ADVANCED THREAT TECHNIQUE ASSESSMENT. SRI PROJECT 5309

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP96-00787R000500150001-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 118
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 5, 2003
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: October 1, 1978
• Content Type: REPORT

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Final Report October 1978
ADVANCED THREAT TECHNIQUE ASSESSMENT (U)
Sensitive Intelligence Sources
and Methods Involved
333 Ravenswood Avenue
Menlo Park, California 94025 U.S.A.
[phone]
Cable: SRI INTL MNP
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of Releasable to Foreign Nationals
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Final Report
Covering the Period 18 April 1977 to 15 April 1978
ADVANCED THREAT TECHNIQUE ASSESSMENT (U)
By: HAROLD E. PUTHOFF
RUSSELL TARG
Radio Physics Laboratory
ROBERT S. LEONARD, Director
Radio Physics Laboratory
DAVID D. ELLIOTT, Executive Director
Systems Research and Analysis Division
Sensitive Intelligence Sources
and Methods Involved
65
Copy No . ..............
This document consists of 132 pages.
SRI 8-4566
CLASSIFIED BY: DIA (DT) NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION
EXEMPT FROM GDS OF E. O. 11652
EXEMPTION CATEGORY: 2 Unauthorized Disclosure Subject
DECLASSIFIED ON: Notification of Originator to Criminal Sanctions
333 Ravenswood Avenue ? Menlo Park, California 94025 U.S.A.
[phone] ? Cable: SRI INTL MNP ? TWX! 910-373-1246
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(This Page is UNCLASSIFIED)
EDWIN C. MAY
INGO SWANN
Consultants
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CONTENTS (U)
SG1A
SG1A
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF TABLES (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I OBJECTIVE (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Definition (U) . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .
B. Psychoenergetic Processes (U) . . . . . . . . . . .
C. SRI Work (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Advances of the Current Contract Period (U) . .
a. Example: Remote Viewing of
(S) . . . . . . . . . 8
b. Example: Communication with a Submerged
Submarine via the Remote-Viewing
Channel (U) . . . 10
c. Example: Resolution Studies (Objects
Hidden in Metal Containers) (U) . . . . . 12
2. Remote-Viewing State of the Art (U) . . . . . . 12
III LONG-DISTANCE COORDINATE REMOTE-VIEWING
EXPERIMENTS (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
A. Introduction (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
B. East European Site (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
C. USSR Sites (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1. General (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.
D. Headquarters, Strategic Air Command (SAC) (U) . . .
E. Underground Nuclear Test Detection (S) . . . . . . . 28
IV LONG-DISTANCE REMOTE VIEWING FROM A SUBMERSIBLE (U) . . . 33
A. Communication Experiment (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
B. Examination of the ELF Hypothesis (U) . . . . . . . 39
C. Preliminary Conclusions (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
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REMOTE VIEWING OF OBJECTS, PICTURES, AND
SYMBOLS (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
A. Experiments with objects in Metal
Containers (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
B. Abstract Targeting of Building Interiors (U) . . . . 48
C. Experiments with Analytical Targets (U) . . . . . 50
1. Alphanumeric Targets (U) . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2. Color/Shape Targets (Parallels Between Remote
Perception and Ordinary Perception) (U) . . . . 51
VI ROLE OF FEEDBACK IN REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENTS (U) . . . 55
A. Background Discussion (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
B. Experimentation (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
C. Conclusions (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1. General (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2. Recent Results (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
VII REMOTE PERCEPTION OF AUDIO SIGNALS (U) . . . . . . . . . 61
VIII SUBJECT-INDUCED EQUIPMENT PERTURBATION EFFECTS (U) . . . 65
A. Strain-Gauge Experiments (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
B. Random-Event Generator Experiments (U) . . . . . . . 66
IX SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
APPENDICES (U)
STANDARD REMOTE-VIEWING PROTOCOL (LOCAL TARGETS) (U) . . 77
B', SUMMARY OF KEY EXPERIMENTS IN LONG-DISTANCE COORDINATE
REMOTE VIEWING GENERATED FOR THIS PROGRAM DURING
PREVIOUS YEAR (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
C', DATA-SOURCE TRANSCRIPT (COMPLETE) (U) . ? . . . . . . . . 107
ERROR-CORRECTING CODING AND THE REMOTE VIEWING OF
TARGET SITES AS A MESSAGE-SENDING MEDIUM (U) . . . . . . 115
REFERENCES (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
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ILLUSTRATIONS (U)
1 Target Objects in Metal Containers (U) . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 Subject Sketch of East European Site (S) . . . . . . . . . 23
3 Subject Sketch of (S) . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Structure, (S) . . . . . . -. . . . . . 25
5 Subject Sketch of Detail on Dominant Structure,
(S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6 (S) . . . . . . 27
7 SAC HQ Building, OFFUTT AFB (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8 Subject Sketches (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9 Comparison Between Subject Remote-Viewing Response
and Overhead Photography (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10 Submersible Taurus (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
11 Submersible Experiment Number 1: 170 Meters Deep in
340 Meters of Water. 16 July 1977 (U) . . . . . . . . . . 36
12 Shopping Mall Target Used in Submersible Experiment
Number 2 (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
13 Submersible Experiment Number 2: 78 Meters Deep, on
the Bottom (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
14 Palo Alto Airport Tower Target (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
B-1 Drawing by Subject of Dust Cloud Raised During
Rocket Engine Test (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
B-2 Photograph of Dust Cloud at Rocket Test Site (U) 97
B-3 Drawing by Subject, and Rocket Test Site Schematic
Shown for Comparison (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
B-4 Photograph of Test Bay Showing Test Firing of Rocket
Engine (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
B-5 Remote Viewing by Grographical Coordinates of Dam Site
in the USSR (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
B-6 Remote-Viewing Overview of Dam-Site Locale, Showing
Airport of Interest in the Lower Left (U) . . . . . . . . 102
B-7 Remote-Viewing Sketch of Detail on Runways and
Structures (Soviet Airport) (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
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B-8 Rural Soviet Site (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
D-1 Use of a 5-Bit Error-Correcting Code to Increase
Probability of Correct Message Reception (U) . . . . . . 120
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TABLES (U)
1 Breakdown of the Various Psychoenergetic Processes (U) . 4
2 Action Item Areas for Research in Psychoenergetics (U) . 5
3 Transcript/Intelligence Correlations (S) . . . . . . . . . 9
4 Message Set (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5 Transcript/Intelligence Correlations (S) . . . . . . . . . 20
6 Submarine Experiment (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Subject Response
Packets Associated with Each Target (U) . . . . . . . . . 47
8 Music Target Pool with Partial Attribute List (U) . . . . 62
9 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Subject Response
Packets Associated with Each Target for Series 1 (U) . . . 64
10 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Subject Response
Packets Associated with Each Target for Series 2 (U) . . . 64
11 Remote-Viewing State of the Art--Conclusions (U) . . . . . 71
A-1 Direct Matching (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
A-2 Rank-Ordering Table (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
D-1 Quantitative Judging Technique (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
D-2 A 5-Bit Decoding Matrix (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
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I OBJECTIVE (U)
(S) The purpose of this program was to provide a basis for assess-
ing psychoenergetic processes as an advanced threat technology that
could be in development by the USSR. Psychoenergetic processes
include:
(1) The acquisition and description, by mental means, of
information blocked from ordinary perception by
distance or shielding and generally believed to be
secure against such access.
(2) The production of physical effects such as the
perturbation of equipment or instrumentation that
appears to be well shielded against, or otherwise
inaccessible to, human influence.
(S) This study was undertaken to determine-the state of the art,
to identify key development trends and technical parameters, and to
provide indicators that suggest particular advanced-threat-related
applications.
(U) There has been no attempt in this program to emphasize basic
research, nor to attempt development of specific applications. Further-
more, since funding levels were limited, extensive proof of the
phenomena under study was not intended. However, basic evaluation
guidelines were established as an aid in forming judgements on the
apparent degree of success, or lack of success, of the various types
of investigations. Some investigations were more amenable to
(C) Evidence that such development is takin place is documented in a
series of intelligence community documents, st and attention has been
called to this area by the U.S. Intelligence Board's (U.SIB) Scientific
and Technical Intelligence Committee (STIC) in a document entitled
"Views on Emerging Areas of Science and Technology Potentially
Important to National Security (C)."7
fi(U) References are listed at the end of this document.
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UNCLASSIFIED
(U)
statistical verification; others involved subjective as well as objec-
tive judgements. There is generally a lack of agreement as to what
constitutes sufficient proof of a particular paranormal phenomena, and
this effort did not attempt to develop specific tasks to provide proof
of such phenomena which would be satisfactory to all readers. However,
insights gained from these investigations are considered to be of value
in evaluating potential gains as well as potential difficulties that
could be experienced by possible Warsaw Pact development in this area.
2
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II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (U)
A. Definition (U)
(U) Recent publications in both the open and classified literature
provide mounting evidence for the existence of so-called "parapsycho-
logical," "paraphysical," or "psychoenergetic" processes. These
processes include:
(1) The acquisition of information not presented to any
obvious sense. These are perceptual processes that
act as information input to a human subject (remote
viewing, telepathy, dowsing, etc.).
(2) The production of physical effects not mediated by
any obvious mechanism. These are perturbation
(psychokinetic) processes that act as action output
from a human subject (the generation of fields,
temperature changes, mechanical forces, physiological
effects, etc.).
B. Psychoenergetic Processes (U)
(U) A breakdown of the various psychoenergetic processes of
interest is shown in Table 1. A matrix or "road map" of the various
areas under current investigation in our laboratory and elsewhere is
shown in Table 2. Its structure reflects the three major areas of
activity:
? Cataloging the characteristics of the phenomenon, such as
resolution, reliability, bit rate, effects of shielding,
etc., including investigation of various models (e.g.,
electromagnetic).
? Ascertaining the correlates of paranormal functioning
that may lead to screening and training (psychological
conditions, medical profiling, environmental factors,
etc.).
? Determining application potential with regard to:
alternate communications systems, enhanced environmental
monitoring (near and far), application to information
security processes, enhanced man/machine interactions,
etc.
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 INFORMATION THEORY,
CODING
(Bit Rate, Redundancy
Required, Message
Transmission, Judging
Techniques)
ORDINARY
PERCEPTION
(Perceptual
Tasks Paralleling
Ordinary
Perception)
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL
CORRELATES
c- EXPERIMENTS
NOISE PERTUR
BATION
(Radioactive Decay,
Electronic Noise)
ELECTROMAGNETIC QUANTUM MECHANICS MULTI-DIMENSIONAL
EFFECTS (Non-locality, Quantum- (Complex Space/Time)
(ELF Beacons, Jamming, I nterconnectedness,
Submersible Shielding, Holographic)
Propagation Velocity)
EDUCATIONAL
PROCEDURES
SCREENING
(Children
Identical
Twins,
the Blind)
TRAINING
(Feedback,
Reinforcement,
Target
Optimization)
APPLICATION
POTENTIAL
ENHANCED ENVIRONMENTAL
INFORMATION MONITORING
ALTERNATE COMMUNICATIONS
CAPABILITIES
? GENERATION OF ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION SECURITY
PROCESSES
ENHANCED HUMAN/MACHINE
INTERACTIONS
CREATION OF NEW INDUSTRIAL
COMPONENTS
- NEW APPLICATIONS IN SYSTEMS
TECHNOLOGY AND ENERGY
ECONOMICS
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS TO
SATELLITE AND INTERPLANETARY
COMMUNICATIONS
ALTERNATE MEDICAL/
PSYCHOLOGICAL TREAT-
MENT STRATEGIES
SPATIAL AND RELIABILITY TARGETING
TEMPORAL (Subject (Geographic
RESOLUTION Confidence, Coordinates,
(Tarnrt Size rndinn ginnrinhirnl
SHIELDING
(Electromagnetic
and Other)
PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL
CORRELATES MEDICAL FACTORS
(EEG, GSR, EMG) PROFILING (Sensory Deprivation,
Altered States, Stress
Environments,
Experimenter Effects
[Psychological Factors,
Psi/Anti-psi Syndrome)
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and SrnrPrl Versiis Fartnrs
PRODUCTION OF NEW
EDUCATIONAL METHODS
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C. SRI Work (U)
(U) In order to meet the objectives of this program, SRI investi-
gators have for the last six years been concentrating primarily on a
particular human information-accessing capability that we call "remote
viewing." This phenomenon pertains to the ability of certain individuals
to access and describe, by means of mental processes, information blocked
from ordinary perception by distance or shielding, and generally believed
to be secure against such access. This has included the ability of sub-
jects to view remote geographical locations, even at intercontinental
distances, given only geographical coordinates or a known person on
whom to target.
(S) The remote viewing abilities of several subjects have been
developed to the point where they can describe--often in great detail--
geographical and technical material such as natural formations, roads,
buildings, interior laboratory apparatus, and real-time activities.
These experiments have included successful viewings of solid-propellant
missile static test firings in the western U.S., the apparent detection
of underground nuclear tests, and correct detailed descriptions of Soviet
and East-bloc military facilities. These results are documented in this
report.
1. Advances of the Current Contract Period (U)
(U) Three major advances stand out in this year's effort with
regard to work with our two experienced subjects. They are:
(1) An observed increase in reliability of psychoenergetic
functioning as a result of practice, to the point where
the year's major effort in a long-distance remote
viewing application resulted in data of high information
content with little error.
(2) The successful application of the remote viewing
function as a communications (message-sending) medium,
carried out in a semi-operational stress environment
(submerged submarine).
(3) An observed increase in spatial resolution discri-
mination, to resolution on the order of a millimeter.
These advances are illustrated in the following three examples.
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a. Example: Remote Viewing
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(S) As an example of remote viewing applied in a threat-assessment
role, we present here in the Executive Summary a synopsis of an experi-
ment described in detail in Section III.
(S) A target site was selected by the project contract monitor and
the coordinates (latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes, and
seconds) were passed to SRI investigators. No other data were provided.
An SRI investigator read the coordinates to a subject and asked for his
impressions of the site. In response the subject generated a drawing
and'narrated a description, which was tape recorded. The subject-
generated data package was then transmitted to the project monitor for
analysis.
(S) A table prepared by the contracting agency's evaluation team
shows a comparison between some of the subject: transcript data and
intelligence data (Table 3). Additional detail is contained in a later
section of this report, and a complete analysis is available through
SI/SAO channels. The overall conclusion of the evaluation team is that
the data provided are in such detail and of such high accuracy that the
(S) Additional backup data on the work summarized in this report (e.g.,
specific coordinates, intelligence sources used in evaluation, etc.)
are available through the contracting agency and can be provided on a
need-to-know basis.
8
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(s) C C ~` n r T
possibility of chance or any other explanation may be disregarded, as the
probability of so many high correlative elements is beyond comprehens'ion.s
We therefore find in this application-feasibility test that the subject
was able to generate extensive detail confirmed by intelligence data.
b. Example: Communication with a Submerged Submarine
via the Remote-Viewing Channel (U)
(U) As an example of remote viewing applied in a communication
mode, we present here a synopsis of a second experiment described in
further detail in Section IV.
(U) The goal of the experiment was to determine whether it was
possible to transmit a message to a submerged submarine via the remote-
viewing channel. The test was designed to provide not only an oppor-
tunity to determine the feasibility of psychoenergetic communication
with an isolated individual, but also to provide data on the effects of
environmental stress on psychoenergetic performance, and on the possible
shielding effects of several hundred feet of sea water (known to be a
good shield for all but the lowest frequencies of the electromagnetic
spectrum).
*(U) As an overall calibration of the remote viewing process, against
which specific examples such as the above can be gauged, we can take
as 'a background data base a lengthy collection of 51 remote viewing
trials collected over a several-year period with nine subjects, and
published by the authors in Proc. IEEE.9 In these trials subjects were
targeted on local targets (bridges, swimming pools, theaters, airports,
computers, machine shops, etc.) within a 20 km range of SRI. The
method of targeting was that the subject "tracked" investigators who
were to visit an unknown target site at a prearranged time. The proto-
col for this standard remote-viewing experiment is given in Appendix A.
The quality of the results was such that the judges, who had to
determine in a blind fashion which subject-generated data packages
(tape transcripts and drawings) were associated with which target sites,
wet'e able to blind-match transcripts to targets in roughly half the
cases. Details are presented in Ref. 9.
(U) Further calibration data are given in Appendix B. Presented there
are key experiments in long-distance coordinate remote viewing
generated for this program during the previous year.
10
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(U) The submersible used in the experiment was the Taurus, a five-
man underwater vehicle manufactured by International Hydrodynamics
Company Ltd. (HYCO) of Canada. During the experimentation discussed
here, the submersible operated submerged in the waters near Santa
Catalina Island, off the coast of southern California.
(U) The protocol for the experiment was as follows. A series of
six potential messages to be sent (see Table 4) was constructed in
advance of the experiment. To each message was assigned a San Francisco
Bay Area target location. To send a given message, a pair of investi-
gators comprising a target demarcation team went at a prearranged time
to the site linked to the particular message and remained there for 15
minutes. During this period a subject on-board the submersible, monitored
by an investigator blind to the target pool, registered his impressions
as to where the demarcation team was, 500 miles away, as per standard
remote viewing protocol. Following the remote-viewing trial, the subject
then consulted a list of potential targets (seen for the first time at
this point), made a choice as to which target of the set he had described,
and noted the associated message.
(S) MESSAGE SET (U)
Remain submerged for two days
Evasive plan six
*Rendezvous at pickup point three
Proceed to base one
Standby alert on priority targets
*Launch priority targets
Messages sent via remote-viewing
protocol.
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(U) Two experiments of this type were carried out, one each with
two subjects. For this first
of 1,70 m in water 340 m deep;
the bottom in 80 in of water.
excellent descriptions of the
experiment the submersible was at a depth
for the second the submersible rested on
In both cases the subjects rendered
choosing the correct target from the
Although the subjects indicated that
stress due to cramped conditions and
factors did not appear to affect the
sites, and had no difficulty in
list of six potentials targets.
they had experienced some degree of
seasickness, these environmental
quality of performance deleteriously.
Example: Resolution Studies (Objects Hidden in Metal
Containers) (U)
(U) In order to obtain an estimate of the resolution capability of
the remote-viewing process, a subject was asked to render descriptions
of objects hidden in small light-tight metal containers (35 mm film cabs)
located 1/8 mile distant from the subject. The location of the object
was known to the subject only as being on the person of an investigator
outbound to an unknown site. During the experiment no investigator
involved in the study knew the target, the target canisters having been
previously prepared and randomized by an investigator outside the project.
(U) A sequence of ten trials were carried out, and the resulting
subj'ect transcripts and drawings were blind-matched to the targets by an
independent judge with statistically significant results. Figure 1 shows
the targets and responses for the first five trials. As indicated in the
figure caption, the quotations accompanying the drawings are taken from
the first paragraphs of the subject responses. These data indicate that
the psychoenergetic channel functions with a spatial resolution down to
at least the order, of one millimeter.
Remote-Viewing State of the Art (U)
(S) The more important results of our investigation to date can be
summarized as follows:
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TF
"IT'S DEFINITELY SOMETHING THIN AND
SPOOL AND PIN
LONG. . . WITH A NAIL HEAD AT THE
END . . . SILVERED COLORED."
CURLED UP LEAF
"A NAUTILUS SHAPE WITH A TAIL."
glimmmillp-75A
i I 1 ~+
LEATHER BELT KEYRING
"THE STRONGEST IMAGE I GET IS LIKE A BELT."
i
I
"LIKE A MINIATURE TOWER . . . SCALLOPED
CAN OF SAND
BOTTOM . . . LIGHT BEIGE."
"LIKE A PENGUIN . . . GREY AND BLACK AND
WHITE . . . POINTED OR SLIGHTLY ROUNDED
GREY AND WHITE QUILL
OFF AT THE TOP ... OPEN OR POINTED AT
THE BOTTOM."
FIGURE 1 TARGET OBJECTS IN METAL CONTAINERS. Captions under subject
drawings are quotes from first paragraph of transcript. (U)
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Target acquisition--Subjects can acquire target site on the
basis of the presence of a known person at the site;
targeting by geographical coordinates without the presence
of a known person at the site yields results comparable to
those obtained in experiments in which a person known to
the subject is used as a target. This observation offers
evidence for goal-oriented as opposed to means-oriented
interpretation of the "laws" that appear to govern
psychoenergetic functioning.
Target attributes sensed--Descriptive aspects (shape, form,
color, material) are described better than analytical
concepts (function, name), although at times the latter
come through excellently. Written target material is
correct only occasionally. Alphabet targets are success-
ful only statistically. In addition to visually observable
detail, subjects sometimes report sounds, smells, electro-
magnetic fields, and other phenomena that can be verified
as existing at target locations.
Spatial and temporal resolution--The channel functions with
spatial resolution down to at least one millimeter. Real-
time activities at the target site are often perceived.
Experiments have included successful real-time remote
viewing of Minuteman and Poseidon static test firings in
the western United States (with differentiation between
successful firings and scrubs, and timing to within ten
seconds). Ephemeral, rapid, or repetitive targets are
more difficult.
? Distance effects--Accuracy and resolution are not sensitive
functions of subject-target distance over intercontinental
distances.
? Shielding--Faraday cage or sea water electrical shielding
are not effective shields.
? Factors that appear to inhibit success in remote viewing--
These are a-priori subject knowledge of target possibili-
ties, absence of feedback, application of the ability to
trivial tasks (testing for the sake of testing), and use
of repetitive target sequences.
? Factors that appear to enhance success in remote viewing--
These are interest factors for the subject, a-priori
necessity and relevancy for obtaining information
(seriousness of purpose), the presence of a facilitating
monitor to ask questions and direct the subject's
attention, and practice with feedback.
? Accuracy and reliability--Analysis of remote-viewing tran-
scripts generated by experienced subjects indicates that
for a given target site roughly two-thirds of the subject-
generated material constitutes an accurate description of
14
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(S)
the site, while about one-third is ambiguous, general,
or incorrect.
? Repeatability of phenomena--Continuing demonstrations in
this program, and replications in other laboratories,14-19
indicate that the capability known as "remote viewing" is
a repeatable human perceptual ability.
? Distribution of psychoenergetic capacity in population--
Abilities appear widespread, though latent; volunteers
with no previous history of psychoenergetic functioning
exhibit ability in screening experiments, indicating
that reliance on the availability of special subjects
may not be necessary. Unknown, however, are the percentage
of population trainable or with natural talent, the
optimum screening procedures, and the medical or
psychological profiles of good subjects.
? Threat potential--Remote viewing, through the use of
geographical coordinates as designators, has in many
cases provided meaningful descriptions of East-Bloc military
facilities designated as targets by the sponsor; evaluation
by appropriate intelligence community specialists indicates
that a subject is able by this process to generate useful
data corroborated by other intelligence data; as is
generally true with human sources, the information is
fragmentary and imperfect, and is therefore best utilized
in conjunction with these other resources; nonetheless,
the data generated by this process appears to exceed any
reasonable bounds of chance correlation or acquisition by
ordinary means, and therefore constitutes a potentially
exploitable information source.
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III LONG-DISTANCE COORDINATE REMOTE-VIEWING EXPERIMENTS (U)
A. Introduction (U)
(S) One of the primary objectives of this program is to provide a
basis for evaluating various psychoenergetic capabilities. This is done
specifically to assess the probability that such capabilities might be
under development in the USSR as an advanced threat technique that could
form the basis of future technological surprise.
(S) To aid in this assessment a significant part of the study is
devoted to evaluating application feasibility by examining U.S. capabili-
ties. This assessment of application feasibility takes the form of our
asking subjects in this program to view and describe remote sites chosen
by the project's contract monitor as being sites of interest, such as
U.S. missile test bays, Soviet military facilities, and so on.
(U) Two procedures are used for targeting the subject on the site.
In those cases where feasible, a person known to the subject is dispatched
to the vicinity of the site and the subject is asked to target on that
individual, who plays the role of a beacon--i.e., apparently acts as an
aid in the focusing process. For those sites where deployment of a
cooperative person to the site is not feasible, we employ an abstract
targeting procedure developed in an earlier program.10 In this procedure
the site coordinates (latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes, and
seconds) are relayed with no further information to the subject. The
subject who is to view the site is asked simply to proceed on the basis
of the coordinate alone. The materials generated in the experiment are
then turned over to the project monitor for evaluation.
(U) Admittedly, such an abstract targeting procedure seems without
basis in logic (at least with regard to the present scientific paradigm),
and we can make no claim for the technique other than the purely pragmatic
one that it appears to work. We can only point out that in psychoener-
getics research in general, the possibility of success in such an
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(U)
experiment is in accord with the observed "goal-oriented" nature of the
laws that appear to govern such functioning.
B. East European Site (S)
(C) To test the phenomenon of remote viewing as a practical intelli-
genc'e-gathering technique, researchers at SRI International were given
the geographic coordinates of a site by the contract monitor. The site
was selected because of its intelligence interest and because there were
sufficient data in the intelligence community to evaluate the results.
It is important to remember that only the coordinates were provided. No
other identifying or helpful information was supplied to SRI or the sub-
ject'. The coordinates remained locked in a safe at SRI until 5 January
1978, at which time they were withdrawn.
(U) The site selected was The following
background data were provided to SRI by the contract monitor after
completion of the experiment.
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(S) We therefore find in this application-feasibility test that the
subject was able to generate a description contai ing extensive detail
confirmed by other intelligence sources.
C. USSR Sites (S)
1. General (U)
(S) For a second test of remote viewing as practical intelligence-
gathering technique, the project's contract monit r arrived at SRI with
the coordinates for four (4) Soviet sites.
(U) In the presence of the contract monitor each of the four coordi-
nates was read in turn to a subject by an SRI inv stigator blind to the
targets. In response to each coordinate the subj ct spent about 15
minutes rendering sketches and noting down on pap r his impressions of
the site. Although there was little verbal inter hange, the session was
tape recorded in addition.
I" qp_
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(S)
Table 5 (Concluded) (U)
SG1C
SG1A
SG1A
SG1A
(U) Following the initial hour's effort on the four sites, the
the 'contract monitor examined the data generated by the subject and then
asked for further detail on each response.
(S)
(S) As an example of the level of detail obtained in this series
of remote-viewing trials, we present here some of the data obtained on
the third of the four sites,
(S) Upon being read the coordinates the subject's immediate verbal
response was "It's a missile site." He then proceeded to generate
several pages of verbal transcript material and a series of sketches,
which include an outline of the general area (Figure 3) and detail on a
tall vertical structure (Figures 4 and 5). These can be compared with
the intelligence source data shown in Figure 6,. There does appear to
be relevant correlation between some of the subject-generated data and
certain key elements of the target site. A detailed analysis of the
results of the experiment is available from the contracting agency and
can be provided on a need-to-know basis.
D. Headquarters, Strategic Air Command (SAC) (U)
(U) On 19 July 1977 the project's contract monitor carried out a
remote-viewing experiment at SRI's Radio Physics Laboratory with one of
the SRI subjects. The subject was under continuous observation by the
contract monitor. No SRI investigators were present.
22
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(confirmed)
(3) SMOKE STACKS
(confirmed)
(6) STORAGE FACILITY
(confirmed)
FIGURE 2 SUBJECT SKETCH OF EAST EURO~EAN SITE (S)
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SECRET
it
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(U) The particular site used in the experiment was kept blind to
the 'contract monitor, having been chosen by a colleague of his, so the
experiment was of the double-blind type. The site coordinates were
give xi to the subject by the contract monitor with no further elaboration.
The subject was asked to note his impressions of the site in written
form, including sketches. The response was turned over to the contract
monitor in just under fifteen minutes.
24
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FIGURE 4 SUBJECT SKETCH OF PERSPECTIVE VIEWS Ofd DOMINANT STRUCTURE,
(S)
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(S)
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(C) The site chosen was later revealed to be the SAC Headquarters
building, Offutt AFB, eight miles south of Omaha, Nebraska. Specifically,
the coordinates given were those of a Minuteman Missile on display in
front of the headquarters building (see Figure 7).
(C) The subject's first response is shown in Figure 8. His initial
impressions were of shapes: a cluster of three thin vertical objects on
wide' bases, and a single large tapered cylinder. These shapes do bear
some resemblance to features at the SAC HQ building target site, which
has three antennas on the roof, and a Minuteman Missile on display in
the front.
(U) The subject then rendered a plan view of the area as seen from
the air (Figure 9). As is often the case, some resemblance between the
target site and subject response can be discerned (lake to the southeast,
runway to the northeast, segmented building with three structures on top
and incline in front, etc.), but the subject's response is more sparse:
than the actual site (i.e., missing some structures) and contains ele-
ments not confirmed (e.g., twin buildings to the south). Given the
double-blind nature of the experiment and the essentially infinite pool
of target possibilities, however, it is reasonable to conclude from
Figures 7 through 9 that there is circumstantial evidence that some
contact with the site location took place. In particular, it should be
noted that there was no a priori reason for the subject to expect an
airport target, and this main feature was discerned.
E. (Underground Nuclear Test Detection (S)
(S) During the course of the contractual period, occasional
opportunities for unplanned long-distance remote-viewing experiments
arise. Three such targets of opportunity occurred during the period
covered by this report; these were detonations of underground nuclear
devices in the Nevada desert. Participation by SRI Radio Physics
Laboratory personnel in the activity provided an opportunity for verifi-
cation of event timing, facility layout, and so forth. Subjects were
instructed to view by coordinates during time windows of a half hour
that bracketed the planned detonation times.
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FIGURE 7 SAC HQ BUILDING, OFFUTT AFB. Target coordinates given to
subject were those of Minuteman missile on display. (C)
V Y
.,
FIGURE 8 SUBJECT SKETCHES (U)
29
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(S) The subjects were not told the nature of the event nor given
detail on event time. The data generated by the subjects were descrip-
tive of underground nuclear detonation, an abort was recognized as such,
and considerable detail on site layout and conditions was generated,
some of which has been verified as being correct. Evaluation of this
data is still being carried out by Radio Physics Laboratory personnel,
who have access to site/event data.
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LARGE BUILDINGS
c)(01 i q l'
~C HQ
IV` 'As
, RUNWAY
?FFUTT AFB
PHOTOGRAPHY FLOWN BY 100 SRW JU
COMPILED BY 544 TMS
APPROXIMATE SCALE 1:15,000
0 1/8 1/4 1/2
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In July of 1977 SRI carried out experiments in remote viewing from
a submersible submerged in 500 ft of sea water, approximately 500 miles
from the target site.
The goal of the experiment was to determine whether it was possible
to transmit a message to a submerged submarine via the remote-viewing
channel. The test was designed to provide not only an opportunity to
determine the feasibility of psychoenergetic communication with an
isolated individual, but also to provide data on the effects of environ-
mental stress on psychoenergetic performance, and on the possible
shielding effects of several hundred feet of sea water (known to be a
good shield for all but the lowest frequencies of the electromagnetic
spectrum). Neither the stress, nor distance, nor seawater attenuation
appeared to degrade the quality of the remote-viewing function in any
way.
The submersible used in the experiment was the Taurus, a five-man
underwater vehicle (see Figure 10) manufactured by International
Hydrodynamics Company Ltd. (HYCO) of Canada. (The Taurus was made
available to SRI by Mr. Stephan Schwartz of the Philosophical Research
Society of Los Angeles, who had arranged for its use in an underwater
archaeology experiment.) During the experimentation discussed here,
the submersible operated submerged in the waters near Santa Catalina
Island, off the coast of southern California.
A. Communication Experiment
The protocol for the experiment was as follows. A series of six
potential messages to be sent [see Table 4 in the Executive Summary
(Section II)] was constructed in advance of the experiment. To each
message was assigned a target location in the San Francisco Bay Area.
To send a given message, a target demarcation team went at a prearranged
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time to the site linked to the particular message and remained there for
15 minutes. During this period a subject on-board the submersible,
monitored by an investigator blind to the target pool, registered his
impressions as to where the demarcation team was, 500 miles away, as
per standard remote viewing protocol. Following the remote-viewing
trial, the subject then consulted a list of potential targets (seen for
the first time at this point), made a choice as to which target of the
set was viewed, and noted the associated message.
Four trials were planned in accordance with a prearranged time
schedule. The first trial was aborted because the submersible did not
follow its diving schedule. For the second trial the submersible was at
a depth of 170 m, in water 340 m deep, and the subject was asked to
describe his impressions of the location of the outbound team. (The
outbound team had chosen their location to designate the particular
message to be sent.) Having completed the response, the subject was
handed the list of target descriptions and asked to choose which of the
six target locations appeared to match the description.
Figure 11 shows the subject's response. The outbound team had
chosen the large oak tree shown in the figure. (An interesting note:
Because of a timing error the subject's narrative began while the out-
bound team was still enroute to the target site.) The subject correctly
(and extensively) described a large tree, and also correctly described
a drop-off behind the outbound team. In this experiment the subject
was able to identify the correct target on the list and was thus able
to obtain the associated correct message, "Rendezvous at Pickup Point
Three."
The third trial aborted because of a lack of synchronization between
submarine dives and target visitation. For the fourth trial, the out-
bound team again went at a prearranged time to one of six possible
locations, chosen from a new list, a shopping mall shown in Figure 12.
In this trial the submersible rested on the bottom in 78 meters of water.
Figure 13 shows the subject's response to the target. The'subject
correctly indicated the flat stone flooring, small pool, reddish stone
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walk, and people walking around in an enclosed space. When shown the
target list, the subject chose the correct target location and was thus
able to "receive" the associated message.
Therefore, in the two trials that were actually carried out from
the submersible, the subject in each case selected the correct one out
of six messages.
B. Examination of the ELF Hypothesis
One of our purposes in experimenting with remote viewing from a
submersible was to test the extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic
hypothesis put forward by I. M. Kogan of the Soviet Union, who suggests
that information transfer under conditions of sensory shielding is
mediated by ELF waves with wavelengths in the 300-to-1000-km region.20-23
To determine the significance of the success of the communications
experiment with regard to the ELF hypothesis, we must examine the
shielding effect of 170 m of sea water. The appropriate calculations
have been carried out by the authors for another project; we quote the
salient features here.
Three modes of propagation have to be considered. They are the
TE, TM, and quasi-TEM modes of propagation. (The latter is generally
assumed in Project Sanguine/Seafarer calculations, where one considers
coupling into the spherical resonant cavity comprised of the earth's
surface as the inner radius, and the ionosphere as the outer radius.24)
Table 6 shows the minimum attenuation results for the three cases,
assuming a depth of 170 m and a frequency of 10 Hz (approximate brainwave
frequency). We see that in all cases there is greater than 20 dB
(factor of 100) attenuation of a 10-Hz ELF signal.
C. Preliminary Conclusions
Preliminary conclusions of the submersible experiment are as
follows:
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(ELF Hypothesis)
Depth: 170 in
Maximum-Transmission TE Wave (Normal Incidence, 10 Hz)
R surface
loss
R attn
Maximum-Transmission TM Wave (Grazing Incidence, 10 Hz)
R surface
loss
R
attn
18.6 dB
Maximum-Transmission Quasi-TEM Wave (Grazing Incidence, 10 Hz)
R surface
loss
R attn
Remote viewing appears to be a successful approach for
achieving a land/submersible communication link.
Under the least-loss case (near-grazing TM wave), the
attenuation for an ELF signal at 10 Hz is 18.6 dB at
170 in, to which must be added the air/surface
reflection loss. (The air/surface interface adds
another 3.4 dB.) The results are therefore suggestive
that the postulated ELF electromagnetic radiation
mechanism is not viable as a mechanism for remote
viewing. However, a definitive test requires a series
40
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of experiments carried out at, say, 1000 m, where
10-Hz attenuation reaches 110 dB.
? Although the subjects indicated that they had experienced
some degree of stress due to cramped conditions and
seasickness, these environmental factors did not appear
to affect the quality of performance deleteriously.
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V REMOTE VIEWING OF OBJECTS, PICTURES, AND SYMBOLS (U)
(U) For simple communication experiments, training procedures, and
so forth, it would be desirable to dispense with the relatively cumber-
some procedure of remote viewing of natural sites and substitute the
remote viewing of small objects, pictures, symbols, and the like. In
this section we discuss experiments undertaken to determine the feasi-
bility of such a substitution.
A. Experiments with Objects in Metal Containers (U)
(U) An experiment was carried out in which a subject was asked to
render descriptions of objects hidden in small light-tight metal con-
tainers (35-mm film cans) located 1/8 mile. distant from the subject's
location. Further, the location of the object was known to the subject
only as being on the person of an investigator outbound to an unknown
site.
(S) The purpose of the experiment was to test (1) whether such a
process constitutes a useful communication channel as claimed by the
Soviets,22 (2) whether a target needs to be illuminated in order to be
detected by psychoenergetic processes (e.g., can one look inside a
darkened safe?), and (3) whether resolution on the order of millimeters
can be obtained.
(U) Ten trials were carried out. Each target was chosen by a
random-number process from the target pool that was prepared in advance
by an independent investigator. All investigators involved in carrying
out the experiment were kept blind both as to particular targets and as
to the contents of the target pool as a whole.
(U) In detail, an investigator not otherwise associated with this
series (Investigator A) was asked to select ten objects and to seal each
in a separate film can. The film cans were then turned over to a second
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(U)
investigator (Investigator
gator B then numbered the
taking care to handle them
B), who was not told the contents. Invest}-
can tops 1 to 10 without opening the cans,
in such a way as to avoid gaining any
information as to their contents.
of cans in a secure safe.
During
Investigator B then placed the box
the experiment the target cans were
used without replacement until the ten possibilities were exhausted.
(U) At the beginning of each experiment, the subject was closeted
with Investigator C in an isolated windowless room of the Radio Physics
Laboratory in the SRI complex. Investigator B then generated a random
number by the use of the random-number function on a Texas Instruments!
Model SR-51 hand calculator, obtained the associated can from the target
pool, in the safe, and took it to a convenient location in a park near
SRI.' The outbound investigator (Investigator B) remained at the remote
location for a ten-minute target period, beginning at a previously
agreed-upon time, with the film can still unopened.
(U) During the target period the subject was asked to locate the
outbound investigator and to describe the contents of the film can in
his possession. Since the investigator with the subject (Investigator
C) was ignorant of both the particular target and the contents of the
target pool, he was free to question the subject about his perceptions
without fear of cueing. The entire interaction in the laboratory was
tape recorded, and the subject was encouraged to make drawings to
accompany his verbal description of the film-can contents.
(U) Following the target period, outbound Investigator B returned
to the laboratory, at which time all concerned (subject and Investigators
B and C) learned the contents of the target film can by opening it.
This'
was the first time in the entire course of the experiment that an
association could be made between a numbered can top and a given target
object.
(U),Because targets were used without replacement, when a previously
used number came up, the random-number generator was reactivated until
an unused number was obtained.
44
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(U) To facilitate analysis, it was decided in advance that the
experimental series of ten trials would be broken down into two sub-
groups of five trials each. Thus, in the blind rank-order procedure
used (described below), a judge was asked to compare each target against
five transcripts--one generated during the target period of interest
and four generated during the other target periods of the subgroup.
This procedure of breaking up trials into subgroups is a standard one
designed to reduce the difficulty of comparing each target against a
long series of all transcripts.
(U) In preparation for the judging of each subgroup, the subject's
tapes were transcribed. The resulting transcripts were then edited by
Investigator B only to the extent of deleting references to previous
days' targets. The transcripts were then labeled A, B, C, D, E in a
random order by use of the SR-51 random number generator. Each set of
five transcripts (with associated drawings) was then turned over to an
independent judge with the following instructions:
"The five film cans with randomly numbered tops which
contain objects constituted targets in five successive 'remote
viewing' experiments. The subject's five response packets
containing tape transcripts and associated drawings, one
packet for each experiment, are to be matched to the film can
contents. The response packets are unnumbered and presented
in random order, so the matching is of the blind type; that
is, no indication is being given as to which packet was
generated in response to which target.
In carrying out the matching process, the judge must
realize that the subject is instructed simply to give
descriptive impressions as to the characteristics of a
target, as opposed to trying to interpret or identify or
name the target. This is based on the known fact that in
psychoenergetic functioning, as in other subliminal perception
processes, first impressions as to form, color, and texture
tend to be correct, but further efforts to analyze and
interpret tend to lead to incorrect 'analytical overlay.'
As an aid in judging with regard to this particular concept,
we ask that as part of the judging exercise the judge should,
before reading any subject transcript, examine all the targets,
and write down for his own use a list of target descriptors
(rather than names) for each item.
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(U)
The details of the judging procedure, which involve
filling in the accompanying matrix (see attached form),'`
are as follows. Select the lowest numbered can and examine
its contents. Then read through the packets with the goal
of determining best to worst description of this particular
target. When the rank ordering is complete for this target,
enter the rank order numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, best to worst
match, beside the appropriate transcript letter in the first
column. Then examine the contents of the next lowest
numbered can, again ranking the packets best to worst match,
and likewise enter the rank order numbers, 1-5, best to
worst match, beside the appropriate transcript letter in
the second column, and so on. The rank ordering for each
target is to be done independently of the previous rank
orderings, so that, for example, a given packet may be
chosen first place match for more than one target if that
provides the best ordering of descriptions. When the task
is complete, the entire matrix should be filled in, at which
time the packets are to be returned."
(U) As an example of the quality of description obtained, the
results generated in the first subgroup of five are shown in Figure 1
in the Executive Summary (Section II of this report). The captions
contain quotes from the subject's first paragraph of each description.
For a spool and a pin we have: "It's definitely something thin and
long-with like a nail head at the end...sil'ver colored;" for a curled
up leaf: "a nautilus shape with a tail;" for a leather belt keyring:
"The strongest image I get is like a belt;" for a can of sand: "like
a miniature tower-scalloped bottom... light beige;" for a grey and
white quill: "like a penguin...grey and black and white...it's organic
and'' has been alive... pointed or slightly rounded off at the top...open
or pointed at the bottom."
(U) The judge's blind rank-order assessment for the entire ten-
trial series is shown in Table 7(b). In the blind rank ordering of each
target against five transcripts consisting of the appropriate transcript
(U) The judge was given a blank matrix to be filled in. For the form
of ',the matrix, see Table 7(a), which is an example of a filled-in
matrix. The numbers correspond to the judge's rank-ordering assess-
ments; the circles indicate the actual transcript/target pair.
46
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(U) DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO SUBJECT RESPONSE PACKETS
ASSOCIATED WITH EACH TARGET (U)
(a) Example of Judging Matrix (First Five-Trial Subgroup)
Transcri
t
Can Number
p
Letter
3
4
7
8
9
A
01
5
4
4
5
B
5
4
3
3
O1
C
3
3
O
1
2
D
4
O1
5
5
4
E
2
2
2
O
3
(b) Analysis
Experiment
Can
Number
Target
Rank of Associated
Packet
1
4
Spool and pin
1
2
7
Leaf
1
3
3
Keyring
1
4
8
Sand
2
5
9
Quill
1
6
1
Stamps
1
7
2
Plastic pig
5
8
10
Whistle
4
9
6
Metal spring
2
10
5
Doll
1
Total sum of ranks
(10 trials/5 rankings each)
19
Probability of result by chance 26
p = 0.009
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(U)
and four others, six of the ten transcripts were correctly matched, and
two were matched in second place, a result significant at p = 0.009
(i.e., the probability of obtaining such a ranking by chance is less
than 1 in a hundred).
(U) It thus appears that small objects can be discriminated by
psychoenergetic processes, and that the channel functions down to at
least the order of one millimeter spatial resolution. Finally, success-
full use of the light-tight cans indicates that the light level required
to illuminate the target can be vanishingly small.t
B. Abstract Targeting of Building Interiors (U)
(U) For the past several years we have been conducting remote-
viewing experiments in which a subject in the laboratory is able to
describe accurately the interior of a remote building given only
geographical coordinates or a known outbound investigator on whom to
target. In our experience, the outbound investigator need not be inside
the building for the subject to provide an accurate description of the
inside. It is sufficient for him to be in the general neighborhood of
the building in question.
(U) We had not, however, previously carried out an experiment to
determine whether an experienced subject could describe the inside of a
building, given only an envelope containing a photograph of the target
(U)', The appropriate analysis for preferential-ranking data is given in
Ref. 25. The analysis requires that the ranking for each target be
carried out independently--that is, with replacement--and the judge
was so instructed. Evidence that this requirement was adhered to, to
a close approximation, is provided by examination of Table 7(a), where
the correct matching of four targets out of five did not yield an
automatic match for the fifth, and Transcript C was twice selected as
a first-place match (Targets 7 and 8).
f
(U)',The film cans were tested for light-tightness by exposing the cans
containing 400 ASA Tri-X film to 30 flashes of a 1200 watt-second
strobe light at ].1 inches; photodensitometer traces showed no light
explosure as compared with unexposed control film.
48
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(U)
building. Therefore, we designed an experiment that involved handing
the subject photographs of the outsides of buildings in the
San Francisco Bay Area. In order to assure the absence of analytical
guessing, the photos remained sealed inside opaque photographic enve-
lopes throughout the experiment. The envelope plus its contents thus
constituted an abstract targeting procedure. (See discussion in fourth
paragraph of Section III-A.)
(U) The targets, all stand-alone buildings in the Palo Alto area,
were as follows: an indoor swimming pool, movie theater, public
library, bowling alley, fire station, grocery store, auto showroom,
airport hangar, research building, and Chinese restaurant. In each case
a photo was taken in a manner to best conceal the true nature of the
building. This was done to discriminate against simple remote viewing
of an envelope's contents in favor of the contents acting as a means
to target on the site in accordance with the goal of the experiment.
(U) Ten trials were carried out, two per day over a period of five
days. Each target was chosen by random-number generator access to the
target pool, and the investigator with the subject was kept blind to
the target. The randomly selected target envelope was handed to the
subject for his assessment as to the structure, purpose, and activity
associated with the site represented by the envelope's contents. The
session was tape recorded and the subject was encouraged to generate
sketches of the site to accompany his narrative.
(U) After completion of each trial, the subject was allowed to
open the envelope and look at the picture. At this point a second phase
of the experiment was initiated in which the subject was asked to render
a second interpretation of the site on the basis of the photograph.
Finally, the subject was given feedback as to the exact nature of the
building in question.
(U) In the evaluation of this experiment it was clear that none
of the subject's descriptions or drawings had more than a superficial
resemblance to the target building under consideration. Neither the
49
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(U)
unseen nor the seen photograph allowed the subject to make significant
comments or drawings with regard to the intended target. The failure
of these particular experiments contrasts sharply with the high degree
of success achieved by the same subject during several years of work in
ourllaboratory, and also with other successful experiments carried out
during the same experimental period.
(U) There are several possible factors that could contribute to
the,, subject's inability to describe the remote buildings in these
experiments. First, it must be recognized that it may be impossible to
do the task required. We tend to discount this idea, since another
gifted subject has apparently been able to do this task under similar
conditions.3 A more likely explanation, in our opinion, is that the
subject was overworked in this experimental series: A total of 30 trials
of various types were carried out in a five-day period. This far exceeds
the'subject's previous work pace, and the subject complained of great
fatigue at the end of many of the days. Further efforts along this line
should be pursued before a final determination is made as to the feasi-
bility of this procedure.
C. Experiments with Analytical Targets (U)
(S) In the course of this program we carried out several series of
communications experiments involving the attempted transmission, from
one 'laboratory to another, of analytical targets (numbers, letters,
words). These series were initiated in an effort to assess reports of
Soviet activities in this area. One of the Soviet experiments involved
the transmission of numbers (decimal digits 0 through 9) with a claimed
yield of 105 out of 135 digits. The a priori probability of such a
result occurring by chance is p ^S 10-77 , an extremely significant result
if true. 26
1. Alphanumeric Targets (U)
(U) In this series an investigator in one laboratory cycled through
a set of targets by means of a random protocol, while a percipient,
50
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(U)
isolated in another laboratory, registered his responses. In some
experiments the percipient knew the elements of the target pool (e.g.,
digits 0 through 9), while in others the target pool was essentially
unknown (e.g., dictionary words). Target content for the various series
was as follows: ten decimal digits--0 through 9; five written color
words--yellow, red, blue, green, black; three alphanumerics--A, 1, 0;
three specific words--cat, house, rhinoceros; and an open-ended list
of random dictionary words. Computer analysis of the total of 1,100
trials completed indicated that the results in each case do not deviate
significantly from chance expectation.
(C) In addition to the above laboratory experiments carried out
within SRI, a long-distance (Ohio-California) communication experiment
utilizing binary digits (0, 1) as targets was undertaken. Each working
day for a two-week period the contract monitor placed on display at his
location a three-digit binary number, of which there are eight possi-
bilities (000, 001, ... 111). At an agreed-upon time a subject located
at the Radio Physics Laboratory at SRI, Menlo Park, California,
attempted to perceive the three-digit number. The results of this
experiment also did not deviate significantly from chance expectation.
(U) We thus found in our experimentation an inability on the part
of subjects to perceive alphanumeric material. This result is con-
sonant with our general findings--namely, in paranormal perception the
patterns of correct versus incorrect responses indicate specialization
characteristic of the nonanalytic part of the brain's cognitive
apparatus. This part of the brain is thought to deal mainly with spatial
and holistic processing, in contrast to specialization in verbal or
analytical functioning. 27-29
2. Color/Shape Targets (Parallels Between Remote Perception
and Ordinary Perception) (U)
(U) In an effort to devise an approach that might begin to train
analytic perception ability, one of the program subjects devel-
oped a gradient series of perception tasks that mimic the known
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(U)
development of ordinary perception. The decision to follow such a
protocol was derived from data indicating that the laws of paranormal
perception are congruent with, rather than skew to, the laws that govern
ordinary perception, especially under conditions of subliminal
pr esentation.30
(U) The approach was based on a specific perceptual orientation
process known to hold in ordinary perception of color. The perceptual
process of interest was the well-documented scale of increasing sensi-
tivity to color tones. Cross-cultural studies of 98 separate linguistic
stocks indicate that, from culture to culture, perception of color tones
in the environment begins with discrimination first of black and white
(dull/bright); then red is added as a color, then yellow or green
followed by the other, then blue, brown, and finally purple, pink,
orange, and grey. Although these latter are undistinguished at first,
discrimination between them eventually occurs. 31
(U) On the hypothesis that perhaps a similar gradient is followed
by an individual in the development of paranormal perception, a lengthy
pilot series of several hundred trials was carried out with an experienced
subject to determine, in a simple lab-to-lab remote target card sequence,
whether any correlation existed between color impressions, brightness/
dull ess impressions, and accuracy of symbol recognition. (The symbols
used:
,were 0, T, and A of various colors.) A post hoc analysis of the
data ,indicated that in those cases where the subject was correct in his
impression as to whether the target was bright (white, yellow) or dull
(blue, black), he was able to recognize the symbol to a statistically
significant degree.
SG1A "(S) This lengthy ,series on detailed alphanumeric material preceded the
subj
ect's viewing of (Section III), which yielded
I F_
one of the better, more detailed remote viewing results on the program.
Therefore, we might conjecture along with the subject that the remote-
viewing practice that occurred in this series may have helped to
strengthen and sharpen the subject's skills.
52
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(U) Based on the above observation, a second experienced subject
was tested over a three-day period. This subject was instructed to
attempt to differentiate remote target card symbols (0, T, A of various
colors) first on the basis of the dichotomy dull/bright, and then with
regard to shape, and only finally with regard to color. (Specifically,
the subject was encouraged to reject premature mental discrimination
processes based on color perception.) After noting an apparent learning
curve in the data, a final test run was carried out before subject
departure on the third day. For this run only, the subject was instructed
to reject color perception altogether, and to simply indicate bright/dull
followed by symbol shape. This test resulted in correct recognition of
10 out of 12 shapes consisting of the three symbols (0, T, 0) of various
colors randomly intermixed. The probability of such a result occurring
by chance in less than one is 1800 (i.e., p < 5.5 X 10-4). On the basis
of these preliminary results, further experimentation with this protocol
will be carried out to determine whether the approach can lead to stable
paranormal perception of alphanumeric targets, a task that has so far
eluded parapsychology workers in this country.
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A. Background Discussion
It is standard practice in our laboratory, and in others, to provide
subjects with feedback as to their results in paranormal perception
experiments. This procedure is based on two factors: (1) the recognition
in learning theory that feedback is important in learning any skill, and
(2) the observation that subjects indeed do better when feedback is
supplied.
For most ordinary (non-paranormal) tasks, the role that feedback
plays appears relatively straightforward. In paranormal experimentation,
however, precognition of future events sometimes seems to occur. This
raises the possibility that in paranormal perception experiments some
part of the information obtained is a result of precognitive access to
future feedback rather than direct remote viewing. If so, feedback to
the subject would play a more substantive role in paranormal experimenta-
tion than is usually the case. As a corollary, the withholding of
feedback in paranormal experimentation could be especially deleterious.
Feinberg of Columdia has even suggested that perhaps all of the informa-
tion in remote viewing comes via precognition of feedback.32
In any case, there is strong evidence that feedback is an essential
element for successful remote viewing, whether the reasons be simply
psychological or more substantive, perhaps even physical. Therefore
two experiments were undertaken to determine to what degree remote
viewing could be elicited under conditions where the subject never
receives feedback as to the target.
B. Experimentation
In these experiments, each of two subjects independently made six
remote-viewing trials. Both subjects were experienced in the remote-
viewing task and have produced reliable and successful results in the
past.
55
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In experiments with one subject we carried out six trials of
standard remote viewing of local targets in the San Francisco Bay area
with no feedback as to the target location visited by the outbound
investigators. Instead, the subject was taken each day to a different
one of a set of "feedback" locations, none of which were in the target
pool for remote viewing. The subject was informed as to the nature of
the experiment and knew that his task was to describe the place visited
by the investigators, rather than the place he was to be shown after the
experiment. The experiment nonetheless provided an opportunity to
observe whether he would in fact describe the "feedback" site in place
of the target site.
The outcome of the experiment was determined by the blind matching
of an independent judge. The judge was given a listing of the target
sites in random order and a similar listing of the feedback sites, also
in random order without being told which was which. He was also given
the six transcripts produced by the subject. The judge then had two
tasks. He had to rank-order the transcripts, as he thought they applied
to each of the sites. This was done both for the target sites and the
"feedback" sites.
In blind matching of the subject's response to both the target
locations and the feedback locations, no deviation from chance expecta-
tion:was found. In each case the judge correctly matched one target-
transcript pair, which is the result expected by chance.
If it had turned out that the matching
target sites had been significant, it
perception of the site at the time of
to that site. If, on the other hand,
matching of the transcripts to the
that the subject tends to describe
is eventually given feedback.
to target on the correct site
vant feedback, but he was not
feedback target.
of the transcripts to the
would have been evidence for direct
the outbound investigator's visit
there had been significance in the
feedback sites, we would have concluded
primarily the location about which he
result, however, was that his effort
appeared to suffer in the absence of rele,
diverted into describing an irrelevant false
56
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In experiments with a second subject, we first carried out three
standard experiments in the remote viewing of local San Francisco Bay
Area sites with feedback. These were successful trials in which the
subject described a secure map room, an outdoor swimming pool, and a
church in sufficient detail for the transmission of a
corrected message. (See Appendix D for a description
of the remote viewing of natural targets as a vehicle
mission with built-in error correction.)
We then carried out three trials without feedback,
subject gave descriptions that in noway matched
i
then followed by a final trial with feedback to
functioning would return.
In this case
selected by the random-number generator
the Palo Alto airport, a location never
The target was immediately describedlon
of the application
for message trans-
establish whether the
the outbound investigators
protocol, the control tower at
before seen by this subject.
tape as a "tower like building...
rising out of organic petal shaped bushes.
enlarged tip on the top." A photograph of
is quite
square with an
tower, together
drawing of it are shown in Figure 14.. It would thus appear that reinsti-
tuting the feedback condition rehabilitated the functioning.
C. Conclusions
Taken together as a series, this experiment consisted of 13 indivi-
dual remote-viewing experiments with; experienced subjects. Of the 13
trials they made, none of those without feedback were successful, and
all those with feedback were. From this we must conclude that, at least
for the two subjects examined, who are ordinarily quite reliable, feed-
back to the subject is an important aspect of the remote-viewing protocol.
We cannot, of course, conclude that feedback is essential for substantive
(e.g., physical) reasons, since the above series did not separate out
psychological factors. In fact, both: subjects expressed the feeling that
the no-feedback condition was psychologically very frustrating to them.
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FIGURE 14 PALO ALTO AIRPORT TOWER TARGET. Described by subject as
a square stone tower rising out of foliage at its base. (U)
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The next appropriate series of experiments with these normally
successful subjects would be to intermix, on a random schedule, feedback
and no-feedback trials, to eliminate any effect of psychological pre-
disposition that a subject might have with regard to a given trial being
carried out without feedback. At this point, however, we can conclude
that feedback is important, whatever the cause.
In the follow-on to the program reported here, we addressed the
issue as to whether it was possible in principle to obtain information
in the absence of feedback. Furthermore, the experiment was designed to
factor out the psychological component: the subject did not know on a
given trial whether feedback would be provided.
The goal of this experiment was to determine if paranormal perceptual
abilities could be elicited under conditions in which, for half the
trials, on a random basis, the subject would never receive feedback as
to his trial-by-trial performance.
The task of this experiment was for the subjects to determine which
one of ten digits, 0-9, had been chosen by an electronic random number
generator and stored in a computer. The entire experiment was software
programmed on a standard commercial microcomputer with typewriter/video
1.0. (Polymorphic Systems Model 8813 microcomputer). The subject
indicated his choice by striking the appropriate key on the computer
terminal. In a run of 20 trials, the subject received immediate feed-
back for only ten of his choices, on a randomly determined schedule.
In the feedback cases, the correct number was printed on the video
terminal as soon as the subject made his selection. In the cases with-
out feedback, the computer printed the words NO FEEDBACK, and went on to
the next trial. Hits and misses were accumulated internally and only
the totals were displayed at the end of each run of 20 trials. Results
for all subjects were accumulated in a separate, protected file.
Ten subjects were studied: seven controls (SRI volunteers) and
three subjects a priori labeled "experienced." The seven SRI volunteers
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did not produce scores differing from chance expectation in either
experimental condition (FEEDBACK or NO FEEDBACK). All three of the
experienced subjects, on the other hand, did produce individually
significant departures from chance scoring. Of these, one subject
scored significantly in the NO FEEDBACK case (p < 0.01, or odds of less
than 1 in a hundred of such a result being obtained by chance). Thus it
would appear that although feedback may play an extremely important
psychological, and perhaps more substantive (e.g., physical) role, it is
not absolutely essential.
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In assessing the possibility of remote sensing by modalities other
than visual, we conducted an experiment in which the primary remote-
sensing task was on audio one.
We feel that the success of our earlier remote-viewing experiments
has resulted from the following considerations:
? The targets have been "natural scenes" rather than
contrived visual stimuli.
? The subjects were encouraged to describe nonanalytic
features of the targets rather than to analyze the scene.
? The experiments were conducted in a relaxed atmosphere
with approximately one trial per day.
? Whenever possible, immediate feedback was provided to
the subject.
These considerations served as a basis for the design of the remote audio
experiment.
Ten musical pieces were chosen for the target pool. These targets
were selected on the basis of a nearly balanced mixture of classical,
nonclassical, vocal and nonvocal music. The pool of ten pieces were
chosen to keep the set as orthogonal as possible with regard to feeling,
rhythm, instruments, and overall gestalt; they are listed in Table 8.
In each trial a music tape was played for ten minutes in a building
1/8 mile distant from the subject to provide sufficient isolation to
ensure no audio leakage path. As with the cans experiment (Section V),
the ten trials were divided into two groups of five trials each. The
procedure for random-number generator access to the pool of target tapes
was the same as in the cans experiment, and the investigator monitoring
the subject was, as usual, kept blind to the contents of the target
pool.
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62
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As in the remote-viewing experiments, the subject was encouraged to
describe his impression of the overall mood of the remote audio "scene,"
and specifically discouraged from guessing the name of the musical
number. The subject's comments were recorded for later transcription.
Since the target tapes were chosen to be extremely different from
each other, and since the monitor was to act as a judge, no feedback was
given at the end of each trial to either subject or monitor. The judging
technique employed was the rank-ordering procedure described for the
canister experiments. The results of the rank-ordering analysis are
shown in Tables 9 and 10.
Of the two series of five trials, the second was the better. Three
of the five transcripts were first-place matched without difficulty, as
the correspondences between the transcripts and associated musical
selections were excellent. (In the first series, there were no first-
place matches, although three of the five were second-place matched.)
Thus, there is possibly some indication of learning in this new task.
Statistically, the odds of obtaining the observed matching results
by chance are 1 in 2.3 and 1 in 12.5 for the first and second series,
respectively. Therefore, considering that some of the individual cor-
respondences were quite detailed and accurate, and considering that one
of our other subjects (not present for this experiment) had performed
exceptionally well in similar tests conducted in a different research
laboratory, we would not conclude that this is a definitive null result.
However, more experimentation is necessary to define the characteristics
of this particular form of channel, and better statistical results would
be required to place the results on a solid footing with regard to a
positive interpretation.
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DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO SUBJECT RESPONSE PACKETS
ASSOCIATED WITH EACH TARGET FOR SERIES 1
E I xperiment
Tape
Musical Target
Rank of
Associated Transcript
1
7
Concert for Bangla Desh
4
2
1
Drums of Passion
2
3
10
Also Sprach Zarathustra
2
4
2
Sitar of India
2
5
4
Bach Fugue in D Minor
4
Total Sum of Ranks 14
Odds of Such a Result
by Chance 1 in 2.3
DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO SUBJECT RESPONSE PACKETS
ASSOCIATED WITH EACH TARGET FOR SERIES 2
Experiment
Tape
Musical Target
Rank of
Associated Transcript
6
6
Baez Love Song to a
I
Stranger
7
9
Concerto for Piccolo
3
8
5
Mozart Sonata in F Major
1
9
8
The Elements
1
10
3
Vespers
4
Total Sum of Ranks 10
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VIII SUBJECT-INDUCED EQUIPMENT PERTURBATION EFFECTS (U)
(S) The study of human/machine interactions as a psychoenergetic
process has posed great difficulties for serious investigators. Among
these difficulties are the combined facts that the reported effects tend
to be small, and the local environment has rarely been monitored for
causes alternative to the proposed psychoenergetic effects. In addition,
one finds that the strongest effects are reported as occurring with the
most controversial and/or suspect subjects. Out of this collection of
questionable experimentation (and often poor reporting), emerge, however,
a few provocative experimental results suggesting that further careful
examination may be worthwhile and possibly rewarding. Such studies
would provide valuable data for assessing whether the area of subject-
induced equipment failures poses a potential threat.
A. Strain-Gauge Experiments (U)
(U) As a result of technical contacts with Prof. John Hasted,
Birkbeck College, University of London, we have developed an interest in
attempting to confirm his claim33'34 that he has observed inelastic and
elastic deformations of metal bars by some kind of remote human inter-
action. During these experiments the subjects are reported to cause
effects without any physical contact with the metal.
(U) In an effort to replicate Hasted's results, we have con-
structed an electrically shielded enclosure having more than 135 dB RF
attenuation from 10 kHz to 10 MHz and plexiglass sides (to shield against
air currents). Within this enclosure is an experimental system of
resistive strain gauges attached to a thin metal bar. These are wired
as a temperature-compensating bridge and connected to battery-operated
amplifiers and recording instruments. At present we can detect changes
in the length of the bar on the order of 500 angstroms and applied
transverse forces of approximately 100 mg. To date, we have been
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(U)
successful in isolating and correcting several sources of artifact, and
have obtained hours of artifact-free baseline operation. All of the
data will be magnetically recorded for later computer analysis, and a
simple strip-chart record will provide immediate feedback to the subject
of',any changes in the bar. We are encouraged with the progress of
artifact isolation, and we will begin to task subjects to attempt to
perturb the isolated metal bar during the foilow-on program.
(U) Should experimentation reveal genuine subject-induced pertur-
bations, we will determine whether such effects can be used as a
message-transmission device (remote telegraph).
B. Random-Event Generator Experiments (U)
(U) Another class of experiments that have been extensively
reported are those that involve alleged human/machine interaction with
electronic random-event generators. In these experiments, digital
electronic noise derived either from a thermal noise source or from the
decay of a radioactive material is monitored while a subject is
attempting to alter the statistical properties of the noise distribution.
Th'le usual protocol involves providing visual and audio feedback signals,
proportional to various statistical parameters, to a subject who is
asked in a biofeedback scenario to concentrate upon the feedback signals
and to alter them in a prescribed way. To date, there have been 54
such experiments reported in the literature, 3E) of which 35 report
statistically significant effects, while none of these studies show
similar departures from randomness during control runs.
(U) We have completed the design stage of a micro-processor-based
(LSI-11) random-event generator, and are in the hardware construction
and assembly phase. We are using three fundamentally different sources
of',random events to derive the digital electronic noise signal. The
first of these is a diode designed by R. H. 'Haitz,36 that is completely
understood from both the quantum-mechanical and solid-state construction
point of view. A second fundamentally different source of random events
is to be derived from the decay of a single-transition beta emitter.
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(U)
Lastly, the entire system can be checked against a pseudorandom shift
register that constitutes a third source of random events. This latter
has the property that a long string of bits appears random, yet once the
shift register is reinitialized it produces the identical random sequence
once again.
(U) The instrument is under control of a microprocessor that records
data on magnetic tape for later analysis, and controls a printing I/O
statistical calculator that provides immediate results for feedback.
Once the instrument is complete, it will be exhaustively tested for
possible artifacts resulting from environmental conditions.
(U) We propose to use this instrument in the follow-on program
first to attempt to confirm the existence of the claimed phenomenon. If
it is confirmed, we will investigate theoretical implications with regard
to various modes of human/machine interaction. Assuming that an effect
can be stabilized, this microprocessor-based system can easily be re-
programmed to utilize error-correcting coding techniques to construct a
"remote" telegraph communication system.
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IX SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS (U)
(U) Experimental laboratory work continues to provide evidence for
the existence of so-called psi processes, a class of interactions between
consciousness and the physical world as yet unexplained. These include
(1) the acquisition of information not presented to any obvious sense,
and (2) the production of physical effects not mediated by any obvious
mechanism.
(S) At SRI we have concentrated primarily on the former, investi-
gating a particular human information-accessing capability that we call
"remote viewing." This phenomenon pertains to the ability of certain
individuals to access and describe, by means of mental processes, infor-
mation blocked from ordinary perception by distance or shielding, and
generally believed to be secure against such access. Our data base now
consists of several hundred trials in the remote viewing of targets
ranging from objects in nearby light-tight canisters to geographic sites
at transcontinential distances, and viewed from locations that include
shielded Faraday cages and a submerged submarine. These experiments
have included successful viewings of solid-propellant missile static
test firings in the Western U.S. and correct detailed descriptions of
East-Bloc military facilities, given only geographical coordinates on
which to target.
(S) Table 11 summarizes the key findings with regard to target
acquisition, resolution, shielding, and distance effects; factors that
appear to enhance or inhibit success in remote viewing; accuracy,
reliability, and robustness; screening and training of subjects; and
technological and theoretical considerations.
(U) Data from these observations indicate that the phenomenon is
characterized by resolution on the order of at least millimeters,
apparent ineffectiveness of ordinary electrical shielding, and relative
insensitivity to distance up to and including transcontinental distances.
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(U)
With experienced subjects the accuracy and reliability of the phenomenon
can also be characterized roughly by a two-thirds factor. That is,
approximately two-thirds of a given transcript about a given site is
correct, roughly two-thirds of a series of transcripts can be blind-
matched by a judge to the correct target out of a list, etc.
(S) Remote viewing, through the use of geographical coordinates
as designators, has in many cases provided meaningful descriptions of
East-bloc military facilities designated as targets by the sponsor.
Evaluation by appropriate intelligence community specialists indicates
that a subject is able by this process to generate useful data corrob-
orated by other intelligence data. As is generally true with human
sources, the information is fragmentary and imperfect, and is therefore
best utilized in conjunction with these other resources. Nonetheless,
the data generated by this process appear to exceed any reasonable
bounds of chance correlation or acquisition by ordinary means, and
therefore constitute a potentially exploitable information source.
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 Approved For ReleU* t9fQ. St fyr f10787R000500150001-2
Appendix A
STANDARD REMOTE-VIEWING PROTOCOL (LOCAL TARGETS)
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Appendix A
STANDARD REMOTE-VIEWING PROTOCOL (LOCAL TARGETS)
The basic outline of our standard remote-viewing protocol is as
given in our tutorial paper, "A Perceptual Channel for Information
Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent
Research," H. Puthoff and R. Targ, Proc. IEEE, pp. 329-354, March 1976.9
The elements of the protocol, each of which is addressed below, consist
of (1) target pool selection; (2) subject orientation; (3) outbound
investigator behavior; (4) inbound investigator behavior; (5) post-
experiment feedback; (6) judging procedure.
1. Target Pool Selection
To carry out an experimental series of, say, n trials with a
subject, a list of targets >> n should be prepared in advance by an
investigator who will not interact with the subject after that. The
targets should be chosen to be distinctive, but not necessarily distinct
from each other; that is, rather than just a collection of nondescript
street corners one should select bridges, towers, fountains, gardens,
plazas, etc., so that a judge could in principle recognize targets on
the basis of correct but sketchy descriptions. On the other hand, once
having chosen a fountain-type target, there should be several fountain
targets; for a bridge target, several bridge targets, etc., in order to
avoid the possible subject strategy of "I had a bridge yesterday, so it
can't be a bridge today." The subject should be told explicitly that
there are similar as well as different types of targets.
When the target list is made, each target location should be written
on a card and placed in an envelope, the envelopes randomized and
numbered. These should then be-stored in a secure safe or similar
container.
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F
With regard to whether a target is replaced in the pool after use,
the' preferable procedure, from a methodological standpoint, is to
replace it., (A problem with actual replacement is that the subject,
upon becoming aware of a mental image of a previous target, might be
biased to reject it as memory. An acceptable alternative is to replace
a used target by a new one of similar type--e.g., one fountain by
another.)
2. Subject Orientation
Before the experiment, the subject should be shown some previous
remote-viewing results with one goal in mind--to get across the idea
that one should, as nearly as possible, report raw perception rather
than analysis, since the former tends to be correct and the latter is
almost always wrong. A subject needs to understand that a rounded piece
of blue metal is just that, and that he should not initially try to
determine what it is. Remind the subject that imagination constitutes
noise in the channel, and therefore the closer he can get to raw uninter-
preted imagery, the better. To have success in the above, the best
guideline we have found is to choose as subjects individuals who are
self-confident, uninhibited, successful, and not afraid to be wrong.
No psychological test we have investigated is as reliable as the above
subjective assessment in choosing subjects.
3. Outbound Investigator Behavior
At the start of an experimental session, the inbound and outbound
investigators and subject should rendevous for a relaxed informal dis-
cussion in the laboratory setting. (The outbound investigator or
Figures 3 and 4 in the IEEE paper9 are good examples. In Figure 4 the
subject had absolutely no concept of a pedestrian overpass, but simply
saw a pattern of receding squares; in Figure 3 correctly-dimensioned
pools of water were misinterpreted as purification plant pools rather
than recreational swimming pools.
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investigators must not know the target at this time.) Together they
agree on a time for the subject description to start (e.g., 30 minutes
hence--the length of time required to reach the furthest target in the
pool; this time is then an invariant for all experiments.) The outbound
investigator then leaves the laboratory, uses a random-number generating
procedure to obtain a number from 1 - n (number of targets in pool),
obtains the so-numbered envelope from the target pool, and leaves the
premises. (We use a Texas Instruments SR-51 hand calculator, which has
a random-number function.) After driving away from the laboratory, he
opens the envelope to determine the target, and then proceeds to that
location. He should arrange to park and then come upon the target
location at exactly the starting time so that his view of it is fresh
at the beginning of the experiment. He then simply pays attention to
the environment and does not let his mind wander (especially to another
target). It does not appear to matter how many people comprise the out-
bound team, provided they do not (1) pay attention only to each other,
or (2) scatter about. At the end of the agreed-upon target viewing time
(usually 15 minutes) they return to the lab.
4. Inbound Investigator Behavior
During the period that the outbound investigators spend en route
to the target, the inbound investigator and subject have a period to
relax and discuss the protocols. (Inbound it is best not to have addi-
tional observers.) The goal of the inbound investigator during this
period is to make it "safe" for the subject to experience remote viewing.
For the initial orientation of a new subject, this typically includes a
low-key pep talk as to how remote viewing appears to be a natural, not
abnormal, function, that many people appear to have done it successfully,
even their first time, and always including the reminder to eschew
analysis and simply render raw impressions.
Since we think that remote viewing is a difficult task, like per-
ceiving a subliminal stimulus, we think it takes the full attentive
powers of the subject. Therefore, the environment, procedures, etc.,
should be as natural and comfortable as possible to minimize the
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attention on anything other than the job at hand. No hypnosis, strobe
lights, or sensory-deprivation procedures are ever used, since in our
view these (novel) environmental factors take away some of the subject's
much-needed attention. We are in this sense proponents of a "naturalist
school." If the subject feels more comfortable smoking, or drinking a
cup of coffee, that is permitted. These should be arranged ahead of
time, however, so that neither subject nor investigator leave the experi-
mental room while waiting for the outbound investigator to reach his
target.
The investigator should have arranged ahead of time to have pen and
paper available for drawing, and a tape recorder. When the agreed-upon
experiment time arrives, the inbound investigator simply asks the subject
to !'describe what impressions come to mind with regard to where the
outbound experimenter is." Most subjects prefer to close their eyes,
but they should simply do what comes naturally. The room lighting is
preferably subdued to prevent after-image highlights, shadows on eyelids,
etc. It is best that the inbound investigator not pressure the subject
to say a lot; he should act as if there is all the time in the world.
Otherwise, a subject may tend to embroider descriptions just to be
saying something to please the investigator. If the subject tends
toward being analytical ("I see Macy's") the investigator must gently
lead the subject into description, not analysis. ("You don't have to
tell me where it is, just describe what you see.") This is the most
important and difficult task of the inbound investigator.
It is also useful for the inbound investigator to "surprise" the
subject with new viewpoints. ("Go above the scene and look down--what
do you see? If you look to the left, what do you see?") The subject's
viewpoint appears to shift rapidly with a question like this, and the
data come through before the subject's defenses activate to block it
out. The shifting of viewpoint also obviates the problem of the subject
spending the entire time giving meticulous detail on a trivial item,
such as a flower, which, even if true, will be of no help to a judge.
Once a subject feels he sees something, he tends to hang on to this
perception rather than commit himself to a new viewpoint.
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The subject must be encouraged to sketch what he sees, even over
his objections that he is not an artist, can't sketch, etc. He may do
so throughout, or wait until the last five minutes if intermittent
drawing would distract his concentration. Since drawings tend to be
more accurate than verbalizations, this is an extremely important
factor for good results.
5. Post-Experiment Feedback
When the outbound investigator returns, the inbound and outbound
investigators and subject should proceed directly to the target for
feedback. This helps to develop the subject's sense of which parts of
his mental imaging are correct, versus incorrect. It completes the
experiment for him, so that when he does a following experiment, his
mind is not still involved with wondering how he did on the previous
one. Only a very experienced subject can function well time after time
without feedback, so this must be done for each experiment to ensure
success.
6. Judging Procedure
In a sense, the most critical part of the remote-viewing procedure
is the judging. Any single experiment in remote viewing, even if per-
fect, can in principle be dismissed as possibly coincidence. Further,
any result less than perfect can be dismissed as a generalized "grass
is green, sky is blue" transcript that fits every target. Only blind
differential discrimination across a series of targets can put these
interpretations to rest.
To prepare the transcripts for judging, an investigator not involved
in judging must read the transcripts and delete from them any reference
to dates or previously used targets, so that a judge could not order
the transcripts chronologically or otherwise obtain a priori information
useful in matching.
Two judging procedures can then be used: Direct Matching, and
Rank Ordering. Both procedures assume that n experiments have been
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carried out and n responses obtained. The judge must then try to
determine which of the n responses goes with which of the n targets.
a. Direct-Matching Procedure
The n responses (transcripts with associated drawings) are numbered
in random order and given to the judge along with the list of n targets,
also in a (different) random order. The key is known by an investigator,
but' not the judge. The judge then visits the target sites and con-
structs a one-to-one correspondence list between targets and responses
without replacement; that is, no target or response is used twice.
With the correspondence list and the aid of the key, the investigator
then consults the statistical table for Direct: Matching (Table A-1) to
determine whether the result is statistically significant. For example,
if there were 5 correct matches out of 9 responses, the table indicates
that the probability of obtaining such a result by chance is p = 0.003125,
or roughly 3 times out of a thousand. Since the accepted standard in
behaviorial research is that a result can be considered significant if
one , obtains the value p s 0.05, such a result would be considered sig
nifi;!cant--that is, indicative of a nonchance correspondence.
The Direct Matching procedure is the simplest to carry out, but
will give no credit for a fairly good description if a judge has
difficulty in choosing between two possibilities and chooses the wrong
one. This procedure is thus overly conservative. The more difficult
Rank!Ordering procedure, described next, gives partial credit in such a
case, and is therefore a more precise statistical tool for analysis of
medium-grade results.
b. Rank-Ordering Procedure
In the use of the Rank-Ordering procedure? the investigator ran-
domizes the targets and transcripts as before. Now, however, each of n
judges is given a set of the n transcripts but only one of the target
sites to investigate. Each judge's task is to visit his assigned target
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 Approved For Release aOIL9ACgkSZpFMfy7ROO0500150001-2
site, read through all the transcripts, and order them best-to-worst
match (1 through 5, say, if there are five targets and five transcripts).
With the aid of the key, the investigator then adds up the rank-
ordering numbers assigned to each target's associated transcript. For
example, if the actual response to a target was given a first place
when a judge was looking at that target, then it gets a 1. If the actual
response to a target was given a third place match when a judge was
looking at that target, then it gets a 3, etc. The addition of these,
numbers 1 + 3 + ... then yields a number called the sum of ranks. One
then consults the rank-ordering table (Table A-2) for the statistic of
interest. For example, if there were 5 experiments (5 targets and 5
transcripts) and the sum of ranks was 9, the table for 5 x 5 gives a
probability of obtaining such a rank ordering result by chance of
0.0403..., which is significant. A more complete set of tables is given
in Solfvin et al. 25
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 Approved For ReleU CAS SItFrEV0787R000500150001-2
Number of Targets = 4;
Number of Transcripts = 4
SUM OF RANKS
P--VALUE
4
0.39063E-02
5
0.19531E-01
6
0.585941-01
7
0.13672E 00
8
0.257811 00
9
0.41406E 00
10
0.585941 00
11
0.74219F '. 00
12
0.86328E 00
13
0.94141E 00
14
0.98047F 00
15
0.996091 00
16
0.10000E 01
Number of Targets = 5; Number of. Transcripts = 5
SUM OF RANKS
P-VALUE
5
0.320001-03
6
C.192001-02
7
0.67200E-02
8
0.179201-01
9
0.40320E-01
10
0.79040E-01
11
0.138241 00
12
0.219841 00
13
0.32224E 00
14
0.439041 00
15
0.560961 00
16
0.67776E 00
17
0.78016E 00
18
0.861761.. 00
19
0.92.096E 00
20
0.95968E 00
21
0.98208E 00
22
0.99328E 00
23
0.99808E 00
24
0.999681 00
25
0.10000E 01
The notation E-02 is to be understood as 10- 2 ; E 01 as 101; etc.
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Table A-2 (Continued)
Number of Targets = 6; Number of Transcripts
SUM OF RANKS
P-VALUE
6
0.21433E-04
7
0.15003F-03
8
0.60014E-03
9
0.18004r-02
10
0.45010r -02
11
0.'9023F-02
12
0.19676E-01.
13
0.358R0F-01
14
0.607f,4r-01
15
0.96472E-01
16
0.14463F CO
17
0.20585E 00
18
0.27Q39r 00
19
0.3631.0E 00
20
C.45357F 00
21
0.54642E 00
22
0.63689E CC
23
0.7200F 00
24
0679415E 00
25
0.85537[ 00
26
0.903F,3r 00
27
Q.9393E. 00
28
0.9641.2E 00
29
0.98032E 00
30
0.99010: 00
31
0.99560E 00
32
0.99820F 00
33
0.99940E 00
34
0.99985E 00
35
0.99998r 00
36
0.10C00F 01
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Table A-2 (Continued)
Number of Targets = 7;
Number of Transcripts = 7
SUM OF RANKS
P - VALUE
7
0.12143E-05
8
0.97141E-05
9
0.43714E-04
10
0.14571F-03
11
0.40071E-03
12
0.96170E-03
13
0.20837E-02
14
0.415A9E-02
15
0.77458E-C2
16
0.135F,5E-01
'7
0.22595E-01
18
0.35838E-01
19
0.54453F-01
20
0.79544E-01
21
0.11205E 00
22
0.15259r 00
23
0.20137r 00
24
0.258 02E 00
25
0.321K1F 00
26
0.39065F 00
27
0.46315E 00
28
0.53685E 00
29
0.60935E 00
30
0.67839r 00
31
0.74198E 00
32
0.798E3E 00
33
0.84741E 00
34
0.88795r 00
35
0.92045E 00
36
0.94555F 00
37
0.96416F" 00
38
0.' 7740E 00
39
0.98641E 00
40
0.99225r 00
41
0.99584E 00
42
0.99791E 00
43
0.99903r 00
44
0.99958E 00
45
0.99984E 00
46
0.99995E 00
47
0.99998E 00
48
0.99999E 00
49
0.10000E 01
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Table A-2 (Continued)
Number of Targets = 8; Number of Transcripts = 8
SUM OF RANKS
P-VALUE
8
0.59605E-07
9
0.53644F-06
10
0.26822r-05
11
0.983481-05
12
0.29504E-04
13
0.76711F-04
14
0.17899E-03
15
0.38356E-03
16
0.76663f. -03
17
0.144471-02
18
0.25867E-02
19
0.44264E-02
20
0.727241-02
21
0.115151-01
22
0.17628E-01
23
0.26157E-01
24
0.377021-01
25
0.52890E-01
26
0.72328E-01
27
0.96562E-01
28
0.126021 00
29
0.160951 00
30
0.20139E 00
31
0.24714E 00
32
0.297721 00
33
0.35237E 00
34
0.410121 00
35
0.46582E 00
36
0.53018E 00
37
0.58988E 00
38
0.64763E 00
39
0.702286 00
40
0.75286E 00
41
0.798601 00
42
0.83905E 00
43
0.87398E 00
44
0.90344E 00
45
0.92767E 00
46
0.94711E 00
47
0.962291 00
48
0.97384E 00
49
0.98237E 00
50
0.98849E 00
51
0.992.73E 00
52
0.995571. 00
53
0.99741E 00
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 Approved For ReleifQel f9/Q9031-pRj8tQ0787R000500150001-2
Table A-2 (Continued)
Number of Targets = 9; Number of Transcripts = 9
SUM OF RANKS
P-VALUE
9
0.25812E-08
10
0.258121-07
11
0..1.4196E-06
12
0.567861-06
13
0.18455E-05
14
0.51675E-05
15
0.12919F-04
16
0.29529E-04
17
0.627481-04
18
0.12547E-03
19
0.23821E-03
20
0.43226E-03
21
0.753571-03
22
0.12673E-02
23
0.20628E-02
24
0.32586E-02
25
0.50 0 75 1-02
26
0.75003r-02
27
0.105681-01
8
0.156831-01
29
0.219E+4F-01
30
0.301221-01
31
0.40548E-01
32
0.53601E-01
33
0.69639E-01
34
0.88.989E-01
35
0.111921 00
36
0.13864E 00
37
0.169241 00
38
0.20370E 00
39
0.24189E 00
40
0.28353E 00
41
0.32821E 00
42
0.375401 00
43
0.42447E 00
44
0.47469E 00
45
0.525311 00
46
0.575531 00
47
0.624601 00
48
0.671791` 00
49
0.716471 00
50
0.7581.1E 00
51
0.79630E 00
52
0.83076E 00
53
0.861361 00
54
0.888071 00
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Number of Targets = 10; Number of Transcripts = 10
SUM OF RANKS
P-VALUE
10
0.10000E-09
11
0 .110 C!OF-OS
12
0.66000E-08
1.3
0.28600E-07
14
0.1001OF-06
15
0.30030E-O6
16
0.FF,.00fi0E-06
17
0.19448E-O5
18
0.43758 F.-05
19
0.92378E-O5
20
0.18475E -04
21
0.35261F:-04
22
0.64559E-04
23
0.1141.2E-03
24
0.1951.2E-03
25
0.32387E-03
26
0.5231.7F:-03
27
0.82418E-03
28
0.12686E-02
29
0.19106F-02
30
0.28197E-02
31
0.40825E-02
32
0.58049E-02
33
0.81133E-02
34
0.11156E-01
35
0015103F-01.
a6
09201'13F-01
=
37
Q.264134E-01
38
0.34347E-01
39
0.43960F"-01
40
0.55552E-01
41
0.6193,45E-01
42
0.85541[-01
43
0.10432E 00
44
0.12581E 00
45
0.15011E 00
46
0.17725F 00
47
0.20721E 00
48
0.23987r 00
49
0.27506F 00
50
0.31255E 00
51
0.35202F 00
52
0.39311E 00
53
0.43538E 00
54
0.47838E 00
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Table A-2 (Concluded)
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UNCLASSIFIED
Appendix B
SUMMARY OF KEY EXPERIMENTS IN LONG-DISTANCE
COORDINATE REMOTE VIEWING GENERATED FOR THIS PROGRAM
DURING PREVIOUS YEAR (U)
93
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Appendix B
SUMMARY OF KEY EXPERIMENTS IN LONG-DISTANCE
COORDINATE REMOTE VIEWING GENERATED FOR THIS PROGRAM
DURING PREVIOUS YEAR12 (U)
1. Real-Time Targeting (Minuteman and Poseidon Missile Static
Test Firings in the Western United States) (S)
(U) In an effort to determine the characteristics of real-time
remote viewing, SRI subjects were requested to target on a series of
events to take place at various given coordinates in the western United
States (Utah and China Lake, California) during designated time windows.
The nature of the events was kept blind to all SRI personnel until five
such experiments were completed. One subject participated in the experi-
mental series for all five events, while a second participated in only
one. During the series the subjects were located, respectively, in the
Menlo Park, California SRI Laboratory and in Los Angeles, California.
During the tests, the subjects made drawings, and their verbal descrip-
tions were tape-recorded.
(S) The characteristics of the events, which SRI investigators
were told later were static tests of Minuteman and Poseidon solid-
propellant missile firings, were picked up in some detail by both sub-
jects. During the five event windows, three tests were carried out and
two were canceled because of technical problems. The subject who
participated in the entire series correctly noted this sequence and
also was able to indicate actual event time to within ten seconds in
one of the experiments in which precise timing information was obtained
by recording WWV time signals on the session tape.
(S) A drawing by one of the subjects of a dust cloud raised
during the test is shown in Figure B-1 along with a photograph (Figure
B-2) for comparison. A comparison of a test-site schematic with a
sketch one of the subjects generated for that test is shown in Figure
B-3, and a photograph of the test bay is shown in Figure B-4.
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UNCLASSIFIED
,~~ lp__~
UNCLASSIFIED
FIGURE B-i DRAWING BY
ENGINE TEST SUBJECT OF DUST CLOUD RAISED DURING ROCKET
(U) The results of t
goiversus he experiments
no-go conditions thus included reco
tions of the events as .9 timing to gnition of
within ten
?
clouds" drawn-out muffled ? seconds , and descrip_
and involved 11 roars which "raised
mat ion glowing melting materials.,,
Jects relate Although the
pertaining to most accurately shape
under form, tends to be
or name , color and material nonanalytic
appropriate circumstances ' rather than
such to function
data can be useful,
96
UNCLASSIFIED
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 Approved For ReleasUi 3 A $ASFLIH ED187R000500150001-2
F~~l
U NC LASH
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UI VCt
A SSIF/
ED
R~rRq LE 8UlL DING BUNKSR MUVI Co,aVgCFR BUILDING
Ep POSIT n.. / OS/TIpN
FART
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INSTRUME VER-D
BU ~p U
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SOL'D-STA TEST 8.4 Y, ROP5(
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DRAWING
,
SO
SU8icC
N subject ,'A I VD R bCKET TEST
l-nd as io the 17a a eCo FMAT/C Sf/
UN 98 the target. 0 VN FOR
CLA SSIFIE,
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eoop
 1 120"'
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2. Sponsor-Designated Targets in the USSR (S)
(S) SG1A
(S) The project monitor conveyed to SRI investigators the coordi-
nates of the first Soviet site. Although the coordinates were intended
to designate an airport of interest, they were obtained from a list that
in ',fact corresponded to a nearby population center. In response, a sub-
ject targeted on this site generated the drawing of a dam as shown in
Figure B-5. This drawing was delivered to the project monitor who had
forwarded the coordinates. Although the existence of the dam was
unknown to the project monitor when he chose the coordinates, he later
verified that a dam resembling the subject's drawing was located within
a few miles of the coordinates, roughly as far from the population
center as the airport of interest.
(U) It was then agreed that the appropriate next step was to
obtain an overview from the subject without indicating to him that the
item of interest was an airport. Should he find an airport during this
second phase, he would then be asked for more detail. This procedure
was followed and resulted in the overview shown in Figure B-6; the sub-
ject did in fact mention an airport in his overview. After completion
of the overview, the SRI investigator monitoring the subject's efforts
requested more detail on the airport. Figure B-7(a) shows the runway
outlines and nearby buildings, while Figure B-7(b) indicates detail on
a structure at the end of the major runway. These data were evaluated
by the project monitor, and much of the description was verified.
Further details can be supplied on a need-to-know basis by the project
officer.
b. Soviet Site 2 (S)
(S) Coordinates for a second Soviet site were given to SRI investi-
gators, who then passed them on to a subject. As a result of an error
on the part of the individual who chose the coordinates, the coordinates
were not of a site of interest, but rather of a barren area out in the
countryside.
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*A# No
 Approved For Release 20 96-00787R000500150001-2
SG1A
13 rt~~
10.30Ct.,m
n 1 uc-t~cl~s _ ^-.
Q 0 Sr~l~ TOCUK
FIGURE B-5 REMOTE VIEWING BY GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES OF DAM SITE
IN THE USSR (S)
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141'1~7G
SG1A u?so.V - m.
"~,lt c fs ~,,,, pp,,--''r0 SrcJQp Ca IUW 4d S
oc v ?.na rT r S .Qa S wi, 'fie c~.r s~
djaw CL
A i,
'~ ndc.Qca
VO %~~ C.~ (At aAA
VV'CL~~ CL
1 A.. A oven lii.,ll Il 1 y ~."
~u(~ S II IL
FIGURE B-6 REMOTE-VIEWING OVERVIEW OF DAM-SITE LOCALE, SHOWING
AIRPORT OF INTEREST IN THE LOWER LEFT (U)
102
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 Approved For Release 2 96-007878000500150001-2
14 -~6 f.5 C,
14 65~rw~
RAMP
lJ BUILDING HANGARS
S
(b) DETAIL ON STRUCTURE AT END OF MAJOR RUNWAY
SECRET
FIGURE B-7 REMOTE-VIEWING SKETCH OF DETAIL ON
RUNWAYS AND STRUCTURES (Soviet Airport) (S)
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 Approved For Release fIRCUAlff ff W 7R000500150001-2
(U) In response to the coordinates, the subject described a town
to,the southwest and a relatively barren area with "loopy roads" at the
target site (Figure B-8). As before, the sketches and a written
description were turned over for evaluation to the project monitor, who
subsequently verified the results as matching the coordinates given in
error. The error thus provided an opportunity to verify that (1) the
subject's output is not simply geared to match the expectations of the
investigators, and (2) the subject does not simply conjure up what may
reasonably be expected to be correct (an educated or "safe" guess), but
in,fact describes the area appropriate to the coordinates even though
it ,may run counter to the subject's own expectations. This experiment
thus inadvertently provided a control trial of the type useful in the
testing of human. abilities.
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PoaGYs
FIGURE B-8 RURAL SOVIET SITE (S)
62- C
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Appendix C
DATA-SOURCE TRANSCRIPT (COMPLETE) (U)
D-00787R000500150001-2
nPar-
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Appendix C
(S) DATA-SOURCE TRANSCRIPT (COMPLETE)" (U)
HP: This is a DIA coordinate experiment. The data source is I1. HP
monitoring. The coordinates are (delete)
I1: It's going to be hard to distinguish things here because I see lots
of snow. Whatever this is, is near, I think, a highway with an
intersection in it. I see a hurricane fence. Quite large. I
mean like a half-mile or a mile long. (2) (For data source sketches
see Figure 1.)
HP: The hurricane fence is a dotted line on your drawing?
I1: Yes. And in the background I see some tall smokestacks, like a
refinery or a factory. Those seem to be at some distance.(3)
There's two or maybe three tall ones and one kind of funny short
one. This looks like it's in a valley. (4) Over here are, I'm not
quite sure I have my directions right, but there's a stand of pine
trees. (5)
HP: There's pine trees on the left of his drawing.
I1: Can you do the coordinate again please.
HP: OK. (Delete)
I1: Again.
HP: (Delete)
II: When I was on my trip we drove through an area of what looks like
a military storage thing with lots of low sort of covered-in-the-
(U) In this transcript the underlines portions with associated super-
script numerals refer to analysis items in Table 5 of this report.
t(U) Through southwestern U.S. (Ed).
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ground types of storage facilities., (6) like for ammunition or
weapons, or something like that. Very nice analytical overlay
picture I got so I seem to feel that there must be things in this
valley that are either partly or wholly subterranean. It gives me
an uncomfortable feeling, this place. (7)
HP: The place gives you an uncomfortable feeling?
I1 The thing that comes to mind...like it's a storage center for gas,
poisonous gases. (8) Then I feel that there's a great many pipes or
conduits of some sort...coolants...refrigeration on top of things to
keep things cold.(9) Maybe there's lots of very large refrigeration
units here that are keeping things sort of a...in some sort of a
state. Coldness. There seem to be a lot: of hurricane fences,
within fences, like the whole place is fenced. That factory is
coming closer now. (10) It's, what should. I say, sort of a medium
sized something or another. I would opine that it's a chemical
factory as contrasted to... chemical refinery. When I was out in
the Salt Flats one of the chemical companies has a big refinery
there that takes chemicals out of all that salt water. As con-
trasted to gas or coal or metal. Something like that. It seems
to be a chemical refinery. Stinks like hell in places.
HP: Does it seem to be associated with this subterranean storage?
Il: I don't know. I see some enclosed storage vats like, you know what
I mean, don't you?
HP: I think.
Il: They're roundish, quite large, but they are covered. A parking lot.
Some railroad tracks, with a dump things, with what looks like
,white or yellow-like sulfur, bauxite, or powders. There's snow
there now and I can see the mud on the snow on the roads. It looks
like it's melting. I see something that looks like a burnoff
,chimney where some gas is being burnt. Like you would see in a gas
place where they're burning the fire plume, gas leaks up. Seems
,very quiet for some reason... nighttime. It seems kind of brillant.
'There's a moon shine. I'd say it's nighttime.
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HP: Yeah, it would be nighttime.
I1: All right. If you want to ask some questions, go ahead.
HP: OK. The subterranean storage centers, is that where whatever it is
being stored refrigerated?
I1: Well, I seem to see that there's lots of things like big cannons
covered in grease. Like they were retired and are just being kept
in grease. (11) I mean really immersed in it. Thick stuff. In
some of these places and in others there seems to be barrels kind
of made out of white plastic. Inside that there seems to be powders,
black blackish powders. (12) And it seems that these should be kept
very dry so they're sealed in white plastic drums. Something like
plexiglass, unbreakable. And in others I see refrigeration coils
in floors that keep the temperature--I might estimate 32?, which
is just below freezing.
HP: Does this seem to be a military place or a commercial place?
I1: No, of course it's military. (13) In other ones I see rows of glass,
quite large glass vials, like vitamin capsules only they're about
a foot long. They've got liquids in them. Lots of cans.
I1: Some bins that don't seem particularly protected and filled with
sort of a white powder. Tunnels that go between these places. I
guess narrow gauge railways in so they move things around. (14)
HP: Oh, so the railways go through the tunnels between the places?
I1: Yes. At the ends of them like they're all hooked up somehow. It
doesn't seem like it's too large, but it's quite large in a way.
It's not quite a James Bond thing. It looks like a coal camp in a
way.
HP: Do you get any sort of intention associated with this complex?
I1: No. Just storage. (15) If I had to say I'd just say it's a storage
depot. With considerable effort to keep people out in terms of
fences. Even certain of these areas are fenced off within each other.
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HP:I When you're looking from the outside is it camouflaged?
I1 No, it's not. (16)
HP Does there seem to be any access from these main roads?
I1 I haven't decided if the factory and this place belong together or
not. At any rate, everything is fenced off from each other so...
I can't tell. My estimate would be that the factory and the storage
facility are not necessarily associated. (17)
HP: If you go way up in the air and look down flat, could you get a
picture that you might be able to sketch out that way?
I1:' It looks like... I'll draw a little off the paper there. Sort of an
ellipse. Factory up there. It's sort of in a shallow valley with
trees along the west side.* The highway runs generally a little
north, northwest and the factory is sort of in a...elevated just a
little bit to the northwest.
HP: And the storage things are sort of in a valley?
Il:'' Sort of, not a real valley, but in sort of a... in a flat place. I
can't tell about activities there because I guess it is night and
everything looks quiet and I don't see too much going on. My
opinion would be that there isn't much going on anyway.
HP: So you think that even during the daytime it's pretty quiet?
I1 Well, I would estimate, but I don't really know, really.
HP: OK, anything else of importance before we sign off on this one?
I1: I don't see anything else today. There may be a landing strip or
small airport over here, north northwest. (18) Another thing that
sort of comes to mind, although this may be over the hills to the
west just a little bit, is a place for blimps or zeppelins. I
(U) Directions given by data source conditional on assumption that top
of sketch is north. Later evaluation indicates best match if top of
sketch is taken to be south.
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don't believe that's associated with this particular.... You know
this kind of place must have been awfully a lot like, you know in
terms of dimensions and space, like Moffet Field, which has these
huge areas that have nothing in them. I'd believe I'd like to stop
that one now.
HP: OK, that's it on this one.
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Appendix D
ERROR-CORRECTING CODING AND THE REMOTE VIEWING OF
TARGET SITES AS A MESSAGE-SENDING MEDIUM
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Appendix D
ERROR-CORRECTING CODING AND THE REMOTE VIEWING OF
TARGET SITES AS A MESSAGE-SENDING MEDIUM
One of the most successful psychoenergetic processes is the remote
viewing of target locations demarcated by some means, such as the
presence at the site of an individual known to the "viewer." Unfortu-
nately, this process--which works so well--results in narrative descrip-
tions that are difficult to assess in a quantitative manner.
In order to utilize the remote-sensing phenomenon as a tool to
investigate the physical and psychological parameters of psychoenergetics
processes, it is important to establish optimum analysis (judging) pro-
cedures. Because experiments are designed with the goal of varying
specific parameters, such as subject shielding or the necessity of feed-
back, the analysis or judging procedure must be as rapid as possible,
while retaining objectivity, if immediate feedback to both subject and
investigators is to be provided.
To make an objective analysis of a single response from a subject
during a remote-sensing experiment, it is necessary to quantify the
target content in some discrete way. From an examination of the data
base accumulated to date it would appear that at least five recurrent
target attributes are frequently sensed correctly by our subjects. If
each of these attributes is assigned a binary digit--a "one" if the
attribute is present at the target site, and a "zero" if it is absent--
we can, for the sake of research experimentation, construct a pool of
32 targets corresponding to all possible combinations of five individual
attribute bits (see Table D-1).
A judging procedure utilizing the binary-coded target pool is as
follows. After a target is selected at random, and after the subject
has registered his response in the usual way, the judge's task is simply
to ascertain from the subject's response whether each of the five
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Table D-1
QUANTITATIVE JUDGING TECHNIQUE
Code Word
Bit Position
Target
Attribute
Bit Assignment
I
Inside
1
Outside
0
2
Subdued lighting
1
Bright lighting
0
3
Wet
1
Dry
0
4
Passive
1
Active
0
Man-made
1
Natural
0
attributes is present (1), or absent (0). The resulting five-bit number
is then compared to the actual five-bit number for the target. In the
case of good functioning, it is possible to obtain statistically signi-
ficant results with one or two such trials. From pilot work it appears
that the individual attributes are identified with 80% reliability; thus
the results indicate that this judging procedure may provide a rapid and
accurate technique to use remote sensing as a tool to test various models
of Psychoenergetic functioning.
This technique provides an additional benefit for the transmission
of messages. With judicious assignment of the attributes in terms of
its
and 0's, it is possible to transform a given target into one of the
specially coded words shown at the top of Table D-2--for example, an
indoor swimming pool would be rendered as the code word 10101. These
code words are carefully chosen37 to construct an error-correcting block
code of a type commonly used for signal transmission over noisy informa-
tion channels.
To send one of four messages using our standard remote-sensing
protocol, an outbound team of investigators chooses the message whose
attributes match one of the four shown on the top of Table D-2 and
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UN
A 5-BIT DECODING MATRIX
(Two Information Bits, Three Parity Check Bits)
00000
01110
10101
11011
00001
01111
10100
11010
00010
01100
10111
11001
00100
01010
10001
11111
01000
00110
11101
10011
10000
11110
00101
0101,
00011
01101
10110
11000
Double Error
01001
00111
11100
10010
Correction
proceeds to a target location corresponding to the binary word chosen.
The subject and his monitor then conduct a standard remote-viewing
experiment. (The subject is encouraged to respond freely, and is
discouraged from guessing with regard to the attribute list.) Once the
response period is completed, a judge must form a single binary word
from the subject's response, as described above. The judge then must
find his "response" word somewhere in the decoding matrix shown in
Table D-2 and choose as his "message received" the word that tops the
column in which the response word appears. By inspection of Table D-2,
one finds that the decoding matrix will correct for all single errors
in attribute labeling, and will correct for some double errors.
Figure D-1 shows the enhanced probability of receiving a two-bit
message correctly over that expected if no error correction is used.
This procedure was used successfully in experiments described in
Section VI.
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h
0]
0
0.7
I-
U
W
O
U 0,6
z
w 0.5
U
W
LL
O
0.4
m
co
0
a 0.3
a
-;
------ - - ------
NO ERROR CORRECTING
~? - - ERROR CORRECTING
I I 1
0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
P PROBABILITY OF CORRECTLY PERCEIVING
A SINGLE BIT
FIGURE D-1 USE OF A 5-BIT ERROR-CORRECTING
CODE TO INCREASE PROBABILITY OF
CORRECT MESSAGE RECEPTION (U)
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REFERENCES (U)
1. "Paraphysics R&D--Warsaw Pact (U)," DIA Document No. DST-18105-
202-78, Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C. (March 30,
1978), SECRET-NOFORN.
2. "Soviet and East European Parapsychology Research (U)," CIA
Document No. SI 77-10012, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington,
D. C. (April 1977), SECRET-NOFORN.
3. "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions
(S-NOFORN)," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Winter 1977),
SECRET-NOFORN.
4. E.C. Wortz et al., "Novel Biophysical Information Transfer Mechanisms
(NBIT)," Document No. 76-13197, Final Report prepared for Central
Intelligence Agency, Contract No. XG-4208 (54-20)75S, Airesearch
Manufacturing Company of California, a Division of Garrett
Corporation, Torrance, Calif. (January 14, 1976), UNCLASSIFIED.
5. "Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research (U)," DIA
Document No. DST-181OS-387-75, Defense Intelligence Agency,
Washington, D. C. (September 1975), CONFIDENTIAL.
6. "Controlled Offensive Behavior (U)," DIA Document No. ST-CS-O1-169-
72, Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C. (July 1972),
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7. "Views on Emerging Areas of Science and Technology Potentially
Important to National Security (C)," STIC 75-4, U.S. Intelligence
Board Scientific and Technical Intelligence Committee (USIB-STIC),
Washington, D. C. (December 1975), CONFIDENTIAL.
8. J. Vorona, "RV Intelligence Collection (C)," DIA Memorandum S-2524/
DT-1, Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, D. C. (January 31,
1978), SECRET.
9. H.E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for Information
Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and
Recent Research," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 64, pp. 329-354 (March 1976),
UNCLASSIFIED.
10. H. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Perceptual Augmentation Techniques (U),"
Final Report, SRI Project 3183, Stanford Research Institute,
Menlo Park, Calif. (December 1, 1975), SECRET.
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11, H.E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Direct Perception of Remote Geographical
Locations," Proc. IEEE ELECTRO '77 Special Session on the State of
the Art in Psychic Research, New York, N.Y. (April 19-21, 1977),
UNCLASSIFIED.
12., H. Puthoff, R. Targ, and E. C. May, "Advanced Threat Technique
Assessment (U)," Final Report, SRI Project 5309, Stanford Research
Institute, :Menlo Park, Calif. (July 1977), SECRET.
13.' R. Targ, H.E. Puthoff and E.C. May, "State of the Art in Remote
Viewing Studies at SRI," Proceedings of the 1977 IEEE International
Conference on Cybernetics and Society, Technical Session on Research
in Psychoenergetics, Washington, D.C. (September 20, 1977),
UNCLASSIFIED.
14., A. Hastings and D. Hurt, "A Confirmatory Remote Viewing in a Group
Setting," proc. IEEE, Vol. 64 (October 1976), UNCLASSIFIED.
15.' T. Whitson, D. Bogart, J. Palmer, and C. Tart, "Preliminary Experi-
ments in Group Remote Viewing," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 64 (October 1976),
UNCLASSIFIED.
16. J. Vallee, A. Hastings, and G. Askevold, "Remote Viewing Experiments
Through Computer Conferencing," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 64 (October 1976),
UNCLASSIFIED.
17. J. Bisaha and B.J. Dunne, "Precognitive Remote Viewing in the
Chicago Area, a Replication of the Stanford Experiment," Research
in Parapsychology 1976 (The Scarecrow Press Inc., Metuchen, N.J.,
1977), UNCLASSIFIED.
18. J.P. Bisaha and B.J. Dunne, "Multiple Subject and Long Distant
Precognitive Remote Viewing of Geographical Locations," presented
at the 1977 IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Conference, Washington,
D. C., September 19-21, 1977, UNCLASSIFIED.
19. R. Lucky, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Holmdel, N. J. (private
communication), UNCLASSIFIED.
20. I.M. Kogan, "Is Telepathy Possible?" Radio Eng., Vol. 21, p. 75
(January 1966), UNCLASSIFIED.
21. I.M. Kogan, "Telepathy, Hypotheses and Observations," Radio Eng.,
,Vol. 22, p. 141 (January 1967), UNCLASSIFIED.
22. I.M. Kogan, "Information Theory Analysis of Telepathic Communication
,Experiments," Radio Eng., Vol. 23, p. 122 (March 1968), UNCLASSIFIED.
23. I.M. Kogan, "The Information Theory Aspect: of Telepathy," RAND
,Publication P-4145, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. (July
1969), UNCLASSIFIED.
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24. B.L. Bernstein et al., "Long Range Communication at Extremely Low
Frequencies," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 62, No. 3, p. 292 (March 1974),
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25. G. Solfvin et al., "Some New Methods of Analysis for Preferential-
Ranking Data," J. Am. Soc. for Psychical Research, Vol. 72, No. 2
(April 1978), UNCLASSIFIED.
26. V. Ye. Fidel'man et al., "Procedure and Results of an Experimental
Check of the Possibilities for Telepathic Communication,"
FTD-ID(RS)T-1336-77, UNCLASSIFIED.
27. J. Ehrenwald, "Cerebral Localization and the Psi Syndrome," J.
Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 161, No. 6, pp. 393-398 (1965),
UNCLASSIFIED.
28. R. Ornstein, The Nature of Human Consciousness, Ch. 7 and 8
(Freeman, San Francisco, 1973), UNCLASSIFIED.
29. R.W. Sperry, "Cerebral Organization and Behavior," Science, Vol. 133,
pp. 1749-1757 (1961), UNCLASSIFIED.
30. H.F. Dixon, "Subliminal Perception and Parapsychology: Points of
Contact," Proc. of the XXVII Annual International Conference of the
Parapsychology Foundation, Parapsychology Foundation, Inc.,
New York (in press), UNCLASSIFIED.
31. B. Berlin and P. Kay, Basic Color Terms (University of California
Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1969), UNCLASSIFIED.
32. G. Feinberg, "Precognition--A Memory of Things Future," Proc. 23rd
International Conference of the Parapsychology Foundation, Quantum
Physics and Parapsychology (1974) (Parapsychology Foundation,
New York, 1975), UNCLASSIFIED.
33. J.B. Hasted, "An Experimental Study of the Validity of Metal-
Bending Phenomena," J. Soc. for Psychical Research, Vol. 48,
No. 770 (December 1976), UNCLASSIFIED.
34. J.B. Hasted, "Physical Aspects of Paranormal Metal Bending,"
J. Soc. for Psychical Research, Vol. 49, No. 773 (September 1977),
UNCLASSIFIED.
35. C. Honorton, "Replicability, Experimenter Influence and Para-
psychology," paper presented to 1978 Annual Meeting of AAAS,
Washington, D.C., 1978, UNCLASSIFIED.
36. R.H. Haitz, "Controlled Noise Generation with Avalanche Diodes,"
IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, p. 198 (April 1965), UNCLASSIFIED.
37. D. Slepian, "A Class of Binary Signaling Alphabets," Bell Syst.
Tech. J., Vol. 35, No. 1, p. 203 (January 1956), UNCLASSIFIED.
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Sensitive Intelligence Sources
and Methods Involved
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