor of using force, but was
against what he said was the Israeli
model of retaliating against the inno-
cent along with the guilty.
This official said Mr. Shultz's think-
ing and that of the Administration
would evolve in response to specific
provocations in the future. "Some ter-
rorist action will spark an Administra-
tion reaction," the official said.
To many officials connnected with
this issue, the President's decision
document represents at least a tempo-
rary halt to three years of bureaucratic
drift and high-level inattention to a
problem the Administration leaders
initially called their highest priority.
Bombings in Lebanon
By all accounts, the twin shocks that
energized senior officials were the
bombings of the American Embassy
and the marine compound in Lebanon.
The latter was followed by a spate of
alarming intelligence reports to the ef-
fect that terrorist groups - along with
Iranian, Libyan and Syrian leaders -
had come to the conclusion that terror-
ism was working, that it was the way to
break American will.
Before a terrorist drove an explo-
sive-laden truck into the Marine head-
quarters at Beirut's airport, killing 241
American servicemen, Congress and
the American public were uneasy with
the American presence in Lebanon. Af-
terward, as officials saw it, the politi-
cal pressure to withdraw the marines
became irresistible.
It was at this point that senior offi-
cials focussed on the interdepartmen-
kal studies that had been languishing
for some time.
Achievements Listed
Since then, Administration officials
maintained that three things have been
'accomplished: reorganization and new
personnel that they hope will
strengthen policy formulation and ac-
tion; the reaching of an uneasy consen-
sus about what is known and not known
about the phenomenon of government-
supported terrorism, and agreement
on a series of small steps to improve
coordination against terrorists within
the United States and with other coun-
tries.
Officials said Mr. Shultz would soon
name a new Director of the Office for
Combatting Terrorism. Robert Oakley,
a career diplomat and currently Am-
bassador to Somalia, will replace Am-
bassador Robert M. Sayre, another ca-
reer Foreign Service officer. Mr.
Shultz is said to hope that Mr. Oakley
will energize what has been for many
;years a bureaucratic backwater.
The office was established about 12
years ago as a response to a series of
international aircraft hijackings and is
responsible for coordinating the activi-
ties of 26 different Government depart-
ments and agencies.
In January, the Joint Chiefs of Staff
quietly established a new agency to
coordinate special forces operations
and war plans against terrorists.
Called the Joint Special Operations
Agency, it is headed by Maj. Gen. Wes-
ley H. Rice of the Marine Corps.
The C.I.A.'s main unit is called the
Global Issues Staff. Created about 12
years ago as part of the Administra-
tion's response to hijackings, it is a
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SPECIAL EDITION
- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
WASHINGTON POST 6 June 1984 Pg. 19
Terrorist Bill Called 'McCarthy Throwback'
Associated Press
Sen. Howard M. Metzenbaum (D-Ohio) yesterday said
a Reagan administration bill to combat terrorist groups
would "trample on our human rights," and called the
measure "a throwback to the McCarthy era."
While Metzenbaum told a Senate hearing that the bill
was unconstitutional and unnecessary, even conservative
Sens. Orrin G. Hatch (R-Utah) and Jeremiah Denton
(R-Ala.), both supporters of the legislation, expressed
concerns about its sweeping language.
The controversy was over one bill in a four-measure
anti-terrorism package. It would allow the secretary of
state to designate a list of international terrorist groups
or countries, and subject Americans to prosecution if
they provide active support.
In a provision that upset Metzenbaum the most, the
bill would prohibit any defendant prosecuted under the
measure to challenge, as part of his defense, the govern-
ment's inclusion of a particular group or nation.
Hatch told two Justice Department witnesses that the
ANTITERRORIST MEASURES
...Continued
counter-terrorist unit today that serves
as the focal point for agency intelli-
gence collection, analysis and covert
action.
Following the instructions of the new
presidential directive, the interdepart-
mental group led by the State Depart-
ment is now reviewing whether addi-
tional resources are needed.
In the course of the recent policy re-
view, the officials said, members of the
intelligence community generally
shared the view that government-sup-
ported terrorism was now a clear and
established fact that required special
treatment apart from group or individ-
ual terrorism and that Moscow was at
least indirectly involved.
View of Soviet Role
Few of the intelligence and policy-
level officials interviewed argued that
Moscow was actively controlling, di-
recting or directly supplying terrorist
activities. The prevailing judgment
was that Moscow does not like to under-
take high-risk ventures that it cannot
control, and that such are the hall-
marks of terrorism and terrorists.
Robert H. Kupperman, an expert on
terrorism at the Georgetown Center for
Strategic and International Studies,
summed up the view often heard inside
the Administration: "The Soviets sup-
bill lacks criteria for the secretary of state to use when
designating the terrorist groups.
"You would not be averse to putting standards in?"
Hatch asked Mark Richard, deputy assistant attorney
general.
"That's correct," Richard said.
Denton, chairman of the Senate Judiciary subcommit-
tee on security and terrorism, repeatedly assured Met-
zenbaum, "The chairman has no interest in trampling on
the Bill of Rights."
Denton said the bill "needs some further polish,"
pointing out that it contains no requirement that the
secretary consult with Congress before making his des-
ignations.
"We have no problem with consulting with Congress,"
Richard said.
An angry Metzenbaum said, "It's a throwback to the
McCarthy era," referring to the late senator Joseph Mc-
Carthy's 1950s hunt for communists at the expense of
Americans' civil liberties.
port a general destabilization program
through terrorists, but they're not
going to get very close" to actual ter-
rorist operations.
In 1983, officials said there were 71
major terrorist incidents probably
sponsored and supported by govern-
ments. The principal ones were said to
be Iran, Syria, Libya, North Korea,
and possibly Cuba and Iraq.
The evidence, which comes from a
wide net of intelligence agents and paid
informants and varies greatly in qual-
ity, is almost entirely circumstantial,
but officials say they believe it is sub-
tantial and convincing nonetheless.
Four Bills Sent to Congress
The Administration's major move so
far was to send four bills to Congress in
April that are designed to help detect
and prosecute those involved in inter-
national terrorism. The legislative
package embraced prison terms and
fines for people assisting terrorists, re-
wards for information, and language
that would broaden existing laws
against kidnapping, hijacking and
sabotage. This was a direct outgrowth
of the President's decision memoran-
dum of early April.
The memorandum also directed a
continuation and expansion of meas-
ures to protect American missions and
people overseas and at home.
. Intelligence operatives reported con-
tinuing efforts to coordinate activities
with anti-terrorist organizations in
other governments.
Consideration is also being given to
amending the Vienna Convention of
1961. This set out procedures for diplo-
matic immunity. The idea would be to
check presently immune diplomatic
baggage for arms and explosives and
to withdraw diplomatic privileges from
countries supporting terrorism.
Practical and Moral Problems
Officials said that these represented
all the specific ideas being discussed,
and that further actions raise troubling
practical and moral problems.
Some officials, for example, say they
see real difficulties in the fact that the
decision memorandum does not define
terrorism, yet calls for condemning it
in all its forms. These officials said it
could be argued that Administration
support for the rebels fighting the Nica-
raguan Government or Afghan guerril-
las could be construed as a form of ter-
rorism. "One man's freedom fighter is
another's terrorist," an official said.
Other officials took strong exception
to this, arguing that there was an im-
portant difference between terrorism
and insurgency. In general, they said
that insurgent groups supported co-
vertly by the United States did not en-
gage in indiscriminate acts of violence,
and that these groups posed an alter-
nate leadership for a country.
To skeptical officials, this definition
of insurgency could apply to guerrillas
fighting the American-backed Govern-
ment of El Salvador as well.
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
NEW YORK TIMES 6 June 1984 Pg. 1
REAGAN EXPECTED
TO BID ALLIES ACT
AGAINST TERRORISM
President Reported Prepared
to Join Mrs. Thatcher in
Plea at Summit Talks
By STEVEN R. WEISMAN
Special tome New York Times
LONDON, June 5 - President Rea-
gan and Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher conferred today amid indica-
tions that they would press other West-
ern leaders this week for a commit-
ment to improve efforts to combat ter-
rorism.
American and British officials said
political issues in general could over-
shadow economic matters on the offi-
cial agenda.
They said that during mealtime dis-
cussions the leaders would pay particu-
lar. attention to relations with the
Soviet Union and the crisis in the Per-
sian Gulf resulting from air attacks in
the war between Iran and Iraq.
Cooperation Is Sought
Mrs. Thatcher, the host of the eco-
nomic conference of major industrial
democracies, has been interested in a
public statement condemning terror-
ism ever since a British police officer
was killed in April by gunfire from in-
side the Libyan Embassy.
A senior Reagan Administration offi-
cial said today that Mr. Reagan would
join Mrs. Thatcher in trying to per-
suade other leaders at the conference
that more can be done to share intelli-
gence information on the whereabouts
of known terrorists. He said there was
also a need for Western countries to in-
crese the resources used to combat ter-
rorism.
Mr. Reagan, who arrived here from
Dublin last night, spent the fifth day of
his 10-day European trip largely out of
public view.
He and his wife, Nancy, had lunch
with Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke
of Edinburgh. at Buckingham Palace
and dinner with Mrs. Thatcher.
Frustration in Washington
An Administration official, discuss-
ing terrorism, said today that theme
was frustration in Washington about
the lack of cooperation among Western
allies even as terrorist acts have in,
creased.
.American allies, he said, are reluc-
tant to share information with the
United States because they prefer to
act alone and because they fear that in-
formation given to Washington might
bedisclosed.
Because of objections from France
and other countries, the official said,
participants at the conference' may
well not say anything significant about
terrorism even if informal agreements
are reached. But he said Mr. Reagan
hoped something concrete could be de-
cided, even if it is not disclosed.
"We really want to get on with a pro-
cess that leads to results," the official
said, asking not to be identified. But he
added there would be "no U.S.- or Brit-
ish-led harangue" on the subject.
French officials have belittled the
idea of addressing terrorism in the
elaborate surroundings of a summit
conference and are considered likely to
oppose any sort of public statement on
the subject.
Mrs. Thatcher, meanwhile, was said
by British officials to be interested in
establishing a "diplomatic blacklist"
prohibiting diplomats charged with
harboring terrorists, or other abuses
from being allowed into other coun-
tries.
British officials said Mrs. Thatcher,
who will determine the conference
agenda, expects relations with the
Soviet Union will also be reviewed by
the leaders. She was said to have wel-
comed Mr. Reagan's conciliatory com-
ments toward Moscow in his speech to
the Irish Parliament Monday.
Presidential aides said Mr. Reagan
was also pleased at the reaction to the
speech. In it, he reiterated that he was
ready to negotiate with the Soviet
Union and suggested a new willingness
to discuss the Soviet demand for a re-
nunciation of the use of force by West-
ern allies.
The initial reaction from Moscow to
Mr. Reagan's speech has been nega-
tive. The Administration official who
asked not to be identified said today
that Mr. Reagan was disappointed but
not surprised by the reaction. "It's con-
sistent with what they've been saying
for three or four months," he said, add-
ing that the reaction was not "alarm-
In general, the official said, the West-
ern allies have come to feel that the
Soviet Union is in a state of leadership
transition and introspection as it strug-
T over how to deal with the west.
Russians are also thought to be un-
certain because of tie American elec-
tion, he said.
Soviet internal politics are expected
to be discussed at the London meeting,
the official said. But he added that he
expected no change in the consensus
that the west should not try bold initia-
tives now to revive the nuclear arms
control negotiations that have, been
deadlocked and cut off.
Relations With Soviet Discussed
An American official said tonight
after the dinner between Mr. Reagan
and Mrs. Thatcher that the two leaders
had discussed relations with the Soviet
Union at some length. He said they had
had a talk that was "theoretical and
theological" in nature on how to induce
Moscow to return to nuclear ' arms
talks.
The official said the two leaders both
felt Moscow was now "frustrated" be-
cause of failures in its economy and be-
cause of renewed willingness in the
West to rebuild its military.
On economic matters, Mrs. Thatcher
has let it be known that she is increas-
ingly concerned about high interest
rates and budget deficits in the United
States.
At a news conference last week, she
suggested she would raise these sub-
jects at the conference and also at her
separate meeting with Mr. Reagan
today. She told reporters that deficit
spending and high interest rates violate
the principles of "prudent banking."
A British official said tonight'that at
the dinner with Mr. Reagan, Mrs.
Thatcher raised the economic issues
but that there was no intention to "put
the president in the docket" at the con-
ference on the deficit or other such
issues. He also said Mrs. Thatcher had
thanked the President for his com-
ments in Ireland this week denouncing
terrorism in Northern Ireland.
The Prime Minister also discussed
Central America with Mr. Reagan, ac-
cording to the officials, and counseled
"caution" on recent United States ac-
tions, in particular the mining of Nica-
raguan harbors by insurgents acting
with the assistance of the Central Intel-
ligence Agency.
Little Criticism Expected
In general, British officials and aides
to other participants at the meeting say
they do not expect criticism of Mr.
Reagan to be as strong at this confer-
ence as it has been in the past.
They. say that Mr. Reagan long ago,
proved himself adept at parrying diffi-
cult questioning about the subject by
asserting amiably that he is working
hard to bring interest rates and deficits
down and that in any case the world
economy has improved greatly in the.
last few years.
Administration aides said again
today that they expected very little
trouble from allies at the conference,
and indeed they view recent favorable
economic trends as vindicating Admin-
istration policies.
In another development today, Sec-
retary of State George P. Shultz met
briefly here today with Defense Secre-
tary Moshe Arens of Israel. Larry
Speakes, the White House"spokesman,
said they discussed the situation 'in the
Persian Gulf and Lebanon and other
matters.
Mr. Speakes and other officials said
that Mr. Shultz was to have met last.
week with Mr. Arens in Washington but
that the meeting had to be put off be-
cause the secretary was tied up with
other matters. The spokesman gave no
further details of the discussions.
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
WASHINGTON POST 6 June 1984 Pg. 18
Administration Hoping to Keep Pressure on Soviets
U.S. Seeks Allied Accord on Terrorism
By Lou Cannon
Washington pod Stan Writer
LONDON, June 5-The Reagan
administration, eager to obtain a
show of western unity and keep
pressure on the Soviets, is struggling
to convince U.S. allies to reaffirm
the basic goals of the Atlantic Alli-
ance and also condemn international
terrorism, according to U.S. and Eu-
ropean officials.
These officials predicted that the
six western industrial nations and
Japan, which meet here this week at
their annual economic summit,
would reaffirm the NATO commit-
ment to deploy intermediate-range
nuclear weapons in Europe in an
effort to convince the Soviets to re-
turn to nuclear arms talks.
But there was pessimism among
U.S. and British officials on whether
France and Italy would agree to pub-
lic condemnation of "state supported
terrorism." Officials say there is even
less unity on U.S. policy in Central
America, which President Reagan
views as an essential element of
U.S.-Soviet conflict.
Nevertheless, a senior U.S. official
said that Reagan intends to press his
views on Central America in private
meetings later this week with the
other government leaders.
This official, expressing growing
White House skepticism that Nic-
aragua is willing to halt its "subver-
sion" in El Salvador and move to
peaceful resolution of differences
with the United States, said that the
primary accomplishment of Secre-
tary of State George P. Shultz's visit
to Managua Friday was to demon-
strate that the United States is will-
ing to talk to Nicaragua. The U.S.
official described the statement is-
sued by the Nicaraguan junta after
Shultz departed as "deserving of the
Pulitzer Prize in fiction."
The statement had emphasized
that Nicaragua is .willing to discuss
U.S. security concerns, but insisted
that a third nation participate in
further meetings.
U.S. diplomats and State Depart-
ment officials initially reacted favor-
ably to the meeting and the commu-
nique, but officials traveling with
Reagan have been cautious about
the prospects for a breakthrough in
the negotiations. Today's remarks
were the toughest yet from a White
House official.
On the terrorism issue a senior
British official said tonight, "We
most certainly intend to raise the
issue of terrorism and have some
very specific ideas, especially when
they [the terrorists] operate under a
diplomatic cloak, but I'm not able to
say precisely what will come out of it
at the summit .... We're trying to
open up the whole international ap-
proach."
The official said he believed that
British Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher would address the issue no
matter what the other nations did.
The senior U.S. official called
Thatcher "our ace in the hole,"
meaning that she could be relied
upon to make a statement even if
the other nations would not go
along.
"The ... president wants a full
discussion of terrorism, including
state-supported terrorism," the U.S.
official said. "Clearly not everyone is
prepared to go as far as we go."
The issue was discussed tonight
by Reagan and Thatcher at a private
meeting at 10 Downing St., but none
of the U.S. Officials accompanying
Reagan, including national security
affairs adviser Robert C. McFarlane,
was present. White House sources
were unable to say whether any
agreement was reached.
U.S. Officials say that even
Thatcher is less concerned than the
United States on the issue of "state-
supported terrorism" the phrase the
Reagan administration uses to de-
scribe international acts of violence
fostered by Libya or Iran.
The British, spurred by the killing
Missiles
of a London policewoman who was
shot from the Libyan Embassy in
April, would like the summit to re-
affirm adherence to the 1961 Vienna
Convention governing the privileges
of diplomatic immunity. What they
especially want is to prevent the as-
signment of diplomats to western
nations who have been expelled from
other countries for unacceptable be-
havior.
A senior U.S. official said that he
expected, even if a public statement
is not issued, that the seven nations
would informally agree to a greater
exchange of intelligence information
and to the commitment of additional
financial resources to combat terror-
ism.
On April 17, in the wake of the
shooting at the Libyan Embassy
here, White House spokesman Larry
Speakes said, "Terrorism is a prob-
lem for all nations, and this govern-
ment will work as closely as possible
with governments-particularly oth-
er similarly threatened democra-
cies-to deal with it."
On April 26, the president sent a
package of four antiterrorism bills to
Congress that would make the tak-
ing of hostages a federal offense, out-
law airline sabotage, provide rewards
for information on terrorist activity
and prohibit the training and sup-
port of terrorists.
On another issue, U.S. officials
discounted a published report that
the United States was considering
sharing its strategic oil reserves with
other western nations because of a
threatened cutoff of oil supplies
from the Persian Gulf. A senior of-
ficial.. said that the only agreement
the seven nations have at this point
is that they would not go to the spot
market to obtain oil because this
would force a sharp increase in oil
prices.
Washington Post London corre-
spondent Michael Getler contrib.
uted to this report.
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
BALTIMORE SUN
24 May 1984 Pg. D-1
Graduates told
of `new strategy'
for terrorism
WASHINGTON TIMES
21 May 1984 Pg. 2
U.S. found
ill prepared for terrorism
By Michael J. Clark
Anne Arundel Bureau of The Sun
ANNAPOLIS - A lesson gleaned from the
terrorist bombing that killed 241 Americans in
Beirut last October has led to a "new strategy"
of preemptive strikes against terrorist groups in
certain situations, the chief of naval operations
told a graduating class of 993 midshipmen yes-
terday.
Addressing the 134th graduating class at the
U.S. Naval Academy, Adm. James D. Watkins
said, "We cannot stand idly by and let any small
group of fanatics bend the will and break the
spirit of an entire nation....
The four-star admiral, a 1949 academy grad-
uate who is the nation's top-ranking naval offi-
cer, said he helped devise a new strategy to
combat terrorists following the bombing in
Lebanon, and he came to the conclusion that
"there can be moral justification to preempt a
probable terrorist attack."
He cautioned that using military force
against terrorist sites where bombs are made or
against countries that supply materials and
money to terrorists should be "a last resort" af-
ter diplomatic initiatives and political and eco-
nomic sanctions are tried.
Before undertaking such a military attack,
he said, the United States must believe there is
"a reasonable hope of success" and "we must
foresee more good than evil as a result of our
actions."
Such a military action should have the goal of
deterring aggressors from taking other actions
against Americans, and "we should work to
make terrorist acts so counterproductive and
costly, or seem so costly, that potential perpe-
trators will think twice before conducting, or
threatening to conduct, terrorist acts," Admiral
Watkins said.
The graduation, staged on the football field
of the U.S. Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadi-
um, was the prelude "to the main event ahead
- that's the fleet," said Academy Superinten-
dent Rear Admiral Charles R. Larson.
Among the midshipmen graduating yester-
day before a crowd of 15,000 parents, friends
and admirers, 811 were commissioned as Navy
ensigns, 165 were sworn in as Marine Corps sec-
ond lieutenants, four will become Air Force sec-
ond lieutenants and seven foreign nationals will
become officers in their countries' navies. Six
graduates had physical disabilities which pre-
vented them from receiving a commission.
The cost to taxpayers to educate each graau-
ating midshipman was $117,000, academy offi-
cials said. ..
By Bob Poos
THE WASHINGTON TIMES
The Soviet Union's terrorism policy
will "play an ever increasing factor" in
Soviet-U.S. relations, and the United
States is ill-equipped to deal with it," a
retired senior Navy admiral states.
The Soviets' policies that result in
confrontations and terrorism, "have
remained remarkably stable over the
years," he said.
The Soviets employ guerrilla warfare
involving political or religious minor-
ities and the United States, said the off i?
cer, who spoke at a seminar of the
Hudson Institute on the condition that
he not be named.
The Vietnamese invasion of Kampuc-
hea (formerly Cambodia) and terrorist
Lacrics in Lebanon were instances in
which Soviet policy has been somewhat
effective, he said.
The invasion will permit the Soviets
to maintain a "high profile role in
Southeast Asia, which they have no
intention of relinquishing;' he said.
Terrorist tactics in Lebanon were
ultimately successful in forcing the U.S.
military to retire from that country, he
said.
One region, the speaker contended, in
which the Soviets have only partly suc-
ceeded in establishing a presence is
Southern Africa. The admiral did not
say but it is general knowledge that
South Africa is responsible for keeping
.the Soviets either out of or off balance
in that area.
The Kremlin has learned the wisdom
of "using surrogates or 'Paladins' as
jthey're now being called and will contin-
tually grow bolder in using them," he
predicted.
The United States must improve its
special counter-insurgency forces
"which have been neglected in the past"
and upgrade its capabilities in human
intelligence (HUMINT) gathering to
cope with guerrillas, he said.
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
THE WASHINGTONIAN JUNE 1984 Pages 93-181
1 01
Str&e NeA .1
As the Concrete Barriers Go Up All Over Washington,
Terrorism Experts Say the Question No Longer Is
Will Terrorists Hit Washington, But When and Where
By Bob Reiss
With mounting horror,
Larry Smith viewed the
destruction. Thirty
minutes earlier he had
been getting into
bed at his Alexandria
home when the phone rang. "There's
been a bombing at the Capitol," the
operator told Smith, the Senate's ser-
geant at arms. It was November 7,
1983.
Now, as he stood amid the rubble, he
saw the Capitol-normally a symbol of
solidity and permanence-as an "utter
mess. "
"I felt sick," he remembers. "I felt
like someone had bombed my own
home." The blast had exploded from
behind a seat in the hallway outside the
Senate chamber, shattering and blowing
off the doors of the Republican cloak-
room and the office of Senate Minority
Leader Robert Byrd 25 feet away. Debris
flew into the face of the marble bust of
Teddy Roosevelt. Glass and marble bits
slashed and shredded portraits of Daniel
Webster and John C. Calhoun. Chan-
delier glass sprayed Adlai Stevenson.
The explosion was so powerful that it
dispersed down three corridors, leaving
a 250-foot path of destruction. "Any-
thing that wasn't a wall gave," says
Smith. "On a busy day, this corridor is
so crowded it's hard to walk through.
Had we been in session, we would have
lost people, without question. People
would have been blinded by flying glass. "
Only a few days earlier, Smith had
Bob Reiss is a widely published author whose
upcoming novel, Divine Assassin, concerns
terrorism in Washington.
presented Majority Leader Howard Baker
and Minority Leader Robert Byrd with
a study concluding that security in the
Senate needed to be tightened. New
measures had been scheduled to be pre-
sented to party caucuses three days after
the explosion.
"I felt like I'd been waiting for it to
happen," Smith says, "but it was dif-
ficult to sell that to members of Congress
when nothing had happened yet."
Today the bombed corridor is closed
to visitors. Almost 30 more metal de-
tectors have been installed at the Capitol
and nearby congressional office build-
ings. Women's bags are searched con-
stantly. Color-coded passes are now re-
quired for people who work in the Cap-
itol-red or yellow for staffers and aides,
green for media, blue for lobbyists.
Bulletproof metal plates have been in-
stalled in the backs of the House mem-
bers' chairs. Concrete barriers seal the
parking lot. At night, after visitors have
left, Capitol police regularly stage mock
rescue attempts in the buildings.
But Larry Smith is still worried.
Standing before the blast site, where a
raised platform surrounds the damaged
wall like three sides of a coffin, he is
asked if he feels the new security pre-
cautions are adequate. He answers with
an unhappy shake of the head: "I have
a feeling it's going to happen again."
Smith is not alone. As the summer of
1984 approaches, legislators and law-en-
forcement authorities are occupied with
anti-terrorist preparations as never be-
fore. Security armies are assembling at
the sites of the Democratic and Repub-
lican National Conventions, as well as
at the Olympic Games in Los Angeles
and the World's Fair in New Orleans.
"Washington is a particularly good
target," says Dr. Yonah Alexander, anti-
terrorism expert and fellow at the
Georgetown Center for Strategic and In-
ternational Studies. "There is no ques-
tion that we will see more violence."
Says Michael Ledeen, a former spe-
cial adviser to Secretary of State Alex-
ander Haig and consultant on terrorism
to the Pentagon, "The question isn't
whether it will happen here. The ques-
tion is why it hasn't happened yet."
And so in ways both subtle and overt,
the expectation of terrorism incorporates
itself into the lives of Washingtonians at
all levels. The President issues a policy
directive calling for an "active defense
against terrorism," including rewards of
up to $500,000 for information on ter-
rorists, as well as the creation of FBI and
CIA paramilitary squads. Alabama Sen-
ator Jeremiah Denton introduces a bill
that would make terrorism a federal crime
punishable by death if innocent victims
are killed. A new 50-man FBI "hostage
squad" demonstrates anti-terrorist tac-
tics for reporters at the Quantico Marine
base. All four divisions of the armed
services train troops to "cope with ter-
rorist incidents within this country," says
a Pentagon spokesman.
More signs: The Army commissions
Dr. Robert Kupperman of the George-
town Center for Strategic and Interna-
tional Studies to write a report on "low-
intensity conflict," which is what social
scientists call terrorism. EPA security
personnel request a talk on explosives.
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and Lieutenant Jeff Altmire, who heads
the bomb squad at Fort McNair, sends
a staffer to pass out material entitled
"Letter and Parcel Bomb Recognition
Points. " Chief James Powell of the Cap-
itol police speculates that someday an
iron fence may be necessary around the
Capitol-the last fence was torn down
in 1873. Pennsylvania Avenue is closed
during an evening rush hour when three
suitcases are spotted on the sidewalk near
the White House. Only clothing is found
inside.
The heightened awareness of terror-
ism is most noticeable at government
buildings, from the White House, Cap-
itol, and State Department, where con-
crete barriers have been erected to dis-
courage car-bomb attacks, to the
Pentagon, where tunnels under the build-
ing have been closed for security rea-
sons. Now it is rippling outward, touch-
ing the everyday lives of many more
Washingtonians.
Cab driver Tom Sahr complains, "I
used to hang around the Senate parking
lot and cruise for passengers. Now I can't
get in." Chris Vestal, a newsletter pub-
lisher who reports on the Hill, says,
"When I go to the Capitol, guards want
to see my purse every ten seconds. " A
ten-year-old boy on the Washington-New
York train asks another passenger,
"You're from Washington? Will terror-
ists blow up the White House?" And
Judith St. Ledger-Roty, an attorney, re-
calls a recent day when she walked by
the Soviet Embassy on 16th Street, no-
ticed a man talking to a guard at the gate,
and thought about how easy it would be
for a terrorist to attack the building. "It
struck me," she says, "that suddenly
there were thoughts in my everyday rou-
tine that terrorists can and do exist in this
country. "
"Terrorism begins with the perception
that it exists," says Yonah Alexander.
"If you think it's here, it's already al-
tering your life." Larry Smith agrees:
"The terrorists have had a degree of suc-
cess. They're forcing us to conduct our
lives differently."
As summer approaches, do Washing-
tonians occupy a twilight zone between
terrorism as a form of nightly television
entertainment and the real possibility of
an explosion at Metro Center?
Terrorists have existed globally for dec-
ades without launching wholesale as-
saults on Washington. Why the big con-
cern now?
The answer, experts say, lies in the
evolution of terrorism itself. No longer
a product of isolated attacks, terrorism
is now recognized as an outgrowth of the
last 30 years of superpower confronta-
tion. It is the warfare of the future. The
future is here.
For years, social scientists have said
that in the nuclear age, the superpowers
would avoid direct confrontation as too
catastrophic. Instead, the major powers
would support smaller countries in little
"proxy" wars around the world. Now
anti-terrorism experts fear the proxy wars
will be carried back to Washington in
the form of bombings and assassinations
by terrorists doing the bidding of their
governments.
The biggest concern of terrorist-
"The terrorists have had a
degree of success," says
Larry Smith, the Senate's
sergeant at arms. "They're
forcing us to conduct our
lives differently."
watchers in the US is no longer the
Weather Underground or other Ameri-
can radical groups, but pro-Khomeini
Iranians and pro-Qadaffi Libyans, many
of whom enter the country across the
Canadian border. Kupperman, as well as
sources at the FBI and local law-enforce-
ment agencies, confirms the presence of
large numbers of them in this country.
"For the first time," says Kupperman,
"the infrastructure is here that will sup-
port a terrorist operation. No terrorism
occurs without surveillance beforehand.
I'm talking about serious professional,
politically oriented groups that are well
financed. "The suicidal drivers are only
cannon fodder in these deals.
"My guess is you're going to see a
bomb against the State Department. As-
sassination attempts against individuals
are also likely," says Kupperman.
"In the nuclear age, the name of the
game is not missile against missile," adds
Yonah Alexander. "The name of the
game is acts of terror conducted by ded-
icated small groups that are supported by
governments. "
The key phrase of the new terrorism
is "supported by governments." Says
Kupperman, co-author of Terrorism:
Threat, Reality, Response, "In the mid-
'70s and late '70s, there was a lot of
state-supported terrorism. For example,
the Soviets provided training, weapons,
and forged travel documents to terrorists.
Libya provided safe haven for the Pop-
ular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
and encouraged Carlos (the legendary
Venezuelan-born terrorist) to pull off op-
erations. In no case did the country di-
rectly manage the event.
"But today you have state-managed
terrorism. Which means that a national-
level intelligence agency, the Syrian or
Iranian government, trains individuals,
designs and engineers a bomb, does the
counterintelligence work, executes an at-
tack, and lies back and denies it. You
can't deal with it in court, and you're
impotent to deal with it directly."
The first two Washingtonians to die
from state-managed terrorism were Or-
lando Letelier, the exiled Chilean de-
fense minister, and Ronni Moffitt, a co-
worker at the Institute of Policy Studies.
In 1976 they were murdered by a bomb,
later traced by the FBI to the Chilean
secret police. Four years later, during the
overthrow of the Shah of Iran, Ali Akbar
Tabatabai, an anti-Khomeini Iranian, was
gunned down outside his Bethesda home
by a man disguised as a postman. The
gunman escaped.
Asked if the United States also en-
gages in renegade warfare, Kupperman
responds, "Not as much as we used to,"
and criticizes the emasculation of the CIA
during the Carter administration. But
critics of the Reagan administration charge
that covert training and aid to the anti-
government contras in Nicaragua is as
much a form of state-supported terrorism
as Libya's backing of the PLO. They also
contend that the covert wars are out of
control and won't stop until the warring
parties agree to ban support for terrorists.
In the meantime, the renegade war con-
tinues to escalate, which means the risks
for the US are getting higher. Saul Lan-
dau, a fellow at the Institute for Policy
Studies and a friend of the murdered Le-
telier, explains: "When the US govern-
ment goes into the Middle East and the
guns of the New Jersey blow away a
village of Lebanese people or the CIA
bombs or mines harbors in Central
America, hitting at people who can't get
back at you, sometimes the only re-
sponse is terrorism," he says. "I con-
sider terrorism a terrible thing. But if you
operate a state as a terrorist entity and
wreak terror on other people, it is ulti-
mately logical that they're going to get
back at you the only way they can."
That's in line with a recent statement
by Iran's ambassador to the United Na-
tions, Said Rajaie Khorassani. When
asked if he thought Middle Eastern op-
ponents of US policy would resort to
terrorism in America, he said, "It de-
pends probably on how far you go."
The purpose of most terrorist acts,
however, is not retaliation for US foreign
policy. Terrorism is an effective weapon
for both pragmatic revolutionaries and
fanatics. It provokes criticism of a gov-
ernment that can't protect its citizens from
it. It focuses world attention on issues
that otherwise might be ignored, partic-
ularly if it occurs in a city with the in-
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
ternational visibility of Washington. It
can also legitimize, in some minds, the
terrorists' position.
Considering the devastating weapons
available, a small band of terrorists can
cause extensive death and destruction,
making them the great equalizer in con-
frontations between superpowers and
weaker nations. Because media attention
on terrorists is immediate and global, one
well-planned act can have tremendous
impact. And, points out Kupperman in
his report to the Army, there is the matter
of America's inexperience and relative
naivete when it comes to coping with
professional terrorists.
"This nation, unlike others in the
Western alliance, has no internal con-
sensus on how to respond ... and has
no common philosophical basis for ac-
cepting the high costs, in lives, mate-
rials, pride, and power, of occasional
failure in dealing with terrorism," he
writes. "We have no internationally rec-
ognized commitment to firm retributive
deterrence to such violence."
Asked what "no internal consensus on
how to respond" means, Kupperman cites
a lack of coordination and preparedness
among military and law-enforcement
agencies. To a foreign group aware of
these problems, the US becomes a more
attractive target.
A case in point: To combat the ter-
rorism of the Red Brigades, the Italian
government formed an anti-terrorist
squad, which in 1978 alone tracked down
and jailed thousands of suspected ter-
rorists. By comparison, it was only re-
cently that Ronald Reagan began push-
ing for the formation of the FBI and CIA
counter-terrorist squads, a proposal that
is likely to come under fire in Congress.
"Terrorists have not hit us yet because
they are afraid," says Pentagon consult-
ant Ledeen. "But [the US withdrawal
from Lebanon] will encourage them. They
will draw the conclusion that the best
way to get your way with the United
States is to kill a certain number of Amer-
icans, and after a while, the US does
what you want it to do. "
In a city hit by terrorists, fear can quickly
spread outward to friends and co-work-
ers of victims. Saul Landau remembers
how his life changed in the fall of 1976.
Landau had arrived at work one Sep-
tember morning when his wife phoned.
She told him that on her way down Mas-
sachusetts Avenue, she had witnessed
the worst accident she had ever seen.
"The car was still smoking. There were
still flames, there was blood all over the
place, she told me," he recalls. "She
was so upset. I said, `Well, I'm sorry.
That sounds terrible.' We hung up."
A few minutes later, Landau received
a call from the receptionist at the Institute
"My guess is you're going to see a bomb against the
State Department," says Dr. Robert Kupperman of the
Georgetown Center for Strategic and International
Studies. "Assassination attempts against individuals
are also likely."
for Policy Studies. What his wife had
seen was not an accident, but the after-
math of the murder of Landau's co-
workers. The late-model Chevelle in
which they were riding was blown up by
a radio-detonated bomb as the car reached
Sheridan Circle. Letelier's legs were
sheared off in the blast; Moffitt drowned
from blood dripping into her lungs.
In the days and months following the
killings, as the FBI's investigation pro-
ceeded, fear stalked the Institute. "I was
terrified," says Landau. "I learned to
live with fear.
"When I put my key in the ignition
sometimes, my hand trembled. I had to
use my left hand to steady my right. I
had the urge to check my car every day-
and my house. Everyone at the Institute
was terrified. If they had the audacity to
kill in the nation's capital, half a mile
from the White House, what wouldn't
they do?
"There were other Chileans in the
building-they were also exiles-in-
cluding Mrs. Letelier. Several people
urged the director to get the Chileans out
of the building. Some fellows left. One
said that when he signed up at the In-
stitute, it wasn't a death trip he had in
mind.
"I sat with my back to the wall looking
at people coming in, " Landau continues.
"My sense of peripheral vision im-
proved. I'm not saying there was any
real danger. But we felt there was. What
the bombing told us was that anybody
could have been in the front seat with
Orlando. It happened to be Ronni Mof-
fitt. We had to understand that the mere
fact of associating with someone could
make you a victim of state terrorism."
Landau goes on. "There were threats,
letters and calls- `You all deserve what
that Commie spy got.' Click. Like many
fellows at the Institute, I had dreams.
People chasing me. I elude all but one.
Or my house is surrounded, and I man-
age to figure out a way to escape, except
there's always that one person left.
"The worst dream was right after-
wards. It kept recurring. It was of Or-
lando as a ventriloquist's dummy. Sitting
on somebody's legs, flopping. Smiling
that dummy smile. Just the mouth open-
ing, but no words were coming out."
Eight years later, Landau no longer
has the dummy dream but says he oc-
casionally has the dream about people
chasing him.
Kirby Jones also learned to live with
fear. Today he's a public-relations man
at the World Bank, but in 1975 he was
starting Alamar Associates, a firm that
introduced American businesses to Cuba.
That was also the year he interviewed
Fidel Castro for CBS, helped set up
George McGovern's trip to Cuba, and
co-authored the book With Fidel. It was
also the year the death threats started.
"We're going to do to you what hap-
pened to Ch? Guevara," a voice would
say. Then the line would go dead.
Jones recalls how the FBI advised him
to start his car every day. "They told me
never to wash my car. If someone plants
a bomb on your car, they can't replace
the dirt. So if you have a dirty car, you
can more easily check it out at night and
in the morning.
"They said that when I start the car,
I should always have the doors open.
Many of the injuries come from con-
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Terrorism
Continued from page 95
cussions. Open all the doors so the blast
would go out, they told me. Keep your
legs out of the car when you start it, if
you can. And when you're starting it,
put a briefcase between your chest and
the steering wheel.
"The threats made me nervous, but
there was nothing I could do about them.
I remember a photographer came to the
house for a magazine. I asked him not
to take pictures of my kids' faces. Or if
there was a knock at the door at night,
a neighbor coming over unexpectedly,
I'd worry about who it was."
The specter of terrorism extends beyond
its impact on individuals. It can change
the way a city lives. Michael Ledeen
remembers what it was like to live in
Rome during the Red Brigade's reign of
terror.
"Rome is a city built around outdoor
places. People gather in piazzas and talk
and drink coffee and play. The first thing
that happened was that people went in-
doors; the piazzas emptied out, mostly
in the evenings, but also during the day.
The second change was that an edge came
over the city. In normal times, Rome is
garrulous and friendly. But conversa-
tions became much shorter. You didn't
wander around the streets as much. Peo-
ple tended to go outside, do what they
had to do, and get in again. It lasted
several years, until the Red Brigade was
shut down."
I have my own images of how terror-
ism can affect a city. While researching
a novel on terrorism, I traveled to Italy
and Israel, two countries that are very
familiar with it. Three scenes stick in my
mind:
^ In Rome and Milan, soldiers with
submachine guns guarded government
buildings, synagogues, and a Greek Or-
thodox church. I noticed that the soldiers
kept their fingers on the triggers at all
times. But what struck me most was that
pedestrians seemed to pay no attention.
The scene was that normal.
^ In Jerusalem one afternoon, I sat on
a bus-station bench. Suddenly, I noticed
the passengers on my right scurrying away
from the bench. Then those on my left.
I looked up to see a soldier directing me
away, too. A police jeep roared into the
lot; the buses pulled away from the curb.
I asked the soldier what was going on,
and he pointed to a crumpled paper bag
eight feet behind me by a pay phone. It
was a plain brown paper bag, the kind
you carry sandwiches in. There had been
no bomb threat, but the mere presence
of an unclaimed paper bag cleared the
area. A half-eaten sandwich was found
EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26
inside.
^ The bus I used while in Jerusalem
was the Number 18 bus. It travels from
the student dormitories on the outskirts
of the city past the Yad Vashem mon-
ument to Jews killed in World War II,
through the downtown area and near the
expensive La Roma Hotel and the Old
City. Some of my relatives used this bus
to get to school; a friend working on a
book took it often while doing her re-
search. While riding the bus, I some-
You didn't wander around
the streets as much. People
tended to go outside, do
what they had to do, and
get in again.
times would imagine what would happen
if a bomb went off in it, particularly at
rush hour, when it was packed with shop-
pers, tourists, and schoolchildren. I vis-
ualized seats ripped from the floor, a
child's shoe lying on the street. One day
after I left Israel, terrorists blew up the
Number 18 bus.
In one 24-hour period at the beginning
of the recent Easter weekend, terrorist
bombings shook two Western capitals.
Here in Washington, a powerful explo-
sive placed under a couch tore apart the
officers' club at the Washington Navy
Yard. No one was injured in the blast,
which occurred shortly before 2 AM on
Good Friday. A previously unknown
group, calling itself the Guerrilla Re-
sistance Movement, said the bombing
was a protest against US policy in Cen-
tral America.
Several hours later, a bomb hidden in
a briefcase at London's busy Heathrow
Airport was detonated by a timer, injur-
ing 25 people, five of whom had to be
hospitalized. An anarchist group called
the Angry Brigade claimed credit for the
blast, but British police continue to in-
vestigate links to Libyan terrorists.
The bombings were indicative of the
levels of terrorism in the two cities. Lon-
don has been the site of indiscriminate
bombings, such as the one that rocked
H d's the famous department store,
ro
JUNE 1984
credit for explosions at the National War
College at Fort McNair last April and at
a computer complex at the Navy Yard
last July. An unknown Philippine ter-
rorist group ignited two fire bombs near
the front of the Philippine Chancery. In
the fourth incident, the Jewish Defense
League claimed responsibility for a
bombing that caused minor damage at
the Aeroflot office here.
Some terrorism experts contend that
the threat from squads of professional
Middle Eastern terrorists is being ex-
aggerated, and statistics, at least, bear
them out. Of the 31 terrorist incidents
reported in the US last year, none were
attributed to Libyan or Iranian organi-
zations, according to the FBI. In fact,
two-thirds of them were linked by the
FBI to Latin American groups.
One expert who downplays the threat
from Middle Eastern terrorists is Neil
Koch, deputy assistant defense secre-
tary, who is in charge of the Pentagon
policy on terrorism. He points out that
despite what most people think, terror-
ism is not a mindless activity; it's a stra-
tegic weapon based on calculated deci-
sions. Government-sponsored terrorists,
he goes on, would have to have a
very powerful motivation to stage mur-
derous attacks in America and risk US
retaliation.
Other experts aren't as sure that an attack
on a Metro train or National Airport or
a department store is so implausible. That
is clearly the trend of terrorism. Briga-
dier General P. Neal Scheidel, chief of
the Air Force security police, recently
said that five years ago, 80 percent of
terrorist attacks were on property, and
20 percent were on people, "But now
it's 50-50." Professional terrorists, says
one law-enforcement official, know that
blowing up empty buildings will get at-
tention but that it is indiscriminate mur-
der that causes terror, and maybe a re-
examination of policy.
It is just that kind of terrorism that the
administration's counter-terrorist strat-
egy is aimed at. Reagan's policy direc-
tive, which will become a legislative pro-
posal, supports the principle of striking
at terrorists abroad and staging reprisal
raids in response to terrorism here or
against Americans overseas. It repre-
sents the first time the US has taken an
ar
during the holiday shopping season last aggressive anti-terrorist stance as a mat-
year. But so far, Washington has been ter of national policy. That, in turn, raises
spared the kind of wholesale violence the stakes in the renegade war. So law-
inflicted on other cities. enforcement agencies, from the DC po-
In addition to the Capitol bombing, lice to the Capitol police to the FBI,
the FBI investigated four other terrorist continue to step up their anti-terrorist
incidents in Washington last year, all of training.
which were directed against institutions On March 9, FBI Director William
rather than individuals. A group calling Webster unveiled the Bureau's new
itself the Armed Resistance Unit took "Hostage Rescue Team" at Quantico.
The squad, two years in the developing,
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
has trained with US military and Euro-
pean anti-terrorist forces. According to
Webster, it is designed to deal with "a
major-scale terrorist incident" and will
be standing by at the Summer Olympics,
the presidential nominating conventions,
and the World's Fair.
During the demonstration for report-
ers, agents in black jumpsuits acted out
scenarios. They slid down ropes from
helicopters to "rescue" hostages in a
mock bank. Marksmen with live bullets
"killed" cardboard terrorists at the far
end of a shooting range. It was a dem-
onstration of what the FBI calls "sur-
gical shooting," because sitting next to
the make-believe terrorists was Assistant
FBI Director Oliver Revell. In another
scenario, agents broke into "Tire City,"
a roofless, seven-room "house" made
of sand-filled tires. Once inside, they
shot more "terrorists" and rescued more
hostages.
Other preparations include "gam-
ing," the acting out of terrorist incidents.
"We have simulated hijackings," ex-
plains Wayne Gilbert, who is in charge
of the FBI's terrorism section. "We might
do it at night when planes are available.
United Airlines might say, 'You need a
DC-10? We have one sitting at Dulles
until ten tomorrow morning."'
Members of the squad are presented
with different scenarios. In some, the
terrorists claim to have a nuclear explo-
sive. In others, an official of a big com-
pany or the government is held hostage.
Or the agents are told that there has been
an explosion.
"Sometimes the hostages are our own
people," says Gilbert. "Sometimes
they're from the military. Men and
women. We brief them ahead of time to
In some scenarios, the
terrorists claim to have a
nuclear explosive. In
others, an official is
held hostage.
tell them what to expect. They're going
to be treated badly; told when to go to
the bathroom. They may be fed inade-
quately or get lousy food. They'll be
harassed and shouted at. When there's a
rescue, they have to be prepared for ex-
plosions, gas, and firing."
Were a terrorist incident to occur, the
command post would be Room 5005 in
the FBI Building, a quieter but no less
graphic embodiment of preparations in
the war on terrorists. It even looks like
a war room. Beneath clocks showing dif-
ferent time zones and across from maps
of Washington and local airports are the
two banks of desks of the Emergency
Operations Center. The upper tier would
be manned by the FBI's top people, such
as Webster, Revell, or Gilbert.
The semicircular banks have direct lines
to the White House, the US attorney gen-
eral's office, the Pentagon, the State De-
partment, and FBI field offices. There
are computers on which agents can call
up data on terrorist groups, plus police
monitors, television monitors, and a
glassed-in meeting room.
On a recent day, a prepared hijacking
log could be seen hanging on the wall.
Empty slots are to be filled in if a hi-
jacking occurs. The slots are labeled
"Scheduled route," "Air carrier,"
"Number of crew members," "Weap-
ons," and "Demands." There is one
other prepared log-it's for nuclear
extortion.
Nuclear extortion is a major concern of
the FBI. It has happened only once in
the US-in 1979, when an employee at
a nuclear plant in Wilmington, North
Carolina, threatened to release uranium
oxide into the atmosphere if he wasn't
given $100,000. He was arrested, but
law-enforcement officials realize the po-
tential for more incidents.
Playing a key role in any nuclear-ex-
tortion case would be a highly secretive
group called the Nuclear Emergency
Search Team (NEST). Technically under
the jurisdiction of the Department of En-
ergy, NEST is made up of energy-phys-
icists, explosive and electronic experts,
and other scientists and technicians. It
was NEST members who, during the 1976
bicentennial celebration, drove around
Washington in unmarked vans and
checked radiation levels at federal build-
ings. A year earlier, NEST personnel
dressed as businessmen conducted a ra-
diation search at the Union Oil Company
of California after a threat was received
there. The detection devices were hidden
in briefcases. In both cases, the team
found nothing.
In addition to the bicentennial inves-
tigations, NEST has been used twice to
check out nuclear threats in Washington.
In 1976 they investigated a van parked
outside the White House after someone
received a tip that it contained a nuclear
explosive. Inside they found a 50-gallon
oil drum holding a ticking recorder. And
in 1978 the team was called in when
someone sent a package containing a
brown substance to a congressional of-
fice with a note saying it was radioactive.
The substance was dirt.
Today, about 30 NEST experts work
out of Andrews Air Force Base. In the
event of a nuclear threat, they would be
contacted by the FBI and would have to
be ready to leave the base within two
hours.
Even before the November bombing,
Capitol police were staging their own
terrorist scenarios in the Capitol at night
when no tourists were around and Con-
gress wasn't in session. Although au-
thorities are reluctant to reveal details,
at least one of the simulated terrorist at-
tacks involved the seizure of the Senate
chamber. As part of their training, mem-
bers of the Emergency Response Team
practice traversing the Capitol with ropes
and swinging down on windows.
"They're expert shots with special
weapons," says Chief Powell. "They've
done a lot of training in Maryland, away
from the general public, to keep down
panic."
The biggest attempt to coordinate hos-
tage-situation tactics in Washington oc-
curred two years ago when the DC police
organized Operation Speelunk, built
around the takeover of a Metro train. In
this operation, an escaping bank robber
took hostages on a Metro train, but the
situation was similar to what it would be
in a terrorist takeover. "We were trying
to find out how well we could interface
all the agencies involved," says Lieu-
tenant George Bradford, who organized
the scenario. In addition to the DC po-
lice, the FBI, Secret Service, transit po-
lice, the telephone company, PEPCO,
the Department of Highways, and Metro
officials participated. The operation would
later serve as the model the various agen-
cies followed in December 1982, when
an anti-nuclear activist threatened to blow
up the Washington Monument. He was
killed during the incident.
The experts say that kind of coordi-
nation is crucial in dealing with urban
terrorism. Kupperman, in his report to
the Army, points out that "while ama-
teurs may continue to rely on the time-
tested tactics of terrorism like skyjack-
ing, the imaginative professional terror-
ist has a number of avenues open for
future attack:
^ "Attacks on the infrastructure of
metropolitan areas (electric or gas net-
works, communications, or computer fa-
cilities), with a level of disruption be-
yond the capabilities of the local police
or the National Guard.
^ "Threats to thousands of people with
agents of mass destruction such as nu-
clear explosives, chemical, biological,
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
or radiological weapons.
^ "Subtle exploitation of contentious
political issues such as the anti-nuclear
and environmental movements."
At the heart of any anti-terrorism prep-
aration lies a dilemma: How do you bal-
ance security needs with the need to
maintain a free society?
"What we're doing here is a balancing
act," says Larry Smith, who, ironically,
is sitting beneath a portrait of Andrew
Jackson, the President who opened up
the White House to three miles of hand-
shaking visitors after his election. "This
building must be open to the public. It's
their building. They come to see their
legislature at work."
Already there has been backlash to the
security measures at the Capitol. Rep-
resentative Don Edwards of California,
The conflict between
security and freedom in
itself represents a victory
for terrorists.
chairman of the House Judiciary Sub-
committee on Constitutional Rights, told
his staff to refuse to provide any infor-
mation other than name, employer, and
Social Security number in filling out ap-
plications for the new security passes.
He objected to requests that staffers also
reveal weight, color of hair and eyes,
and home address. Smith acknowledges
that there has been friction between Cap-
itol police officers and Senate staffers
over the regular checks for passes. "We
feel bad about it, angry," he says, noting
that some security measures have been
modified as a result of the complaints.
Says Steve Van Cleave, an Atlanta-
based security consultant for multina-
tional corporations, "In order to totally
defend against terrorism, you'd have to
hermetically seal the White House. When
you deal with tenor, you deal with con-
centric circles of defense, alert zones,
something to cause a bomb to explode
in the perimeter."
"All the advantages lie with the at-
tacker in terrorism," he adds. "To de-
fend against it, you'd have to form an
environment that's totally unacceptable
to people in a free society."
The conflict between security and
freedom in itself represents a victory for
terrorists. Writes Ray Cline, former dep-
uty director for the CIA, "The first phase
in terrorism . . . tends to erect an invis-
ible barrier of noncooperation between
people and their government. It an-
nounces to a nation and the world that
war has been declared on the government
by shadowy and dangerous opposing
forces. "
The media have their own role in all this.
In articles like this one, the media "lend
credence to a hypothetical situation." savc
Peter Caram, former head of the Ter-
rorist Intelligence Planning Section of
the Port Authority of New York.
"Since terror is aimed at the media
and not the victim, success is always
defined in terms of media coverage,"
adds political scientist Raymond Tanter
of the University of Michigan. "And there
is no way in the West you could not have
media coverage because you're dealing
in a free society."
Walter Laqueur, chairman of the In-
ternational Research Council of the Cen-
"The media are a terrorist's
best friend. Terrorists are
the super-entertainers of
our time."
ter for Strategic and International Stud-
ies, offers a more succinct appraisal: "The
media are a terrorist's best friend. Ter-
our
rorists are the super-entertainers-6f
Critics of press specula ' n about ter-
rorism in Washington mt out that ter-
rorism has historically/been cyclical. They
note that the Capildl was first bombed
in 1915, that the group that claimed re-
sponsibility for the recent Capitol bomb-
ing linked themselves in their commu-
nique with Puerto Rican Nationalists who
tried to kill President Harry Truman on
November 1, 1950. And they generally
agree with Chief Powell of the Capitol
police, who says, "We aren't any more
concerned today about terrorism than we
were five years ago. We were always
concerned, and that concern hasn't
changed."
But the nature of terrorism has changed.
And judging from the administration's
counter-terrorist strategy, our approach
to it is changing, too; now it is viewed
more as a form of warfare rather than as
street crime with political overtones. As
terrorism spreads worldwide, there is, in
the words of Ray Cline, "an increasing
lack of distinction between war and
peace."
And, says Dr. Kupperman, there may
be a greater danger. ' `Contemporary ter-
rorism has become a tactic of strategic
value . . . with large-scale conventional
or nuclear warfare the likely conse-
quence of failing to cope at the molecular
level of violence."
The freedom from terrorist attack that
Americans once enjoyed is believed to
be coming to an end. We need to learn
more about a war in which we are tar-
geted. Without information on the dan-
ger, there's no preparation. Without
preparation, there's deadly surprise. ^
17
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
TORONTO a OBE & MAIL 9 May 19 84 Pg. 8
Assassinations not forgotten
Security a fact of life in Washington
frill" IAM JOHNSON
files and Mnn CarrespeuaeM
WASHINGTON - The funereal
procession of assassinated presi-
dents James Garfield, Abraham
Lincoln, William McKinley, John
Kennedy -.gives an immediacy
to security procedures in Wash?
ingtan that make them familiar
facts of everyday fife.
To appra-ch the White House,
domain of the President, or to
enter the Capitol, net of the
Congress, one must walk through
a metal detector frame, and one's
briefcase, purse or bag must be
searched. A tape recorder must
be played for a security agent to
demonstrate itdoes not disguise a
bomb.
Most presidents in this century
have been the objects of assassi
nation plots Ronald Reagan was
three months . into hispresidency
when' he was' wolnlded by a
would-be assassin's bullet.
Last November, a bomb went
off during the night in a Senate
corridor. No one was injured; but
the property damage was exten-
sive. Since then, security procc.
durils at the Capitol have been
tightened further.
According to Y Chef
Harry Grevey -of the Capitol Po-
line Fora. the number, of en-
trances to the' Capitol.. were
reduced from nine 'to two. The
public is no longer permitted to
drive through the grounds -
access is allowed only by permit.
The now of traffic in and around
the Capitol was rerouted, so it can
be better controlled. Separate
entrances were established for
mploy~ and the general public
and f!e~public . is subjected, to
metal detectors, X-rays and
searches of parcels and begs.
Most corridors are off-limits.
Journalists, employees and habit.
=1 . visitors, such as lobbyists,
must always ,display identifica-
tion cards, which include a pic-
ture. This is true of most govern-
ment office buildings in Washing-
tort.
Around the Capitol, the White
House, the State Department and
some other buildings, "flower
Dump trucks loaded with sand are parked near White House gate on earlier scare.
boxes" of whitewashed concrete
were installed so as to make it
difficult to crash onto the grounds
with a truck or car, possibly load-
ed with explosives.
Asked yesterday about security
procedures for the White House; a
special agent in the Secret Ser-
vice's Office of Public Affairs
declined to describe any whatso-
ever. "if we discussed our proce-
dures, they wouldn't be effective
any more," he said.
But there have been published
reports that ground-to-air mis-
siles have been installed discreet-
ly around the White House to
protect it from possible air at-
tack. On the ground, marked or
unmarked cars and vans are
always parked on the streets
surrounding the White House.
Some of them contain German
Shepherd dogs, which will some-
times start to bark as one strolls
past.
Getting a highly coveted White
House press pass requires secur-
ity clearance by the Secret Ser-
vice that takes months and, ac-
cording to a press officer at the
State Department, costs the
Government $10,000 each time. A
foreign journalist also requires
also a security clearance by the
State Department at a similar
cost. According to the same press
officer, one police body will not
accept the security clearance of
the other.
Whenever the President -- or
even a presidential candidate
is travelling in public areas, the
Secret Service can be rough and
curt in ordering people not to
move, and closing off elevators
and corridors which will be pas-
sed by the person they are guard-
ing.
In the age of terrorism, anyone
and everyone must be considered
a potential assassin.
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
WASHINGTON POST 1 June 1984 Pg. 1C
Capitol Securely Greeting Tourists
By Alison Muscatine
Waahington POStStat! Wdtlr
Stricter security measures put' in place at the
U.S. Capitol and congressional office buildings
after a bomb explosion last fall have slowed the
pace of the approximately 3 million people who
pass -through them each year and caused cabdri-
vers to grumble, but there is general acceptance
of the inconvenience, according to security. offi-
cials.
An intricate identification system now requires
journalists, lobbyists and staff members to ':wear
color-coded passes at all times and metal detec-
tors are in use at: every entrance to the Capitol
and adjacent office buildings.
"The publicity is the biggest deterrent [against
attacks]," says Jack Russ,,the sergeant at arms. of
the U.S. House of Representatives, who oversees
security of the House side of the Capitol. "And
there has been so much publicity about it."
Harry Grevey, deputy chief of the 1,222-mem-
ber Capitol Hill police force, said there has been
no increase in the number of weapons confis-
cated since the tighter security took effect. About
125 weapons are confiscated each year, according
to security officials, who said most of the weap-
ons are taken from people who forget they are
carrying a gun.
Most tourists are first-time visitors to the Cap-
itol and are unaware that the security measures
are new.
Groups of high school students loaded down
with cameras can be seen patiently handing over
their wares to policemen as they pass through
metal detectors outside the House and Senate
galleries, where picture-taking has always been
forbidden.
Even at the main entrances of the Capitol,
tourists seem willing to oblige police requests to
search purses and pass through metal detectors.
"It doesn't bother me," said a man who came
from Pennsylvania for the Memorial Day week-
end with his family. "It's just like going through
the airport."
The 20,000-plus people whose government-re-
lated jobs take them to the Hill and the 4,000
journalists who cover them are complaining less,
according to police, about the inconvenience of
purse and briefcase inspection at every entrance
and the lines at the metal detectors, which have
grown with the advent 4 the tourist season.
"Overall I think it's working fairly well," says
Larry E. Smith, the Senate sergeant at arms.
"There are occasional problems but there is a
greater acceptance on the part "of staff and lob-
'byists."
The stiffer security adds about 15
minutes to what used to be an av-
erage 45-minute tour of the Capitol,
but most tourists have been very co-
operative, according to Tom Not-
tingham, the Capitol's chief of tour
guides. He said that tourism in the
Capitol has dropped by about 10,000
visitors a month, but the decrease is
not necessarily correlated to the de-
lays resulting from increased secu-
rity.
"Everybody is willing to conform
because they know it is something
that has to be done," Nottingham
said, adding that most tourists have
become accustomed to metal detec-
tors and bag searches in airports.
After the November bombing,
which caused $265,000 in damage
but no injuries, there- were com-
plaints about police behaving aggres-
sively, occasionally even with mem-
bers of Congress.
Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan
(D-N.Y.) was confronted by a police
officer who raised his gun at him,
and Senate Majority Leader Howard
Baker (R-Tenn.) was prevented tem-
porarily from attending a GOP fund-
raising event in the Senate ? caucus
room because a police officer did not
recognize him.
"Generally, most senators have ac-
cepted our mistakes with a sense of
humor and have been supportive of
what we're trying to do," Smith said.
One congressional staff member
said last week that the biggest incon-
venience is that the new staff passes
are too large to fit in a wallet and
therefore "can't be used on weekends
as identification for cashing checks."
The increased security included
changing traffic patterns to direct
the flow away from the Capitol, and
requiring taxis to discharge passen-
gers at the Capitol's side entrances.
The taxi rules draw constant moans
from cab drivers, who are given no
time to linger and therefore lose
chances to pick up new passengers.
Concrete barriers, which serve as
flower pots and look similar to those
now placed at several entrances to
the White. House, were installed to
prevent terrorists from trying to ram
the building with a truck bomb.
Bullet-proof metal was installed in
the backs of all chairs on the floor of
the chamber in the House of Rep-
resentatives.
Initially, the new security rules
limited reporters' access to members
of Congress outside the second-floor
chambers, but that was changed af-
ter complaints to the sergeants at
arms. Smith agreed to allow report-
ers in the corridor outside the Sen-
ate chamber, a favorite place. to
catch senators for comments after
they vote, for a 60-day trial period.
He said last week that the experi.
ment had been successful and he
sees no reason to discontinue it.
As for the Hill police, security of-
ficials say their training is adequate
protection against terrorists and po-
tential bombings. "We have one of
the best bomb units on the East
Coast," said one security official, ask-
ing not to be identified. "And we also
have a great hostage negotiation
team"
A team of specially trained dogs is
used to sniff-search buildings for
bombs before major events.
Security at the Capitol also had
been increased following a 1971
bombing-again with no injuries. In
1975, a $4 million surveillance sys-
tem with 100 television cameras was
installed throughout the Capitol and
its subterranean walkways. At that
time X-ray machines were placed at
10 entrances and there was a rule
that briefcases had to be checked.
Hill deputy police chief Grevey
said that additional security mea-
sures are going to be put into effect,
but he would not disclose what they
are.
Despite the new measures, some
Hill veterans believe the system re-
lies more on symbolism and public-
ity than on the efficiency of metal
detectors and the identification pass-
es.
"Frankly, I think it's a joke," said
one Virginia congressional staff
member who has worked on the Hill
since 1969. "I could think of 10 ways
to get into the building without a
pass if I really wanted to."
The staff aide said the main im-
provement resulting from the new
security system is that there are few-
er "crazies coming by our office." His
office is located near an entrance to
Independence Avenue where several
police officers and an X-ray machine
are now located.
19
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
DALLAS MORNING NEWS 19 May 1984 Pg. 33
Exercise in terror goes well
City drills to be ready for anything at GOP convention
By Mark Edgar
Staff Writer of The News
The terrorist, threatening to
disrupt the Republican National
Convention, drove a phony ambu-
lance into the City Hall plaza and
vowed to ignite a stash of dyna-
mite.
Police moved quickly to evacu-
ate the plaza, filled with 2,000 anti-
Reagan protesters trying to get
closer to the RNC site at the
nearby Convention Center.
Negotiations with the ambu.
lance driver, who bragged that he
had contaminated the water sup-
ply to the convention, lasted two
hours.
The man failed to make clear
his demands, and President
Reagan was never in danger. Fi-
nally, after talking to the FBI, the
man surrendered. Authorities
found that the convention water
had not been poisoned and that
the ambulance had not contained
explosives.
The Republican National Con-
vention escaped a violent attack
this time. But the episode with the
terrorist was a fake, anyway -
part of a drill Friday by the Dallas
Office of ,Emergency Prepared-
ness. The city - in preparation to
the Republican convention Aug.
20-23 - conducted the three-hour
exercise with a slew of fake acci-
dents, including hazardous waste
spills, fires, traffic accidents and
even a snake bite.
Dubbed "Operation RNC," the
drill was aimed at putting Dallas
agencies through simulated emer-
gencies between 6 and 9 p.m. Aug.
23, as well as evaluating the suc-
cess of the city's emergency plans.
Operated out of the Emergency
Operations Center in the City Hall
basement, the drill included more
than 100 -members of the police,
fire, health and other municipal
departments.
CONVENTION CITY '84
"The staff all performed'in a su-
perb manner," Assistant City Man-
ager Levi Davis said.
Local reporters, although al-
lowed to view similar exercises in
past years, were excluded from
much of the exercise Friday for
"security reasons," Davis said.
About three dozen disaster
workers were stationed in the off-
ice, surrounded by the usual city
maps, phones, radios and weather
radar screens and the not-so-usual
signs saying, "THIS IS A DRILL."
John Pickett, coordinator of
the Office of Emergency Prepared.
ness, said the disaster office will
be on a state of "increased readi-
ness" around the clock during the
convention.
The Federal Emergency Man-
agement Agency will provide
high-tech communications equip.
ment, and regional officials will
be on hand to assist in a major ac-
cident.
To give the scene authenticity,
the organizers set up a television
set that briefly broadcast news re-
ports by Ken Smith, executive pro-
ducer of CityCable.
Protesters seemed to bear the
brunt of the accidents in the first
30 minutes of the drill. The script
- part of which was read by
Smith in anchorman fashion - re-
ported that, beginning on the sec-
ond day of the convention, Tues-
day, Aug. 21, two dozen conven-
tion demonstrators camping at
Reverchon Park clashed with an.
gry residents. Six homeowners
and four protesters were arrested.
Davis said incidents with 'pro-
testers made up only a small part
of the beginning of the script.
Davis said the incidents were
played at as true emergencies but
none reached a crisis stage. No
one died during any of the fake
exercises.
But just to keep everyone off
guard, one of the emergency
workers in the basement office
suffered a heart attack during the
drill.
He, of course, is fine.
PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER
17 May 1984
Pg. 19D
Bomb scare interrupts drill
at nuclear plant in Wash.
United Press tnternattonat
RICHLAND, Wash. - A bomb scare
occurred during a mock "unusual
event" : drill yesterday at the Wash-
ington Public Power Supply System's
No. 2 nuclear plant, but the suspected
bomb. - found taped to an empty
nitrogen tank -- turned out to be
electrical putty, officials said.
The discovery of the substance had
prompted WPPSS to declare an "un-
usual event" in the middle of the
mock "unusual event," which was
called to test the ability of plant staff
and local, state and federal officials
to respond to an emergency situa-
tion.
WPPSS spokesman John Britton
said the Richland Police Depart-
ment's bomb squad had identified
the black substance as duct sealant,
or electricians' putty. "We don't
know how it got there or who put it
there," Britton said. "It's not some-
thing that's used on the outside of
these tanks. We're investigating."
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
CHICAGO SUN TIMES 21 May 1984 Pg. 7
Police HQ a terrorist pushover
The headquarters of the Chi-
cago Police Department is prob-
ably the least secure against ter-
rorists of any major police head-
quarters building in the nation.
That warning was sounded by
Police Supt. Fred Rice in letters
sent to Cook County Board
members Jan. 20.
Rice's letter asked . that the
five Circuit Court branches in
the building be moved as part of
a plan to tighten security by
limiting public access to upper
floors. But after four months, he
has received no official reply
from the board despite the ur-
gent tone of his correspondence.
After obtaining a copy of the
letter from a County Board
source, we checked with Rice.
He confirmed. he'd sent it and
had received no formal reply.
The letter notes, "As you may
be aware, the emergency com-
munication network.for the City
of Chicago, i.e.; its lifeline, the
911 (emergency phone] system,
is located in the James J. Rior-
dan Headquarters Building,
1121 S. State."
In the letter, Rice observed
that Chicago police are keeping
abreast of the terrorism problem
and the efforts of other depart-
ments to combat it. "In that
light," the letter says, "the Chi-
cago Police Department Head-
quarters facility is probably the
least-secure facility of any de-
partment of a major city."
The letter says the primary
reason for the lack of security is
"public accessibility" to the
headquarters building due to the
presence of the courts.
Rice's letter says the head-
quarters building was checked
The Review of the NEWS 16 May 1984
The Terrorist Threat to America
^ Washington, May 6 - Assistant
FBI Director Oliver B. Revell says
that the Bureau is actively investiga-
ting 19 U.S.-based groups suspected of
terrorist activities and is cooperating
with foreign intelligence and law en-
forcement agencies to monitor 15 to
25 other terrorist groups on the inter-
national scene. Noting the difficulty
in gauging the size of the terrorist
threat, Revell says that "most often
the groups are small, cellular, for se-
curity purposes .. . Terrorist move-
ments are not mass' movements ....
But the support apparatus can be ex-
tensive." He says that "the United
States is the most vulnerable .. .
country from the standpoint of size
and constitutional guarantees. Inter-
nationally, we're the target of more
than 40 percent of all terrorist activi-
ties." Robert Kupperman, a terrorism
expert at the Georgetown Center for
Strategic and International Studies,
agrees that "this nation is extremely
vulnerable, catastrophically vulner-
able, to even a small terrorist attack.
We are a nation of entwined networks
and have little redundancy. If you hit
three or four key components of the
electrical power system you can knock
out a section of the country for three
to four weeks. There are no replace-
ment parts . . . . There are similar
problems in natural gas delivery."
More Threats From Libya's Qoddali
^ Tripoli, May 2 - Libyan dictator
Muammar Qaddafi threatens to hurt
the United States and Britain for
harboring opponents of his regime. At
a news conference, Qaddafi says
rce
on a floor-by-floor basis by "se-
lected law enforcement adminis-
trators and individuals knowl-
edgeable in building manage-
ment." They recommended
removal of the courtrooms. That
recommendation was concurred
in by the department's own
Building and Safety Committee,
which included First Deputy
Supt. John J. Jemilo and Depu-
ty Supt.' Matt Rodriguez, the
committee chairman.
The letter was sent after Je-
milo and Rodriguez returned
from London, where they ex-
changed information on terror.
ism with Scotland Yard.
Rice sent them to Britain to
represent the department at the
funeral of two police officers
slain in a terrorist incident earli-
er this year.
FOOTNOTE: County Board
Finance Committee Chairman
John Stroger, reached yesterday,
reviewed the letter and said the
terrorism problem is so wide-
spread he will consider making
Rice's request a top priority.
that Britain and the United States are
"harboring Libyan terrorists wanted
by Interpol. Wherever we can hurt
them, we shall hurt them. Every coun-
try has its sensitive spots." He accuses
Britain of planting the weapons and
spent shells found in a search of the
evacuated Libyan Embassy in London
and says that "this is barbarism that
has no precedent. There is no compari-
son between the behavior of Libya
and the behavior of the British, be-
cause we are civilized and they are
barbaric, as is America." Qaddafi al-
so says that he might increase aid to
Irish Republican Army terrorists, de-
claring that "if Britain is dealing with
masked terrorists and stray dogs who
have escaped from Libyan law, how
can we not be expected to meet honest
and honorable leaders of the IRA?"
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
TRIBUNE 17 May 1984 Pg. B1
L
JAMES T. IHAC KETT
U. S . acts to combat
terrorism aimed at
Olympics, big events
There is a new fear in the
nation's capital - the fear
of terrorism in America.
The question nagging gov-
ernment officials is whether the
fear will become reality in 1984,
when four major events present
prime targets: the national polit-
ical conventions in Dallas and San
Francisco, the Los Angeles Olym-
pics and the New Orleans World's
Fair.
According to the FBI, much has
been done in recent years to bring
the problem of terrorism in the
United States under control. The
FBI has focused on those extremist
.groups that have been active in the
United States, such as the Weather
Underground and its various suc-
cessor groups, pro-independence
Puerto Ricans, anti-Turkish Arme-
nians, Croatian nationalists, anti-
Russian Jewish groups and
anti-Castro Cubans.
Thus far, the problem has been
far more serious abroad, There
FBI Director
William Webster
says the FBI and
local police forces
are getting
terrorism under
control.
James T. Hackett, a former For-
eign Service officer and acting
director of the,U.S. Arms Control
and Disarmament Agency early in
the Reagan administration, is edi-
tor of the Heritage Foundation's
National Security Record. This
article is excerpted from the publi-
cation's April issue.
have been no incidents here with a
large loss of life, and most domes-
tic terrorist activities have been
manageable. Testifying before a'
subcommittee of the House Judi-
ciary Committee on Feb. 8, FBI
Director William Webster said the
FBI and local police forces are
getting terrorism under control.
He said the number of terrorist
attacks was down from 51 in 1982
to only 31 in 1983, and he reported
a drop in the activity of Armenian,
Croatian and Puerto Rican groups,
coinciding with a rise in convic-
tions for terrorism.
Efficiency claimed
Webster likes to present a pic-
ture of FBI efficiency. He
proclaims a reduction of terrorist
activities in the United States, the
readiness of the, FBI's new 50-
member Hostage-Rescue Team and
the operation of a Terrorist
Research and, Analytical Center
that tracks and assesses terrorist
activities by computer. But Capitol
Hill sources claim that the FBI
always reports everything under
control, while local police say the
sharing of information is often a
one-way street, with the FBI taking
their information while providing
them with little useful intelligence.
The local police also contest the
FBI's rosy description of declining
terrorism. They claim that FBI
statistics do not include a number
of explosions or other events that
cannot clearly be classified as ter-
rorism, but which the local police
believe should be included, in that
category. The FBI considers such
criticism,inaccurate and unfair.
Critics claim that the. FBI and
CIA were emasculated by a series
of demoralizing actions during the
Ford and Carter presidencies,
from which they have never fully
recovered. The main criticism is
directed against the so-called Levi
.guidelines, issued in 1976 by Pres-
ident Ford's attorney general to
establish procedures for the FBI to
follow when conducting domestic
security investigations. This was
followed by the arrival in office of
the Carter administration, which
gave a higher priority to the protec-
tion of civil liberties than to the
protection of the public from for-
eign subversive activities.
All behind them
But now the FBI and CIA claim
that their difficult time after
Watergate and during the Carter
years is behind them. The Levi
guidelines were clarified early last
year by the issuance of new
guidelines by Attorney General
William French Smith. Under the
new guidelines, the FBI says its
Counter-intelligence Division is
actively conducting broad-scale
investigations and that the bureau
is doing its job effectively.
There is still concern among
FBI agents about the precedent set
when the government prosecuted
its own law enforcement officers.
But President Reagan acted early
in his administration to pardon the
convicted officials, and this went a
long way toward relieving that con-
cern. The FBI now contends that its
agents have nothing to fear if they
The Reagan
administration is
actively
encouraging
officers to
investigate and
pursue terrorists
and subversives.
follow the current guidelines.
Important though these actions
have been, more significant for U.S.
police and intelligence services is
the change in official atmosphere.
One senior intelligence officer says
it is clear to agents in the field that
the Reagan administration is
actively encouraging them to
investigate and pursue terrorists
and subversives, while the pre-
vious administration was so preoc-
cupied with civil liberties that it
acutally sought to constrain police
activities. Both the FBI and CIA
CONTINUED NEXT PAGE
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE 12 May 1984 Pg. 7
Hard Line Urged on Global Terrorism
By Kevin Leary
Robert M. Sayre, the man
in charge of President
Reagan's get-tough policy
against international terror-
ism, said in San Francisco yes-
terday that the United States
must act more aggressively
against terrorists or the prob-
lem will get even worse.
"What has become particularly
disturbing in the past year is the
extent to which states themselves
have begun to use their intelligence
services and other agencies of gov-
ernment to engage in terrorist activ-
ity," he told a Commonwealth Club
luncheon.
Sayre cited the Soviet Union,
Iran,. Syria, North Korea, Libya and
Cuba as nations that use terrorism
as an instrument of international
policy.
He said those countries provide
training, arms and other direct and
indirect support to "a variety of na-
tionaland insurgent and separatist
groups."
The soft-spoken, 60-year-old ca-
reer diplomat apologized to his audi-
ence of about 300 for talking about
the "down side of American foreign
affairs" but said the problem is get-
ting worse.
He blamed Syria and Iran for
three major bombings in the Middle
East last year, including the bomb-
ing of the Marine barracks in Beirut
and the destruction of the U.S. em-
bassies in Beirut and Kuwait.
"We have also been witness in
the past weeks to the practice of
terrorism by Libya against the peo-
ple of London," he said, referring to
the, shooting at the Libyan Embassy
in. which a police officer was slain
on April 17.
Sayre said the United States is
the target of 40 percent of terrorist
attacks. Last year, such violence
claimed the lives of 269 Americans,
including the 241 Marines in Beirut,
which he said was more than in all
the 15 preceding years.
Sayre said 52 percent of. the at-
tacks against Americans were
aimed at diplomats, 6.5 percent at
other government officials, 22.5 per-
cent at military personnel and 16.9
percent at private businessmen. He
did not account for the remaining
attacks.
',`There are other reasons why
the events of 1983 were disturbing,"
Sayre said. "The accent was on kill-
ing people. Such imprecise weapons
as vehicle bombs were used to pro-
duce large casualties."
Sayre was ambassador to Brazil
before 1982, when Reagan assigned
him the job of developing a count-
er-terrorist policy and of providing
security for U.S. personnel at 257
overseas posts. Sayre manages a
$100 million annual budget in his job
as director of the State Depart-
U.S. ACTS... Continued
claim they now have the support
and authority they need.
In an effort to reduce the risk of
international terrorism, to protect
American citizens and property
and ensure that the perpetrators of
terrorist attacks are brought to jus-
tice, the Inter-Agency Group on
Counter-Terrorism has proposed a
package of five bills that the White
House plans to submit to Congress.
The proposals are:
1. The Act for the Prevention
and Punishment of Hostage Tak-
ing. To amend the federal kidnap-
ping law to provide federal
jurisdiction over any kidnapping in
which a threat is made to kill,
injure or detain a victim to compel
third parties to do or abstain from
doing something.
2. The Act to Prohibit the
Training or Support of Terrorists.
Zb improve the ability of the Jus-
tice Department to prosecute indi-
viduals supporting, recruiting,
soliciting or training terrorists.
3. The Aircraft Sabotage Act.
This would tighten present law con-
cerning criminal acts relating to
aircraft sabotage or hijacking, to.
coincide with the International
Convention for the Suppression of
Unlawful Acts Against the Safety
of Civil Aviation.'
4. The Terrorist Control Act. To
make it a violation of U.S. law to
conspire ' in the United States to
commit acts of terror abroad. This
would help the United States to
prevent the international terrorist
network from planning in. the
United States to conduct oper-
ations in other countries.
ment's Office for Combatting Ter-
rorism.
Sayre urged his listeners to sup-
port the Reagan administration's
anti-terrorist proposals, which in-
clude pre-emptive attacks and retal-
iatory action against foreign terror-
ists and $500,000 rewards for
information on acts of terrorism.
He said the hard line is neces-
sary because "we must demonstrate
that terrorism is not an effective
way to conduct relations and that
the price for such conduct is too
high."
5. The Act to Provide Rewards
for Information Concerning Ter-
rorism. To authorize payment of.
rewards for information concern-
ing acts of terrorism either in the
United States or abroad.
There is general agreement that
these proposals do not go far
enough, and that the greatest need
is for improved intelligence, espe-
cially human intelligence, and
effective law enforcement coordi-
nation. Yet the critics have few
specific practical proposals. The
suggested legislation is at least a
move in the right direction.
More important is to giue the
nation's intelligence and law
enforcement agencies the high-
level support and encouragement
they need to carry out their often
thankless duties effectively. Also,
the military services must be
encouraged to pay greater atten-
tion to the worldwide terrorist
threat and to recognize it as a new
form of warfare to be guarded
against and combatted on' a con-
tinuing basis.
The White House can increase
its support for this effort by issuing
guidance that makes unequivocal
the president's commitment to pro-
tect the American people from the
threat of terrorism and by direct-
ing federal agencies to take all
legal steps toward that end. Con-
gress can support the effort by
promptly considering and acting
favorably upon the White House
legislative proposals, while
assuring that proposal No. 4 does
not make it illegal to provide assis-
tance to the Afghan freedom
fighters or any other anti-
communist groups operating
abroad.
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EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
SAN JOSE MERCURY 9 May 1984 Pg. 1
Soviets had chance to help plan security
By Maline Hazle
Staff Writer
LOS ANGELES - Top police
department officials said Tuesday
that the Soviet Union was invited
to review and participate in "secu-
rity arrangements for the Summer
Olympic Games but that Soviet
officials ignored the overtures.
At one point last month, accord-
ing to Chief Daryl F. Gates, the
Soviets sent word they would meet
with' LAPD" representatives, but
police Cmdr. William Rathburn who is heading LAPD Olympic
security - waited four hours when
.the Soviet delegation was in Los
Angeles and no one showed up to
meet with him.
"I would suggest' that if indeed
they do believe there is some prob-
lem with security, they take me up
on my offer," Gates said at a news
conference held after'the Soviet
boycott was announced.
"That cannot be the reason," he
said, "because security will indeed
be adequate."
Gates said the Soviets were
again invited to review security
plans in a letter carried by Los
Angeles Olympic Organizing Com-
mittee President Peter Ueberroth
to a meeting of the International
Olympic Committee in Lausanne,
Switzerland, two weeks ago.
In the letter, Gates wrote, "I
wish to personally invite any secu-
rity officials, particularly those
from the Soviet Union, to visit our
Olympic Planning Group and
review our entire security plan.
"We would, of course, be pleased
to answer any questions and enter.
tain any suggestions that might be
made by those officials after. they
have reviewed our plan."
"There has been no follow-up
nor any response to the invitation,"
said Cmdr. William ; Booth, chief
LAPD press offices.
Booth said that. Gate' invitation
is still open and that police offi-
cials hope Soviet officials will
change their minds.
The spokesman dismissed sug-
gestions. that an anti-Soviet group
called Ban the Soviets 'Coal'ition
had any real effect on : the Rus-.
sians.
Daryl F. Gates.
Open invitation
"As far. as we're concerned,
they're a small group' of people
exercising their First. Amendment
rights," Booth said. "It's doubtful
that the mighty Soviet Union,
would be intimidated by such a
small band,"
The coalition 'itself took credit
for the boEdo tt.
"We something,"; said
Orange County author aid adver-
tising man David W. Balsiger, `sand
we did it without" government
endorsement , .. when everyone
said we oopldp't keep ' the Soviets
out."
Nearly .'every' Soviet Statement
expressing .. concern about the
Olympic arrangements in Los
Angeles mentioned timecoalition or
its activities.
On Tuesday, the Soviet National
Olympic Committee (NOC) said
that 'extremist organizations'. in
this country, 'openly aiming to
create unbearable conditions for
the stay, of. the. ,Soviet delegation
.and for the performance by Soviet
athletes, have-sharply stepped up
their activity, with direct conniv-
ance of the American authorities:'.
A month ago, when the Ban, the.
Soviets Coalition announced plans
for Russian-language, billboards.
with advice to potential, defectors
and information about 500-"safe
houses" throughout Los Angeles,
Soviet complaints. reached a fever,
pitch.
The possibility that the coalition
could spark at least some defec-
tions was taken seriously. enough
by local enforcement agencies that
many officers were being given
special, instruction for handling
defectors during the Games.
The. special instruction is just
one aspect of what has been a
massive, five-year effort involving
dozens of federal, state and local
law enforcement agencies. During
the Olympics, more than 50 law
enforcement agencies - Including
the FBI, the California Highway
Patrol and county sheriffs' depart-
ments - will be available con-
stantly.
Although events will be held
throughout Southern California,
most of the major events will be
held within the Los Angeles city
limits. In addition, both Olympic
villages fall within the LAPD's
jurisdiction.
The city of Los Angeles has a
$22 million contract with the
LAOOC to cover the city's Olym-
pic-related costs, with $15.7 million
of that earmarked for security.
That security. effort, Booth said,
will rely on all 7,031 L.A. police
officers. "Days off, vacations - all
will be canceled," he said. "When
we talk numbers, we're talking the
entire. LAPD."
With so many agencies involved,
a battle for control of security was
almost inevitable, and last month,
the LAPD and the FBI signed an
extraordinary document that
essentially gave local police pri-
mary responsibility for the ath-
letes' safety.
Both sides have been reluctant
to release the document's fill text,
but 'as details emerge, it is clear
that the agreement is broad and
general, purposefully vague in cer-
tain regards and dependent almost
exclusively on the good will of the
two signatories.
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
LOS ANGELES TIMES
2 June 1984 Pg. B-1
INS Cites Terrorism Fear in
Probe of Yugoslav Smuggling,
By LAURIE BECKLUND, Times Staff Writer
U.S. immigration officials said Friday that
they inaugurated a major undercover inves-
tigation into a Yugoslav alien-smuggling one undercover officer.
ring last year partly because they were
concerned that the organization could have "But we found absolutely no informa-
been importing terrorists to the United tion-and at no time did anybody in the
States for. the Olympic Games in Los -ring indicate to our undercover peo-
Angeles. ple-that they were bringing these peo-
They said they are now satisfied that in for political reasons," Perryman
those fears were unfounded. But they are ,said
still puzzled over the complicated ethnic "Most of the aliens brought into the
strife in Yugoslavia that may have helped ?country appeared to be coming for
spur the illegal immigration. economic and personal reasons, accord-
"The up-front concern was that this ing to another immigration service offi-
organization was to be used as a pipeline for ;pial, based in New Jersey, who asked not
smuggling in aliens from the Eastern Bloc in -to be identified.
great numbers for terrorist purposes or "He said many of those smuggled in had
perhaps for political embarrassment during been working in West Germany but
the Olympics," said Mark Reed, assistant returned to Yugoslavia when they lost
regional U.S. Immigration and Naturaliza-their work permits during a German
tion Service commissioner for anti-smug- .secession. Unable to find work in their
own country, they sought jobs in the
gling.
"But our worst fears did not pan out. We United States.
have no reason to believe any of these Almost all the aliens smuggled into the
people is a direct threat to our security. We tnited States were ethnic Albanian Mus-
do feel we shut off a very Significant lims who came from a part of Albania
pipeline of illegal alien smuggling." that was added to Yugoslavia about 1913
Twenty-nine suspects have been indicted as a result . of the First Balkan war.
in connection with the smuggling of Yugo- anans living in that part of Yugosla-
,.a t.._ hmn nrnt-tina what they
slav nationals into the United States
through Mexico, officials announced in:
press conferences in Chicago, San Diego and
Los Angeles on Thursday.
They estimated that the ring brought in
up to 175 aliens a month over the last 1%.
years through two pipelines, one leading to:
Chicago and the other leading to New.
Harold Ezell, the Western regional commis-
sioner for the immigration service, indicated;
that there were ulterior political motives
behind the smuggling operation. Ezell:
charged that some of the smuggled aliens;
were 'iromoting communism in our own
country.'He declined to elaborate or offer',
proof.
? eensider to be political repression by the
'Yugoslav government. Riots in the Alba-,
nian region in 1981 left nine dead and 600
`Some of the strife has boiled over into
ethnic neighborhoods in the United
States, particularly in the Chicago area,
'Where one of the suspected smuggling
"Iftfigleaders was located, immigration
-service officials said.
Oloman Selman, 53, a restaurant own-
er, identified by officials as an Albanian
lu uslim and the ringleader of the Chicago
"operation, had three loaded firearms with
`'him when arrested, Perryman said. Sev-
eral were armed.
The New Jersey operation allegedly
was spearheaded by a. Yugoslav emigre
Brian Perryman, the immigration service named Dragisa Terzioski, 45, a natural-
superviaor'of criminal anti-smuggling in-, ized citizen , who once had his own
vestigations in Chicago, said Friday that the; arranged
television "'. frequently
;
original concern about Communist ties stemmed from' the fact that four of the' U.S. tours for Yugoslav cultural and
aliens smuggled into the United States were? athletic groups. Officials claim that he
"avowedMatadsts." booked most of the illegal aliens' arrivals'
The. immigration service conducted a;through his travel agency in Paterson,
N.J.
yearlong investigation into the smuggling
operation, which included the use of at least
U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT
11 May 1984 Pg. 21
Whether foreign nations like it or
not, the FBI is making clear that offi-
cial bodyguards sent to protect ath-
letes at the Olympic Games will have
to sit on their hands. FBI chief Wil-
liam Webster says local or federal au-
thorities will handle any incidents.
WALL STREET JOURNAL
8 June 1984 Pg. 1
FEAR OF TERRORISM at the Summer
Olympics persists despite the Eastern-bloc
boycott. The FBI claims it is worried that
Moscow's KGB may somehow inspire vio-
lence during the games. G-men suspect that
the Russians may believe that would justify
their explanation for the boycott: that the
U.S. couldn't protect athletes against at-
tack,
Most Wanted Jobs
"If you wanted anything in the Yugo-'
slav community, he was the patron," the
New Jersey-based immigration service
official said. He said most of the aliens
who took advantage of the travel service
"are just hard-working people who
wanted jobs here." Investigators said
they are still uncertain whether Terzios-
ki, an ethnic Serbo-Croatian, was direct-
ly involved with the Chicago group.
None of the defendants nor their
attorneys could be reached for comment
Friday.
Terzioski's wife, a former actress,
denied in a brief telephone interview that
her husband had been involved in any
wrongdoing and charged that the immi-
gration service had misconstrued the
immigration of the Yugoslavs. She said
community members and family are
making contributions to pay his $1-mil-
lion bond.
"My husband never did anything to
anybody," she said. "If he did some
mistake, if he did something to help, it's
because of his crazy good heart, not
because he's criminal.... The relatives
come here, we sell the tickets to them.
That's all."
Asked about any political motives for
immigration to the United States, she
said in broken English, "People come
because have one brother there, one
sister here, and they want, they desper-
ate, to have families together."
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
SOLDIER OF FORTUNE July 1984 Pg. 30-35
SOF FEATURE
KILLING
FOR THE
GOLD
Olympiad '84: Ominous
Parallels to the
Munich Massacre
by Kevin E. Steele
Photos courtesy of AP/Wide World
0 430 hrs., an hour before dawn. Dark-
ness clung like a cloak to the new
high-rise buildings that housed the Olym-
pic athletes. Eight men, dressed in athletic
garb and carrying athletic equipment
bags, easily scaled the 6.5-foot security
fence. Once on the other side, they quick-
ly shouldered the athletic bags that con-
tained the instruments of their trade -
Soviet assault rifles, handguns and gre-
nades - and hurried to meet their
appointment with destiny. Gold medals
meant nothing to them.
Twenty hours later a final body count
revealed 17 dead - among them 11
Israeli athletes. Five of the eight terrorists
were killed, along with one German
policeman. How did this atrocity occur,
and why was it allowed to happen?
This was the infamous "Munich Mas-
sacre," carried out by the Black Septem-
ber faction of the PLO during the 1972
summer Olympic Games in Munich, West
Germany. The televised drama that un-
folded that September day ranks with the
dark days of Dallas in 1963 as a vivid,
step-by-step portrayal of murder and
mayhem indelibly etched on our con-
sciousness.
Random and senseless acts of terror
continue to this day. The terrorists them-
selves are not important, nor are their
warped beliefs and perceptions of injus-
lice levied against their causes. It matters
not what breed of rabid dog bites, only the
pain and death that follow. The presence
of terror, and the means by which it is
inflicted on innocent citizens, should be all
that concern us.
Why is the Munich Massacre important
today, 12 years later? Haven't we learned
how to cope with terrorism? Or are we
victims of the complacency bred by the
successes at Entebbe, Mogadishu and
London? Certainly we know how to com-
bat these vile creatures who prey on inno-
cent civilians - or do we?
Los Angeles is about to host the 23rd
Summer Olympiad. What security pre-
cautions have been taken to safeguard
both the athletes and the spectators, and
have the Olympic organizers learned the
tragic lessons of Munich? Unfortunately, it
seems they haven't. Let's review the 1972
Olympics and the events that led up to the
slaughter at Furstenfeldbruck Airbase,
then compare these to the security
arrangements made for the L.A. Games.
The ominous parallels are all too evident.
The West Germans welcomed the
1972 Olympic Games as a chance to set
the record straight, and to exorcise the
specter raised by the 1936 Games hosted
by Adolph Hitler as a propaganda extra-
vaganza to prove the invincibility of the
Aryan race.
A new Olympic Village was constructed
in Munich (ironically the birthplace of
National Socialism) where the athletes
could live and compete in the spirit of
sportsmanship and harmony. Security
precautions were made, to include the
6.5-foot chain-link fence that ringed the
village perimeter. Checkpoints were
established at all village entrances, and the
original intent was to restrict entrance.
However, the press complained of these
"Gestapo" tactics, and the village was
opened for all. (Once again the general
press rears its ugly head.) The police pre-
sence was intentionally downplayed. to
prevent further references to German
"militarism." The responsibility for village
security was under the jurisdiction of the
Munich police, under the command of Dr.
Manfred Schreiber. An "easy and re-
laxed" atmosphere prevailed.
Eight PLO terrorists quickly infiltrated
this "easy and relaxed" atmosphere with
no difficulty as part of the 30,000-worker
contingent hired for the games. No back-
ground checks were made, and the Arabs
did not attempt to hide their national ori-
gins.
On the morning of 5 September, the
eight terrorists disguised as athletes met
no resistance scaling the relatively low
"security" fence. The building that
housed the Israeli team was not locked,
and when the murder team knocked on
the doors of the Israeli apartments they
were opened. Only when the barrels of
the Kalashnikovs were visible to the
Israelis did they expect the worst - and
by then it was too late.
Within hours the Munich police were
aware of the situation and had begun to
take action. Under the orders of Schrei-
ber, 600 policemen were alerted to cor-
don off the area wth armored personnel
carriers. A command center was estab-
lished a short distance from the Israeli
quarters, and Schreiber initiated the first
discussion with the terrorist leader. It is at
this point that the situation becomes in-
teresting, and ultimately tragic.
If a single blame can be leveled on the
handling of the Munich Massacre, it would
have to be placed directly upon the Ger-
man officials who allowed disorganization
to rule the day. In 1972, there was no
GSG-9 (although this debacle was directly
responsible for its formation), no SWAT,
no Delta Force. The responsibility for the
use of force to free the hostages rested on
the shoulders of not one but three indi-
viduals; their use of the decentralized
police/paramilitary apparatus became
their worst handicap.
Schreiber commanded the Munich
municipal police who initially took charge
of the situation as it unfolded. Later in the
day, Schreiber was supposedly supported
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
KILLING FOR THE GOLD-Continued
by units of the Bundeswehr under the
control of Bruno Merk, Bavarian interior
minister, and the Federal Border Police,
under the command of Hans-Dietrich
Genscher, Federal interior minister. The
ultimate failure of these units to success-
fully free the hostages rests on the fact that
no single individual commanded and,
rather than the typical German penchant
for organization, disorganization characte-
rized the remainder of the operation.
By late afternoon, the German author-
ities had decided that the terrorists would
not be allowed to leave Germay with their
hostages. The terrorists requested trans-
portation for themselves and the hostages
from the Olympic Village to the Munich
airport, where a waiting jet would carry
them to Cairo. The Germans granted the
terrorist request, then began preparing an
ambush for the terrorists.
During the day, intelligence reported
that five terrorists had carried out the
attack. Using this information, the Ger-
mans came up with a final plan they in-
tended to implement. A bus would enter
the Olympic Village and transport the ter-
rorists and hostages to a field adjoining the
village, where they would board two Bun-
deswehr choppers and be transported not
to Munich airport, but rather to Fursten-
feldbruck Airbase, some 20 miles outside
Munich.
At Furstenfeldbruck, a Luftwaffe base,
a Lufthansa 727 sat waiting. Unknown to
the terrorists, the 727 held no crew, for the
Germans did not intend to allow them to
board the jet alive.
Atop the tower at Furstenfeldbruck,
three German Border Police sharpshoo-
ters had taken up positions. Two,addition-
al marksmen were positioned on the air-
field itself. Within 50 meters of the snipers'
positions, the choppers holding the terror-
ists and hostages would land. According
to the plan, the terrorists would be shot as
soon as they exited the choppers and
made their way to the waiting 727.
The sharpshooters were armed with
bolt-action sniping rifles equipped with
telescopic sights. Maximum range to their
intended targets would not exceed 40
meters. However, by the time prepara-
tions had been made, darkness had fallen
on the airbase, and the killing ground was
crisscrossed by eerie and confusing sha-
dows caused by the spotlights illuminating
the area.
At the last minute, Bundeswehr officials
offered the use of semiauto rifles equip-
ped with infrared sighting devices.
However, the police marksmen were not
trained in their use, and turned down the
offer. The stage had been set for the final
option.
At 2235 hrs., three choppers
approached Furstenfeldbruck and land-
ed. Two held the terrorists and hostages,
while the third contained police and nego-
tiators. By this time it was learned that the
original intelligence was in error. Eight ter-
rorists guarded the hostages - not five.
This placed the police sharpshooters in a
no-win situation, as it is tactically and prac-
tically impossible to simultaneously kill
eight terrorists with five bullets. In the in-
terim between firing the initial volley and
reloading, something was bound to go
wrong.
Four terrorists exited the choppers.
Two approached the waiting 727, and
two held the chopper pilots as shields.
Satisfied with the 727, the two terrorists
began walking back to the chopper. At this
point the fire command was given to the
sharpshooters. Inexplicably, only one
round reverberated around the tense air-
base, quickly followed by four more.
Two terrorists went down for the count
in the initial volley, with the remaining six
returning police fire. The nine hostages,
still within the chopper and mute to the
horror that surrounded them, were gun-
ned down where they sat. A terrorist tos-
sed a fragmentation grenade among the
contorted bodies in the chopper for good
measure. At the end of an hour-long fire
fight, three additional terrorists were kil-
led, and three eventually surrendered.
The Munich Massacre had become real-
ity.
The following scenario shows one
possible replaying of the Munich tragedy.
Los Angeles, July 1984: The catering
truck pulled up to the Olympic Village
entrance on the Westwood campus of
UCLA (University of California, Los
Angeles). At 0600 hrs., the caterers were
running an hour behind their routine
schedule for the 0700 breakfast serving.
As the truck stopped at the barricade, the
uniformed policeman on duty heaved his
middle-aged bulk from the chair in the
guard-shack and approached the open
window of the van.
The day promised to be a beauty. The
early-morning fog normal for this time of
year, hanging heavy and oppressive from
Santa Monica to downtown, was missing
- a warm Santa Ana wind had blown in
overnight from the Mojave, replacing low
clouds with brillant stars.
As the guard reached for the caterer's
extended I.D. card, a bleating BMW horn
on nearby Freeway 405 distracted his
attention: Six 9mm slugs chewed their
way through his thin uniform shirt and
buried themselves in his chest. As the
policeman slid to the pavement, the cater-
ing truck bolted through the barricade and
roared into the Olympic Village, making
directly for the apartments of the Turkish
team.
Jumping the sidewalk, the catering
truck screeched to a halt beside the fire
exit of the high-rise apartment building.
The door to the building was locked, but a
well-placed burst from the suppressed
MAC-10 quickly gained them entrance.
A startled security agent in the building
corridor reached instictively for the hol-
stered Beretta 92 under his jacket. Unfor-
tunately, his effort was rewarded with
another burst from the furious Ingram.
Five men entered the corridor behind
the submachine-gun-wielding point man.
Moving instantly to the pre-planned
target, the point man took up a position
beside the door of the Turkish suite, as a
second man moved into position in front
of the door. The point man squatted, wait-
ing for the door-breaker to employ the
cutdown 870 loaded with #000 Buck on
the twin door hinges. At this point, the
blast of the shotgun charges mattered lit-
tle. As the door slid from the wall, the two
men rushed in, quickly followed by their
four comrades.
The six-man Turkish team was rounded
up from their beds in moments. The
Armenian terrorist team had accom-
plished their first objective. At 0608 hrs., a
telephone call to the Olympic security
building assured the officials that the
Turks were being held hostage for crimes
committed against Armenia in 1917.
As in Munich, preparations have been
made to ensure the security of the L.A.
Olympiad. But unlike Munich, the '84
Games will be spread over an immense
area of Southern California, reaching over
200 miles from Santa Barbara to San
Diego. Security will be provided by an
army of uniformed and plainclothes
police, in excess of 17,000 individuals,
comprising over 100 different and over-
lapping jurisdictions.
Once again the question is asked,
"Who is in charge?"
At the present time, Olympic security is
being coordinated by the Los Angeles
Police Department, under its chief, Daryl
F. Gates. Actual day-to-day responsibility
has been passed on to Commander Wil-
liam Rathbum. The Olympic Committee
has also hired a former FBI agent as its
security coordinator, Edgar Best. On top
of these is William Webster, Director of the
FBI.
Webster and Gates have been trying for
quite some time to overcome the problem
of decentralized leadership. In a Los
Angeles Times article (6 January 1984),
Webster said that he "... had no doubt
that the FBI and the LAPD will resolve
their differences over which agency will
take the lead in responding to any terror-
ism within the city [read: LAPD's jurisdic-
tion] during the Olympics." Both Webster
and Gates have pledged to work together
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
DUTCH DOCTOR
It's night in one of the great cities of
Europe. The row houses in this once-
prosperous but now slightly seedy dis-
trict are bathed in harsh floodlights.
Access to the street is barred, and com-
bat-suited figures flit through the deep
shadows to take up firing positions.
Obviously, hostages have been taken.
But what of the actions that are
closed to public scrutiny? The key ele-
ments that usually ensure a satisfactory
ending to the siege? Who are the ex-
perts and advisers behind the scenes
who manipulate the terrorists and
make them receptive to negotiations?
One of the first men on the scene is
usually a middle-aged Dutchman. His
coming excites no comment among
The media gathered to witness the dra-
ma unfold. His photograph has never
been published, he doesn't give inter-
views, and his address is a closely
guarded secret. He, perhaps more
than any man alive, knows the mind of
the modem-day terrorist and the sinis-
-ter men in the shadows who direct their
actions. Police and intelligence agen-
cles eagerly seek the advice of this
Dutch troopers manning security
cordon around train held by South
Moluccas extremist, cluster around
their APC, 31 May, some using
optical devices to view the train.
Accompanied by two South
Moluccan terrorists, negotiators Dr.
Hassan Tan (second from left) and
Mrs. dosing Soumokil (wearing light
scarf) leave hijacked train near
Glimmen, northern Netherlands, on
night of 4 June 1977. Negotiators
held lengthy talks with South
Moluccan separatists who kept 51
passengers hostage. Train was
hijacked 23 May on the line between
villages of Asses and Groningen.
mild, bespectacled doctor of psycholo-
gy. His handling of the South Moluc-
can train and the Hague Embassy
sieges have given invaluable lessons to
the strike teams that battle the web of
international terror.
The scenario is distinctly different
from a siege in which a criminal has
taken hostages to try to escape retribu-
tion for some action. The political ter-
rorist takes hostages to get a message
across. He needs to legitimize his act
and so must talk, which opens the door
for a skillful negotiator to turn the
tables and give the advantage to the
security forces. The negotiator can also
mentally prepare the terrorists for the
violent intervention of the strike teams.
Among the first objectives of the
good doctor Is the establishment of an
immediate dialogue. Without this no-
thing can be achieved. Before replying
to the terrorists' initial statements, he
must listen attentively. When respond-
Ing, he must try to establish a basis of
complicity between the terrorists and
himself. He must never approve of
their actions, but still make it clear that
he and only he can help them obtain
some of their legitimate grievances.
Before the violent intervention of
the strike teams he must prepare the
terrorists psychologically and work to-
ward getting them to accept the idea
that every man has the right to be tired,
to be sick, that nobody can bear such
an enormous burden indefinitely. He
must try to get them to describe their
physical ailments, to erode their feeling
of invincibility and get them to sleep.
This restores their mental rhythms and
also creates favorable conditions for
the attack.
For the hostages, the two most
dangerous moments are the initial sei-
zure when the terrorists are fired by an
almost psychotic zeal and could mas-
sacre them without a moment's hesita-
tion; and when the captors' position
weakens and they are tempted to try
some violent act to regain the initiative.
it is at the latter stage that most lives are
lost.
The negotiator must use an almost
confidential tone to speak to the terror-
ists - almost like doctor to patient -
with no bluntness or the slightest hint
of threat. He must insist that the cap-
tors maintain discipline with the hos-
tages and ensure that they remain un-
hooded: Eye contact is crucial. A man
will kill someone whose eyes he can't
see.
The negotiator must ease the terror-
ists into a climate of submission by
establishing a routine, setting times for
meals ("Do you want chicken or ham-
burger?") and deluging them with
questions ("Leg or wing? Rare or well-
done? Mustard or ketchup?"). These
questions do not change the basic
situation, but take the terrorists' minds
off their obsession, put them back into
contact with outside reality and
weaken their will to resist. The doctor
suggests sending food in on china,
making the captors maintain standards
of hygiene ("Be sure to wash the plates
and utensils"). The terrorists are made
to realize that objects are breakable -
and also, unconsciously, that their hos-
tages are fragile.
The doctor vetoes sending in play-
ing cards or board games, to avoid
disaster should a terrorist lose to a hos-
tage. Instead, he recommends trying to
build up the leader and perhaps allow
him a small success to increase his
standing in the eyes of his men. He is
then less likely to resort to violent
means to regain authority or make a
point.
These are a few of the steps by
which the Dutch doctor manipulates
the terrorists to prepare them for the
end. Roger Ingram
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SPECIAL EDITION TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
KILLING FOR THE GOLD... Continued
Loward a "common agreement." So far as
we know, none has been reached.
The FBI has also been hamstrung re-
cently in the area of preventive investiga-
tions. In a suit filed in Federal District
Court in Chicago by the ACLU and the
Alliance to End Repression (a front for the
U.S. Communist Party), Judge Susan
Getzendanner issued an injunction which
disallows implementation of new FBI
domestic security guidelines initiated by
Attorney General William French Smith in
1983. Under the new guidelines the FBI
would have been able to investigate indi-
viduals or groups who advocated criminal
activity or intent to commit a crime of
violence. The outcome is that the FBI can
investigate only committed crimes, not in-
dividuals planning to commit crimes.
Regarding security checks on workers
hired for the Games, the police are permit-
ted to instigate background checks, but
are not allowed to take workers' finger-
prints nor administer lie-detector tests.
In the event of an act of terrorism which
involves the taking of hostages. exactly
what would the response be? Well, we
have several options.
One is the use of the LAPD SWAT
Team. Another is the use of the L.A.
County Sheriff's Department SWAT
Team. Another is the use of the FBI
SWAT Team, and still another is the use of
the one-year-old, untested FBI Hostage
Rescue Team. Perhaps more "final op-
tions" than we need?
The police have been given the job of
Olympic security and terrorist-action re-
sponse over the military for a number of
reasons, all of which seem to evolve
around image rather than action. To
quote FBI Director William Webster (op.
cit.): "Because of the FBI's readiness,
there is no need for stationing a special
Army Commando team close to Los
Angeles during the Games." Webster
went on to state that the Army does not
concentrate on training that will allow the
saving of lives, and that the FBI team will
provide a "... civilian response, not a
military response." Unfortunately, this
thinking echoes back to the Munich deba-
cle.
Unlike Munich, the Olympic Villages in
Los Angeles will be ringed with tight secur-
ity - at least in the beginning. What will
happen if the press complains again of
Gestapo tactics? The two villages in L.A.,
one on the UCLA campus and the other
on the USC (University of Southern Cali-
fornia) campus, will be surrounded by
high-security, alarm-wired and electroni-
cally monitored fences. Entrance check-
points will be guarded by armed police,
and athletes and press will be required to
show a special photo I .D. which features
an electronic bar code. Metal detectors
will be set up at the village gates and will
also be used at the entrances to all events.
At least L.A. will not be as "easy and
relaxed" as was Munich in '72.
However, even with the security pre-
cautions already under preparation, the
most glaring error that persists is the lack
of a centralized control over all security
forces.
The Olympic officials are convinced
that the proper response to terrorism is a
police response. But do the police have
the right background for the job? The
effectiveness of the LAPD SWAT team is
highly touted in law-enforcement circles
- but is it for their response to terrorist
activities, or for their response to drunk or
drugged-out husband/boyfriends who
threaten to kill their mates in a moment of
insanity?
Professional terrorists are not momen-
tarily insane. They are cold, ruthless killers
who practice their trade on an internation-
al front. They consider themselves sol-
diers and "freedom fighters" - not cri-
minals.
While the LAPD SWAT team may be
good, I can only cite their performance
against one terrorist group - the Sym-
bionese Liberation Army in the famed
shootout of 17 May 1974. In that fiasco,
the SWAT team literally tore apart the
29
H&K MPS-toting agent runs to aid
two colleagues in subduing
revolver-armed "terrorist" and
securing "hostage" during FBI
training exercise geared toward the
possibility of terrorist attacks at the
Summer Olympics In Los Angeles.
house holding the terrorists with uncon-
trolled gunfire, finally bringing the siege to
an end with tear-gas cannisters that
ignited the home and created a blazing
inferno. None of the terrorists were cap-
tured alive. Is this what Webster terms a
"police response"?
What steps could we take to augment
current Olympic security plans? To start, a
centralized command must be estab-
lished. This centralized command should
be capable of dispatching the correct re-
sponse to any terrorist activity at a mo-
ment's notice. The commander should
not be affected by local politics, nor be
concerned with "public image." An im-
partial commander should be selected -
and all local forces should be subjugated
to his control. In short, the overall security
commander should come from the ranks
of the military - not the police. But then, I
suppose "image" is far more important
than innocent lives.'
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
SOLDIER OF FORTUNE July 1984 Pages 36-37
SOF FEATURE
TOOLS
OF TERROR
SOF's Guide
to
Underground Weaponry
by Bill Guthrie
F EAR is the first weapon, but after that
guns are the tools by which terrorists
move nations and men to act against their
wills. Firearms of "liberation" organiza-
tions can be defined by necessity and taste
(simple weapons are best - since many of
the grunts in a terrorist "army" are qual-
ified more by zeal than by experience - and
certain weapons have emotional appeal) but
the guns found most often are the guns that
are available.
The distinctive banana-magazined out-
line of the Kalashnikov is the symbol of
revolution even to those who have no idea
what an AK-47 is.
Simple, rugged, relatively inexpensive
and manufactured from Egypt to China, the
AK may be the greatest small-arms contri-
butor to world destabilization.
Some analysts believe total production of
AKs and AK variants must be near 30 mil-
lion. The older USSR-made AK-47, the
newer AKM and the Chinese Type 56 are
most numerous in terrorist weapons caches,
but East German, Polish, Hungarian,
Romanian, Bulgarian, Yugoslavian, and
North Korean versions can be found.
M l6s are valued by many armies for
mechanical simplicity, low recoil, accura-
cy, lightness, compactness and ease of
training. All of these characteristics make
them fine weapons for amateur and profes-
sional killers.
Colt claims that about five million M 16s
have been made in the United States and by
licensees in the Philippines and South
Korea, but there may be political reasons for
not revealing a larger figure. Unofficial esti-
mates of total production are double official
figures. Our abandonment of about a mil-
lion M16s in Southeast Asia has made a
great contribution to the world terrorist
arsenal. Vietnam-issue ' I6s have been used
in terrorist acts and communist insurrec-
tions from neighboring Cambodia, Burma
and Thailand to Central America. The Irish
Republican Army has received M16s from
communist sympathizers, and IRA buyers
have been in Vietnam to purchase U.S.-
made arms and ammo from our old ene-
mies.
The first rifle issued to use the AK's
M1943 7.62x39mm cartridge was the SKS.
Strong and simple, production figures are
not available, but Pete Kokalis figures that
10 million must have been made. SKSs lack
selective-fire capability, and are relatively
unsuited to urban and jungle fighting. But
they were made in East Germany, Yugo-
slavia, the Soviet Union, China and North
Korea and are still found wherever com-
munists are killing people.
Some have called the U.S. M2 carbine
the original assault rifle. The M2 fired an
intermediate round, was light and compact
with 30-round magazines and it featured
selective fire. Official production figures
are in the 6,000,000 range and World War II
spread them over most of the globe. Semi-
auto M 1 s and full-auto M2 and M3 carbines
have been taken from basements and bodies
of terrorists from Ireland to Africa and from
Vietnam to South America.
Since terrorist organizations do not have
the same supply networks as an army, mem-
bers of the same group may have different
weapons. Czech vz.58 assault rifles are a
good example. The Model 58 is visually
similar but mechanically different from the
AK, and parts are not interchangeable. It
has the additional inconvenience of the
capability of being misassembled, with
potentially disastrous results.
Still, the weapon is robust, accurate, and
mainly well-designed. Since it is something
different, some people like it for that reason
alone. One of the terrorist cells of the
Japanese Red Army named itself for the
Czech rifle.
Submachine guns and machine pistols are
light, small and lethal. Many millions of
them have been made since World War I,
and by no means are all of them accounted
for by either Free World or communist
states that made them. All makes appear in
weapons captured from terrorists, from the
latest UZI to the oldest Thompson or the
most delapidated PPSh-41.
For power, compactness and shock
value, hardly anything short of C-4 beats the
MAC-10 in .45 ACP or 9mm Parabellum.
Expensive on the open market and virtually
non-rebuildable, the Ingram's high rate of
fire (1200 rpm in .45) and small size make
hit probability low at ranges beyond toe-to-
toe. All that aside, it is available with an
excellent Sionics silencer, is unbelievably
concealable, and is very hard to argue with
at very close ranges. Numbers are hard to
get, since covert services are the gov-
ernmental agencies that buy them and the
manufacturing history is Byzantine. But
they've been produced in some numbers for
the last 17 years, were originally cheaply
and easily available to civilian buyers, and
have been purchased by more than 20 gov-
ernments, including Yugoslavia.
The real sex-appeal weapon for enemies
of order is the Czech Skorpion machine
pistol. The Red Brigades of Italy are parti-
cularly fond of this 2.8-pound, 10.6-inch-
long, folding-wire-stocked select-fire
weapon. Available in .32 ACP (most com-
monly), .380 ACP, 9mm Makarov and
9mm Parabellum, the Skorpion is relatively
controllable, highly portable and reliable.
Originally designed as a police and vehicle-
crew weapon, Omnipol (the Czech sales
organization) has found good foreign mar-
kets, so the Skorpion is available all over
Africa and throughout much of Europe.
Common handguns are most popular for
terrorist operations. Pope John Paul II was
shot with a Browning Hi-Power 9mm, and
Walther auto-pistols are so popular (and
illegally available) in Europe the Red Bri-
gades have been nicknamed "P-38ers."
Compact .38 Special S&W revolvers are
also popular.
The world's terrorists have found other
means when they didn't have guns -plasti-
que in France in the '40s and industrial
dynamite in Peru today - but firearms re-
main their most important tools. Other
weapons, such as nuclear devices or toxins,
might be more ideally suited for terrorist
operations, but guns are compact, inexpen-
sive, require little training or experience for
basic use and are available all over the
world. The great numbers of military
weapons and the lack of control over disper-
sion in times of war define what firearms are
available to terrorists. But whatever guns
are found and wherever they are used, they
are implements of slavery in the hands of
terrorists as they are tools of freedom in the
hands of informed citizens. 3k
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
SOLDIER OF FORTUNE July 1984 Pages 38-41
SO l4 FEATURE
DEATH
IN THE
AFTERNOON
Basque Separatists Wage Europe's
Longest War
Text & Photos by Adrian Wecer
T HE young Basque terrorist walked
out of the apartment house on Cal-
le Reina Cristina, heading toward his
car parked a short distance away. He
froze in mid-stride, slapped a hand to
the side of his head - as if he had just
remembered something very important
- and keeled over. He was dead be-
fore he hit the ground.
The bullet that killed him had been
fired by a fellow terrorist, an old friend
of his hidden in the lobby of the build-
ing he had just left. It punched through
a plate-glass panel on the exit door.
drilled into the back of his head, spun
around inside his skull a few times, and
finally came to rest deep within the
bloody mess that had once been his
brain,
It happened at 7:45 in the morning,
while dozens of people on their way to
work casually watched from doorways
and passing cars. Within seconds the
lifeless body was dragged off the street
into the back seat of a waiting auto-
mobile, which quickly drove off to dis-
pose of it at some unknown location.
But there was no need to hurry. None
of the witnesses would have dared call
the police to report the killing - not
this one, anyway. And even if someone
had, the authorities would certainly
have taken their sweet time about com-
ing out to investigate - if they decided
to come at all. Getting involved in a
settling of accounts between ETA gun-
men did not exactly rate high on their
list of choice duties.
The killing, which this reporter had
been invited to watch and photograph
from a nearby rooftop, took place
several months ago in the Basque pro-
vincial capital of San Sebastian. To be
sure, it was nothing more than murder,
plain and simple. But it was also the
single most important political develop-
ment in Spain's struggle against Basque
terrorism in the last 15 years. ETA had
gone to war against itself.
Earlier interviews with Basque politic-
al leaders and ETA militants - includ-
ing the two who later invited me to that
rooftop on Reina Cristina - provide us
with a fairly clear idea as to how this
situation came about.
According to these knowledgeable
sources, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA
Basque Country and Freedom), the
ruthless left-wing underground organiza-
tion that has been striving for Basque
independence from Spain through a
bloody campaign of terror launched in
the late '60s, had suffered a series of
political and military setbacks over the
past two years which have deprived it
of its leadership, eroded the vast popu-
lar support it once enjoyed, and invali-
dated any claim to a just political cause
it may have had.
The first of these setbacks occurred
early in 1982 when Jose Martin Sagar-
dia, ETA's top leader and principal
strategist, was assassinated in a south-
ern French sanctuary during a cross-
border retaliatory raid conducted by
members of an obscure extreme-rightist
group known as El Batalldn Vasco
Espanol (the Spanish Basque Batta-
lion). The subsequent capture and in-
carceration of his most trusted lieute-
nants by Spanish border police certainly
didn't help matters any. It quickly trans-
formed the organization from a highly
disciplined urban-guerrilla movement,
with brilliant military strategy and well-
defined political goals, into a disorga-
nized band of thugs desperately striking
out at any target of opportunity for
mere publicity value. Given this situa-
tion, the second major setback was as
predictable as it was unavoidable.
Horrified by the mindless slaughter
that since June 1982 has claimed the
lives of 14 military officers and more
than 150 innocent bystanders, the Bas-
que people began to deny ETA the un-
questioned support they once offered
so freely. The cities of Vitoria and Bil-
bao - alleged birthplace of ETA where
militants were once openly paraded
through the streets and hailed as heroes
- have since become staging areas for
massive rallies denouncing the depreda-
tions of this terrorist group. Recent out-
rages such as the killing of a baker (for
delivering bread to the families of
policemen during a strike). and the kid-
napping and cold-blooded execution of
an Army pharmaceutical officer (after
the government had already met their
outrageous demands for his safe re-
lease) triggered a nationwide protest the
likes of which had not been seen in
Spain since the outbreak of the Civil
War in 1936. Thousands of people
marched through the streets of every
major city in the country to denounce
the murders and to demand from the
government in Madrid nothing less than
the total extermination of these rabid
killers.
The third and potentially most
damaging setback was a decision by the
Madrid government to restore to the
Basque provinces the political auton-
omy revoked by Generalfsimo Francis-
co Franco during the Civil War.
In 1937, the second year of the war,
Franco suppressed the self-governing
powers of Guipiuzcoa, Vizcaya and Ala-
va - the three provinces that presently
make up the Basque region. They were
officially proclaimed "punished pro-
vinces" for having fiercely resisted the.
onslaught of his rebel armies. His
hatred for the Basques was so intense
that he even went so far as to forbid
them the use of their native language,
Eskuara. People were forbidden to
teach this ancient language, or even
speak it in the privacy of their own
homes. To ensure compliance, Franco's
political police often stopped Basque
families on the street and questioned
the children as to whether they had
heard their parents speaking anything
other than Spanish at home.
The Madrid decision to restore the
rights of the local Basque government
to levy and collect taxes, to establish its
own police force, and to finance
schools teaching the native language,
met the home-rule demands of the
moderate Basque Nationalist Party
(PNV) which for years had been trying
CONTINUED NEXT PAGE
31
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
DEATH IN THE AFTERNOON ...Cont'd
to undercut ETA and all other extrem-
ists who believe that political autonomy
can be had only through the warm bar-
rel of a gun.
From the time the decision was im-
plemented in 1982, ETA tried to show
that it had not been seriously hurt by
this or any other setback. More than
anything else, it tried to show that it
was still an armed political force that
had to be reckoned with, Indeed, the
ever-increasing number of indiscrimin-
ate killings attributed to the separatists
in recent months, and the appalling
savagery which has come to charac-
terize all their actions, certainly gave
that impression.
However, ETA defectors were telling
a totally different story regarding the
organization's strength and capabilities.
They described a terrorist organization
that had been forced to plan and direct
its "struggle for independence" from
the relative safety of a foreign sanctuary
due to the fear its "freedom fighters"
had of being turned in or even killed by
the very people whose cause they
claimed to champion. The organization
was so reduced in numbers by internal
strife and mass defections that their last
Asamblea - a kind of Revolutionary
Congress convened by the entire mem-
bership of ETA every few years in order
to discuss and evaluate past and future
strategies - was held in a sheepher-
der's shack high up in the Pyrenees.
Nothing larger was required, as only 47
militants showed up.
According to two former ETA gun-
men who attended that Asamblea. a
motion was presented to end hostilities
if and when the Madrid government
agreed to the following three condi-
tions: first, that all "forces of occupa-
tion" such as transit patrolmen, national
police, and all members of the Guardia
Civil that normally patrol and protect
Spain's foreign borders, be recalled
from the Basque region; second, that
the Madrid decision to restore self-
governing powers to the Basque pro-
vinces be amended in such a way as to
acknowledge the right of the Basque
people to eventually obtain their inde-
pendence and secede from the Spanish
Union; and third, that the neighboring
province of Navarre be acknowledged
as part of the future Basque nation.
"That last condition," remarked one
of the former gunmen, "was like the
Armed National Liberation Front of
Puerto Rico (FALN) promising to end
their campaign of terror bombings in
America if only the U.S. government
agreed to grant the islanders their inde-
pendence and recognized their right to
claim New York as part of the future is-
land nation."
BASQUE RESISTANCE
The history of Basque resistance to
incorporation by neighboring national
and ethnic groups is long and bloody.
The Song of Roland tells of a treacher-
ous attack on Charlemagne's rear-
guard at Roncesvalles by the Moorish
army. It's a fabrication designed to
save face for the French. Charle-
magne's rearguard got wiped out by
the Basques.
The Basques live in the Pyrenees in
the border regions of Spain and
France. Rejecting both cultures, they
hold to their own ancient ways.
Of the total number of militants in
attendance, the gunman recalled that
16 voiced their satisfaction with the
gains already made by the PNV moder-
ates and presented a counter-motion to
end the armed struggle throughout
Spain unconditionally. When their
proposal was rejected, the group turned
in their weapons and walked out.
Another 12 also quit the gathering
when their motion to abandon all
attempts at a negotiated settlement in
favor of escalating the violence was
shouted down. This group did not turn
in their weapons when they left. The
remaining members, unable to get a
consensus on their original motion, ad-
journed to their sanctuary in southern
France where they now spend their
time dodging cross-border raids by
Spanish secret police and trying to fi-
gure out what went wrong with the re-
voluti on.
It is known that the dozen pro-
violence extremists who quit the
Asamblea are responsible for the cur-
rent wave of indiscriminate killings
sweeping over Spain. It is also known
that their primary objective was, and
still is, to provoke the Madrid govern-
ment into declaring a state of national
emergency and ordering a full-scale
military intervention in the Basque pro-
vinces - a move that would discredit
Eskuara, their language, is unrelated to
any other European language. The
Basques probably represent the abor-
iginal population of Europe.
Basques have settled in the United
States, especially in sheepherding and
farming areas of the Northern Rocky
Mountain states.
Aside from their successes against
the Franks, the Basques also invaded
and occupied Gascony in the 6th cen-
tury, and have fought, usually enthu-
siastically, in every war in the area
since then, especially in the Spanish
Civil War and World War II.
PNV efforts and reunite the general
population behind their extremist cause.
They came close to doing just that a
couple of times so close, in fact, that
by the end of 1983 they were publicly
proclaiming themselves rightful heirs to
ETA's name and cause. They had also
augmented their numbers by forging a
loose alliance with a group of free-lance
murderers who called themselves the
"Autonomous Commandos of the Re-
volution," the ones who actually carried
out the hits and placed the bombs.
"They are like a pack of wild dogs
that have been turned loose on the
streets of our cities," explained the gun-
man with obvious distaste. "Their
senseless acts have made a mockery of
our cause and have brought nothing
but shame and sorrow to our people.
Shooting an innocent man while his
children beg for mercy on television is
not what this struggle is all about.
"We don't really know who these
people are or what they stand for, but
we do know who holds their leash ...
and we are going to stop them. That's
a promise."
Early the next morning, standing on
the roof of a building looking down on
Calle Reina Cristina, I saw that same
gunman fulfill the first part of his prom-
ise.'
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
LOS ANGELES TIMES 10 June 1984 Pg. 3
U.S.-Mexico
Border Won't
Be Terrorists'
Escape Route
By MARJORIE MILLER, Times Staff Writer
SAN YSIDRO, Calif.-Mexican and American officials
are increasing law enforcement activities along Ot
U.S.-Mexico border in an effort to ensure that it does nel
become a gateway for terrorists planning an attack-.on
the Olympic Games.
On the Mexican side, Tijuana police have revamp4l
plan to seal off that city in the event a terrorist should
attempt to flee south after an attack. Security agepts
have asked the Baja California state attorney general for
permission to videotape all airport arrivals andr.to
review daily the names and nationalities of people
staying in Tijuana hotels.
On the U.S. side, Immigration and Naturalization
Service agents and San Diego police have intensified
training on terrorism and are paying closer attention to
the origin and travel routes of foreigners detained fbr
entering the country illegally. `? ..,
On both sides of the border, police agencies are trying
to improve binational communications, setting up a bbt
line between the San Diego and Tijuana police depart.,
ments and installing two-way radios between the
Tijuana Police Department and the immigration serviee
'Intend to Be Prepared'
"We have no evidence of any problems. We anticipate
no problems, but we intend to be prepared," said Sari
Diego Police Cmdr. Mike Rice, who is heading the
Olympic security operation in San Diego. '
"We are looking into everything out of the ordinary,"
a San Diego police officer working on, the binational
security effort concurred.
That means investigating talk of 1,000 Iranians who
were supposedly training south of Ensenada, word that
a Puerto Rican independence fighter was headed 'fdrr
Tijuana and other such tips that arrive at polio
headquarters via anonymous telephone calls and lettets
None of those tips so far has proven valid, but the
intensified scrutiny has resulted in confiscation of sotrie
World's Busiest Crossing
Trying to head off terrorists who might want to mike
use of the. border here is an ambitious undertaking.
Even on the calm days, the border is a maelstrontof
activity. Every month, 3 million people pass through t13O
San Ysidro Port of Entry, the busiest internatiai`a.9
border crossing in the world.
Thousands of others illegally cross the 8-mile-long
border between San Diego and Tijuana. They pass
through beaches, barbed wire, rugged hills and canyons.,
and many, if not most, are undetected by immigration
agents.
"Our concern is that a terrorist group will use our
border to cross into the United States," said Roberto
Sanchez Osorio, a security consultant to the Tijuai a
Police Department. "There is a big concern too abgti
what may happen if a terrorist group tries to use our
border as a door to escape, maybe with hostages." `.
Under Mexican law, Sanchez Osorio said, it is a fedeiial
crime to enter Mexico after committing a crimelp
another country. So, if someone attacks the Games In
Los Angeles and flees to Mexico, the problem becomes
,.the responsibility of Mexican federal police. U.S. police
,,agencies, of course, may not operate in Mexico.
:'Should terrorists head for the border, Mexican
customs agents would immediately begin to halt traffic
at the border, so it would back up into the United States.
Tijuana police say they could have all highway exits
from the city sealed within three minutes of notification,
and then could blanket the hillside slums, downtown
,streets and beaches with patrols.
--City and state police each will have an additional 15
patrol cars and 25 to 30 officers this summer who could
be used for such an emergency operation.
But Sanchez Osorio noted that Tijuana is not a very
..good escape route for a criminal because, "there is only
,one, road out to Mexicali (east). To the south, past
Ensenada, it goes into the desert and you don't want to
escape through the desert."
Collaboration is nothing new on the border, where
San Diego police have maintained communication
lines to Mexico for the last 50 years. The San Diego
Police Department, Sheriff's Department and California
Highway Patrol all have liaison officers who make daily
or weekly trips across the border to trade information
with Mexican police on everything from stolen cars to
fugitives.
So, much of the Olympic planning boils down to
strengthening these relationships and working together
more closely-such as trading telephone numbers they
never got around to exchanging before.
More formally, the agencies plan to install a direct line
between the San Diego intelligence unit and the Tijuana
Police Department, which will serve as a command
center for local, state and federal police in Mexico during
the Games. To complete the communications chain, San
Diego police and sheriff's deputies will have a security
post at Fairbanks Ranch, where one equestrian event is
scheduled, and representatives in Los Angeles at the
Olympics security coordinating center.
The Olympic security plan calls submitted to increased Baja a
California state attorney general surveillance along the south and eastern borders of the
state and at bus stations, according to Sanchez Osorio.
He said the attorney general has not made a decision yet
on the plan.
The plan recommends that police take greater notice
of the hotel guest lists that now are routinely submitted
to them each day. The lists show the names, nationali-
ties and previous destination of the guests.
Security Tightened
Police and customs ? officials say inspections already
CONTINUED NEXT PAGE
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
WALL STREET JOURNAL 12 June 1984 Pg. 34
Israeli Inquiry for Benefit of Terrorists, Not Moralists
By ERIC M. BREINDEL
It is now official that two of the four
Palestinian Arabs who hijacked a commer-
cial bus in Israel in early April were killed
after having been taken into custody unin-
jured-and not as a consequence of the
Israeli army's successful assault on the hi-
jacked vehicle. This is a matter of special
concern to Israeli authorities for reasons
generally ignored by the Western press.
A month-long inquiry into the incident
by outside experts appointed by the Israeli
Ministry of Defense was prompted by jour-
nalists'-photographs taken during and im-
mediately after an elite military com-
mando unit stormed the bus and rescued
the passengers.
The photographs, initially barred from
publication by Israeli military censors, ap-
pear to show at least one of the hijackers-
since identified by members of his own
family living in the Israeli-occupied Gaza
Strip-alive and seemingly unharmed after
the raid.
At the time of the incident Israeli mili-
tary spokesmen maintained that two of the
hijackers were killed during the assault
(as was one Israeli passenger). The other
two, authorities insisted, died en route to a
hospital of injuries sustained during the
commando operation.
According to the official inquiry, how-
ever, the two Palestinians who survived
the military action were taken to a nearby
field for immediate interrogation and evi-
dently beaten to death.
This disclosure, a direct result of Is-
rael's decision to allow newsmen and pho-
tographers to witness the culmination of
the hijacking incident, is a source of great
distress to Jerusalem. But not because Is-
rael may be excoriated for brutality to-
ward captured terrorists in the editorial
columns of leading dailies in Paris, Lon-
don, New York and Washington. The Is-
raeli government has far more immediate,
and.practical, concerns.
Israel has long upheld two principles
with regard to terrorists and terrorist inci-
dents. One principle frequently touted is
Jerusalem's adamant and consistent re-
fusal to negotiate with terrorists.
The second, which is seldom discussed
or even noted, is Israel's willingness to al-
low terrorists who surrender before and es-
pecially during a terrorist operation to be
taken alive and remain alive.
There is no death penalty in Israel for
terrorists. And over time Israeli authori-
ties have concluded that unless terrorists
are offered an incentive to surrender they
are likely to behave like kamikazes and
seek to take with them as many of the
civilian "enemy" as possible.
The number of potential hijackers and
saboteurs who surrender in Israel immedi-
ately upon detection, events that take
place so frequently that they are scarcely
deemed worthy of press attention, indi-
cates that those who are meant to under-
stand Israel's willingness to spare their
lives do indeed grasp that fact.
Of course, should Israel again be con-
fronted, as it has been once in Lebanon,
and as has the U.S., by Shiite Moslem ter-
rorists who are willing to give up their
Professor linked to terrorism jailed
A university professor alleged to
have been behind much of the guer-
rilla violence in Italy in the 1970s
today was sentenced to 30 years in
jail on murder and other charges at
the end of a trial of 7,1 persons
here.
ESCAPE ROUTE... Continued
have tightened at the Tijuana airport, but that a
videotape would give them a record of the 1,000 to 1,500
passengers who use the airport each day. About 40
flights enter and leave the airport daily, 19 of them
commercial.
Police, customs and immigration service officials in
the United States say they also are trying to increase
awareness among their agents of potential terrorists.
Border Patrol agents in the Chula Vista Sector, where
43,000 illegal aliens are detained each month, are
beginning to interview some of those detainees more
Toni Negri, a leftist political sci-
ence professor at Padua Universi-
ty, fled Italy last September after
being freed from jail because he
was elected to parliament as a dep-
lives in order to ensure a successful opera-
tion, this "incentive" strategy will be of lit-
tle help. The reappearances on the interna-
tional scene of kamikazelike terrorists is
an important development in international
terrorism. But European-style terrorists,
the Red Brigades in Italy, for example, as
well as others, generally have proved to be
concerned with remaining alive. They
have tended to establish reasonably reli-
able escape routes, to disguise their identi-
ties and, when necessary, to endeavor to
surrender unharmed.
Israel continues to be confronted with
terrorists of the old school on a steady
basis. Thus the present consternation in
Jerusalem turns not only on a deplorable
breakdown in discipline but also on anxiety
that terrorists and would-be terrorists-
rather than, say, the editors of the London
Times-understand that what happened in
the bus-hijacking case is an aberration.
The Israelis nurture no illusion that ter-
rorism suddenly will cease someday soon.
Thus for now and the foreseeable future it
remains important that those who under-
take to commit these murderous "politi-
cal" deeds are aware, if only in the dim
recesses of their minds, that even upon
detection or capture death is not their in-
evitable fate. Israel wants its terrorist ene-
mies to know that with surrender their
lives will be spared as a matter of tactics,
not morality.
Mr. Breindel is a Washington-based cor-
respondent for a Public Broadcasting Ser-
vice program.
uty of the small Radical Party. He
is believed to be in France.
The Rome court passed sentenc-
es totaling more than 500 years on
55 defendants on charges including
subversion, setting up an armed
band and illegal possession of
weapons.
closely than usual, looking for anyone who, in the words
of Alan Eliason, chief agent in charge of the Chula Vista
Sector, "might fit the role of a terrorist."
Despite the preparations, police and immigration
agents acknowledge that the United States is an easy
country to enter. Much of the 1,933-mile border with
Mexico is unfenced and easily penetrated.
"Obviously, if somebody wants to come into this
country and do harm, they could probably do it
relatively easily," Campbell said. "All you can do is the
very best based on intelligence reports. You can't have
an informant next to every burglar and nobody I know is
standing next to a guy planning to blow up somebody."
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
WASHINGTON POST 23 May 1984 Pg. 23E
Violent Leftists
Aim to Terrorize
Olympic Games
Intelligence reports warn that the
radical Puerto Rican revolutionary
group known by the dread letters
FALN has set up mobile camps
across the Mexican border to train
terrorists for attacks on the Summer
Olympic Games in Los Angelis.
Ominously,'the reports also pre-
dict that the FALN's violent leader,
William Morales, will soon be re-
leased from a Mexican prison and
delivered into the custody of leftist
authorities in the Tijuana area.
That's as close to Los Angeles as he
could get to set up terrorist head-
quarters without crossing into U.S.
jurisdiction. .
The Soviet grievances against the
Los Angeles Olympics, meanwhile,
will encourage the terrorists to strike
all the' harder, U.S. intelligence
sources fear. The FALN is led by
hard-line Marxists who ape the Mos-
cow line and tend, in the way of
young revolutionaries, to,, translate
propaganda into violence.
This group is regarded by. the FBI
as the No. 1 terrorist threat to the
United States, and Morales is this.
Terrorism
common:
Kaplan
nation's most. wanted terrorist. Ac- from the fourth floor of a New York
cording to an intelligence document, prison hospital.
"the FALN has been responsible for Morales' dramatic escape occurred
over 150 terrorist bombings in the on May 21, 1979. He, disappeared
U.S. since its founding ,in 1973 into the underground and, according
.... [It] has developed an.extensive to an intelligence report, "began op-
terrorist network stretching across erating between Mexico and the
the U.S. and into Mexico Morales is U.S." Police located his wife, Dylcia
also developing links with insurgent Pagan Morales, in Chicago and
movements in Central America." traced her incoming calls from Mex-
My associate Jon Lee Anderson ico.
spent most of a day with Morales in The FBI tipped off the Mexican
the maximum security wing of Re- authorities that Morales was plotting
clusorio Norte, a model prison on to bomb a U.S.-Mexican legislative
the outskirts of Mexico City. conference. This led to a shootout in
Morales is ' a determined revolu- the city of Puebla on May 28, 1983.
tionary and Marxist zealot driven at Morales was captured after his com-
once by idealism and hatred, a panion fell dead in a hail of bullets.
would-be usurper who justifies him- A police officer also died in the ex-
self as the avenger of terrible wrongs. change.
Yet he's the more boss of a small Morales was sentenced to 89 years
.gang who seeks to stir up a mass in prison, which would keep him out
following. of circulation for a long time. But
"I am a member of a revolutionary Anderson found Morales confident
.movement which is at war with the that he would soon be freed. Tele-
United States government," he told graphed my reporter: "U.S. lawmen,
my reporter. who want Morales extradited, might
Morales, 34, a slim man with a do well to worry that he could slip
coffee-colored complexion, is shock- from their clutches in Mexico."
ing to look at, His mouth, chin and Not long after I received this re-
both hands were blown off in a port, my associate Donald Goldberg
bomb explosion at an FALN bomb learned from intelligence reports
factory in New York in 1978. He has that, indeed, Morales is expected to
a single digit that passes for a finger be handed over to leftist authorities
on each stump. It's all he needs, ap- in Tijuana. They are expected to
parently, to feed himself and attend give him free rein to direct the ter-
to his basic needs. rorist training in clandestine camps
support for what they're doing in
Canada."
Those activities include procur-
ing arms, recruiting members and
raising money, Mr. Kaplan told
reporters.
The Irish Republican Army, the
Palestinian . Liberation Organiza-
tiori and the Red Brigades of Italy
are among the international terror-
ist groups that have operated in
Canada, Mr. Kaplan said. -
A great increase in terrorist ac-
tivity - both international and
domestic - is responsible for the
rise last year in the number of
warrants issued under the Official
Secrets Act for, national security
wiretaps.. buggings and other inter-
ceptions of private' . communica-
tions, Mr. Kaplan said.
In a. report 'to Parliament on
12 May
1984 Pg. 1
Thursday, Mr. Kaplan said that. he
issued 525 warrants in 1983 for wire-
taps, hidden cameras and electron-
ic bugs in security cases an 18
per cent increase from the previous
year.
"In a. few cases, advance intelli-
gence gathered by electronic sur-
veillance permitted us to head off
some incidents in 1983," Mr. Kap-
lan said yesterday.
He said he. coul4ln't recall the
exact figures on terrorist incidents,
but his office said later that there
were 18 terrorist incidents in Cana
da in 1982 and 1983.
Among the incidents classified as
terrorist acts were the bombing of
an electronics plant that manufac-
tures missile-guidance systems, the
bombing of a West Coast . video
pornography store,and the murder
of a Turkish diplomat.
By JEFF SALLOT
Globe and Mail Reporter
OTTAWA - Every international
terrorist group known is present in
Canada, Solicitor-General Robert
Kaplan said yesterday.
"I'm not saying their targets are
in Canada,". he said, "but they
develop their activities and their
35
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -
WASHINGTON POST 29 May 1984
An Interview
In Mexican Jail
With ' a Terrorist
This nation's most wanted terror-
ist, William (No Hands) Morales, is
directing a guerrilla war against the
United States from a Mexican prison
cell. Intelligence sources believe his
main target will be the Summer
Olympic Games in Los Angeles.
My associate Jon Lee Anderson
recently spent a day with Morales in
the "maximunj security, highly dan-
gerous wing" of the Mexican prison
Reclusoria Norte.
Morales is a deceptively relaxed,
soft-spokgn man-congenial in re-
pose, intense when animated-who
routinely can give orders for shoot-
ings and bombings.
He learned his combat tactics on
the streets of east Harlem, where he
grew up; he picked up his politics
from the radical movements of the
1960s.
Now 34, he has developed a smol-
dering hostility toward the society
that spawned him, an animus so
deep that he is willing to sacrifice his
life' in a futile struggle against the
U.S. power structure.
Morales isstartling to look at. His
chin and mouth were disfigured by a
bomb that blew up in his face six
years ago. The she' accident left
him with two stutgps for arms, each
with a single, grotesqu fimger, whore.
a hand should be.
The terrorist leader talked races='
santly about "imperalist domination"
by the western world. Yet his lan-
guage was more street talk than
Marxist dialectic. He left no doubt
that he was more interested in ac-
tion than theory.
Police reports confirm that Mo-
rales has managed to find plenty of
action: As a leader of the Puerto Ri-
can radical group known as FALN,
.he has been involved in shootouts
and bombings. He made a daring es-
cape in 1979 from a fourth-floor win-
dow of a New York prison hospital.
The FBI has warned any agents who '
may encounter him: "Morales should
be considered armed, dangerous and
an escape risk."
In an earlier report, I cited intel-
ligence warnings that the FALN has
set up mobile camps just across the
Mexican border to train terrorists
for attacks on the Los Angeles
Olympics and that Morales may be
delivered into the custody of leftist
authorities in the Tijuana area. This
would put him as close to Los An-
geles as he could get and still be in
Mexico.
Morales has been locked up for
killing a Mexican policeman in a gun
battle; other charges could keep him
behind bars the rest of his life. Yet
he :seemed ,confident that he would
get oft. He hinted to Wy reporter
Jon lee Anderson ,;thy; a political
Anderson is- the '' i 5t reporter
cleared by the: FALK to meet Mo-
rales.
The screening process was elab-
orate, beginning with a contact on
the U.S.-Mexican border. Anderson
had to make two trips to Mexico
City, where he was put in touch with
a Trotskyite politician.
Next he was cleared by a left-wing
activist who once ran for president
of Mexico. Finally, Anderson was
taken to the prison by a woman who
is one of Morales' lawyers.
FALN literature portrays Morales
as a "political prisoner." He said all
FALN members take an oath that, if
imprisoned, they will declare them-
selves political prisoners. This means
they can't request parole, which
would imply that their crimes were
nonpolitical.
Morales talked about his escape
from U.S. custody and his subse-
quent capture in Mexico. He was
approached, he said, by the U.S.
Embassy. "Can you believe," he de-
manded, "they asked to see me when
I first got here and offered to help
me?" He was incredulous.
Footnote: Morales made it - clear
that his agreement to see my report-
er did not mean he liked my column.
BALTIMORE SUN 7 June 1984 Pg. 4
`Journalist' is linked to Costa Rican blast
SAN JOSE, Costa Rica (AP) - The
mysterious "Danish journalist" who
vanished after a bomb explosion killed
three persons at a May 30 news confer-
ence was in Central America for two
months before the incident, Costa Rican
immigration sources said yesterday.
A Swedish journalist who met him
three weeks before the explosion told
police the man spoke "very bad Danish,
but very good Spanish."
The man called himself Per Anker
Hansen, said he was a Danish reporter
and was using a Danish passport.
The Danish consul general, Palle
Paaby, said yesterday, "We do not know
who he is." Mr. Paaby said the passport
had been stolen in 1980. The real Per
Anker Hansen told reporters in Copen-
hagen he has never been to Central
America.
Costa Rican authorities on Monday
issued an international arrest warrant
for him.
The bomb exploded shortly after
Eden Pastora, leader of a Nicaraguan
anti-Sandinista, rebel group here,
opened a news conference on May 30 at
a ' guerrilla camp in Nicaragua, just
across the San Juan River from Costa
Rica. Mr. Pastora was among more
than two dozen people injured.
The Costa Rican immigration
sources, who asked to remain anony-
mous, said an incomplete computer rec-
ord showed that a man using the stolen
passport traveled by air between San
Jose and Mexico City, but does not show'
whether he was going to or from Costa
Rica: The passport also showed that he
traveled to or from Honduras by air on
March 26 and went to Panama overland
on March 28.
It also showed that he, crossed into
Costa Rica by land at the Pena Blanca
checkpoint April 14 and crossed over to
Nicaragua, via Pena Blanca on April 19.
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL
May 1984 Pg. 18
CLIPPINGS
Diplomats & Terrorism
"Letters sent top Italian news organiza-
tions purporting to come from Red Bri-
gades guerrillas today threatened the life of
another U.S. diplomat in the aftermath of
last week's killing of Leamon R.
Hunt....'The militarist wing of the Red
Brigades claims the assassination of the
dirty guarantor American general Leamon
R. Hunt.... The militarist wing has an-
other American diplomat in its sights.' "
Reuters, February 20
"[U.S. Consul General Robert O.
Homme) was shot and wounded yesterday
in the city of Strasbourg, and a little
known group calling itself the Armed Le-
banese Revolutionary Faction claimed re-
sponsibility. [He] was described as being
in satisfactory condition.... The group said
Mr. Homme was 'already well known for
his activities as a member of the CIA.' "
Baltimore Sun, March 27
"U.S. embassy officials said yesterday that
they had run into a dead end in the kidnap-
ing of diplomat William Buckley and now
are considering moving the remaining per-
sonnel to a Marine-guarded compound. A
Western diplomatic source who asked not
to be identified said, 'Last night, several
American civilian employees did, indeed,
move into the compound.'...In Washing-
ton, the Reagan administration said it
contacted Lebanese officials and Syria for
help in finding Buckley, who was abduct-
ed at gunpoint Friday morning while leav-
ing his West Beirut aparment. Three gun-
men forced Buckly, 55, the first secretary
of the embassy's political section, into a car
in front of his house, not far from the U.S.
embassy, and sped off."
Philadelphia Inquirer, March 18
"Secretary of State Shultz called in a panel
of 23 experts and government officials yes-
terday for a private briefing on a topic that
has plagued the recent conduct of U.S.
diplomacy: international terrorism."
New York Daily News, March 25
"The U.S. embassy [in Beijing] has re-
ceived information indicating that Islamic
terrorists have targeted the diplomatic
mission here for a bombing attack like
those against the American embassy and
U.S. Marine billet in Beirut. The bomb-
ing of the U.S. embassy in Kuwait Decem-
ber 12 and a recent warning by the myste-
rious Islamic Jihad organization has
prompted tightened security measures at
American diplomatic missions all over the
world in the last week, including the Beij-
ing embassy, which an American diplomat
described as having 'the worst security of
any embassy in the world.'... The informa-
tion indicated terrorists have also targeted
the U.S. embassy in Paris.... Islamic Ji-
had... claimed responsibility for the Octo-
ber 23 suicide bombings in Beirut... and
for the bombing of the U.S. embassy in
Beirut last April, which left 63 people
dead....
"One embassy source, noting the Brit-
ish mission here has also taken security
measures such as parking a truck around
the clock behind the locked gates of their
compound, was puzzled why the Ameri-
cans maintain a truck blockade only at
night."
Jonathan Broder in the Chicago Tribune
January 3
"Western embassies in East Berlin tight-
ened security yesterday after six East Ger-
mans succeeded in leaving the country by
staging a weekend sit-in at the U.S. em-
bassy.... The U.S. embassy, which nor-
mally admits visitors to its library and con-
sular section without identity checks,
moved its receptionist into an outer lob-
by."
Baltimore Sun
January 24
"Secretary of State George Shultz said:
'The cruel fact of the matter is that terror-
ism works. We have to arrange things so
that it is a tactic that we are able to frus-
trate.'
Omaha World-Herald
March 13
"Senior U.S. officials agree that the new
anti-terrorism policy should have three ba-
sic components: protective measures, such
as increased embassy security; better intel-
ligence about terrorist groups and their
operations; and more aggressive military
and covert-action measures that can deter
terrorists from attacking Americans."
David Ignatius in the Wall Street Journal
March 12
"It is time for the U.S. government to
move decisively to protect its embassy em-
ployees in the world's areas of turmoil.
Security provisions should be realistically
reviewed in these regions. Embassy staffs
should be reasonably pared to those per-
sons who are absolutely necessary. They
should live under adequate protection of
U.S. armed personnel....
"Even in quiet areas U.S. diplomats and
other Americans need to be vigilant.. .In
areas of turmoil, such as Beirut, it is essen-
tial not to be foolhardy. After the March
16 kidnaping, American diplomatic per-
sonnel living in civilian apartments were
moved to a secure area to be guarded by
American troops. They ought to have been
there all along. As pointed out by Arthur
Goldberg..., the State Department argu-
ment that protection of U.S. diplomats is
the duty of the host government breaks
down in areas where there is no effective
government."
Christian Science Monitor, March 28
"Some embassies remain vulnerable. Only
a 10-foot high iron gate separates the steel-
and-glass U.S. embassy in Madrid from
the main street-a mere 10 yards from the
building. Missions in London, Vienna,
and the Hague are similarly vulnerable."
Washington Post, December 13
"in the late 1960s, with the contemporary
beginning of diplomatic kidnapping and
attempted assassinations, the United States
failed to establish a consistent policy
for dealing with terrorism. For example,
when our ambassador to Brazil, Charles
Burke Elbrick, was kidnapped in 1969,
the U.S. put pressure on the Brazilian gov-
ernment to accede to the terrorists' de-
mand. The Brazilians complied and the
ambassador was released unharmed.... In
1973, eight Palestinians of the Black Sep-
tember Organization seized the Saudi Ara-
bian embassy in Khartoum, Sudan, and
captured five U.S. citizens including our
ambassador. Then President Richard Nix-
on, in an answer to a press conference ques-
tion, declared that the United States 'will
not pay blackmail.' The immediate result
was the slaughter of the hostages."
The Bureaucrat, Winter 1983-84
"According to the information provided
by antiterrorist specialists, we may expect
stepped-up -atttacks on American diplo-
mats and diplomatic facilities in the fu-
ture. Even as the United States takes steps
to safeguard its embassies, installing more
sophisticated surveillance and communi-
cations and tightening perimeter security,
terrorism has made a career in the Foreign
Service riskier than ever."
John B. Wolf in Worldview
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWS
29 April 1984
Playing embassy chess
It appears that Libya's
leader, Moammar Khadafy,
doesn't have enough to do in
the day-by-day governing of
his country.
In any case, Khadafy has taken
up several exciting hobbies. One is
attacking or otherwise alienating
other countries.
The French, Jordanian and U.S.
embassies in Tripoli have been at-
tacked and most recently the Brit-
ish Embassy has been subjected to
coercion.
The national territories of Chad,
Egypt and Sudan have been at-
tacked or threatened. Fourteen na-
tions have suspended normal rela-
tions with Libya since 1980.
Terrorism is another active pur-
suit of Khadafy's. About the same
time that he seized power by mili-
tary coup in Libya in 1969, interna-
tional terrorism was beginning to
bloom. Khadafy bankrolled several
major terrorist movements of both
right and left extremists.
Meanwhile, Khadafy retains the
initiative by pronouncing threats
that attain worldwide notice.
An example occurred last
month.
After Libyan aircraft attacked
Omdurman, Sudan, the United
States deployed two Air Force
AWACS airborne control aircraft to
Egypt. That was done at the re-
quest of the Sudanese and the
Egyptians to assist in defending
against further air attacks. Kha-
dafy then threatened to shoot down
the AWACS.
Last week, he announced a .new
program of expanded help to the
Irish Republican Army. That move
was related apparently to the re-
cent act of terrorism carried out
from the Libyan Embassy in Lon-
don. In turn, that caused the British
government to break relations with
Libya.
The British attempted to adhere
scrupulously to the norms of diplo-
matic behavior instead of breaking
into the Libyan Embassy and col-
laring the murderer.
The particular point of interna-
tional law involved Is called "extra-
territoriality." In simpler terms,
Glen W.
Martin
that is the immunity of foreign dip-
lomatic people and real estate from
specified local laws.
That principle has been evolving
for many centuries and most re-
cently was elaborated in the Vienna
Convention on Diplomatic Rela-
tions in 1963.
The British decision to conform
in this instance created a furor
within their own government. It
probably was a wise move, never-
theless, because Khadafy could re-
taliate against the British Embassy
in Tripoli, with or without a pre-
text.
Beyond the trading of embassies,
as rooks in a chess game, there is a
mass hostage possibility on both
sides. There are reported to be
about 4,000 Libyans in Britain and
8,000 Britons in Libya.
There are also some hundreds of
Americans remaining in Libya.
They have not been harassed since
the U.S.-Libyan diplomatic break a
few years ago. Those British decid-
ing to stay in Libya have that ex-
ample in mind.
Let us assume that those condi-
tions change - Khadafy does
have, and seems to enjoy, the repu-
tation of being unpredictable. Sup-
pose the British citizens are
abused. What next? Remember the
Falklands.
First, it would be disadvanta-
geous for Khadafy to withstand
world Quinion -by interfering with
an organized mass evacuation of
the British residing in Libya. So
evacuation is one possibility.
Second, however, British exper-
tise in the Libyan oil fields would
be missed, at least temporarily un-
til some other country with petro.
leum expertise stepped in.
If events take that turn, the Brit-
ish undoubtedly would make an ur-
gent plea for U.S. help. Remember
the Falklands. The main argument
could be based on the importance
of barring the way against Soviet
incursions in Libya.
That brings up another possibil-
ity. Khadafy, at any time, could be
in touch with Moscow to lay the
groundwork for Soviet technicians
to replace the British.
Egypt's Tate president, Anwar
Sadat, considered Khadafy to be a
madman. On the other hand, Kha-
dafy is quite aware no doubt that it
is just as dangerous (although
more difficult) to grab a bear by
the tail as it is a tiger. Letting go
can be perilous.
Even so, the fact that it took the
Kremlin one week to announce its
position on the British-Libyan con-
frontation shows the probability of
some Soviet-Libyan consultation.
British military action against
Libya would be handicapped by So-
viet support of Khadafy. The pres-
ence of 8,000 British subjects would
also constrain British military op-
erations.
In this column a little more than
two years ago, a lesson from the
Iranian hostage crisis was cited:
"To avoid or reduce the likeli-
hood of losing American citizens to
hostile capture and thereby pre-
serve U.S. freedom of action, an
evacuation of Americans from a
foreign country (Libya) should be
carried out expeditiously...."
That is a lesson the British
should ponder today.
Libya has the smallest military
establishment of any nation along
the North African coast, except for
Tunisia.
Why then, Khadafy's continuous
pushing, adventuring and threaten-
ing?
He has three aces up his sleeve.
Militarily, he has the largest com-
bat air force among those nations.
Economically, he has the basis
for profitable international trade,
i.e., products to export and money
to buy imports.
Politically, he has ? honed terror-
ism into a feared international
weapon of blackmail and deter-
rence.
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
U.5.ON ALE
IRAN TERRO,
By NILES LATHEM
and URI DAN
THE U.S. was on the
alert today for a new
wave of Iranian terror-
ist attacks on American
military and diplomatic
installations in the Mid-
dle East.
White House sources
said the Iranians may
unleash another cam-
paign.of hit-run violence
to keep the U.S. out of
the Persian Gulf war
that continues to men-
ace vital oil shipping
lanes to the west.
The Iranian' govern=
ment-controlled news-
paper Keyhan yester-
day warned President
Reagan that "the only
thing he would be able
to offer the voters" by
intervening "would be
the corpses of American
soldiers."
The paper also urged
Iran's air force to bomb
power stations in Ku-
wait and Saudi Arabia
to force them to stop
supporting Iraq.
These - threats
prompted Reagan to ask
King Fahd of Saudi Ara-
bia to let U.S. Warplanes
use airfields In his coun-
try if necessary.
U.S. and Israeli intelli-
gence sources told The
Post last night such
preparations were nec-
port facilities on the
Persian Gulf was de-
stroyed by Iran.
One Mideast expert
told The Post last night
that there is deep con-
cern in the White House
that Iranian pilots may
begin attacking the
Saudi oil facilities in
Ras Tanura.
Officials say that the
air defense system there
"leaves much to be de-
sired-and that it would
take an Iranian pilot
only ten minutes to
reach targets on the
Persian Gulf coast.
As fears of an escalat-
ing confrontation grew,
essary because Iran
may launch a seriesof
kamikaze attacks
against Americans.
The sources predicted
Iran wants to create an-
other Lebanon crisis to
prevent the U.S. from
stepping into the Gulf
war.,
American military in-
stallations in the area
are on top alert status,
sources said.
. U.S. and Israeli intelli-
gence officials also fear
that unless tensions ease
soon. Iran may escalate
its Persian Gulf attacks
to include Saudi and
Kuwaiti oil facilities.
Saudi Arabia and "Ku-
wait are backing Iraq in
the war and have helped
the, Iraqis ship their oil
after one of its major
22 May 1984 Pg.
Reagan sent an urgent
letter to F#hd, urging
him to allow the U.S. Air
Force to use Saudi air
bases.
Officials said a deci-
sion has been made by
the National Security
Council to approve
plans to send in as many
as 150 F-15 fighters to a
major air base near
Dhahran, the oil center
of Eastern Saudi Ara-
bia, if the Iran-Iraq war
continues to spread.
The planes would be
flown by American
pilots who would have
T FO
WA
Gulf if they refuse to
heed warnings,to turn
away, sources told The
Post last night.
Senior U.S. officals
said that the White
House made its first
offer of assistance to
Saudi Arabia about four
months ago.
But the Saudi royal
family has repeatedly
refused to let the U.S.
use its bases because of
the anti-American senti-
ment in the Arab world.
The Saudis fear that
an overt U.S. presence In
the area would inflame
the numerous Shiite
Moslem communities.
NEW YORK POST 28 May 1984 Pg. 4
Similar fears have
been expressed in other
Persian Gulf states
which have large Shiite
and Palestinian com-
munities..
The Saudi government
declared over the week.
end that its air force
would handle any esea-
laton of Iranian attacks.
But Israeli and U.S.
military analysts be-
lieve that the Saudi air
force, for all its sophisti-
cated equipment, is no
match for Iran's fa-
natical pilots, who are
battle-trained and also
use sophisticated U.S.
equipment.
BRITS. Boor
KHOMEINI
HIT SQUAD
BRITAIN has kicked out
four men believed to be
members of an Iranian
hit squad under orders
to kill opponents of the
Ayatollah Ruhollah
Khomeini.
Scotland Yard was,
tipped off about the
killer team - an Ira-
nian, a Moroccan and
two Algerians - by a
high-ranking Iranian
naval officer who
wanted to defect.'
"The men were de-
ported after the Home
Secretary was satisfied
that they were involved
in preparing acts of ter-
rorism and that their
presence here was not
conducive to the public
good," the Sunday
Times quoted a Home
Office spokesman as
saying.
Post Foreign Desk
No direct government
comment was available
immediately.
"Four men suspected
of being members of an
Iranian hit squad have
been deported from
Britain," the report said.
"It is believed that they
had been ordered to kill
anti-Khomeini dissi-
dents in London."
The Times said All
Ghorbani Far, an Ira-
nian, and Abdel Majed
Chraibi, a Morrocan
with French identity
papers, were deported to
France on May 17.
On May 18, two Alge-
rians, Abdel Liad Djaffar
and Hafid Regradj, were
deported to Algeria.
The Sunday Times
said Col. Vahab Zade-
gan, head of the naval
section at the Iranian
embassy in London, con-
tacted British intelli-
gence about the alleged
hit men In February.
Zadegan stayed on the
job until three weeks
ago and now has asked
the Home Office for
British residence, the
paper said.
"I am a nationalist, and
although I think the coun-
try [Iran] needs our help,
there is a time when you
cannot safeguard your
country by sacrificing
yourself," The Sunday
Times quoted Zadegan as
saying.
..It Is better to stay
alive and follow your
conscience."
39
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 Approved
WASHINGTON POST
19 May 1984 Pg. 4
Libyan Allegedly
Sought Hit Man
From FBI Agent
By Joe Pichirallo
Washington Post Staff Writer
A Libyan student arrested last
week on charges of purchasing pis-
tols equipped with illegal silencers
asked an undercover FBI agent to
supply professional hit men to "elim-
inate defectors," a federal prosecutor
said in court yesterday.
Assistant U.S. Attorney Carol
Amon also said that Bashir Ali
Baesho, 36, a University of Mary-
land graduate student, had been im-
plicated in efforts by Libyan govern-
ment officials to purchase parts for
C130 military cargo planes and had.
apparently been a middleman in an
attempt by Libya to buy 30,000 ma-
chine guns.
Amon said FBI agents found
copies of a C130 parts list last week
in Baesho's car and in the apartment
of Mathi Hitewesh, who was arrested
with Baesho. Amon also said Baesho
told an undercover FBI agent that
"he was interested in eliminating'
defectors and asked [the agent] if he
could do a hit in Britain."
Baesho and Hitewesh, 37, a Lib-
yan graduate student at the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, were arrested
on charges of participating in a plot
to purchase three .45-cal. pistols
equipped with silencers from an FBI
agent posing as an illegal arms deal-
er.
Baesho and Hitewesh pleaded not
guilty to weapons-related charges
yesterday in federal court in Brook-
lyn and were being held under a $10
million bond each.
Richard C. Shadyac, a Libyan
government attorney, said in an in-
terview that Baesho and Hitewesh
were charged only with weapons vi-
olations and that any other govern-
ment claims about their alleged ac-
tivities were "unsubstantiated."
Hitewesh, who has been in this
country since 1980, is a member of
the Libyan military, and the Libyan
EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
WASHINGTON TIMES 1 JUNE 1984 Pg.6
Terrorism controls endorsed
MADRID - European justice ministers yesterday
backed a proposal by Britain for action against for-
eign diplomats who abuse their diplomatic immunity
and take part in terrorist activities in host countries.
The proposal was included in a general resolution
calling for cooperation against terrorism and orga-
nized crime that was approved by the ministers at the
end of a conference in Madrid organized by the 21-
nation Council of Europe. It recommended setting up
an ad hoc commission to urgently study the
problems of terrorism and organized crime.
Britain's Home Secretary Leon Brittan had specifi-
cally urged European nations to bar diplomats
expelled from other countries for links with terror-
ism.
NEW YORK NEWS
19 May 1984 Pg. 6
Can't close
borders to
Libyans: U.S.
By JOSEPH VOLZ
and BARBARA REHM
the United-States."
Officially, 1,722 Libyans, mostly stu-
dents, were given visas to enter this
country last year.
U.S.. intelligence reports in the past
have claimed that Col.. Moammar Kha-
dafy was sending hit squads to this
country to kill American officials.
The FBI has not been able to pin
down the reports, and there have been
no attacks on American officials by
Libyans.
An. - FBI official said that because
Libya "has been identified as a state
that sponsors and utilizes terrorism the
FBI actively has been investigating
terrorist activities by Libyan-spon-
sored groups and will continue efforts
to discover these activities:."
Washington (News Bureau)-De-
spite Libya's announcement that it
would set up suicide squads to kill
Libyan. dissidents overseas, the State
Department. said yesterday it was.not
possible at= present to' close U.S. bor-
ders-to all Libyans. '
One official stressed that Libyan
visa applications to travel to the Unit-
ed"States were examined "very close-
ly," but added:
"Those who qualify are getting
them. We are trying to be as prudent as
pbssible,. but- pretty significant num-
bers of. Libyans are 'still coming into
government is prepared to post his
bail, Amoh said.
In another development yester-
day, the State Department con-
demned threats by the Libyan gov-
ernment Thursday that suicide
squads were being created to hunt
down and kill Libyan dissidents
abroad.
The U.S. government will "deal
vigorously" with any such acts in this,
country, a department spokesman
said.
ACCORDING To the official Libyan
press. agency,,IANA, the Libyan gov-,
ernment 'is setting up hit squads to kill
dissidents overseas, presumably in-
cluding the United States and Western.
Europe.
The masses have decided to form
suicide commandos to chase traitors,,
fugitivesandst ay dogs wvherever:they'
are and liggldate them physically and
without any hesitation," a dispatch
from, Tripoli said.
In an unusually strong response,.
the State Department Warned that the
United Stites. "is' prepared"to deal
vigorously with any such acts in the
The pin tb eliminate' opposition tff"
Ifhadafy followed last week's abortive
upr i w~} .. a reed gueririllais
fought' th Zibyan trogps rn an'appa;
eat atte t ssa;;sinat r l~hac~afy
Tik poll
`STATE DEPARTMENT spokesmani
John Hu hes called the
threats "another ;indication that Kh A rs
prepared`to use terrorism';as an tru
me y aqi cyx Khaiafv has a;-
loii uI{ - g ENV
intie ,' y,
Carney
internal
40
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
STREET JOURNAL 11 MAY 1984 " Pg. 30
Qadhafi's Not Always to Blame
By JERROLD D. GREEN
And AUGUSTUS RICHARD NORTON
By attempting to demonize Muammar
Qadhafi are we not running the risk of
canonizing him? Without a doubt, Col. Qa-
dhafi, the unguided missile of the Middle
East, is an attractive devil. His record is
replete with involvement in international
terrorism, anti-U.S. agitation, and gross
disregard for the norms of acceptable be-
havior. His current outrage in London is
only the most recent example of Libya's
tendency to trample on the inviolable stan-
dards of accepted international diplomatic
practice.
Yet to allow the form and flavor of Col.
Qadhafi's actions to obscure their content
has proven to be a dangerous and self-de-
ceiving pitfall. Mr. Qadhafi may be a bad
actor, but he is a "normal" political actor
all the same. His goals are rational and
self-evident-the pursuit of the Libyan na-
tional interest at the expense of those
whom he views as his competitors. Given
Libya's splendid isolation, the list of these
competitors is very long indeed. The obvi-
ous ones include Saudi Arabia, Jordan,
Iraq and Libya's immediate neighbors on
all sides-Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Algeria,
Niger and Chad.
But rather than directly challenging for-
midable states like Egypt, for example,
Col. Qadhafi astutely prefers to mount
challenges by proxy. To bomb Khartoum is
to indirectly bomb Cairo. But why pick on
the Sudan? Unlike many in Washington
who still attribute Middle East dust storms
to computers in Moscow, the colonel recog-
nizes the challenges confronted by Gaafar
el Nimeiri in his own backyard. Mr. Qad-
hafi does not create turmoil, he exploits it.
Sudan is a country rife with ethnic and re-
ligious cleavages-the north, largely Mus-
lim, and the south, predominately black
African and animist, subsist in an environ-
ment of active hostility and mistrust. Col.
Qadhafi's intervention may exacerbate the
existing situation, but it also threatens to
mask the very real contradictions that
plague the Sudan and countries like it in
the Third World. While the visitor to Khar-
toum is regaled with tales of Col. Qadhafi's
barbarous challenge to Sudanese sover-
eignty, this sovereignty is being much
more seriously eroded by the Sudanese
themselves.
Although the road to Omdurman is lit-
tered with sightseers eager to witness
bomb craters emplaced by a Libyan jet,
the South continues to fester and Islamici-
zation is blithely pursued. An Islamic pe-
nal code will not bring an end to insurrec-
tion in the South, nor will curtailment of
Libyan adventures. Rather, the situation
demands the same type of resolution that
has eluded the hapless Lebanese. Ethnic
problems are political. They are elusive
and frustrating. Looking for Libyan MiGs
is far easier than sharing political power.
But the stakes for which Gaafar el Nimeiri
is playing demand genuine concessions
mnd negotiations rather than demon-mon-
;ering and mythologizing. In a perverse
fort of way, Mr. Qadhafi may have done
he West a favor by highlighting a tenuous
situation in the Sudan that will not go
away. The tragedy is that we may be so
incensed by the activities of this North Af-
rican colonel that we end up perceiving the
region in his terms rather than in a context
that realistically reflects the situation on
the ground.
Mr. Qadhafi's actions cannot be ig-
nored. Given the will, there are remedies
for the "Libyan problem," ranging from
heightening the country's diplomatic ana
political isolation to curtailing purchases of
Libyan oil and restricting sales of irre-
placeable oil-extraction equipment. How-
ever, Col. Qadhafi's penchant for exploit-
ing existing social and political problems
should not so infuriate us that they make
Libya one of the centerpieces of American
foreign policy. This fear seems reasonably
realistic given the born-again prominence
of terrorism in U.S. foreign policy formula-
tion. That terrorism is never far from the
utterances of policy makers in Washington
reveals a sad tendency to substitute pot-
)oiler plots for the real world that is much
nore complicated than the terror-czar sce-
narios that seem to proliferate during elec.
toral campaigns.
Terrorism is a significant international
problem. But to elevate it to a position in
which it is a primary determinant of our
foreign policy benefits terrorists as much
as those who rail against them. At a time
when the American image in the Middle
East is a source of derision and even con.
tempt, it is doubly important that our pol-
icy reveals an interest in real problems
and concerns rather than chimerical ones.
Genuine problems like the plight of the
Palestinian people, the future of Lebanon,
the viability of Israel, the stability of Jor-
dan, the Gulf war and Afghanistan deserve
at least as much attention as the deadly
mischief of the isolated Muammar Qad-
hafi.
Messrs. Green and Norton are political
scientists at the University of Michigan
and the U.S. Military Academy, respec-
tively. Mr. Green recently returned from a
visit to the Sudan. The opinions expressed
are solely their own.
MANCHESTER GUARDIAN 13 May 1984
Libyan threat to,
British expats
By our Diplomatic Staff
A LIBYAN newspaper, Green after it had crossed the frontier into
March, organ of the country's revolu-
tionary committee, this,week threat-
ened violent reprisals against British
people in Libya if the British au-
thQrities did not release a number of
Libyan students being held in Lon-
don and Manchester on charges of
being involved in bomb attacks in
Britain against anti-Gadafy Libyans.
At the same time the official news
agency said that a terrorist gang
which it claimed had British Govern-
ment backing had been intercepted
the gang were said to have been
captured and one killed.,
Green March is normally more
hectic in tone than the other official
newspapers in Libya but the fact
that its pronouncements were given
international publicity by the official
news agency, Jana, seems to indicate
a hardening of position by Colonel
Gadafy, who at the time of-.the
Libyan Embassy siege in London
promised that the 8,000 British
people now in Libya would be
completely safe.
The newspaper said that "If Brit-
ish courts bring false charges against
Libyan students and tourists and
imprison them, it will make the
revolutionary committees react vio-
lently against English people resi-
dent in the Jamahiriya. If Libyan
tourists and students studying in
Britain are not released, the British
Government will bear responsibility
for any act the revolutionary com-
mittees carry out against the
English."
Armed police guarded Manchester
magistrates' court last week when
three Libyans were remanded on
bombing charges and there were
similar precautions at Lambeth
CONTINUED NEXT PAGE
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
WALL STREET JOURNAL 17 May 1984 Pg. 35
Libya May Resume Killings of Dissidents Overseas
By YOUSSEF M. IBRAHIM
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
TRIPOLI, Libya-Libya is threatening
to revive death-squad activity against dis-
sidents living in Western Europe and the
U.S., a prospect that is causing alarm
among Western diplomats and business ex-
ecutives here.
In announcements broadcast over state-
run radio and television over the past three
days, the Libyan government said it is pre-
paring to recruit and train assassination
teams to eliminate all opposition to the re-
gime of Libyan leader Muammar Qad-
hafi.
The resumption of such suicide squads,
after a three-year lull in attacks against
dissidents abroad,
appears to be aimed
partly at avenging
last week's fighting
between 20 armed
dissidents and Lib-
yan security forces
here in the Libyan
capital. The fighting
open rebellion in %,
since it came to Muammar Qadhafi
power 15 years ago.
Libya's determination to resume death-
squad activity abroad threatens to worsen
an already difficult relationship with West-
ern governments doing business here.
Many West European nations continue to
resist calls by the Reagan administration
for a political and economic boycott of
Libya.
The U.S. itself may be vulnerable be-
cause, despite its boycott on Libyan oil im-
ports, American companies still produce
and market half of Libya's crude-oil out-
put, estimated at 1.1 million barrels a day.
In addition, European diplomats say there
are nearly 1,000 Americans living in Libya,
despite a Reagan administration ban on
travel there.
Libya has in the past resorted to the ar-
bitrary arrest of business executives living
here to force the release of Libyans ar-
rested abroad. This campaign of intimida-
tion is widely expected to be revived if
death-squad activity resumes and some of
the assassins are arrested overseas.
By all accounts, the severe reaction of
the Libyan government to last week's
fighting here is the most virulent cam-
paign in years against opponents of the
Qadhafi regime. Diplomats here believe
that the government fully intends to liqui-
date all opposition, including dissidents
who live in places such as Egypt and Su-
dan. The Libyan media also is openly call-
ing for the overthrow of Sudan's president,
Gaafarel Nimeiri, whom Libya accuses of
having helped train the dissidents involved
in last week's fighting in Tripoli.
Internal Opposition
U.S. officials in Washington said that
the fighting underscored what they consid-
ered to be growing internal opposition to
Col. Qadhafi. At the same time, Britain's
decision to sever diplomatic relations af-
ter a British policewoman was killed out-
side the Libyan Embassy in London indi-
cates Tripoli's increasing political isola-
tion.
Yet Col. Qadhafi apparently isn't wor-
ried that Libya's image abroad might be
tarnished further by the revival of death
squads. "I don't think he cares at all about
world opinion," one Western diplomat here
said. "This is an armed challenge. (Last
week's fighting) has had too much atten-
tion here in Tripoli and he cannot let it go
at that."
Col. Qadhafi also doesn't appear to be
concerned that Western companies will
pull out of the country.
Western European executives continue
to populate Tripoli hotels because of lucra-
tive business opportunities here. Although
the country's oil revenue has plunged 50%
since 1980 because of the world oil glut and
lower production, Libya still has about $10
billion in revenue a year from oil. That is
more than enough to trigger competition
among Europeans to sell goods to this
country. Despite official antagonism to-
ward the West, Libya has shown a distinct
preference for buying Western goods and
food.
West European diplomats here said
they prefer to maintain relations with
Libya as long as possible. "We don't want
to push them to the edge as long as we can
help it," one ambassador said. He added
that unless there is flagrant resumption of
killing Libyans living in his country, his
government isn't prepared to heed the
Reagan administration's call for an eco-
nomic boycott.
"The Americans should practice what
they preach first," the ambassador said,
referring to the continued presence of
some U.S. oil companies here, including
Occidental Petroleum Co. of Los Angeles
and Marathon Oil Co., a unit of Pittsburgh-
based U.S. Steel Corp. Both Exxon Corp.
and Mobil Corp. have pulled out of Libya
in the past 2% years, although Mobil still is
attempting to obtain compensation for its
operations in the country from the Libyan
government.
Libya appears to be making a broader
more determined effort to train assassina-
tion squads than it did in 1980 and 1981,
when dozens of Libyan dissidents were
shot to death on the streets of London,
Rome, Paris and other European capitals.
Government broadcasts here described the
formation of "suicide incubators" to re-
cruit and train volunteers willing to die in
order to "exterminate the enemies of the
revolution abroad and confirm that Britain
and America will never be able to protect
(dissidents)."
Such suicide tactics have been used by
Iran and Syria, most notably in Beirut and
Kuwait last year.
Mobilizing .Support
Public support in Libya for the death
squads has been mobilized through so-
called peoples congresses, which have
been held throughout the country to adopt
resolutions calling for the elimination of
Libyan dissidents abroad. The campaign
has reached such a frenzy that most nor-
mal activity has stopped-many markets
and other businesses have been closed-so
Libyans can attend the congresses.
The government also has launched a
media campaign detailing the alleged con-
spiracy that led to the fighting between
dissidents and government forces last
week. Libyan officials asserted that the 20
dissidents were funded and trained by the
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and Brit-
ish security forces with the connivence of
Egypt, Sudan and "Arab reactionary re-
gimes" to destabilize Libya with a cam-
paign of bombing and armed assaults.
The alleged plot reportedly was uncov-
ered when three infiltrators were caught at
the Libyan-Tunisia border on May 6. One
of them confessed that they were supposed
to link up with a group of armed men holed
up in an apartment building in central
Tripoli. Security forces then raided the
building, and at least 12 of the dissidents
were killed.
LIBYAN THREAT...
Continued
when two others were remanded on
charges of conspiracy to cause
explosions.
Two British people are already in
detention in Libya. No charges have
yet been brought against Mr Douglas
Leddingham, British Caledonian's
manager in Tripoli, and Mr John
Campbell, who works for an oil
company.
Scotland Yard 'is believed to be
close to naming the person suspected
of killing WPC Yvonne Fletcher, who
was shot from the Libyan People's
Bureau in London. Commander Bill
Hucklesby, head of the anti-terrorist
branch, was reported to be confident
that he would soon have enough
evidence to name the killer.
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER 28 May 1984 Pg. 5
Americans in Beirut threatened
rrOm Inquirer Wire Services
.BEIRUT, Lebanon - More gguards
were posted at the American Univerr,
airy here as foreign teachers and U.S.
Embassy workers were warned about
a kidnapping threat from a funda-
.mentalist Muslim Shiite group,
sources said yesterday.
In eastern .Lebanon,. three Israeli
soldiers were killed and two were
wounded in an ambush of their vehi-
cle near the Syrian-Lebanese border.
The Israeli military command in Tel
Aviv said the killers fired machine
guns and rocket-propelled grenades
as the patrol approached the village
of Kamed el-Loz. The deaths brought
to 14 the number of Israeli soldiers
killed in Lebanon this year..
The threat to American University
faculty members came from an Irani-
an-allied.group called Hezbollah, or
Party of God, and. was transmitted
from intelligence sources to the U.S.
Embassy, according to university
sources who asked not to be identi-
fied.
One said the communique from the
embassy indicated that the kidnap
operation was to be carried out by
guerrillas,' some with explosives
wrapped around themselves, and "in
case these elements are hit by fire,
they and the'people they have kid-
napped will be killed by the.explo-
sion."
About 50. Americans and other
Westerners are employed at the uni?
versity.
U.S. Embassy spokesman John
Stewart said, ' I can confirm that
there was an intelligence report that
there was some. sort of threat"
against American University teach-
ers "and other Americans."
Although no increased security ar-
rangements were noted at, the U.S.
Embassy, which is already guarded
by. 100 Marines, a professor said extra
guards were posted at faculty hous-
ing units on the American Universi-
ty campus.
He said that the embassy communi-
que said the kidnap operation was to
coincide with an "occasion of cele-
bration" and that faculty members
were advised against attending the
university's annual "field day" of
athletic contests on campus yester-
day.
The threat to Americans in Beirut
came at a time when many were
already concerned about security in
the mostly Muslim. western sector of
the city. Since the area was taken
over by Muslim militias on Feb. 6,
four Americans have been kid-
napped.
Only American University engi-
neering professor Frank Regier has
been released. Still missing are Jer-
emy Levin, Beirut bureau chief for
Cable News Network; William Buck.
ley, a political officer at the embassy,
and the Rev. Benjamin Thomas Weir,
a Presbyterian minister.
Responsibility for the kidnappings
was claimed by Islamic Jihad, a shad-
owy Shiite Muslim movement that is
believed to have ties to Iran.
Hezbollah, with headquarters in
the Bekaa Valley in eastern Lebanon,
supports Iran's spiritual leader, Aya-
tollah Ruhollah Khomeini, and has
militia units stationed along the
Green Line, which separates the
Muslim and Christian sections of
Beirut.
The ambush of Israeli troops, con-
firmed by the Israeli army, occurred
early yesterday near ,the Israeli-Syri-
an cease-fire line in the Bekaa Val-
ley.
Three soldiers were killed and two
were wounded in the attack. It took
place in a region in which Israeli and
Syrian occupation, troops are posi-
tioned less than a mile apart.
The soldiers were traveling in two
Jeeps when they were attacked south
of the town of Kamed el-Loz, 20 miles
southeast of Beirut, an Israeli gov-
ernment spokesman said in Tel Aviv.
Israeli forces occupying southern
Lebanon have come under repeated
attack since their invasion in June
1982 to drive Palestinian guerrillas
from Israel's northern border. Syria
has occupied northern and eastern
Lebanon since putting down the
1975-1976 Muslim-Christian civil war.
Yesterday's deaths' brought to 14
the number of Israelis killed in Leba-
non this year and to 580 the number
killed since June 1982.
OMAHA WORLD HERALD 16 May 1984
cep
?1984 Copler N, . S. .
90E
43
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
R.O.A. NATIONAL SECURITY REPORT May 1984
The Ten Lessons of Lebanon
I n assessing U.S. involvement in
Lebanon the true significance is being
obscured by the political turmoil sur-
rounding the withdrawal of our Marines
from Beirut.
Stripped of political demagogy,
Lebanon is a classic example of what a re-
cent Pentagon study called warfare "on
the cheap." There are at least 10 lessons
to be learned from the Lebanese ex-
perience:
1. The slaughter of our Marines in
Beirut is directly attributable to our
underestimation of international
terrorism. Terrorism is not an abberation
but "a new kind of warfare." Most ter-
rorist attacks are planned, financed and
coordinated by communist and Islamic
governments as an instrument of national
policy. The new strain of terrorism is no
longer random, but carefully or-
chestrated. The Kamikaze-type assaults
demonstrated that the attackers worked
from detailed operational and intelligence
plans.
2. For the Soviet Union terrorism is a
low-risk operation that holds greater
promise of accomplishing their goal of
world domination than direct confronta-
tion. Syria has become a Soviet surrogate
and has apparently chosen the same path
as Cuba did 15 years ago. The Soviet
Union and radical Arab states have no in-
terest in a unified Lebanon unless that
country is under their complete domina-
tion. The ultimate outcome of this policy
is fragmentation and division. The
slaughter in Lebanon will not only con-
tinue but accelerate. The Christian
population is in mortal danger and is
already furning to Israel for protection.
3. Moderate Arab states do not dare to
Dome to an accommodation with Israel.
Professor 0. Rechtschaffen
is professor and Chairman of
the Public Justice Depart-
ment at St. Mary's Univer-
Associate Professor of
Political Science at the Air
Force Academy when he
retired after 23 years in the
Air Force. This is his second
article for this report. He
wrote on terrorism in the last
issue.
Pages 11,12
President Sadat of Eygpt was gunned
down. Jordan's King Hussein has been
repeatedly threatened with assassination
and war. Even Arafat has become a target
because Islamic radicals consider him
"too moderate." Terrorists have failed to
destroy Israel but have succeeded in im-
posing a reign of terror over the entire
Arab world.
Dr. Helms of the Brookings Institute
correctly points out that "the greatest fear
of the moderate Arab leaders is not that
Iran will attack the oil fields with
airplanes but that the Ayatollah Khomeini
will undermine their political legitimacy."
Radical countries such as Iran, Iraq,
Syria and Libya are intent at spreading
their particular strain of Islamic
extremism with fire and sword over the
entire region. The perception that these
countries could be persuaded to pursue
policies of moderation is wishful thinking
and dangerously illusionary.
4. Terrorism can be defeated as the
Israeli pre-emptive strike of 1982 clearly
demonstrated. As a result, the world's
most violent terrorist group, the PLO, is
in disarray. Unfortunately, misguided
Western nations in coordination with
leftist-oriented and communist govern-
ments coerced Israel into abandoning its
imminent victory over Soviet-supported
and Syrian-directed terrorism in Lebanon.
The lack of support for a country that was
CONTINUED NEXT PAGE
44
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
TEN LESSONS OF LEBANON... Continued
American medical students greeted 82nd
Airborne sergeant with relief when troop
landed at Grenada to topple Soviet-backed
regime. Courtesy of Department of Defense
Still Photo Collection.
willing to sacrifice its soldiers to eradicate
the spectre of international terrorism in
Lebanon resulted in the dispatch of U.S.
Marines, with tragic results.
In an open letter to President Reagan
(The New York Times, February 27, 1983)
more than 130 retired generals and
admirals correctly noted that ". . . Israeli
ports and bases would be open instantly to
U.S. forces in the event of a serious
strategic threat to the Middle East. Israel
constitutes the only U.S. ally capable of
immediate parry to a serious thrust
against free world interests in this theater.
And, Israel's continued sharing of vital in-
telligence on Soviet operations constitutes
the other essential element of U.S. securi-
ty in the Middle East."
5. Terrorist tactics, as employed in
Lebanon, permit radical countries to
attack the free world in a manner if done
overtly, would ordinarily constitute war
and justify a military response under
international law. As a result the U.S.
must be prepared and willing to retaliate
by bombing vital targets of nations in-
volved in organizing terrorist outrages.
According to Washington sources the Ad-
ministration is now asking the Joint
Chiefs of Staff to find military answers to
terrorist attacks.
6. If the Beirut attacks are any indica-
tion, terrorists will be employing more
lethal weapons in the future inflicting
heavy casualties and causing massive
destruction. A recent Pentagon study
correctly points out that combating
terrorism "requires an active policy. A
reactive policy only forfeits the initiative
to the terrorists." No precautions,
regardless how elaborate, can assure com-
plete safety if terrorists are willing to die
for their cause. The best we can hope for
is to reduce the potential destructiveness
of terrorism.
A victim of terrorist kidnapping, Brigadier Genera! James L. Dozier displays newspaper
announcing his release by Italian forces. Courtesy Department of Defense Still Photo
Collection.
7. Our experience in Lebanon is a dire
warning that the U.S. must adopt new
strategies and tactics to fight terrorism.
The pre-emptive strike in Grenada and
our support of counter-insurgency forces
in Cental America, Southeast Asia and
Africa are the beginning of a long overdue
change in U.S. policy.
8. The aborted Iranian rescue mission
and the debacle in Lebanon also raise
serious questions about the ability of the
United States to conduct successful
military missions. U.S. News and World
Report (Feb 27, 1984) charges that "a
confusing command structure . . .
sometimes leaves everyone and no one
responsible for the success or failure of a
military operation." Newsweek (Feb 27,
1984) raises disturbing questions about the
"absence of decision making" in
Washington.
The United States must:
? Prepare "U.S. military forces to
defend against and counter terrorism."
(Pentagon Study, Dec. 1983)
? Streamline the military command
structure.
? Increase the authority of the chair-
man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in order
to reduce and eventually eliminate in-
terservice rivalries in combat situations.
? Provide for a more integrated in-
telligence service.
9. Events since World War 11 - in
China, Korea, Vietnam and now Lebanon
- clearly demonstrate that American
military intervention will fail unless two
basic conditions prevail:
? The clear and unquivocal support
of Congress and the American people.
? A total commitment by the people of
the countries under attack. We cannot
and should not commit U.S. military per-
sonnel to fight the battles of other people
who themselves are unwilling to make
sacrifices and carry the major burden of
such conflicts.
The only exceptions would be in cases
where vital U.S. security interests are at
stake.
10. A major terrorist objective is to
create an atmosphere of chaos, confusion
and fear. Regardless how intense and
ruthless terrorism becomes, we must not
panic. If we do, terrorists will have
accomplished one of their major goals. In
many ways terrorists are weak and
vulnerable. Their defeats far outnumber
their victories. Many groups like the Red
Brigades, Baader-Meinhof, Turkish
terrorists, the PLO and others have been
weakened or neutralized. Terrorism
cannot destroy a powerful nation like the
U.S., but it may cause mass paranoia and
give rise to a siege mentality. The success
or failure of terrorism will be largely
determined by the willingness of the free
world to confront and combat it. A policy
of appeasement, as events in Lebanon
clearly demonstrated, will give impetus to
an acceleration of terrorism on world-
wide basis. ^
45
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
Middle East Policy Survey
a confidential biweekly report from Washington and the Middle East
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April 20, 1984
No. 102
MOVING AGAINST IRAN
Two recent National Security Decision Directives (NSDD) signed by President Reagan
are seen as preparing the groundwork for a more confrontational US stance against Iran.
NSDD 138, which underscores the Administration's renewed concern about "state supported"
international terrorism is aimed at the two major practitioners of it, Iran and Libya,
according to senior Administration officials. While Libya's role in international
terrorism continues to be a source of major concern - as evidenced again this week by
events in London - it is potential Iranian direct and indirect aggression in the Gulf
arena that is of far greater concern to Administration policymakers.
Administration officials insist that NSDD 138 provides only an outline for a long-
term effort aimed at confronting the growing terrorism problem. As such, they argue
it should be viewed as separate and apart from attempts to counter Iranian military
moves in the Gulf. However, they admit since Iran looms large in both NSDD's, it is
a natural focal point of both. For example, the other earlier NSDD, which provides
the basis for enhanced US cooperation with Gulf states, contains specific reference
to the Administration's new anti-terrorist posture.
Moreover, it is the specter of possible military action against Iran that has
caused a number of State and Defense Department officials to dissent from both NSDDs.
"McFarlane and his people at the NSC are motivated by a desire for revenge against
Iran," claims one State Department insider. Another argues, "They [the NSC] are
looking for an excuse to take military action against Iran." In fact, according to
aides close to George Shultz, the Secretary of State firmly sides with McFarlane in
the latter's "get tough" approach with Iranian-backed terrorism. "I have no doubt that
if Iran launched a terrorist attack against a US facility, both Shultz and McFarlane
would recommend a military response," says one Shultz aide.
This aide traces Shultz' "profound change in attitude" to last April's terrorist
bombing of the US embassy in Beirut. It was this attack more than the October bombing
of Marine headquarters that affected Shultz' outlook. However, Shultz was further
motivated when the French responded to the simultaneous attack on their military post
in Beirut while the US did nothing.
To drive the point home within the State Department, Shultz had Ambassador Robert
M. Sayre, Director of the Office for Combatting Terrorism, lecture a recent senior staff
meeting on the perils of state supported terrorism. At the same time, key State aides
began receiving daily terrorism reports which, according to Department insiders, mark
the first time US intelligence on world-wide terrorism has been brought together in
one. place for their information. [Recent reports showing a direct link between Libyan
strongman Qaddafy and a series of terrorist attacks in Britain have caused some State
Department officials to question why London had not taken preemptive steps that could
have averted this week's siege.]
Not surprisingly, these reports show preponderance of Middle East based terrorism.
According to informed sources, recent reports have begun to relay information on terrorist
training centers in Iran. This has buttressed the view already held by some State
Department officials that a direct military response to an Iranian terrorist attack
has become more likely.
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SPECIAL EDITION -- TERRORISM -- 26 JUNE 1984
LOS ANGELES TIMES 24 May 1984 Pg. 1
25 Indicted in Israeli Probe
of Jewish Terrorist Group
By NORMAN KEMPSTER, Times Staff Writer
JERUSALEM-Twenty-five Is-
raelis were indicted Wednesday on
charges of murder, attempted mur-
der, conspiracy to destroy religious
shrines and a variety of lesser
crimes resulting from a four-year
campaign to terrorize and intimi-
date Arabs.
The national prosecutor's office
filed the charges 27 days after police
made their first arrests of members
of a. Jewish underground that oper-
ated primarily in the Israeli-occu-
pied West Bank of the Jordan River.
Six of the suspects were accused
of first-degree murder, which car-
ries a maximum penalty of life in
prison here. All 25 were charged
with belonging to a "terrorist or-
ganization, an offense usually in-
voked by Israeli authorities against
Arabs belonging to the Palestine
Liberation Organization.
The Jerusalem magistrate who
presided over the indictments re-
fused to lift a court order prohibiting
publication of the names of the
suspects. However, the group is
known to include several prominent
West Bank settlers and at least a
few, high-ranking officers in the
Israeli army reserve. `
-Rabbi Moshe Levinger, a leader
of the 17-year campaign for Jewish
settlement in the once all-Arab
1 Eest Bank city of Hebron, has been jailed since May 13
. q? n' .. ? ... - . __ _ _ _
-.-
off. k
i f
tigat
I was n
nown
ninal acts with the aim of inflicting revenge on the
population and frightening it."
4he case has. touched off a bitter debate in Israel. Most
, vnment officials and many Jewish settlement
lrs have condemned the actions of the under-
nd. But other Israelis, including a deputy Speaker of
Knesset (Parliament) have argued that Jewish
,ke on Arabs are a proper response to PLO-spon
s4e1'~d terrorist assaults on Jews.
least some of the accused have announced plans to
i for the Knesset in the July 23 elections on a ticket
ded "The Underground" as a ,test of public sentiment.
I%w technique is reminiscent of one used frequently by
tap Irish Republican Army' in Northern . Ireland.
The murder charges resulted from a submachine-gun
and hand-grenade attack last summer on the campus of
the Islamic College in Hebron in which three students
were killed outright and 33 injured. One of the wounded
died later.
Other charges included planting bombs in, the cars of
tee elected mayors of West Bank cities on June 2,
1B 0. Two of the mayors were maimed, and an Israeli
pg'liceman was blinded while trying to defuse the third
bntnb. The Maariv newspaper quoted unnamed suspects
an, saying they had intended to attack three other
mayors but were unable to.do so for a variety of reasons.
.Targeting of Shrine and Mosque
; ':*Potentially the most serious charge is conspiracy to
blew up the Dome of the Rock shrine and Al Aqsa
1- isque on Jerusalem's Temple Mount. The site is
cQhsidered the third-holiest in Islam, and any attack on
it)surely would have produced a wave of violence
troughout Muslim countries.
The indictment accuses the suspects of stealing large
q ntities of arms and explosives from the Israeli army
a1it1 storing them at various locations throughout the
country. the Maariv interview, published just hours before
tlI indictments were announced, the suspects said they
famed the. underground because they did not believe
.tifat the Israeli government was adequately protecting
Ji