ABSTRACTS FROM U.S. OPEN SOURCE JOURNALS. AUTHORS: K. OSIS AND JOHN MIHALASKY

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PS YCHIC TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION: FACT OR FANCY
John Mihalasky
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Newark, New Jersey U.S.A.
INTRODUCTION
In recent months there have been two different reports in
the press, linking the brain with computers. In the most
recent brain-computer link press release, it was reported
that through the use of properly implanted electrodes,
computers can become "an aid to thought" that will ampli-
fy thinking by increasing "thinking speed and accuracy",
as well as making large libraries of information avail-
able to the brain. In an earlier press release, it was
reported that through the use of electrodes, the computer
could recognize the brain wave patterns generated by var-
ious command statements or words, when these words yrere
"said to ones self", and act on these command patterns.
Note that the information transmission link between the
brain and the computer involved the electrode placed on
the persons head. With today's sophisticated electronics,
brain waves have been recorded by instruments at some dis-
tance (at least 30 centimeters) a,...y from the head.1'2
With not too much stre''", ,= the imagination, this dis-
tance could h, -crenied from centimeters, to meters, to
kilome- ,_ 1-possible? Maybe not so impossible, since
srgnnT ',re sent today by something called radio and tele-
vision transmitters, a feat which was unbelievable many
decades ago.
A transmission of information between the brain and'/or
the mind, and another brain or mind, or an object, is
what reportedly takes place in Psychic Transmissions, com-
monly called Extra-Sensory Perception (ESP). A commonly
accepted definition of ESP is that it is an ability to
perceive information through other than the normal sensory
means - sight, sound, feel, touch, taste. ESP is further
broken down into the areas of Telepathy - mind to mind
communication, Clairvoyance - mind to matter communication,
and Precognition - mind to the future communication.
PSYCHIC INFORMATION TRANSMISSION INVESTIGATIONS
Serious investigation into psychic information transmis-
sion has been underway for over a century in both the
eastern and western hemispheres. In recent decades the
interest has been heightened by (a) the increase in inter-
est in the area by physical scientists, (as opposed to the
life scientists), (b) the development of more sophisticet-
,ed instruments, and (c) the development of better means of
ABSTRACT
A review of the definitions and types of Psychic Transmis-
sions is presented, along with some of the locations where
such investigations are being carried on. Two specific
investigations carried out at the PSI Communications Pro-
ject at the New Jersey Institute of Technology are summa-
rized, along with a discussion on the theory underlying
such transmissions.
communications between the researchers. Work is currently
underway in such diverse places as Japan, India, Israel,
USSR, CSR, West Germany, Great Britain, Iceland, Canada,
the United States, and Brazil. These countries, and more,
are represented at international conferences on Parapsy-
chology, Psychotronics, and other related subjects. In
the United States reports of such research are even being
accepted for publication by the major engineering socie-
ties - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(IEEE), and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME). The Journal of Paraphysics published by The
Parapsychical Laboratory of Downton, Wiltshire, England
regularly published reports of work done in many of the
countries mentioned. In 1974 the IEEE sponsored a Feature
Session at its International Convention and Exposition
titled "New Advances in Parapsychology" which had papers
dealing with bio-fields, telepathy channels, and precogni-
tion.3 More recently, the IEEE published the telepathy
research report of Puthoff and Targ.4
Work has been done not only on the Psychic Transmission
between humano, and between humano and objacts, but also
between plants, and animals. Noteable in this area has
been the work of Backster in the U.S.A.5 For a review of
some of the research work in psychic transmission of infor-
mation, the reader is referred to the following English
language works, all of which are not too technical, so as
not to retard interest and readability.
Wolstenholme, G.E.W. and Millar, E.C.P. (Eds), Ciba Founda-
tion Symposium on Extrasensory Perception, Little, Brown
and Company, Boston, Mass., U.S.A., 1956.
Ostrander, S. and Schroeder, L., Psychic Discoveries Be-
hind the Iron Curtain, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
N.J., U.S.A., 1970.
TWO SPECIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
So far, this paper has spoken in generalities about re-
search in Psychic Transmission. The author, along with
his colleague E. Douglas Dean, has been involved with two
investigations into such transmissions, as part of a re-
search project at the New Jersey Institute of Technology,
(NJIT), called the I'SI Communications Project. This re-
search project was established at the Newark College of
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Engineering (n9w the New Jersey Institute of Technology)
in 1962 to investigate certain aspects of psychic trans-
mission or Bio-communication.
To date, two approaches have been worked on and look
promising. Both approaches are based on the classical
stimulus -- response principle. Both approaches also re-
quire two people to communicate -- the stimulator and the
respondent. The two approaches use readily available
medical and physiological instrumentation to measure the
amount of response taking place. It is the indication
and amount of the response that is decoded into the mes-
sage being sent.
SYSTEM A
To Ll.e first approach, call it System A, the stimulator
and the 'eepindent are conscious. The stimulus takes the
form of the L!,:.nlatnr doing mental arithmetic, or look-
ing at names writt..., n ccr?4, or looking at nonsense
syllables written on cards. The coincident response,
given by the stimulated person who is miles away, and
without physical contact with the stimulator, is in the
form of a change in the pattern of tracings showing the
change in blood circulation as measured by the change
taking place in the volume of the extremities -- in this
case, the finger.
BASIS FOR SYSTEM A System A is an attempt to develop an
observation of S. Figar of Czechoslovakia, made in 1958.6
It is a form of direct communication measured by a pleth-
ysmograph (from plethora -- fullness of blood in the cir-
culation). Plethysmography is a well-known method which
has been used for more than a hundred years in human
physiology and psychology. It is an instrument that pro-
vides and objective record of later study and analysis.
The method is based on measuring the change in volume
correlated with changes in blood circulation of the ex-
tremities of the body 7'8' or in the whole body.9 Diminu-
tion in volume is generally interpreted as vasoconstric-
tion and increase as vaso-dilation. The vascular reac-
tion, based on the autonomic reaction is not, under nor-
mal conditions, subject to voluntary control. Figar used
a hand plethysmograph where the subject placed his hand
in a rubber glove, enclosed by a temperature controlled
water bath- Above the water, the airtight container was
connected by a tube to a rubber diaphram operating a
light stylus on chart paper moving at 1.5 m.m. per second.
When the heart pumped, the pen moved up and when the heart
rested, the pen moved down, tracing out a pulsed waveform
baseline of approximately 70 pulses per minute.
It has been shown 10,11, that, when a person does a short
period of mental arithmetic, a vasoconstriction occurs,
.i.e., a reduction in volume of the hand. This appears as
a large rapid deflection of the baseline downwards on the
chart in Figar's method12 of measuring direct volume
changes. According to this method, a card with instruc-
tions on what numbers to multiply was placed before the
subject. As soon as he began multiplying the vasocon-
striction occurred. The pen slowly returned to the base-
line some while after the subject gave the answer. Figar
allowed five minutes for the vascular reaction to subside
before deciding to give a second stimulus.
In the original work, Figar noticed a curious phenomenon
with several subjects. As soon as he thought of picking
up the card on which were written instructions about the
mental arithmetic but before actually doing it, his
.thought was followed by a rapid vasoconstriction in his
subject's hand. It seemed as if there was some kind of
communication between Figar's thoughts, or emotions de-
pendent on his thoughts, and his subject's vasoconstric-
~tions. Ile went to the trouble of designing and executing
an experiment to measure simultaneous vasoconstrictions
in two persons, one of whom (the stimulator) performed
mental arithmetic and the other (the respondent) did not
know when the stimulator did so. He used two mechanical
apparatuses, deliberately rejecting electric or electronic
ones to exclude any possibility of reciprocal electrical
or magnetic influence. Via the tubes and diaphrams, both
the stimulator and the respondent gave a systolic-diastol-
ic wave-form on the same chart paper.
The questions raised by Figar's work were whether all sen-
sory and subliminal stimulation were eliminated so that
one could say that the plethysmograph vasoconstriction was
a response to a mental stimulus from another person.
THE METHOD USED AT N.J.I.T. Figar's mechanical apparatus
was suseptible to a breakdown of the thin rubber diaphram
during en experiment, and difficulties with the pen writ-
ing equipment. Therefore, it was abandoned in favor of
electronic equipment. A finger plethysmograph is made by
the Decker Corporation of Philadelphia. It is the Decker
Cardiodynameter 307-1 sensing unit and meter unit, the
output signals of which feed a Massa 2-channel Meterite
Model BSA-250 rectilinear electric writing recorder.
The finger plethysmograph is just as good as the hand
plethysmograph. It will work on any finger, thumb, or
even the toes. A plastic cup fits over the finger on the
fleshy part between the first and second knuckle. Differ-
ent sizes are available to make the fit tight enough to
prevent leakage, but not too tight to affect the circula-
tion. A plastic tube 11 m.m. outside diameter, 8 m.m. in-
side diameter, and 40 cm. long joined the cup to the
transducer unit. This was placed in the next room with
the tube passed through a small hole in the solid wall.
Transmission of pulse volume changes along 3 meters was
found possible using 3 m.m. I.D. flattened plastic tube
and metallic step down connectors. The transducer unit's
circuit is based on a design by K.S. Lion.13 In it a
pressure capacitance diaphram pickup along with the T-42
ionization transducer tube convert minute volume pulsa-
tions into large analogous electrical signals of the order
of volts. Thus large amplification with its resultant
noise is not necessary for obtaining a continuous record
of the volume changes of the finger. The vasocontriction
shows as a large signal or direct current baseline shift
of the pulsed waveform.
Only one such electronic apparatus was used attached to
the subject who lay on a bed, with his finger on the level
of his heart. Mental arithmetic was eliminated as the
stimulant, as it was never possible to be sure that the
stimulator did the mental arithmetic, as requested.
In experiments performed at N.J.I.T. the stimulator wrote
the names of five people of recent emotional relationship
to him. So did the respondent. Neither one knew the
other's choice. To these ten cards with names on them
were added five cards which had on them names taken at
random from the telephone book, and five blank cards. The
telephone names and the blank cards were to serve as con-
trols.
The respondent is then placed on a bed, attached to the
plethysmograph, and, locked in a laboratory room. The
stimulator takes the twenty cards and goes off into an-
other room, in another building, an eighth of a mile away.
There is no physical connection between the two people, or
between the two buildings.
The stimulator then randomizes the sequence of the cards
that are to be used as atimul.ii. He also randomizes the
time intervals between the stimulus periods. In this way,
the respondent has no way of knowing when the experiment
begins or ends, or when the stimulus -- positive or nega-
tive -- is being applied.
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At the appointed stimulus time, the stimulator picks up a
card, and concentrates on what is written on it. If the
stimulus is a name known to the respondent or the stimu-
lator, the respondent will produce a change in the wave
pattern that is being measured by the plethysmograph and
recorded by the rectilinear pen recorder. However, if
the stimulus is in the form of a name unknown to either
the stimulator or the respondent, there will be no change
from the baseline pattern being produced.
.The change in pattern, indicating a mental atiulus, takes
the form of a major dip from the baseline shown in the
chart. Three measurements are made to measure the occur-
rence of the dip. First, the vertical rectilinear base-
line shift of the vasoconstriction is measured, in m.m.,
from the bottom of the pulse wave. This is called a Dip.
Dips of less than one tenth of the scale are ignored.
The second measurement is the horizontal time taken for a
Dip to occur, in seconds. The third measurement is the
horizontal delay, in seconds, from the time when the
stimulus card is picked up, i.e., the start of the, stim-
ulus period, to the start of the deflection downwards,
called the lag.
The measurements are made on a double blind basis, and
only dips occuring during the time periods when the stim-
ulus cards are used are measured.
RESULTS To testrthem, whether a new form of communica-
tion exists, it is necessary to have on average larger
deflections occuring during the known name periods, than
during the blank card periods, on a statistically repro-
ducible basis. If this phenomenon takes place, this can
constitute the basis for a communication system, with the
large deflections serving as dots, and the small ones as
dashes, as in the Morse Code.
The PSI Communication Project has regularly had pairs of
communicators who produced the correct coincident respon-
ses at the 0.01 or better probability level. Additional
details on the experiments and results can be found in
Dean's writings noted in the bibliography.
The System A design, in its engineering essentials, has
alreedy been worked out by Taetzsch.14 The design is
based on sequential sampling theory. Information contin-
ues to be transmitted until a decision is reached. Redun-
dency is increased in order to increase the reliability.
To transmit a message, the system would switch over from
(1) random times to fixed time slots, say every minute,
'and (2) from random stimulus orders to orders based on
.the message in some binary code. A name stimulus would
be used in the first slot if the message translated call-
ed for a dot, or a blank card would be used if the coded
message called for a dash. At the receiving end, a large
plethysmograph deflection in the first time slot would be
decoded as a dot, and a small or no deflection would be
decoded as a dash. Each letter of the message could be
coded over enough number of slots to achieve the reliabil-
ity needed to insure the message being received.
The process is slow, but this is the price paid for reli-
ability. It has been estimated that the plethysmograph
results are equivalent to about one bit of information
per five minutes, with a two-out-of-three reliability.
Speeding up may come about by connecting directly into
the sympathetic nervous system rather than depending on
the ensuing vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood
.:vessels, and the slow return to base level.
SYSTEM B
In the second approach, call it System B, the stimulator
its conscious, but the respondent is asleep. In this
system, the- two communicatore are again without physical
The stimulus used in System B is a picture that is
suggestive of horizontal or vertical motion, or a blank
piece of paper suggestive of no motion at all. The
stimulator concentrates on a picture suggestive of
horizontal or vertical motion, and hopes to evoke coin-
cident horizontal or vertical rapid eye movements in
the respondent, who is asleep and dreaming. If no eye
movements are desired, then a blank piece of paper is
concentrated on, during the stimulus period.
The equipment used to measure the response, the existence
or lack of eye movements (REMs) is the well known medical
instrument called the Electroencephalograph (EEG).
By the use of the EEG and the REM technique developed by
dream researchers, the times of the four to six dreams
per night can be monitored. The time of dreaming is
known from the EEG sleep patterns produced by the left
and right parietal areas, and the eye electrodes record-
ing the horizontal and vertical eye movements.
Method. In System B, the stimulator and the respondent
arrived at the laboratory about bedtime, 9 to 10 p.m.
The respondent is fitted with silver disk electrodes on
various parts of his head to be used for recording his
brain waves, and at his eye canthi to be used for record-
ing his eye movements.
The respondent retires for the night, and the electrode
wires are plugged into a junction box above the respond-
ent's bed. Wires from the junction box lead to the EEG
located in an adjacent room, and monitored by a member of
the experimental team.
The stimulator, on the other hand, goes to a room down
the hall and around a corner, about 100 feet removed from
the respondent and the EEG monitor.
The EEG then shows the respondent going to sleep, and on
through the first four stages of sleep. These stages can
readily be identified on the EEG record by their charac-
teristic wave form. However, during this time, there is
no indication of eye movement. It is when stage one
reappears, when dreaming begins, that rapid eye movements
take place.
As soon as the EEG record shows dreaming taking place,
the EEG monitor buzzes the stimulator. This is the
stimulator's signal to go to work. The stimulator now
concentrates, for one minute, at a picture suggestive
of vertical or horizontal motion, He coincidentally
moves his own eyes vertically or horizontally, according
to the action portrayed in the stimulus picture. The
stimulator is trying to influence the respondent to pro-
duce coincident eye movements during the minute of
stimulus time.
In the next minute of time, the stimulator may concen-
trate on a blank piece of paper and keep his eyes still.
During this time period, the stimulator is attempting to
influence the respondent not to produce eye movements.
This procedure is done during each of the 3 to 5 dream
periods that human beings experience during a night's
sleep.
As in System A, the coincident response during the
specific time of stimulus application is what is measured
for later decoding. The rapid eye movements during a
period of time can be decoded as n dot, and the lack of
them can be decoded as a dash.
In experiments carried out to date with four subjects,
results have been significant at the 0.001 or better
probability level.
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One unfortunate aspect of the investigations into
Psychic Transmissions is that there has not yet evolved
an acceptable explanation of how this transmission occurs.
There seems to be wide acceptance of the. concept of an
energy transfer taking place. However, the type of
energy being transferred, and the speed of this transfer
has not been established. One theory is that the energy
is a form of electro-magnetic energy, while another is
that the energy is different from currently known forms.
As to the speed of transmissions - there is a strong
feeling that it occurs above the speed of light!
A discussion of these points is the subject of other
papers. For two such papers, read Dean15 and Osis161
CONCLUSIONS
The interest into the investigation of Psychic Trans-
,mission of Information has grown immensely in the last
decade or so. Of particular importance is the fact
that more physical scientists are now participating in
this research. The field is now producing data from
controlled, reproduceable experiments that point to the
existence of a phenomenon, and to the potential practical
application of it.
As more research is carried out, a theory of how the
transmission takes place will be agreed upon, and more
control and application will take place.
REFERENCES
(1) Schafer, W. - "Further Development of the Field
Effect Monitor", Life Sciences,
General Dynamics A67-41582, 125, 1968
(2) Gulyaien, P. - "Cerebral Electromagnetic Fluids",
International Journal of Parapsychol-
y, 7, 4, 1965.
(3)
New Advances in Parapsychology;Feature Session, 1974
IEEE Intercon Technical Papers, March 26-29, 1974.
Puthoff, 11. E. and Targ, R. - "A Perpetual Channel
for Information Transfer Over Kilo-
meter Distances: Historical Perspect-
ive and Recent Research", Proceedings
of the IEEE, 64, 3, March, 1976.
(5) Backster, C. - "Evidence of a Primary Perception in
Plant Life", International Journal of
Parapsychology, 10, 4, 1968.
Barcroft, H. & Swan, H.J.C. - Sympathetic Control of
Human Blood Vessels, London, Edward
Arnold and Company, 1953.
Nyboer, J. - Electrical Impedence P1.ethysmo raphy,
Chnrles C. Thomas, 1959.
Dubois, A. B., Botelho, S.Y., Bedell, G.N., Marshall,
R., Comroe, J.11., Jr. - J. Clin. Investigation,
35, 1956.
Abramson, D.I. & Ferris, E.B., Jr. - American
Heart J., 19, 1940.
x(11) All.wood, N.J., Barcroft, II., Hayes, J.P.L.A.,
(12) Figar, S. - Physiology, Czechoslovakia, 4, 1955.
(13) Lion, K. S. - Rev. Sc. Instr., 27, 4, April, 1956
(14) Taetzsch, R.L. - International Journal of Parapsycho-
logy, 4, 1962.
(15) Dean, E.D. - "Channel Capacity of Telepathy Channels"
New Advances in Parapsychology, 1974
IEEE Intercon, March 26 - 29, 1974.
(16) Osis, K. - "Channel Characteristics of E.S.P.",
Proceedings of_ the 3rd International
Conference on Computer Communication,
Toronto, Ontario, Canadp-, 1976.
(17) Dean, E.D. - "Non-Conventional Communication",
Proceedings - 1st Space Congres
Canaveral Council of Tech. Soc.,
Florida, 1964.
(18) Vasiliev, L. L. - Experimental Research Into Mental
Suggestion, Leningrad, Leningrad
University Publishing House, (In
Russian) Translated and published
by Institute for the Study of
Mental Images, Church Crookham,
Hampshire, England, 1962.
(19) Mihalasky, J. - "The Role of the Unconscious in
Problem-Solving and Idea Generation"
New Advances in Parapsychology, 1974
IEEE Intercon, March 26 - 19, 1974.
(20) Mihalasky, J. & Dean, E. D. - "Bio-Communication"
Proceedings of the Purdue University
Symposium on Information Processing
Purdue University, Lafayette,
Indiana, U.S.A., April, 1969.
(21) Mihalasky, J. & Dean E.D. (Eds.) - Techniques and
Status of Modern Parapsychol.o,
1st Symposium presented at the
137th Annual Meeting of the AAAS,
1970. (Available from PSI Communi-
cations Project, 323 High Street,
Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A., 07102)
(22) Dean, E.D. & Mihalasky, J., at. al - Executive ESP
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey, U.S.A. 1974.
John Mihalasky is a Professor of Industrial Engineering
at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New
Jersey, U.S.A. Ile is also Director of the P.S.I. Communi-
cations Project, located at N.J.I.T. Dr. Mihalasky is a
fellow the the American Society for Quality Control, a
Life Fellow of the Society for Advancement of Management,
as well as a member of many other technical and scientific
societies. He has published and lectured internationally.
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CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS OF E.S.P.
K. Osis
American Society for Psychical Research
New York, N.Y., U.S.A.
INTRODUCTION
At least two distinguishable subsystems are involved in
ESP transmission: the external channel of information
acquisition and transmission, and the internal process-
ing within human organism8,12 The external channels of
sensory perception are well known. Nearly all research
on sensory perception is concerned with internal affairs:
sensing and processing stimuli into perceptual responses.
Concerning ESP the balance is tipped to the opposite side
There is considerable knowledge on information processing
while the external channel Is largely unknown. This
channel has been too hard to tackle. Only lately, dev-
elopment of complex research designs and high powered
computer evaluation methods' has made the ESP channel
accessable for effective experimental investigation.
Popular beliefs that the ESP channel is independent from
space-time dimensions of the physical world17 and there-
fore outside the reach of scientific methods has impeded
severly progress on channel research. Fortunately the
facts contradict such occult beliefs, eg. , literature
surveys find moderate attenuation of ESP scores over dis-
tance in space8, and drastic reduction of frequency of
spontaneous cases with distance in time6. Apart from
western efforts, Russian researcher, I. M. Kogan of
I'opow Institute in Moscow, applied an information theory
model to his experimental data and also found a decline
of transmission over distance4.
The real difficulty of channel research stems from depend-
ency of extra sensory processes on psychological and
physiological variables such as muscular relaxation,
synchronous alpha rhythm of EEG, attitudes, beliefs, mood,
interpersonal relationships, and such defense mechanisms
as repression. Obviously such psychological and physio-
logical noise can overshadow distance effects on the ESP
channe112,13,14,16Therefore, subjects personality
traits,, attitudes, cognitive processes, and moods must
be ascertained and dealt with by appropriate statistical
methods. It is essential that the subjects are kept
"blind" as to their distance from ESP stimuli. No dis-
tance experiment so designed to test the P.S1' channel had
been performed, therefore, we developed our own project
ABSTRACT
Transmission over ESP channel appears to be uniquely re-
lated to distance. A literature survey of ESP experi-
ments over distances from 100 yards to 7,500 miles indi-
cated slower attenuation over distance than expected by
inverse square law. Instead of 2, the exponent was found
to be.4.
"Blind" experiments were conducted in which subjective
factors (psychological noise) was either balanced or
accounted for statistically. In two out of the three
experiments where ESP was operative, statistically signif-
icant attenuation was found.
The ESP orientation system, (addressing), was tested in
experiments by varying the size of the scanning area and
information about the target location. ESP addressing
appears to be based on acquaintance with persons rather
than landmarks. The ESP channel was found to he subject
of interference from psychological states of a bystander
in the target area.
consisting of five major experiments. This presentation
will summarize our experiments exploring the following
problems:
(a) Attenuation of ESP over distance
(b) ESP orientation for locating targets in unknown
territory - addressing
(c) Interference of the channels of two persons
METHOD
Methods varied slightly from experiment to experiment the
basic dgsigns being as follow12,13
(1) A large group of subjects distributed widely over
U.S.A. attempted to percieve 1'y ESP stimuli exposed at
various distances from their homes and recorded their
responses.
(2) A hundred nature postcards of five different kinds
were randomized and displayed face down in four columns.
Subjects were familiar with the pictures but had. to as-
certain the order in which they were displayed.
(3) Distances varied from 1 to 10,000 miles, usually in
four increments. Distances were measured from a large
National Geographical Society globe.
(4) Subjects filled a questionnaire at each session
describing attitudes, mood and cognitive processes at the
time of testing. They also took personality tests.
(5) The moods of the experimenters staying with the
stimuli were also ascertained.
EVALUATION
ESP effects were comprehensively measured on several
.
dimensions as developed by statistician M. E. Turner19
ESP scores were evaluated in conjunction with large
array of independent variables, e.g., distance, question-
naire and personality test data, and subjects' previous
scoring12,13 Stepwise multiple regression analyses
(SMRA) and canonical correlation analyses were used12,13
which allowed us to unscramble the distance variable, at
some extent from the noise of the psychological factors.
Significance levels, unless otherwise indicated, refers
to SMRA evaluations.
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First we surveyed the experiments published in English
in which distance was varied; the range was from 100
yards to 7,500 miles8. As stated before, in these early
experiments subjective factors were not controlled. We
found that the ESP results declined with increasing dis-
tance. Dr. Malcolm E. Turner, Jr., a statistician,
devised a mathematical model to evaluate the distance
effect in the survey data. The decline was found to be
much slighter than that of known physical energies, which
follow the inverse square law of energy expansion. The
decline of ESP in the experiments surveyed, appeared to
follow an inverse 2/5 law: the exponent in his formula
was.4. It is important to keep in mind that the ESP
measures are just information measures, not energy
measures and therefore describe the channel indirectly.
First Blind Distance Experiment12
Fifty-four subjects located all over the U.S. attempted
to discover by ESP the order in which the stimulus cards
had been set out, The distance between subjects and
stimuli varied from as little as one-third mile to 10,550
miles. ESP scores were evaluated in conjunction with
twenty-eight other variables by the stepwise multiple
regression method. This enabled us to assess the influ-
ence of distance on ESP apart from the effects of other'
factors which might mimic or obscure it. Three basic
ESP measures were used, from each of the three were
derived transformed variables for more detailed analyses,
two of them showed a slight but significant attenuation
over distance. Scores on one measure declined an average
of .04 per 1,000 miles (P - .02): the decline for the
other measure was 1.7 per 1,000 miles (P = .05)12
Second Blind Distance Experiment
An experimenter carried stimulus pictures around the
world, randomized them and displayed according to sched-
ule in New York, Paris, New Delhi and Sydney13. Again
fifty-seven subjects participated from their homes in
U.S.A. The first experiment was essentially replicated.
The same ESP measure, which showed strongest decrement.
with distance again declined significantly with distance,
p - .002. The decrement being of the magnitude of .7
ESP quotient units per 1,000 miles. Figure 14 gives the
regression lines of the ESP quotients for the two
experiments.
2 3 4 5 6 7
Distance in Thousands of Miles
Fig. 1. Regression of the distance variable and the ESP quotient of forward
displacemenu.
Declining of ESP over distance was also significant in
three other measures, probabilities being .01; .05 and
.02. Paradoxically one ESP measure roso with distance
(p - .05) , which was traced as being artifact of nega-
tive intercorrelations with variables declining with
distance13.
Our definitive test of the significance of these effects
of distance in Experiment II used the method of canonical
correlation. This takes the six basic ESP measures and
incorporates them into six new, uncorrelated measures.
Of these new canonical ESP variables, the first few have
the strongest relationship to the non-ESP measures. The
canonical correlation analysis was first performed using
only the eighteen independent variables (excluding dis-
tance) which were measured once per session and thus ,
could contaminate the distance results, The analysis was
then performed again with distance added. The coefficient
of canonical correlation, which measures the association
between the canonical ESP variables and the independent
variables, increased significantly for the second canon-
ical ESP variable (P = .002) and the third canonical ESP
variables(P - .04). Thus canonical correlation analyses
confirmed the results of multiple regression: ESP trans-
mission declined over distance 13
The Third and Fourth Distance Experiments
The third experiment was conducted with similar designs as
the second experiment, but the experimenter traveling with
stimulus pictures was different13. We observed signifi-
cant effects of psychological factors influencing ESP
scores, such as extraversion, degree of absorbtion of
attention in task, elation, relaxation, vitality, etc.
No significant effects of distance on ESP were found.
ESP did not work in the. fourth experiment. No indices of
ESP were found in responses to five out of six stimulus
stations. In absence of ESP transmission, of course, dis-
tance effects could not be evaluated. In two of the three
experiments where ESP was operative transmission declined
significantly with distance. Perfect replications are
still uncommon in ESP research by the reason that factors
facilitating or hindering transmission are not yet fully
understood18.
ESP Addressing: Ability to Locate Target Area
Reveiw of literature 1,2,3,5,8,10,15,20 gave clear cut evi-
dence of the astonishing selectivity of ESP information
system. It can find and select a person anywhere out of
three billion inhihitants of the earth as well as select-
ing physical objects and events. Is ESP orientation based
upon a kind of scanning for identifying landmarks? We
radically varied the amount of information given to sub-
ject about the location of targets: naming the place,
giving only direction of travel route, and providing no
information at all13. The liSP transmission was not effect-
.ed by information about the target area. Apparently the
ESP Addressing system is not based upon the knowledge of
the search territory 13'20. The only link necessary for
ESP addressing is acquaintance with the person in the tar-
get area. Such familiarity can be slight, second hand,
or even by having some belongings of that person, 3,12,15
In an experiment of M.C. March the acquaintance with tar-
get person was varied. ESP occurred only when appropriate
acquaintance cues were given and failed to function in
absence of appropriate cues5. So far we know ESP address-
ing system appears to be based on persons rather than
landmarks 13.
Channel Interference Between Persons
Despite the astonishing precision of ESP orientation
usually only small fraction of the desired information
gets transmitted. Much of the information loss appears
to occur in the channel,9'13, and may be a kind of inter-
ference between two per5ons12,13,16We performed a dis-
tance experiment designed to test the hypothesis of
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channel interference between persons9. Subjects at their
homes tried to identify pictures in the laboratory in
the same display as in distance tests. Unknown to them
a bystander was placed near the target area. The con-
ditions precluded telepathic "sending" of the pictures --
it was a clairvoyance test. Moods of the bystander were
ascertained on nine point scales. Channel interference
would be indicated by correlations of the bystander's
moods with subjects ESP scores. Correlations significant
at .05 level were twice as many, and at .01 level four
times as many as expected in a case with no association
between the variables9. As predicted the moods of the
bystander interfered with subjects ESP scores in this
experiment.
Conclusions
ESP channel characteristics were tested in five experi-
ments in which subjects were "blind" to the main variables.
Slight but statisticly significant attenuation of ESP
over distance was found, the decrements being somewhere
between .7 to 1.7 ESP quotient units per 1,000 miles.
ESP addressing system was also tested. It did not depend
on the size of scanning area or familiarity with land-
marks, but was related to acquaintance with a person in
the target area, however, slight or second hand the
acquaintance.
Channel interference between subjects at distance and a
bystander in target area was indicated by correlations
of subjects scores and the moods of the bystander.
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K. Osis: was born in Riga, Latvia, in 1917. Ile received
a Ph.D. in psychology at the University of Munich, 1951.
He was Research Associate at the Parapsychology Laboratory,
Duke University, Durham, N.C., 1951-57; Director of
Research at the Parapsychology Foundation, New York, N.Y.,
1957-62; Director of Research at the American Society for
Psychical Research, 1962-75; Chester F. Carlson Research
Fellow, American Society for Psychical Research, 1976.
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