SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION AND PARAPSYCHOLOGY; POINTS OF CONTACT. N.F. DIXON.

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• Publication Date: January 1, 1978
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Subliminal perception and parapsychology: points of contact
While allowing that appearances may be deceptive there do appear
to be such remarkable similarities between certain parapsychological
phenomena and those associated wi hsubliminal percepts n that it would
seem worth considering the possibility a t e two sets of phenomena
depend at least in part on some of the same underlying processes.
By way of examining this hypothesis let us consider some ten paradigms
which have, as their common denominator, the fact that a physical event,
the it a word, a picture or the physiological substrate of a thought, occurring
at a certain time and place can evoke a correlated happening, be it a
gesture, a dream, a spoken word or some measurable physiological change,
occurring at a different time and place, and all this without any awareness
by the transmitter or the receiver, or indeed by any external observer,
of the intermediate stages in this apparent communication. While all
ten of these paradigms involve reception without awareness, culminating
in some measurable behavioural or physiological response, nine of them
have in common the fact that the causal link between the transmitting
sources and the responding receiver is a definable physical stimulus.
They also have in common that the overall signal/noise ratio for this
stimulus is insufficient to activate cerebral processes which provide
for awareness of an incoming stimulus.
The tenth paradigm is that which demonstrates what has, perhaps unjustifiably.
been called extra sensory perception. It differs from the other nine
in only one obvious respect - there is no known or definable physical
stimulus to link events 'A' outside the organism with apparently correlated
events 'B' inside the organism.
By way of trying to account for the data from this last paradigm
let us look at the parameters of the other nine. Four of these are described
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length my pboo (Dixon 1 1 They may be summarized as follows:
I )i N.F. Dixon, Psychology Department, University College London
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1. Subliminal determinants of perceptual experience
While it is axiomatic that all subjective perceptual phenomena,
whether occurring in the waking or sleeping state, whether veridical or
hallucinatory, must depend upon preceding preconscious processing by
physiological mechanisms, a number of researches (Dixon 1971, Somekh and
Wilding 1973, Henley and Dixon 1974, Henley 1975) have shown that visual
or auditory stimuli at such low energy levels as to prevent consciousness
of their presence may nevertheless influence the way in which a concurrent
supraliminal stimulus is perceived. Adaptation level phenomena (e.g.
the relative size of the different items in a sequence of stimulus
presentations), the 'happiness', 'angriness', 'sadness' etc. of neutral
faces, visual illusions, the size/colour/duration of After Images and
After effects (Anderson et al. 1970; Smith et al. 1974) visual imagery
evoked by supraliminal music (Henley and Dixon 1974), the meaning of supraliminal
auditory homophones (Henley 1976) and visual content of dreams occurring
in r.e.m. sleep (Berger 1966) have all been shown to be determined by
the simultaneous presentation of visual or auditory stimuli of which the
recipient remains wholly unaware.
Perhaps the most striking and extensively researched of all these
effects is that embodied in the Defence Mechanism Test (DMT) developed
by Kragh (1962), which, after 15 years of follow up validation studies
is now part of the standard selection procedure for Swedish Airforce
applicants. In this test the applicants are required to reproduce
(by drawing) a briefly exposed picture of a young man (the 'Hero'
figure). In carrying our this task they remain unaware of the facts that,
in addition to the centrally placed 'hero figure', the stimulus card includes,
in its periphery ) a small picture of an 'old ugly threatening male face',
Though subliminal this peripheral stimulus appears to interfere with
their perception of the central figure, and this as a function of the
App p r ea%bdgGlk/bg )7, Q M87RTd-0 dftytgre of th is interference
which has prognostic value. To cut a long story short those applicants
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who, in their drawings, demonstrate the operation of such defence mechanisms
as 'isolation' ' denial' 'con_. r , etc have been found to have
significantly higher accident proness when flying and also to be significantly
more predisposed towards psychosomatic illness than are those who remain
relatively unaffected by the peripheral threatening face. Data from the
DMT are of course closely akin to those of the Poetzl phenomena wherein
unperceived parts of a perceptual display tend to emerge in subsequent
dreams or associations.
One other finding from this group of studies which may have some
significance for paranormal phenomena is the part played by laterality
effects. In the experiment by Henley and Dixon (1974) successfully replicated
by Mykel and Daves (1978) it was found that subliminal determination of
auditory imagery only occurred when the supraliminal stimulus (orchestral
music) was routed to the right hemisphere, and the subliminal cue words
to the left hemisphere.
Subliminal determinants of verbal behaviour
In all the foregoing experiments subliminal effects were apparently
mediated by ongoing conscious perceptual experience, as depicted in Figure 1.
Supraliminal stimulus -.-) j sensory processes --~ conscious >Report
experience
Subliminal stimulus - - -^ - - -
As many researches have shown however, a conscious percept is not
necessary for subliminal effects to occur.
Words or pictures too brief, or too weak, to enter conscious experience
have been found to influence verbal 'guessing' behaviour (Dixon 1956,1958,
1971, Gordon 1967, Spence and Holland 1962) and retrieval from long term
memory of previously learned material (Spence and Ehrenberg 1964, Gordon
and Spence 1966).
Mr tRhgse v ~bs)s80sec~Ac1 sP06 00787R000500370001 were found. First,
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if allowed only a limited ensemble of possible responses (as in a typical card
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guessing e.s.p. experiment) subjects tend to respond with items conveyed
by the subliminal stimulus (see Miller 1939). If however the response
ensemble is unlimited (i.e. 'the first word that comes to mind), or
includes associations to the stimulus material, then subjects tend to
respond with a semantic associate to the stimulus. Often this semantically
related response appears to bear a symbolic relationship to the stimulus
(e.g. the subliminal stimulus 'Penis' evoked the response 'Cheroot').
Here again, as with the first category of experiments,interesting laterality
effects have been found. , Thus..in a recent study Fonagy (1977) has
shown that if a subliminal word is presented to the right ear the reponse
tends to be a logical secondary process association (e.g. 'Grass'--- green').
If however the same stimulus is presented to the left ear the response
tends to be of something which looks like the stimulus object (e.g. 'Grass'
'hair' or 'bed of nails' and 'Arrow' .rte 'hook' or 'staple').
This implication of the right hemisphere-,in evoking concrete visual
symbolic responses is interesting in the light of the widely held view
that whereas the left hemisphere is concerned with sequential logical
linguistic processing the right hemisphere involves mechanisms for parallel
spatial primary processing of incoming information (Ornstein 1977),
whether this be sensory or extrasensory in origin.
Emotional factors
Running through accounts of parapsychological phenomena is the
suggestion that emotion and motivation appear to play a significant part
in extrasensory perception. Here again, research on subliminal perception
has produced comparable data the most extensive being that from studies
of perceptual defence (Brown 1962, Dixon 1971, Erdelyi 1974). The
main findings from this area of investigation may be summarized as follows:
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(a) People have significantly longer (defence) or significantly shorter
(vigilance) exposure duration thresholds for tachistoscopically exposed
emotive material than they have for emotionally neutral stimulus items.
(b) The relationship between threshold and anxiety may be represented
by an inverted 'U' curve. Whereas low levels of anxiety evoked by the
stimulus result in raised threshold, high levels result in lowered thresholds.
(c) Data from several lines of research (Hardy and Legge 1968,
Broadbent and Gregory 1967, Dorfman 1967, Dixon and Lear 1963, Emrich
and Heineman 1966, Worthington 1969) suggest that perceptual defence
is a sensory phenomenenand involves the following stages of pre-conscious
processing - cortical registration and analysis of the input, followed by
emotional classification leading to a cortico-reticular interaction whereby
the cortex, in setting its own level of arousal, determines the conscious
threshold for awareness of the incident stimulus.
The interaction between the motive state of the subject and the
emotional connotations of the stimulus, at a completely unconscious level
of cerebral processing, has been shown in various paradigms. In an
experiment by Lazarus and McCleary (1951) subjects produced electrodermal
responses to shock associated nonsense syllables even when unable to report
the critical stimuli. This so called subception effect has also been
found in dichotic listening.
In studies of the latter phenomenon(Cortten and Wood 1972, Corteen
and Dunn 1974) subjects had to shadow (repeat back) prose on one ear while
individual words, including city names that had previously been associated
with electric shock, were presented to the other ear. Though totally
unaware of the words on the 'unattended' ear, those which had been
associated with shock, produced significant electrodermal responses from
the subject's hand. Since the monitoring of and response to, the words
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on the 'unattended' ear did not interfere with the shadowing task we must
suppose that the brain is capable of simultaneously processing two
independent streams of information, one above, the other below, consciousness.
Subliminal perception and memory
Yet another point of contact between paranormal and subliminal
phenomena is in connection with memory. In both cases it seems that
ultimate responses are mediated by the brain's capacity to store information.
Somehow,both extra sensory transmissions and subliminal stimuli gain
V
access to unconscious memory. But here again emotion and motivation play
a significant role. Researches by Spence and his colleagues (Spence
and Ehrenburg 1964, Spence and Gordon 1967) illustrate this issue.
In one study subjects who had been deprived were required to learn and
recall lists of words containing associates to the word 'cheese'. In
a subsequent recall task only those subjects who were (a) hungry
(b) had rated themselves for feelings of hunger and (c) had been presented
with the subliminal word 'cheese' retrieved significantly more 'cheese
associates' than those who had either not been hungry, or had not rated
themselves for hunger, or had not received the subliminal stimulus 'cheese'.
In a second experiment (Spence and Gordon, 1967), involving a similar
paradigm )only subjects who (a) had felt rejected by their peers (b) were
characteristically prone to indulge in oral behaviour to reduce feelings
of depression and (c) were presented with the subliminal word 'Milk',
showed significantly greater recall for associates to 'milk' in a memory
task than did subjects who lacked any one of the preconditions for this
improvement in retrieval from long term memory. A further significant
and interesting result from this investigation was that the rejected,
oral,'subliminal', group actually 'recalled associates to 'milk' which
had not figured in the memory task. Since these intrusions were of such
early milk associates as 'suck' 'nipple' etc. Spence and Gordon concluded that
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the present state of need (to remove feelings of anxiety and depression),
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plus the subliminal stimulus 'milk', served to activate a much older oral
fantasy related to an early feeding situation. The concatetnation of
factors responsible for the data from these experiments are depicted in
the following flow diagram:
Long term memory
Word list as learned
Learn ed __ Unlearnt d Retrieval
ssociates related response
Subliminal priming stimulus-..> associates-
Associates
Self ratings of hunger,- 1
or of characteristic
way of handling depression
Present ~ Early oral
need conflict
state phantasy
Physiological bases of perception without awareness
A problem common to both sensory and extra sensory perception is
the nature of those physiological processes which mediate between the
external 'stimulus' and the response whereby the organism indicates that
he has been affected by this stimulus. In the case of telepathic communication
we simply do not know at what stage of cerebral processing the 'stimulus'
gains access to and hooks into the cerebral mechanisms of the recipient.
A look at data from studies of subliminal perception might at least suggest
some hypotheses regarding possible points of entry for the so called
extra sensory stimulus.
By way of a start let's put together the data from three lines of
research. First there are the studies by Libet et al. (1967)
which involved using subdural electrodes,placed directly upon the somatosensory
cortex,to record the cerebral effects of a tactile stimulus applied to
the hand area of fully conscious patients who had been undergoing stereotaxic
therapy for intractable pain. The principal finding from this paradigm
was that a subliminal tactile stimulus applied to the hand,evoked the
early components of the compound evoked potential at the site of the
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cortical projection of the area stimulated. With increase in the peripheral
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stimulation two things happened, pari passu with the subject reporting
consciousness of the stimulus the later components of the evoked potential
fhc.
appeared in,E.E.G. record. This is probably the single most direct demonstration
of the fact that consciousness of a previously subliminal stimulus depends
upon coincident contribution from the ascending reticular activating system.
Other findings, pointing to the same conclusion, include Fuster's
(1958) demonstration that monkey's tachistoscopic recognition thresholds
for a food related stimulus may be modulated by concurrent stimulation
of mesencephalic reticular system. Finally there are those studies of
perceptual defence, mentioned earlier, which suggested that 9cnsciousness
of a visual stimulus depends upon a preconscious semantic analysis and
emotional classification at a cortical level leading to cortico-reticular
interaction which in turn increases or decreases cortical arousal by the
fibres of the ascending reticular system.
Our second set of data having possible relevance to both subliminal
and extrasensory phenomena comes from studies of neurologically caused
'blind sight' (4eiskrantz and Warrington 1974; Poppel, Held and Frost 1973;
Ikeda and Wright 1974). The main conclusion from these studies is that
though cortically blind, through structural damage to the CNS, these
organic patients may, nevertheless, respond to visual stimuli presented
in those areas of the visual field from which they receive no conscious
impression. In the light of related findings by Ikeda and Wright (1974)
it has been suggested that this 'blind sight' is mediated by a secondary
visual system involving the retina, the superior colliculus, the pulvinar
and association cortex. Whether this system, which appears to operate
without giving rise to conscious experience and evidently provides for
the orienting response, is implicated in other sorts of subliminal or
extra sensory perception remains an interesting possibility.
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Yet a third group of experiments which we need to consider are those
involving unconscious registration of external stimuli in pattern masking
paradigms (Marcel and Paterson 1976), in binocular rivalry (Walker 1975),
during fading of a stabilized image (Riggs and Whittle 1967) and in the
evoking of 'K' complexes (in the EEG) by emotionally important auditory
stimuli presented during sleep (Oswald, Taylor, and Treisman 1960). In
all four of these paradigms not only does the brain continue to be
affected by stimuli of which the mind remains unaware but, in at least
two of them (pattern masking, and stimulation during sleep) carries out
a complex semantic analysis of the stimulus inflow. Given that the end
result of subliminal perception is almost indistinguishable from extrasensory
perception, namely a purely statistical effect upon the probability matrix
underlying the possible repertoire of behavioural and autonomic responses,
it seems reasonable to ask at which processing stage extra sensory effects
begin to be felt - at the peripheral receptor, the midbrain, thalamic
relays, cortex, or reticular system? If the results of extra sensory
perception are likened to those of subliminal perception then they must
involve preconscious semantic analysis, emotional coding and access to
long term memory. Hence we must assume that extra sensory effects lock
into the nervous system at some stage prior to those responsible for
these functions, yet capable of modulating the arousal systems of the
brain. Sensory relays in the midbrain, thalamus, association cortex,
or limbic system would all be possible candidates for this hypothetical
mediating function. But let us look at some other factors which may be
relevant to this problem, namely those subject and situational variables
which appear to be critical for subliminal perception. As to the former
the two most important appear to be arousal level and hemisphericity.
Whereas numerous researches (see Dixon 1971) have found that subliminal influence:
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r al .
a recent study by SackiemA(1977) has indicated that this relationship
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between arousal and subliminal influences is also greatest in people
showing right hemisphericity. Subliminal effects are generally weaker
in people showing left hemisphericity and in that case depend upon
attentive readiness .
As to situational variables the most striking finding to date from
many researches (see Dixon 1971) is that subliminal effects appear negatively
correlated with stimulus energy. The further below threshold, the
weaker or briefer the stimulus, the stronger its effect which, as we noted
earlier, may be qualitatively quite different from that of a supraliminal
stimulus.
Subliminal perception, psychosomatic disorder and P.K.
There are grounds for believing (see Dixon 1978) that the processes
underlying subliminal perception phenomena in normals are closely kin
to those responsible for psychosomatic conversion symptoms in those patients
who quite involuntarily and unconsciously transform psychic conflict into
a somatic outlet.
The following similarities between subliminal and psychosomatic
phenomena are particularly relevant to this viewpoint:
(a) In both subliminal and-psychosomatic phenomena's the individual may
remain totally unaware of cause/effect relationships, of the contingencies
between stimulus and response.
(b) In both 'syndromes' the stimulus makes contact with, and activates
complexes of emotionally charged ideas in unconscious long term memory.
(c) In perceptual defence as in psychosomatic disorder the subject
is prevented from experiencing negative affect. In both cases he, in
a sense trades negative affect for a somatic outlet.
(d) Both subliminal and psychosomatic disorders may involve the
unconscious conversion of psychic material into a symbolic representation.
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threatening emotional stimulus may initiate? a stress response involving
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the autonomic nervous system. The same holds true for subception phenomena
and in the subliminal effects demonstrated for dichotic listening
(Corteen and Wood 1972).
(f) The very close relationship between the two classes of phenomena
is confirmed by the fact that subiminal stimulation has been successfully
used to investigate and to ameliorate psychosomatic symptomatology
(see Beech 1959 C. Fisher 1954, S. Fisher 1968, Silverman 1976 , Tyrer 1978)
suggesting that identical processes may be involved in the two cases.
What possible relevance has all this to paranormal phenomena? Simply
this. The psychosomatic. process which seems to involve the same sort
of mechanisms as underlie subliminal perception is a very special case
of something that goes on in certain parapsychological demosntrations
- namely an influence of mind - of knowledge and feelings about knowledge
upon matter.
Maybe a joint examination of the three sets of phenomena - the
subliminal, the psychosomatic and the paranormal, may have a spin off
for our comprehension of all three!
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