SPECIAL ORIENTATION TECHNIQUES . SRI INTERNATIONAL.

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• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 11, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 1, 1980
• Content Type: REPORT

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SG1I
Final Report
SPECIAL ORIENTATION TECHNIQUES (U)
By: RUSSELL TARG HAROLD E. PUTHOFF
BEVERLY S. HUMPHREY EDWIN C. MAY
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Final Report June 1980
Covering the Period 1 May 1979 to 31 March 1980
SPECIAL ORIENTATION TECHNIQUES (U)
By: RUSSELL TARG HAROLD E. PUTHOFF BEVERLY S. HUMPHREY EDWIN C. MAY
SRI Project 8465
Approved by:
ROBERT S. LEONARD, Director
Radio Physics Laboratory
DAVID D. ELLIOTT, Executive Director
Systems Research and Analysis Division
CLASSIFIED BY: Msg, HQDA (DAMI?ISHI
dated 7 July 1978
REVIEW ON: 7 July 1998
SPECIAL ACCESS PROGRAM FOR
GRILL FLAME. RESTRICT
DISSEMINATION TO ONLY
INDIVIDUALS WITH VERIFIED ACCESS.
Copy No. 2
This document consists of 112 pages
SRI 0-4292
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CONTENTS (U)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (U)
LIST OF TABLES (U)
vii
I
OBJECTIVE (U)
1
II
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY (U)
3
A.
Basic Program Structure (U)
3
B.
Task Summary (U)
6
C.
Report Organization (U)
8
III
BACKGROUND (U)
9
A.
Screening (U)
9
B.
Remote Viewing Protocols for the Description of Local
(San Francisco Bay Area) Target Sites (U)
11
1. Basic Procedural Design (U)
12
2. Remote Viewer/Interviewer Roles (U)
14
3. Target Pool Selection (U)
14
4. Target Storage and Access (U)
15
5. Remote Viewer Orientation (U)
16
6. Interviewer Behavior (U)
17
7. Target Person ("Beacon") Behavior (U)
18
8. Post-Experiment Feedback (U)
19
9. Evaluation Procedure (U)
19
IV
ORIENTATION PROGRAM--PHASE ONE (U)
25
A.
Remote Viewing of Local Target Sites (U)
25
B.
Summary of the Six Series (U)
26
The individual titles on this page are UNCLASSIFIED. However, the compi-
lation of these titles may indicate defense information and material, the
unauthorized disclosure of which could reasonably be expected to cause
serious damage to the national security; hence, an overall classification
of SECRET is warranted.
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1. Viewer No. 155 (U)
26
2. Viewer No. 292 (U)
29
3. Viewer No. 372 (U)
34
4. Viewer No. 468 (U)
36
5. Viewer No. 518 (U)
39
6. Viewer No. 690 (U)
41
C.
Analysis of Transcript Correlations
(U)
43
D.
Summary of Judging Results for Local
Target
Sites (U)
47
E.
Phase-One Conclusions (U)
50
V ORIENTATION PROGRAM--PHASE TWO (U)
P7
A. Remote Viewing (RV) of 35-mm Slides (U)
1. Viewer No. 372 RV (U)
2. Viewer No. 518 RV (U)
3. Comparison of Blind Judging and Accuracy Ratings
for 35-mm Slides (U)
B. Future Remote Viewing (FRV) (U)
58
59
60
67
69
1. Viewer No. 468, RV and FRV of 35-mm Slides (U)
?
.
70
2. Viewer No. 292, RV and FRV of 35-mm Slides (U)
.
.
74
3. Viewer No. 155, RV and FRV of 35-mm Slides (U)
.
.
78
4. Viewer No. 155, FRV of Local Target Sites (U).
?
?
79
C. Extended Remote Viewing (ERV), Viewer No. 518 (U) .
83
1. Background (U)
83
2. Pilot Effort (U)
$3
3. Formal Series (Six Trials) (U)
83
4. Discussion (U)
92
D. Remote Viewing of Alphabet Letters (U)
93
E. Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV) with Immediate
Feedback (U)
94
VI
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (U)
99
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ILLUSTRATIONS (U)
1 Stanford Art Museum Target (a), and Response (b), by
Viewer 372 (U) 5
2 Beacon Tower in Vicinity of Control Tower Target at Palo
Alto Airport (a), and Response by Viewer No. 292 (b) (U) . . 33
3 Windmill Target and Responses by Viewers S5 (a) and
No. 468 (b) (U) 45
4 Redwood City Cross Target, and Responses of Viewers 372 (a)
and 155 (b) (U) 46
5 Pedestrian Overpass Target, and Responses of S4 (a) and
No. 155 (b) (U) 48
6 Distribution of 36 Target/Transcript Correspondences for
Local Target Sites (6 subjects, 6 transcripts each), Showing
More than 50% First-Place Matches (U) 49
7 Comparison Between Blind-Judge Rankings and Accuracy
Assessments (U) 51
8 Ultra Modern Dome House--Target, and Viewer 372
Drawing (U) 61
9 Mount Alverno Conference Center, and Viewer 372
Drawing (U) 62
10 Stanford Shopping Center--Target, and Viewer 372
Drawing (U) 63
11 Varsity Theatre Arcade--Target, and Viewer 518
Drawing (U) 64
12 Victorian House--Target, and Viewer 518 Drawing (U) 65
13 Glass Slipper Motel--Target, and Viewer 518 Drawing (U). ? ? 66
14 Stanford Shopping Center--Target, and Response of
Viewer No. 468 (U) 72
15 Target Slide, and Viewer 292 Response Fifteen Minutes Before
Random Selection of Target (U) 76
16 Target Slide, and Viewer 272 Response Fifteen Minutes Before
Random Selection of Target (U) 77
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17 Copper Pitcher and Viewer No. 518 ERV Response (U) 85
18 Food Mill Target and Viewer No. 518 ERV Response (U) , ? ? ? 86
19 Straw Hat Target and Viewer No. 518 ERV Response (U) . ? ? ? 88
20 Tripod Target and Viewer No. 518 ERV Response (U)
21 Antenna and Viewer No. 518 ERV Response (U)
22 Globe Target and Viewer No. 518 ERV Response (U)
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TABLES (U)
Results of Transcript Concept Analysis of a Remote Viewing
Experiment (U)
22
2
0-7 Point Accuracy Rating Scale for Target/Transcript
Correspondence (U)
27
3
Total Scores for Each of the Six Viewers in Phase-One
Orientation Program (U)
52
4
Distribution of CRV Target/Response Matchings (U)
98
5
Program Summary (U)
100
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I OBJECTIVE (U)
(S) The objectives of this program are the optimization of remote
viewing (RV) protocols, the orientation of selected individuals to reach
enhanced levels of ability, and the establishment of screening procedures
to enlarge the population from which individuals are selected,
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II INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY (U)
A. Basic Program Structure (U)
(S) In this report we present results and assessments of a one-year
program for the optimization of remote viewing with client-selected
individuals. The objective of this program was to familiarize these
individuals with the SRI remote viewing protocols, to produce enhanced
levels of ability, and to establish screening tests and'procedures for
enlarging the population from which such individuals are selected.
(U) For the past seven years SRI International has been investigating
a human perceptual/processing ability called remote viewing (RV). This
is the subject matter of the current study, and it pertains to the
acquisition and description, by mental means, of information blocked from
ordinary perception by distance or shielding and generally considered to
be secure from such access.
(S) At the start of this program, six individuals were chosen by
the client organization to participate in an RV technology transfer.
With the exception of one of the six who had participated in an ESP study
several years earlier, these participants when selected were inexperienced
with regard to paranormal perception in general, and RV in particular.
A variety of different training protocols were examined with the goal of
helping the participants familiarize themselves with the SRI RV techniques.
Formal assessment and transfer series were carried out with each of the
six 'participants, in which they were asked to use mental imagery processes
to describe distant geographic locations (bridges, roads, buildings, etc.),
hidden 35-mm slides of similar sites, and objects placed in a controlled-
access location. Several other information series were carried out. These
are all described in later sections of this report.
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(U) Four of the six participants each produced results that de-
parted significantly from chance expectation in assessment series that
were formally judged by very strict criteria. The other two produced
results in the assessment series that were also suggestive of paranormal
perception. Overall, this result constitutes highly significant per-
formance (p = 4 )< 10 , or odds of one in 25,000 of such a result occurring
by chance).
,(S) We are including in this introduction one illustrative example
of an RV trial for a real-time San Francisco Bay Area outdoor target.
The viewer, No. 372, who contributed this data, produced a mixture of
responses, some excellent and some noncorresponding, in his two series
at SRI. Several of his descriptions were among the best obtained in the
program, and his overall consistency in performance resulted in both of
his individual series reaching statistical significance.
(U) Current and proposed programs are directed at training partici-
pants to bring their RV ability under more conscious control, and to learn
to recognize and overcome the factors that limit RV reliability. These
limiting factors center around the generation of erroneous data by the
viewer from his memory and imagination. An example of the successful
resolution of such noise is the following.
(U) The viewer was closeted with an interviewer in the laboratory
at SRI to await the target team's arrival at their destination. The
target was the Stanford Art Museum on the Stanford campus. The viewer
made several tentative outline sketches of different shapes that he said
were "associated with the face of a building." Finally, he made a careful
perspective drawing of the building he was visualizing. A photograph of
the target is shown in Figure 1(a), and the viewer's drawing is shown for
comparison in Figure 1(b). The viewer's narrative described the face of
the building as follows: "There is a white and black pattern, a white
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(a)
ot
(b)
UNCLASSIFIED
FIGURE 1 STANFORD ART MUSEUM TARGET (a), AND RESPONSE (b), BY VIEWER 372 (U)
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and black striped pattern." VO? "It's like an inverted rectangle, with'a
square fastened to the back, or a rectangle laid down behind it." "Like
two buildings in one. One building." "I have the sense that there is
dirt by the walls ...." He went on to talk about trees, flowers, and
bicycles, all of which can be found directly in front of the target
building.
B. Task Summary (U)
(U) In the following we briefly summarize results of the various
perceptual tasks that were undertaken:
(U) Bay Area Target Site Remote Viewing. In the Phase One
activities, six RV trials with local San Francisco Bay Area
sites as targets were carried out with each of the six
viewers. In these six series, four of the viewers each
produced results that were independently significant
(p < 0.05), making the series as a whole strongly
significant (p = 4 X 10-5; odds of one in 25,000).
(U) Remote Viewing of 35-mm Slides. These trials
were carried out under varying conditions for five
viewers in Phase Two. One viewer, who generated
significant results in Phase One, was again independently
significant in his description of distant slides. A
second viewer, also producing significant results in
Phase One, produced drawings in Phase Two that were
formally judged to have significant correlations with
the slide targets, although his verbal material did not.
A third viewer was asked to describe slides before they
were chosen, that would be shown to him at a later time.
His results were suggestive of success (p = 0.1) but not
statistically significant. Similar trials with two other
viewers were also encouraging but nonsignificant.
(S) Remote Viewing into a Secure Area. A viewer who was
successful in the slide viewing trials also carried out a
series using extended remote viewing, in which he spent
more than an hour on each of six attempts to describe
objects held in a secure location, and chosen by the SSO
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controlling that facility. Two judges evaluated this
viewer's responses: one judged it significant (p = 0.05),
and one just missed significance.
? (U) Alphabet Targets. A viewer successful in both Bay Area
remote viewing and slide trials also participated in a
series in which he attempted to describe alphabet letters
in a distant location. This was not a formal series, since
the protocol, which was exploratory in nature, was changed
several times during the series. However, the percentage
hits result indicates that the viewer was in contact with
the target letters at a rate higher than would be expected
by chance. These data, taken in conjunction with data
generated on another program, show promise that this ability
can be developed.
? (U) Correlated Responses. In the course of the year's
work, targets were repeated from time to time as a result
of random selection from a target pool of sixty. In some
cases we obtained strikingly similar responses (even when
incorrect) from the different viewers who encountered these
repeated targets. These responses also correlated well
with responses obtained from other viewers over past years
of research. The observation of such a result indicates
the possibility that given target stimuli trigger charac-
teristic responses, which could be tabulated in a "dictionary"
of site attributes.
? (S) Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV). Three of the viewers
took part in CRV exercises in which they were asked to
describe distant locations anywhere on the globe, given
only the geographical coordinates of latitude and longitude.
This is an ability that has been well demonstrated by some
of our experienced participants, and similar encouraging
results were obtained in these trials with client personnel.
One exercise which was sufficiently lengthy to justify
analysis was found to be statistically significant at
p = 0.0083 (odds of one in 120).
(S) From these studies we find evidence that the SRI RV technology
is transferable; one of the client viewers turned in clearly superior
performances, and three others produced successful (statistically signifi-
cant) remote viewing at a level to indicate useful information transfer.
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C. Report Organization (U)
(U) In Section III we describe the SRI RV protocols, including
results from the past, and our expectations for the present program. We
also
discuss the screening procedures used to select viewers and the
judging procedures used to evaluate the results of the investigations
carried out in the current program.
(U) In Section IV we describe the first phase of the study, in
which we systematically carried out RV trials with the participants to
obtain baseline data from each under similar experimental conditions.
(S) In Section V we present the exploratory work carried out in
Phase Two in an effort to extend the repertoire of RV tools available to
client personnel.
(U) Our conclusions and recommendations are presented in Section VI.
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III BACKGROUND (U)
(U) With the overall objective of improving the reliability of
psychoenergetic functioning, we have in the past investigated several
different screening procedures, familiarization/training protocols, and
judging techniques, both with the goal of developing procedures useful in
identifying gifted remote viewers, and of providing the most optimal
strategies to permit individuals to exploit the RV phenomenon to useful
ends. In this section we provide background data on each of these areas.
A. Screening (U)
(S) One of the goals of the program was to pursue the question of
the establishment of screening procedures to enlarge the population from
which individuals are selected for RV work.
(U) In the psychoenergetics field in general, two approaches to
screening have been pursued; screening by profile, and screening by
performance. Both have been examined to a limited degree in this program.
(U) In screening by profile, one attempts to establish physiological
and/or psychological parameters which differentiate high-performance from
low-performance individuals. In an early program SRI carried out an
extensive profiling program on gifted individuals and controls. The tests
included a comprehensive medical evaluation, including X-ray scans of the
brain, and comprehensive psychological and neuropsychological profiling.
The following list of tests administered gives an idea as to the thorough-
ness of the evaluations: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Bender
Gestalt Visual Motor Test, Benton Visual Memory Test, Wechsler Memory
Scale, Luscher Color Test, Strong Vocational Interest Blank, Minnesota
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(U)
Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Edwards Personality Preference
Schedule (EPPS), Rorschach Inkblot, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT),
Halstead Category Test, Tactual Performance Test, Speech Perception Test,
Seashore Rhythm Test, Finger Tapping Test, Trail Making Test, Knox Cube
00/test, Raven Progressive Matrices, Verbal Concept Attainment Test, Buschke
Memory Test, Grooved Pegboard Tests, Gottschaldt Hidden-Figures Test, and
the Spatial relations subtest of the SRA Primary Mental Abilities Test,
The Overall result of this testing was that no clear profile parameters
emerged on which an a priori screening procedure could be based.
(S) In contrast to
of remote viewers by SRI
subjective,evaluation of
This ,rule-of-thumb guide
formal testing, however, several years observation
researchers has led to
the personality traits
an informal guide based on
of successful viewers.
is based on the observation
that successful remote
viewers tend to be confident, outgoing, adventurous, broadly successful
individuals with some artistic bent. With this as a guide, the sponsor
considered a population of 250 potential candidates for the RV program.
Of these, 117 were interviewed, resulting in a pool of 30-35 individuals
for potential active use in the program. With regard to the SRI orienta-
tion program, ten of these were selected for interview by the SRI team,
of which six were chosen for active participation in the SRI program.
This constitutes the level of screening by profile.
(U) In screening by performance, a number of unselected or pre-
selected individuals are given a psychoenergetics task to perform. Those
performing successfully are then said to be screened by the task, and are
then ',graduated to further tasking.
(U) H. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Perceptual Augmentation Techniques (U),,
Final Report, SRI Project 3183, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
(December 1, 1975), SECRET.
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(S) In this study, the six individuals pre-screened by interview
were then screened by performance on a six-trial RV series involving
local San Francisco Bay Area locations as target sites. Four of the six
participants produced results that individually were statistically sig-
nificant. Since this overall result is itself statistically significant
we take as evidence that the interview selection (screening) procedure
based on the SRI-supplied informal guidelines was successful, keeping in
mind that the sample is too small to make an absolutely definitive
statement.
(S) Furthermore, taking the initial six-trial series as a performance-
screening instrument, we found that the four high-performance individuals
in this series continued to perform with good success in additional tasks,
while the two lower-performance individuals were also less successful in
later tasks. We consider this to be an important finding.
(U) From these overall results we conclude that pre-screening on
the basis of interview, following the informal SRI guideline criteria,
and screening by performance, using the SRI Standard RV Protocols, both
constitute basic screening tools that in this program provided reliable
indicators of success in psychoenergetic performance.
B. Remote Viewing Protocols for the Description of Local
(San Francisco Bay Area) Target Sites (U)
(U) As a result of efforts over the years to develop an optimum
psychoenergetic task appropriate for screening and training, we have
settled on a standard remote-viewing (RV) procedure which is a refined
version of that described in our Proc. IEEE paper. The elements of the
(U) H. E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for Information
Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent
Research," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 64, pp. 329-354 (March 1976).
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1..? LH a
(U)
protocol, each of which is addressed below, consist of (1) basic procedural
design; (2) remote viewer/interviewer roles; (3) target pool selection;
(4) target storage and access; (5) remote viewer orientation; (6) inter-
viewer behavior; (7) target person behavior; (8) post-experiment feedback;
(9) evaluation procedure.
Basic Procedural Design (U)
(U) As carried out at SRI, the general procedure is to closet
the Percipient, hereafter called the viewer, with an interviewer, and at
a prearranged time to obtain from the viewer a description of an undis-
closed, remote site being visited by a target team, one of whose members
is known to the remote viewer and who thereby constitutes the target or
"beacon" person. The target team is assigned their target location by
random entry into a list of targets located within a 30-minute driving
time from SRI. The target pool consists of sixty target locations chosen
from a target-rich environment. The target location selected is kept
blind to both the viewer and interviewer closeted at SRI. The protocol
is thus of the double-blind type.
(U) In detail: At the beginning of a trial, a remote viewer
is closeted with an interviewer in an isolated windowless room of the
Radio Physics Laboratory in the SRI complex to await an agreed-upon start
time. At the same time a target person is sent, without communication
with the remote viewer or interviewer remaining at SRI, to a target location
somewhere in the San Francisco Bay Area (-600 square km). The target is
(U) The target person is designated a "beacon" rather than a "sender"
because the evidence to date points to the remote viewer exhibiting an
independence of viewpoint and mobility at the target site which takes'
the phenomenon beyond simply mind-to-mind information transfer.
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(U)
determined by random-number access to a target pool of travelling orders
previously prepared by an experimental team (not including interviewers)
and kept locked in a secure safe. The target pool consists of 60 target
locations chosen from a target-rich environment.
(U) During a predetermined viewing period of 15 minutes duration,
the remote viewer is asked to render drawings and describe into a tape
recorder his impressions of the target site being visited by the outbound
target person. The interviewer with the remote viewer is kept ignorant
of the target and is therefore free to question him to clarify his
descriptions without fear of cueing (overt or subliminal) as to the
particular target.
(U) When the target person returns to SRI following the remote
viewing period, the subject is then taken to the target site so that he
may obtain direct fvedback. Following a series of such trials over a
several-day period, a formal blind judging procedure (described below)
is used to evaluate the data and quantify the results.
(U) There is, however, a confounding factor that needs to be taken into
account. Since general knowledge of the San Francisco Bay Area target
region on the part of the remote viewer and interviewer must be taken aS
a given, and since particular knowledge of the contents of the target
pool is revealed as a series progresses, in evaluating the results one
must take into account the possibility that any particular description
may be artifactually sharpened. (Such sharpening can in principle in-
crease the apparent quality of the result only if there is functional RV
to begin with; it cannot in the absence of RV produce an inflated result.)
This sharpening possibility in the presence of an already functioning RV
capability is handled in the statistical evaluation of the results by
conservatively assuming the worst at the outset, and treating the series
as belonging to that class of studies in which the elements of the target
pool are known a priori to both remote viewer and interviewer, as in
studies involving numbers or cards as targets.
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2. Remote Viewer/Interviewer Roles (U)
(U) An important methodological aspect of the SRI RV protocols
is based on the fact that the remote viewer/interviewer team constitutes
a single information gathering unit in which the remote viewer's role is
designed to be that of perceiver/information source, and the interviewer's
role is designed to be that of analytical control.
(S) This division of labor is designed to mirror the two
primary modes of cerebral functioning; namely, the nonanalytic cognitive
style (related to brain function) that predominates in spatial pattern
recognition and other holistic processing (and is hypothesized to pre-
dominate in psi functioning), and the analytical cognitive style that
predominates in verbal and other analytical functioning. (Only very
experienced remote viewers appear to have the ability to handle both
cognitive styles simultaneously.)
The interviewer role, removing as it
doesHthe burden of analytical functioning during exercise of the RV faCulty,
appears to be a key element in generating the level of success required
in operational programs, and we attribute the success of the SRI RV
protocols in large part to this innovative design which appears to provide
an appropriate match to the required functioning.
. Target Pool Selection (U)
(U) Target locations in the San Francisco Bay Area are selected
by a team of two Radio Physics Laboratory personnel who are not involved
(U) See, e.g., J. Ehrenwald, "Cerebral Localization and the Psi Syndrome,"
J. of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 161, No. 6, pp. 393-398; R. Ornstein,
ThelNature of Human Consciousness, San Francisco, CA: Freeman, 1973,
Ch. 17 and 8; and R. W. Sperry, "Cerebral Organization and Behavior,"
Science, Vol. 133, pp. 1749-1757 (1961).
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as interviewers in the experiments (to prevent direct knowledge of the
target pool by the interviewers). The locations are chosen to satisfy
the following criteria:
(1) Target sites must be within a half-hour drive of the
SRI Menlo Park complex so that a uniform target access
time exists for all experiments.
(2) The target pool is constructed to contain several targets
of various types--that is, several fountains, several
churches, several boathouses, and so forth--specifically
to circumvent analysis strategies of the type "there was
a fountain yesterday, so it is unlikely that there is a
fountain today." Furthermore, targets of different types
are not chosen to be particularly distinct from each other,
so that overlapping features exist. In this manner the
content of a given target, determined by random entry
into the target pool, is essentially independent of the
contents of other targets ("open-deck" design).
(3) The definition of what constitutes each target is
established in advance of the entire RV series
by written descriptions on a set of 3" X 5" target
cards. (Ex: Four Seasons Restaurant, on El Camino
Real, just north of San Antonio Road. Stand under the
entry arch and feel the bricks.) These cards constitute
the outbound team's instructions at the beginning of
the trial, and the judge's target list during the
evaluation phase.
4. Target Storage and Access (U)
(U) The target cards are numbered and placed in individual
envelopes, similarly numbered, by the target selection team, and then
stored in a GSA-approved secure container not available to project remote
viewers.
(U) At the start of an RV session the interviewer, remote
viewer, and target person rendezvous in the laboratory and establish the
trial start time (30 minutes hence). The target person then leaves the
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laboratory, generates a random number by the use of the random-number
function on a Texas Instruments Model SR-51 hand calculator (whose
randomness has been verified by a separate test), obtains the associated
envelope from the safe, and departs for the target site.
5. Remote Viewer Orientation (U)
(U) During the period that the target person is enroute to the
target, the interviewer and remote viewer have a period to relax and
discuss the protocols. The goal of the interviewer during this period
is to make it "safe" for the remote viewer to experience remote viewing.
For the initial orientation of a new remote viewer, this typically includes
a diScussion as to how remote viewing appears to be a natural rather than
abnormal function, and that many people appear to have done it successfully.
(U) The 1-emote viewer is told that memory and imagination
constitute noise in the channel, and therefore the closer he can get to
raw uninterpreted imagery, the better. He is encouraged to report raw
perception rather than analysis, since the former tends to be correct while
the latter is often wrong.
(U) Since remote viewing is a difficult task, apparently similar
to the perception of subliminal stimuli, it takes the full attentive
powers of the remote viewer. Therefore, the environment, procedures, etc.,
are designed to be as natural and comfortable as possible so as to minimize
the diversion of attention to anything other than the task at hand. No
hypnosis, strobe lights, or sensory-deprivation procedures are used, since
H. V. Dixon, "Subliminal Perception and Parapsychology: Points of
Contact," Proc. of the XXVII Annual International Conference of the
Parapsychology Foundation, Inc., New York (1979).
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in our view such (novel) environmental factors would divert some of the
subject's much-needed attention.
6. Interviewer Behavior (U)
(U) The interviewer arranges ahead of time to have pen and paper
available for drawing, and a tape recorder. The room lighting is somewhat
subdued to prevent after-image highlights, shadows on eyelids, etc.
(U) When the agreed-upon RV trial time arrives, the interviewer
simply asks the remote viewer to "describe the impressions that come to
mind with regard to where the target person is." The interviewer does not
pressure the remote viewer to verbalize continuously; if he were to, the
remote viewer might tend to embroider descriptions to please the interviewer,
a well-known syndrome in behavioral studies of this type. If the remote
viewer tends toward being analytical ("I see Macy's") the interviewer
gently leads him into description, not analysis. ("You don't have to tell
me where it is, just describe what you see.") This is the most important
and difficult task of the interviewer, but is apparently necessary for
good results, especially with inexperienced remote viewers.
(U) It is also useful for the interviewer to "surprise" the
remote viewer with new viewpoints. ("Go above the scene and look down--
what do you see? If you look to the left, what do you see?") The remote
viewer's viewpoint appears to shift rapidly with a question like this, and
the data come through before the viewer's defenses activate to block it out.
(S) The interviewer role described here, applicable to the familiariza-
tion/screening task at hand, is appropriately modified for an operational
task involving an experienced remote viewer. In the SRI operational
procedure the interviewer is typically more "muzzled" in general, although,
if not blind to the target, supplying positive feedback at certain key points
for correct target-related responses.
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The shifting of viewpoint also obviates the problem of the remote viewer
spending the entire session time giving meticulous detail on a relatively
trivial item, such as a flower, which, even if correct, generally will be
of little use in assessing the session. (Once a remote viewer feels he
sees something, he tends to hang on to this perception rather than comMit
himself to a new viewpoint.) It is important to recognize again that With
the division of labor between remote viewer and interviewer it is the
interviewer's (not the remote viewer's) responsibility to see that the
necessary information to permit discrimination among the range of target
possibilities is generated, the remote viewer's responsibility being con-
fined to exercise of the RV faculty.
(U) The remote viewer is encouraged to sketch what he sees,
even over his objections that he is not an artist, can't sketch, etc.
or wait until the end of the session if inter-
He may do so throughout,
mittent drawing would distract his concentration. Since drawings tend
to be more accurate than verbalizations, this is an extremely important
factor for good results.
7. Target Person ("Beacon") Behavior (U)
(U) After obtaining a target card in the manner described
earlier, the target person proceeds to the target site indicated.
(U) He is asked to come upon the target location at the starting
time so that his view of it is fresh at the beginning of the remote viewing
period. He is to then simply pay attention to the environment as dictated
by instructions on the target card. At the end of the agreed-upon target
viewing time of 15 minutes the target person returns to the lab.
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8. Post-Experiment Feedback (U)
(U) When the target person returns, and after all the raw data
has been filed, the interviewer, remote viewer, and target person proceed
directly to the target site for feedback. This helps to develop the
remote viewer's sense of which aspects of his mental imaging process are
correct, which are incorrect. This appears to bring the RV trial to
closure for the remote viewer, so that when he has a following session,
his mind is no longer involved with wondering how he did on the previous
one. Only a very experienced subject can function well time after time
without feedback, so this is done for each trial to optimize the potential
for success.
9. Evaluation Procedure (U)
(U) In a sense, the most critical part of the standard remote-
viewing procedure the evaluation procedure. Any single experiment in
remote viewing, even if perfect, could in principle be dismissed as
possibly a coincidence. Further, any result less than perfect might be
called into question as a generalized "grass is green, sky is blue"
transcript that fits every target. Strictly speaking, only blind differ-
ential discrimination of transcripts across a series of targets can provide
a basis to discriminate between these dismissals and the RV interpretation,
although, as we shall see later, certain post hoc transcript-by-transcript
evaluation procedures are found to correlate well with blind differential
matching procedures.
(U) To obtain a numerical evaluation of the accuracy of a
standard six-trial remote viewing series with a given remote viewer, the
results are subjected to judging on a blind basis by an SRI research
analyst not otherwise associated with the series he is to judge. To be
specific, two project personnel acted as interviewers (R. T. and H. P.),
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and two others (E. M. and B. H.) interchanged roles on alternate series
as target person and blind judge. When acting as a judge for a given
series, that individual was isolated from the viewer and others involved
in the series so as to prevent contamination.
(U) In preparation for judging, the remote viewer's tapes are
transcribed. The resulting transcripts are then edited only to the extent
of deleting information which might act as artifactual cues to a judge,
such as references to other targets, or phrases which might indicate the
temporal order of the transcripts.
(U) The transcripts (including associated drawings) and target
cards, each arranged in their own random order different from the order
of target usage, are then turned over to the judge. The judge is instructed
to visit the target locations on the basis of the target card instructions,
and to blind rank order, on a scale of 1-6 (best to worst match), each of
the pix transcripts against each of the six target sites, generating a
6 X 6 matrix.
(U) In order to carry out this task, the judge must assess
quantitatively the degree of correspondence between a given transcript
and target. We have recently developed a concept analysis procedure that
provides for just such detailed comparisons. In this new procedure,
begin by analyzing each transcript for its specific content. To accomplish
this, the transcript is divided into a list of specific concepts, where a
concept may consist of a single word or phrase from the transcript (e.g.,
or a single word or phrase that summarizes a lengthy idea (e.g.,
"shady"). A list of concepts is made for each transcript in a series to
be judged. The analysis proceeds by having the judge, who is blind to
which transcripts actually match which targets, stand at the first target
location on his target list, and for each transcript make an assessment,
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concept by concept, on a rating scale of 0 to 10. A rating of zero
implies no correspondence whatever between that particular concept and
the target site in question, and a 10 implies complete correspondence.
Intermediate scores are given in proportion to the extent of the corres-
pondence,. Having done this for each of the
first transcript, the judge repeats the
concepts, one by one, in the
assessment as independently as
transcripts. He
on the list and repeats the concept
as applied to that site. Having
manner, the judge computes the
in each transcript matched against
possible for all the concepts in all of the remaining
then proceeds to the next target site
assessment for all of the transcripts
finished all the travel sites in this
average rating score for all concepts
each target. When there are six trials in the series, there are 36 such
averages.
(U) In a second step of the judging procedure, the judge
displays his results in a matrix with targets displayed as rows and
transcripts displayed as columns. An example from an actual experiment
(Viewer 690) is shown in Table 1. At this point in the analysis, the
judge submits his results.
(U) A precise measure of the statistical significance of the
matrix of target/transcript relations is given by a direct-count-of-
*
permutations method of great generality. It is an exact calculation
method requiring no approximations such as normality assumptions.
Furthermore, the judging process that went into generating the matrix is
not required to be independent transcript-to-transcript nor target-to-
target. Finally, the statistical evaluation procedure is general enough
that, in addition to being applicable to the blind rank order procedure
(U) C. Scott, "On the Evaluation of Verbal Material in Parapsychology:
A Discussion of Dr. Pratt's monograph," Jour. Soc. Psych. Res., Vol. 46,
No. 752, pp. 79-90 (June 1972).
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Table 1
RESULTS OF TRANSCRIPT CONCEPT ANALYSIS
OF A REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT (U)
(a) Ratings
Targets
Transcripts
A
B
C
D
E
F
Shielded Room
3.55
5.85
2.20
3.80
2.90
2.20
Alta Mesa
3.40
4.00
6.05
2.85
3.00
4.70
Ely Chevrolet
3.50
2.60
1.75
2.00
4.45
4.30
Four Seasons
4.90
3.20
4.80
2.80
2.60
4.85
Methodist Church
2.15
2.60
3.50
3.20
4.70
6.45
Library Stacks
4.05
3.90
3.80
3.80
4.30
6.25
(b) Rankings
Targets
Transcripts
A
B
CDEF
Shielded Room
3
0*
5
2
4
6
Alta Mesa
4
3
(I)
6
5
2
Ely Chevrolet
3
4
6
5
(1)
2
Four Seasons
(I)
4
3
5
6
2
Methodist Church
6
5
3
4
2
0
Library Stacks
3
4
6
0
2
1
Circles indicate target/transcript key.
UNCLASSIFIED
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in use at the present time, it can be applied to analyses in which numeri-
cal estimates of target/transcript correspondences are made on the basis
of other rank-order or rating scales. This includes arbitrary scale
rating arrived at by some complex procedure involving many factors such
as occurs in multiple-judge voting; cases in which, for a given target,
several transcripts are given the same rating, all transcripts are rated
zero, a few transcripts are assigned rank order numbers and the rest are
assigned the mean of the remaining rank order numbers, and so forth. The
only requirement is that no artifactual information is provided as to the
order of targets and transcripts. In particular, it can be shown that if
targets are used with replacement or are non-orthogonal, then the method
applies even in the case in which there is trial-by-trial feedback and
the target pool is known a priori to both remote viewer and interviewer.
Thus the possibility of interviewer cueing or subject guessing based on
a priori knowledge of the target pool is handled at a fundamental level
by a statistical procedure that assumes the worst. The argument is as
follows.
(U) In the absence of knowledge as to which transcript was
generated in response to which target, one observes that in setting up
the target-transcript matrix there are n: possible ways to label the
columns (transcripts), given any particular order of the rows (targets),
and vice versa. Thus, there are n: possible matrices that could be
constructed from the raw judging data, all of them equally likely under
the null hypothesis that the viewer's remote viewing attempts produce
nothing but vague and general descriptions and/or occasional chance
correspondences with various target sites. Each matrix has its associated
sum on the matrix diagonal corresponding to a possible alignment of
targets.
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UNCLASSIFIED
(U) The significance level for the experiment is then determined
by counting the number of possible matrices that would yield a result
(diagonal sum) equal to or better (i.e., lower sum of ranks in the rank-
order case, higher sum of scores in the correspondence-rating case, etc.)
than that obtained for the matrix corresponding to the key, and dividing
by n: This ratio gives the probability of obtaining by chance a result
equal to or better than that obtained in the actual judging process.
For the results shown in Table 1 we find, by direct computer count of the
6: matrices obtained by interchanging columns, that the probability of
obtaining equal or better matching by chance is p = 1/6: = 0.0013.
(U) This statistical procedure, in use for more than two
decades by many researchers, was specifically designed to handle narrative
material of the remote viewing type, and it cannot be stressed enough that
it is constructed sufficiently conservatively so as to apply even in the
limiting case in which the target pool is completely known a priori to
all involved, thus handling any possible contamination due to remote
viewer guessing or interviewer cueing in protocols of the type used in
the SRI RV procedure.
(U) As an overall calibration of the remote viewing process,
against which specific examples can be gauged, we can take as a background
data base the lengthy collection of 51 remote viewing trials collected
over a several-year period with nine viewers, and published in Reference 1.
In these trials, viewers were targeted on local targets (bridges, swimming
pools, theaters, airports, computers, machine shops, etc.) within a 20-km
range of SRI. The quality of the results was such that the judges, who
had to determine in a blind fashion which viewer-generated data packages
(tape transcripts and drawings) were associated with which target sites,
were able to blind match transcripts to targets in first place in roughly
half the cases, an exceptionally significant result, As will be shown
later, similar results (in fact, somewhat better) were obtained in this program.
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IV ORIENTATION PROGRAM--PHASE ONE (U)
(S) In this section we describe the six remote viewing series carried
out with each of the client-supplied volunteers. All series have been
assessed as to the amount of remote viewing exhibited in each. Four of
these series were found, by blind judging, to depart significantly from
chance expectation. Finding four such significant series, in a group
of six, is sufficient to make the group as a whole statistically signifi-
cant (p = 4 X 10-5). A description of each trial in each of the series
will be presented below.
A. Remote Viewing of Local Target Sites (U)
? (S) During the months of May, June, and July, six one-week remote
viewing series were conducted, one week with each of the six client par-
ticipants. These series were carried out at the rate of two series per
month. The purpose of these initial training activities was to obtain
baseline data on each of the participants taking part in a uniform series
of trials, and to provide a basis for later evaluation and comparison of
their performance in more diverse tasks.
(U) The six remote viewing sessions for each participant were con-
ducted at a rate of one per day, except for Thursdays, when there were
two sessions. The project directors divided the interviewing tasks, with
RT remaining with the viewer for the first four trials, and HP acting as
interviewer for the last two, in every case.
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B. Summary of the Six Series (U)
(S) The following summarizes our impressions of the thirty-six remote
viewing trials carried out in our laboratory, May through July 1979,
by the six client participants.
(U) In order to present a coherent assessment of the sessions in
this summary, we rate each session individually by a measure we call
Accuracy Rating. This is our evaluation as to the correspondences between
viewer-generated transcripts and the intended target site. This assess-
ment is carried out on a post hoc basis with knowledge of the target site,
and so is not intended to be the equivalent of "blind judging." Its
utility is that it provides a relative measure from our standpoint as to
the success of the various participants. We rate each transcript on a
0 to 7 scale, with a 0 for no correspondence, and a 7 for a transcript
that shows excellent correspondence with essentially no incorrect infor-
mation, and including good analytical detail (for example, naming the
target by name). The scale is shown in Table 2. Again, the 0 to 7 rating
is not a blind measure of the level of RV functioning, but rather a
procedure for comparing the relative performance of the participants. As
we see later, however, the correlation or agreement between our Accuracy
Rating system and the results of formal blind judging is high.
1. Viewer No. 155 (U)
(U) Target 1: White Plaza at Stanford University. This trial
was the first in the overall group of thirty-six, and also was in our
opinion (and that of the blind judge) one of the very best in the series
of six with this remote viewer. The viewer correctly identified the main
feature of the site as being a plaza with a fountain. He also had a tall
column dominating the scene, which could be a match to Hoover Tower, a
looming structure nearby. Additionally described were a series of arches,
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Table 2
(U) 07 POINT ACCURACY RATING SCALE
FOR TARGET/TRANSCRIPT CORRESPONDENCE (U)
7 = Excellent correspondence, including good analytical detail (e.g.,
naming the site by name), and with essentially no incorrect
information.
6 = Good correspondence with good analytical information (e.g., naming
the function), and relatively little incorrect information.
5 = Good correspondence with unambiguous unique matchable elements,
but some incorrect information.
4 = Good correspondence with several matchable elements intermixed
with incorrect information.
3 = Mixture of correct and incorrect elements, but enough of the
former to indicate viewer has made contact with the site.
2 = Some correct elements, but not sufficient to suggest results
beyond chance expectation.
1 = Little correspondence.
0 = No correspondence.
(U)
which are a recurring feature in the buildings surrounding the courtyard.
Accuracy Rating = 5.
(U) Target 2: Stanford Art Museum. ? The viewer did not
describe this large Greek-columned building at all. He did, however,
mention nearby features, such as arches and red-tiled roofs, and indicated
that he felt that it was again a "Stanford type" of target. Accuracy
Rating = 3.
(U) Target 3: Fire Circle. Among other things, the viewer
correctly described a circular depressed area, with descending steps, a
squared-off far end, and something in the center. These features are
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descriptive of the target. However, the viewer also described and drew
two other fairly coherent scenes that did not pertain to the target.
Consequently the judge who eventually evaluated this series in the blind,
ranked this transcript in fifth place, out of six, because of its corre-
spondences to other targets. The viewer also accurately perceived the
beacon's activities at the target by stating that, "... he was involved
in the movement somehow. He was on or thinking about something that moves,
goes around in a circle. It seems to be a circular thing. Because I
was getting the feeling of vertigo ...." The beacon stated in his notes
regarding his activities at the target that he "... circulate(d) the
fountain ..." and "... did a sort of Indian whooping dance as I jumped
around the thing ...." Simply rating the transcript and drawings to the
actual target, our assessment was Accuracy Rating = 3.
(U) Target 4: Logo. This target is a 6 ft X 12 ft orange
metal sculpture on the grass lawn of a chemical company. It is symbolic
chain molecule, consisting of four large diamond shapes connected together.
The viewer did not describe anything that pertained to the target. His
main features were of a gazebo structure. Accuracy Rating = 0.
(U) Target 5: Valombrosa Conference Center. The main feature
of his description was a fan shaped structure, somewhat matching the roof
design of the principle element of the target. He pictured it as an
"arched cave with bars," which led to the blind judge incorrectly matching
It to the pedestrian overpass. Accuracy Rating = 2.
(U) Target 6: Pedestrian Overpass. The viewer's initial
description was of a "lacey arch," which is a very apt summary of this
wire and pipe structure. He went on to describe his "confined feeling.
His description then became that of a "narrow alley" and what sounded like
a village scene with stucco buildings. His fourth drawing was a reasonable
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representation of the arched entrance to the overpass. Again, however,
there were so many extraneous elements to the viewer's output that our
judge ranked this transcript fourth out of six. Rating it only with
regard to the individual target, we assigned it an Accuracy Rating = 3.
(S) This remote viewing series was the first to be conducted
with a client volunteer. It was judged in accordance with the detailed
concept analysis described earlier. The final tally revealed only one
correct first-place assignment, and all others fourth-place or less. The
series was therefore statistically nonsignificant, according to our
evaluation criteria. Our Accuracy Rating assessment agreed fairly well
with the blind judging results, both being relatively low because of the
viewer's frequent inclusion of erroneous elements along with strongly
correct ones in a given transcript/drawing package, a combination that
made judging difficult. (Our sum of Accuracy Ratings was 16, the next
to the lowest of the six.) In engineering terms this would be a good
example of a signal-to-noise problem. There were occasional good examples
of signal, but it was generally overwhelmed by the noise.
2. Viewer No. 292 (U)
(U) Target 1: SRI Courtyard. The central feature of this
large, enclosed courtyard is a fountain in a square concrete base. The
viewer described a number of different architectual forms including domes
and columns, which are not at the target site. He also described a small
waterfall, however, which is in fact at the site, in a form well illustrated
by one of his drawings. In addition, another drawing shows an eight-lobed
circular structure that closely resembles the inner portion of the fountain.
Because of the many nonapplicable elements of the description, however,
this transcript only merits an Accuracy Rating = 3.
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UNCLASSIFIED
(U) Target 2: Varsity Theatre Arcade. The target is the
entry to a motion picture theatre. From the street one sees a double
colonnade running from the street to the theatre entry. To the left and
right are stucco walls with movie posters behind glass, and down the
center is a row of striped umbrellas. The viewer described a tunnel-like
structure, receding away from him, and masonry walls, with bright reflec-
tions, all relatively apropos. He also drew and described a kiosk struc-
ture with a striped coolie-hat top, which bore no resemblance to anything
at the target site during the viewing period. When the viewer was taken
to the site for feedback following the session, however, it was found that
umbrellas matching the striped coolie-hat top had been set up, indicating
the possibility of contamination from future remote viewing (FRV) of
feedback. Additional evidence along these lines is supplied by the results
of the following session.
(U) In general, in this session the drawings were more applicable
than the transcript. Accuracy Rating = 5.
(U) Target 3: Glass Slipper Motel. This target is a motel
on El Camino Real. The facade is a representation of a fairy tale castle.
The Viewer didn't describe anything like the target, although he did give
detailed and coherent description of a place that he visualized. One
of the consistent items in the viewer's transcript was his reference to
big shade trees, an arbor-like effect, and horizontal yellow and orange
bands of cloth, supported on wires to make a horizontal awning. Accuracy
Rating = O.
(U) Of some interest, however, is the fact that after taking
the viewer to the target site, and confirming that it did not particularly
match his description, the interviewer suggested that they have lunch at
a new restaurant that had just opened up, several miles away. The restau-
rant visited had all the features described above. Neither the viewer nor
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the interviewer had ever seen this, or any similar place before, so one
can speculate that the viewer may have experienced FRV overlay from this
site.
(U) Target 4: Wallbangers Racquet Ball Court. The target
building is situated in relatively open country, immediately adjacent to
a pond with three fountain spouts in it. The outbound team initially
parked in front of this pond, but then moved the car around to the side
of the building because they were concerned that spending any time near
the fountain might tend to focus the viewer's attention on this element,
rather than on the racquetball club interior.
(U) The viewer described two main elements; a body of water
with two or three fountains in it, and a balcony looking down on a geo-
metrical pattern of some sort. The viewer provided a coherent description
of the outbound team's activities with regard to their stay on the balcony.
However, he described the scene outdoors containing the fountain, as if
it were visible from the balconey (which it is not), apparently super-
imposing the interior/exterior aspects. Accuracy Rating = 4.
(U) Target 5: Airport Tower. The target was the control tower
at a small local airport (Palo Alto Airport). Upon arrival at the airport,
the target team drove down a short road, passing a tall, metal-braced
beacon tower at the entrance, and parking by the smaller, stone control
tower. The viewer gave first a description that appears to pertain to the
beacon tower at the entrance to the Palo Alto Airport, and then appears
to have shifted to the control tower (the actual target) a quarter mile
away.
(U) The viewer made a careful sketch of a tall metal tower
with diagonal bracing. He called it a mast, with a "plane" at the bottom.
When the interviewer asked him about the plane, the viewer said it was a
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"jack plane" of the type carpenters use to finish woodwork. (This type
of symbolism--there were airplanes near the tower--is often seen in
remote viewing transcripts.) The viewer then drew and described a globe-
and-,clouds emblem (FAA symbol) which is on the stone tower door, and was
studied by the target team at the site.
(U) Figure 2(a) shows a photograph of the beacon tower, and
Figure 2(b) the viewer's initial response. The first paragraph of his
comments includes the following: "At first I thought it was a ladder
going vertical ... it slowly changed like it was a lattice TV tower. It
appears to have three verticals, with diagonals and cross bars. I can't
see the top of it, but logic tells me that it would have an antenna; but
I see a bell shaped structure instead." This narrative shows a viewer
successfully overcoming his analytical prejudice in favor of his actual
pictorial images.
(U) Although the control tower rather than the beacon tower
was the actual target as far as the outbound team was concerned, we
interpret this result as indicating that once in the vicinity of the
target at the Palo Alto airport, the taller beacon tower caught the remote
viewer's attention. We assigned this session an Accuracy Rating = 6, the
highest of the thirty-six trials in this introductory orientation series.
(U) Target 6: SRI Shielded Room. The viewer had a repeating
view of an outdoor, turning disk, which condensed for him into a drawing
greatly resembling a merry-go-round at a nearby park, a well known target
desCribed in our published work. Little of this description resembled
the actual target. Accuracy Rating = 0.
(U) Because of the variability of this viewer's results, the
blind judging result was nonsignificant. In spite of two zero scores,
however, this viewer was fourth place among the six participants with
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FIGURE 2 BEACON TOWER IN VICINITY OF CONTROL TOWER TARGET AT PALO ALTO AIRPORT (a), AND RESPONSE
BY VIEWER No. 292 (b) (U)
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regard to accuracy ratings (his sum of Accuracy Ratings was 18). The
nonsignificant blind judging result may somewhat underrate his ability
(which is highly variable) to do remote viewing; we found his descriptions
of the small waterfall, the Varsity Theatre entrance, the airport beacon
tower, and the apparent FRV contamination taken together to indicate RV
potential not yet under good control.
3. Viewer No. 372 (U)
(U) Target 1: Stanford Art Museum. The viewer described a
stone building with a higher central part, and two wings, one on either
side. He then drew the building in a careful pen and ink sketch which
strongly resembles the target (see Figure 1, Section II earlier). However,
there are several other less carefully executed sketches on the same page,
and on other pages, including sketches suggesting tombstones, which
resulted in this transcript being ranked first place match to a cemetery.
The transcript itself had many elements that pertained to items in the
museum entry, however, including column design. The judge gave this a
second place rank out of six. Accuracy Rating = 4.
(U) Target 2: Baylands Nature Preserve. For reasons yet to
be determined, this is the target that in our seven years work is most
often described excellently, and in a somewhat characteristic manner. The
main feature at this botanical garden at the San Francisco Bay is a wooden
walkway from the shore to an observation platform a quarter of a mile away
in the salt marsh. This walkway is crossed at right angles by a similar
one that follows a row of high-voltage transmission towers. Almost every
viewer who has had this target has described a "large cross on the ground,"
This viewer was no exception. He also characterized it as an outdoor site
with no other buildings. Accuracy Rating = 5.
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(U) Target 3: Alta Mesa Cemetery. The remote viewer reported
a recurrent feeling of "rough cut stone." "It feels like a church but
it is not a church." He made a drawing of a small arched building that
is at the site. "Very peaceful and relaxed," he said. He also had a
recurring theme of some kind of stone overhang, which was not at the site,
and which resulted in the blind judge assigning this otherwise coherent
transcript to the Art Museum. Accuracy Rating = 4.
(U) Target 4: Jungle Gym. The viewer described a large box
with curved edges, made of wire-like bent coat hangers. He also had a
metal surface rippling and shining in the sun like a child's slide. (A
slide was next to the jungle gym target.)
He made schematic drawings of
both the circular jungle gym, and the slide. He went on to say that the
target is more like a sculpture than a building, and indeed the playground
elements are in the form of metal sculptures (horse, car, etc.). Accuracy
Rating = 5.
(U) Target 5: Salt Pile. This target is a salt refinery on
the San Francisco Bay. Its prominent feature is a gleaming white pile
of salt about 100 ft high, and 200 ft long, which the viewer did not
describe. He did, however, describe an outdoor site with birds and wind,
which was correct. He also mentioned some machinery. An additional item
that contributed to the judge's ability to correctly match the transcript
to the target was his drawing of a large, orange, pillow-shaped structure.
This was easily matched to a large rusted quonset hut at the site. He
also spoke extensively of a sharp, pointed object that the outbound person
was especially interested in. (In fact, RT had picked up a very large
salt crystal of this description, and brought it back to SRI.) Although
we considered the transcript somewhat nonspecific, the judge was able to
match it correctly. Accuracy Rating = 3.
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(U) Target 6: Brickyard. There are initial descriptions of
rectangular objects, and the first drawing looks like a drawing of a brick.
The transcript also had discussions of being inside a building, and of
views of towers, which are incorrect. He later sees things lined up that
look like books on a shelf. Again and again he has "very precise geometric
patterns," as "the most important aspect of the place," which is correct.
The drawing package has six pages of curved objects and forms that do not
apply, however. The viewer also stated, "when I look up I see red, red
sky, the sky is all red for some reason ..." which appears to correspond
to the beacons' note about spending a significant amount of time "between
two very extensive solid walls of red-orange brick." Accuracy Rating = 3.
(U) The sum of Accuracy Ratings for this viewer is 24, the
highest in the group. The blind judging with transcript analysis resulted
in correct matches to the appropriate targets for four of the six tran-
scripts, and an interchange of the remaining two. This gives four first
place matches and two second place matches in the final judging matrix.
Using the exact count-of-permutations analysis described earlier, the
probability of obtaining by chance a result equal to or better than the
one obtained is p = 2/6: < 0.003. Thus, the odds of obtaining a result
of this significance by chance is less than 1 in 300.
(U) The viewer's significant performance was repeated in his
second training period at SRI, when he took part in additional trials,
which again produced highly significant results.
4. Viewer No. 468 (U)
(U) Target 1: Merry-Go-Round. The target was a child's merry-
go-round in a playground sand pile. About 25 ft away is a spiral slide.
The viewer's main descriptions were of a large multistory building in a
courtyard. Inside this building he has a "free-floating staircase that
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is kind of suspended. It turns this way, and then there is a chute," a
description that resembled somewhat the spiral slide. However, there
was nothing in the drawings or transcript that pertained to the merry-go-
round, and the multistory building concept was incorrect, so that a judge
would not be able to identify the target from these data. We therefore
assigned it an Accuracy Rating = 0, in spite of certain suggestive
correspondences to a nearby feature.
(U) Target 2: Windmill. This target is a white-vaned windmill
on a country road and has been well described by two previous viewers in
past years. This viewer described curving stairs (incorrect) and a
circular building like a water tank (correct). Our assessment was
Accuracy Rating = 3.
(U) Target 3: Stanford Art Museum. The item of main interest
at this site is a 5-ft cube sculpture standing on its corner in front of
a columned portico of a Greek-style building. The viewer described a
dark rectangular solid sticking out of the front of a building, and drew
a careful sketch of pillars that support the front of the entry just behind
the cube. The viewer also mentioned track lighting, heavy doors, and an
"interior bridge," all of which show good correspondence to elements at
the target site.
His transcript also had office buildings and cyclone
fencing, however, which do not appear at the site. We assigned it an
Accuracy Rating = 3, based primarily on the two good drawings of the
projecting rectangular solid and the columns.
(U) Target 4: Methodist Church. For this target he described
a building with a "sloping roof with windows set into it." He then drew
a large sketch of a building with a pointed roof supported from the out-
side by sloping roof beams. These features accurately represent the main
features of the large stone church that was the target. The viewer also
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correctly described that the target team went inside the building, and
then looked out through windows toward the end of the trial. Accuracy
Rating = 5.
(U) We also note that the viewer seemed quite tense to the
interviewer during the first three trials. On Thursday, just before
trial 4, our contract monitor arrived at SRI to observe the protocol,
and particularly the randomization procedure used in target selection.
He also observed this trial by joining the outbound target team. From
this point forward we noticed a dramatic change (for the better) in the
viewer's performance.
(U) Target 5: Four Seasons Arch. "I get the feeling of their
walking through an opening in a low wall." That is just what a target
team does at an omega-shaped arch in front of a restaurant. The viewer
had several arch shapes, together with a carefully drawn wall comprising
300 degrees of a circle, and correctly labeled as being white (although
he had it lying on the ground, which is incorrect). The transcript is all
arches and walls for the first four pages, and then drifts into buildings
and wooden structures which are not at the site. Accuracy Rating = 5.
(U) Target 6: Mount Alverno Conference Center. This target
consists of an assembly building with glass doors, and an overhanging
shallow-pitched roof that resembles in many details the drawing made by
the viewer. He also correctly described the approach to the site over a
little bridge with hand rails, and said that the building was locked, so
that the target team could not go inside (correct). Further, he described
a bridge "that goes nowhere," in striking agreement with a stairway that
rises up a hill, and appears to go nowhere, since all one sees at the top
of the stairway is the sky. The viewer did not describe a tall stone
tower surmounted by a gold cross next to the assembly building, which is
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considered the main feature of the target site. Our assessment resulted
in an Accuracy Rating = 5, because of the good drawing of the main building,
and an accurate description of the place as being "quite like a church
but not exactly a church itself."
(U) Sum of Accuracy Ratings = 21. We note that this viewer's
ability to make
illustrator) is
clear drawings of his mental images (he is a professional
a great asset both to himself in describing his remote
viewing experiences, and to those trying to evaluate his descriptions.
Blind judging gave this series 4 first, 1 second, and 1 fourth place
match (p < 0.003, or odds of less than one in 300 for such a matching
profile to occur by chance alone).
5. Viewer No. 518 (U)
(U) Target 1: Stanford Shopping Center. The target is the
central courtyard of the Stanford Shopping Center. It is a large rotunda
surrounded by high arches and is paved with tiles in a circular pattern.
The pedestrian avenues leading away from this hub have fountains and large
planters with flowers. The viewer drew and described a round fountain
with a spray, located close to a rectangular box with something dark in
it. This transcript did not contain a description of the central focus
of the target, although many elements could be found in the nearby
pedestrian avenues. Accuracy Rating = 3.
(U) Target 2: Bowling Alley.
scene with a large building with overhang
oaken doors (incorrect). Inside he had a
We found little resemblance to the target.
The viewer described an outdoor
(correct), with many curves and
complex structure like a throne.
Accuracy Rating = 1.
(U) Target 3: Alta Mesa Cemetery. The viewer described and
drew several buildings, which were not apropos, and described "a place
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of fun and recreation." He had a recurring bicycle throughout the
transcript which also could not be matched. Our Accuracy Rating = 1.
(U) Target 4: Hoover Tower. The viewer had the feeling that
he was "abnormally high." He also saw semicircular ends of a dark tunnel
in which he was standing. The target team was on the observation deck
of Hoover Tower. The deck is surmounted with a domed ceiling (that the
viewer described) and each of the four sides is a large floor-to-ceiling
arch, making the view outside much brighter than the space inside the
observation deck, resulting in a tunnel-like aspect. The viewer clearly
had the idea of shade, coolness, arches, and height. He also drew a
"reddish inverted cone" and labelled it as such, which was a good match of
the top of the tower. The beacon was slightly acrophobic during the ex-
periment, and the viewer detected "tension, anxiety around me and below
me ...." Accuracy Rating = 4.
(U) Target 5: Swimming Pool Complex. The viewer described
"a two-dimensional rectangle that is not a structure," in a plaza sur-
rounded by walls. His images finally resolved into a three-tiered fountain
of lazy-susan construction. At the site the target team was standing
between a large rectangular pool and a circular wading pool 110 ft across.
The target team members discussed at the site the fact that if the viewer
described the wading pool as three concentric circles in a plaza, that
would probably indicate target acquisition. (The circular pool has three
depth graduations, each marked by a dark circular band.) The viewer's
final drawing is of three nested circles in the middle of a plaza,
surrounded by a wall, with trellises and foliage on the sides (correct).
However, this very apropos drawing was preceded by others less descriptive
of or applicable to the target. Accuracy Rating = 4.
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(U) Target 6: Miniature Golf Course. The target team con-
centrated their attention on a red A-frame schoolhouse at a miniature
golf course. The viewer several times described teepee-shaped structures
(some resemblance to certain structures on the course), but the main
portion of his description pertained to the inside of a hall with much
confusion, and a row of what looked like display cases (a possible match
to a building at the site containing rows of pinball machines). Accuracy
Rating = 2.
(U) The sum of Accuracy Ratings for this viewer was 15, which
is the lowest of the six participants. In spite of this low rating,
formal blind judging resulted in separation of signal from noise, awarding
these data 4 first-place and 2 second-place matches (p = 2/6! < 0.003),
which is a statistically significant outcome for this series. Since
these trials this viewer has returned to SRI for an additional two weeks
of work. During that time he performed quite well on the remote viewing
of slides, hidden objects, and distant coordinates. These additional
trials are discussed in the next section.
6. Viewer No. 690 (U)
(U) Target 1: Alta Mesa Cemetery. The viewer, on this first
trial, had a very diffuse transcript--mainly outdoors, grass, reeds, and
trees, in a natural, not man-made environment. The viewer had low cliffs
nearby. The drawings were relatively nonspecific. Because of the outdoor
naturalistic description, the Accuracy Rating = 2.
(U) Target 2: Four Seasons Restaurant Arch. The target is
a large white omega-shaped stone arch set into a wall in front of a
restaurant. The subject described "a white dome supported by pillars,"
and also a fence. Throughout the brief two-page transcript there was
only a "gazebo" like structure that one can see through, and a fence.
Accuracy Rating = 4.
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(U) Target 3: Shielded Room. The target is a small rectangular
screen-room, about 4 by 8 by 7 ft high. The principal feeling of this
target is one of confinement. The viewer said, "he seems inside a square
something, looking out through a square. It's dark inside. It is not
terribly high, 6 ft maybe." The drawing shows a rectangular structure
marked "6 ft wide." Our assessment of the viewer's description is
Accuracy Rating = 5.
(U) Target 4: Automobile Showroom. The target is a hexagonal
glass building with a conical roof. The viewer's first impression was
of
glass bottle with a thin neck." "I keep getting the impression of
glass, lots of glass objects." "It is some kind of store." The viewer
felt "bad vibes" from the place; it seemed threatening. It turned out
that HP, the outbound person, was sent to an automobile showroom and was
pretending to be interested in a new car, attracting the salesmen in the
showroom. He came back reporting that it was one of the most unpleasant
outbound experiences he has had. The drawings were diffuse, but because
of the essentially correct, though exaggerated emotional perceptions, it
received an Accuracy Rating = 4.
(U) Target 5: Palo Alto Library. The outbound team stood
between the shelves in the library stacks. The viewer did not describe
anything about the library, and our assessment was Accuracy Rating = 0.
(U) There was an interesting facet in connection with this
trial, however. The viewer described a cornfield with rows of corn ready
for picking, etc. When we heard the tape for this trial we could think
of no such place in the city of Palo Alto. But in accordance with our
usual protocol, we took the viewer back to the target site. As we were
parking the car, the viewer looked out the left window of the car and
exclaimed, "that's my corn field." Immediately adjacent to the public
library, there is a community garden which this year is devoted entirely
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to corn. So, one may speculate that the viewer accessed this adjacent
area as the target team arrived at their site.
(U) Target 6: Methodist Church. All the images in this tran-
script pertain to a one-story building with "an inverted V roof." The
main feature of the target is just such a roof. The viewer also correctly
identified the target as being a building in downtown Palo Alto. Since
there were no identifying characteristics given, we assigned it an
Accuracy Rating = 4.
(U) The sum of the Accuracy Ratings for the six trials is 19,
which is the third highest in the group. One of the main features that
contribute to this viewer's comparatively high rating is that these tran-
scripts are relatively free of incorrect material; the viewer does not
have a lot to say, but what is said is largely correct. We consider this
to be a very desirable characteristic.
(U) The formal judging for this series yielded five first place
matches. The probability of obtaining such a result by chance is
p = 1/2: < 0.002. (The most significant of the study.)
C. Analysis of Transcript Correlations (U)
(U) Before summarizing the judging results of Phase One, we digress
to discuss an interesting and potentially important observation. During
the past seven years of research, we have carried out a total of more than
two hundred remote viewing trials with several viewers. Since the target
locations for these trials are selected by random processes from previously
prepared target pools, individual targets will recur from time to time
for different viewers. We have observed that certain targets are almost
always described correctly, while certain others are described in a
consistent idiosyncratic fashion even when the description is incorrect.
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For example, the Baylands Nature Preserve, which is a botanical garden
in the marshes of San Francisco Bay, has been a target several times in
the last two years. This large open area is reached by a wooden walkway
about a quarter of a mile long. This walkway is crossed at its midpoint
by another walkway under some high-voltage transmission wires. Nearly
all viewers (including Viewer 372 from this program) describe this site
in terms of a "large cross lying on the ground."
(U) In the Phase One series, two large churches in the target
pool were not described by Viewers 468 and 690 in terms of their rather
prominent crosses; instead, attention was called to their "tall pointed
roof" (correct).
(U) The windmill target has never been described in terms of
its four large white blades, but instead by reference to a circle with
four quadrants marked off, and a feeling of circular motion, even though
the windmill does not move. The responses of Viewer 468 and an earlier
subject are shown in Figure 3.
(U) We take these consistent perceptions as suggesting that
viewers do not necessarily experience a target location in the same terms
as they would if looking at the target visually. Instead, some kind of
simplifying transformation may take place during the viewer's perception
of the target site.
(U) An example of such simplification is shown in Figure 4,
in which the target is a large cross on a hilltop. Two viewers, 155 and
372, described and drew it as a tall isosceles triangle.
(U) In a recent experiment, a viewer (No. 155) described a
target as "squares within squares within squares." His drawing and
description were quite parallel to a drawing made by a subject six years
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FIGURE 3 WINDMILL TARGET AND RESPONSES BY VIEWERS S5 (a), AND No. 468 (b) (U)
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FIGURE 4 REDWOOD CITY CROSS TARGET, AND RESPONSES OF VIEWERS 372 (a),
AND 155 (b) (U)
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earlier in response to the same target, a pedestrian overpass. The
responses of both viewers are shown in Figure 5.
the
his
(U) Since the subject in the laboratory is not perceiving
target visually, it seems unrealistic and unwarranted to assume that
experience (perception and conceptualization) of the target should
necessarily always be photographic. In a different perceptual modality,
if the only data a person obtained about a trumpet was its sound, he
would be able to recognize it each time it was heard, but he would have
little information about its visual or physical aspects. On the other
hand, after he had received visual feedback on his perceptions of many
different musical instruments, the viewer (listener) would be able to
learn the particular transformation between the sound of the instrument
and its visual appearance. In a similar manner, the occurrence of
simple, recurring and archetypical responses to a given target in remote
viewing may signal the possibility that the underlying transformations
can be learned and categorized.
D. Summary of Judging Results for Local Target Sites (U)
(U) We have described earlier in some detail how a judge arrives
at a numerical ranking of the trials in a formal blind evaluation of a
series, by use of concept analysis of the transcripts. The overall results
of the formal judging are shown in Figure 6. Although in blind ranking
one would expect one first, one second, ... one sixth place match for each
person, or six of each for the six viewers combined, we find in fact that
over half of the transcripts were first-place matched to the appropriate
target. The result recapitulates that obtained in our laboratory in our
original study published in the March 1976 Proc. IEEE.
(U) In addition, in order to arrive quickly at a trial-by-trial
assessment, we made use also of a simple post hoc rating technique of a
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FIGURE 5
NUMBER OF nth PLACE MATCHES
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20 ?
18 ?
16 ?
14 ?
12-
10 ?
8-
4 ?
=>
INCREASING
TRANSCRIPT
QUALITY
EXPECTED NUMBER
OF MATCHES
UNCLASSIFIED
5th 4th
PLACE MATCH
(blind matching)
3rd
2nd
ist
FIGURE 6 DISTRIBUTION OF 36 TARGET/TRANSCRIPT CORRESPONDENCES
FOR LOCAL TARGET SITES (6 subjects, 6 transcripts each),
SHOWING MORE THAN 50% FIRST-PLACE MATCHES
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type devised by the client. In this approach one rates as "perfect"
(e.g., 7 on a 0-to-7 scale) a transcript in which the target is unequivo-
cally identified. If there is no apparent relationship between the
transcript and the intended target, on the other hand, the transcript is
rated O. For intermediate results, an intermediate rating is assigned,
as indicated earlier in Table 2. All transcripts were given a numerical
Accuracy Rating, using the 0-to-7 scale, in the presence of the contract
monitor. The summary data for the two judging processes are tabulated
in Table 3.
(U) We are now in a position to compare mathematically our Accuracy
Rating of the transcripts (post hoc evaluation scale) with the formal
ratings of the same transcripts by a blind judge. In Figure 7 we have
plotted a comparison of the Accuracy Ratings (vertical scale) and the
blind-judge rankings (horizontal scale). We have also calculated the
correlation coefficient between these two sets of ratings for the 36
transcripts/target pairs evaluated by both procedures. For the 36 pairs,
the correlation coefficient is r = 0.59. The numerical probability of a
correlation this high or higher occurring by chance between "uncorrelated"
data over the same range of values is only one in twenty thousand
(p = 5 X 10-5).
(U) This important result shows that a post hoc Accuracy Rating
technique similar to that used by the client organization to evaluate
transcripts and viewer performance is very well correlated with objective
blind matching normally used in psychology to evaluate data of this type.
E. Phase-One Conclusions (U)
(S) In the first phase of this technology transfer program we have
carried out six series of remote viewing trials, one series with each of
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ACCURACY RATINGS
7
6
4
3
2
1
0
?
?
-ID
?
)
)
11
o
REGRESSION LINE
CORRELATION r = 0.59
(probability p = 5 x 10-5)
?
-?
6
UNCLASSI Fl ED
5
4
3
BLIND-JUDGE RANKING
?
?
2
1
0
FIGURE 7 COMPARISON BETWEEN BLIND-JUDGE RANKINGS AND ACCURACY
ASSESSMENTS. Blind judging provides objective support for the accuracy
rating evaluation process, in that the high-accuracy-rated transcripts are
likely to be first-place matched lin the blind) to the appropriate target.
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Table 3
(U) TOTAL SCORES FOR EACH OF THE SIX VIEWERS
IN PHASE-ONE ORIENTATION PROGRAM (U)
Viewer No. 155
Target
Blind Place Match
Accuracy
Rating
White Plaza (Stanford)
1
5
Stanford Art Museum
4
3
Fire Circle
5
3
Logo
6
0
Valombrosa Conference Center
6
2
Pedestrian Overpass
4
3
NS
(nonsignificant)
16
Viewer No. 292
Target
Blind Place Match
Accuracy
Rating
SRI Courtyard
3
3
Varsity Theater Arcade
2
5
Glass Slipper Motel
6
0
Wallbangers Racquetball Court
4
4
Airport Tower
1
6
Shielded Room
5
0
NS
18
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Table 3 (continued)
Viewer No. 372
Accuracy
Target Blind Place Match Rating
Stanford Art Museum
2
4
Baylands Nature Preserve
1
5
Alta Mesa Cemetery
2
4
Jungle Gym
1
5
Salt Pile
1
3
Brickyard
1
3
_
p < 0.003
24
Viewer No. 468
Target
Blind Place Match
Accuracy
Rating
Merry-Go-Round
2
0
Windmill
1
3
Stanford Art Museum
4
3
Methodist Church
1
5
Four Seasons Restaurant Arch
1
5
Mt. Alverno Conference Center
1
5
?
p < 0.003
21
Viewer No. 518
Target
Blind Place Match
Accuracy
Rating
Stanford Shopping Center
1
3
Bowling Alley
1
1
Alta Mesa Cemetery
2
1
Hoover Tower
1
4
Swimming Pool Complex
2
4
Miniature Golf Course
1
2
p < 0.003
15
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444044;
Table 3 (concluded)
Viewer No. 690
Target
Accuracy
Blind Place Match Rating
Alta Mesa Cemetery
1
2
Four Seasons Restaurant Arch
1
4
Shielded Room
1
5
Automobile Showroom
1
4
Palo Alto Library Stacks
5
0
Methodist Church
1
4
p < 0.002
19
Note: The probability of obtaining 4 significant series out of
6 by chance is itself significant at odds of less than
one in ten thousand.
(S)
the six client-supplied volunteers. All but one of these individuals had
little experience with psychic functioning in general, and all had only
limited introductory experience with the remote viewing protocols of SRI
in particular before their participation in the SRI program. The goal of
this program was to familiarize the individuals with these protocols and
attempt to achieve enhanced levels of functioning (as compared with chance
expectation).
(S) Of the six viewers taking part in the trials, four carried out
series that showed success sufficient to reach individual statistically
significant departure from chance expectation, as measured by blind matching
of each of the viewer's six responses against the six target locations
used in his series. Finding four participants out of six reaching
statistical significance at p < 0.05 results in the entire group of trials
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being significant (p = 4 X 10-5). We therefore conclude from the Phase-
One results that the client participants as a group showed remote sensing
abilities that departed strongly from chance expectation.
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L
V ORIENTATION PROGRAM--PHASE TWO (U)
(S) In this second phase of the orientation/training program, five
of the six original participants returned to SRI for an additional two
weeks of exposure to various remote viewing exercises. One of the con-
tinuing questions in our examination of remote viewing is the determina-
tion of what constitutes a target, of crucial importance in operational
applications. To obtain data relevant to this question, we carried out
two series of remote viewing trials, with two individuals who were asked
to describe the contents of 35-mm slides representing Bay Area locations.
We wanted to determine whether the viewer would describe the slide itself
or the target site of which it was taken. The results seem to indicate
that it is the slide as opposed to the target site, that is perceived and
described in this series.
(S) A second area to be examined was that of precognition, or future
remote viewing (FRV) in which a viewer is to describe a slide that will
be shown to him at a later time, under conditions where the slide had
not yet been chosen at the time of his description. This situation
corresponds to certain operational trials, in which we have been asked
to describe a remote geographical target as it would appear at some later
time. We have found good evidence for the successful outcome of such
trials, and our goal here was to attempt to obtain further information
potentially useful in learning how to increase the accuracy and reliability
of such functioning.
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A. Remote Viewing (RV) of 35-mm Slides (U)
(U) The purpose of this series of trials, in addition to determining
whether the slide or actual site is accessed, was to determine whether a
remote viewer could describe the contents of a 35-mm slide of a target
site with the same accuracy that he describes an actual target site. A
slide trial constitutes a finer-resolution task and involves a more
ephemeral target, as compared to an actual target site, and therefore
some differences might be expected.
(U) The protocol was as follows. The viewer was located alone in
the third floor laboratory of the Radio Physics Laboratory Building, and
asked to describe the contents of slides projected on the wall of an
office trailer in a parking lot 300 ft away. The target slides for these
trials were photographs of the 60 San Francisco Bay Area sites used in
the remote viewing trials of Phase One. The use of this particular
target pool allows us to compare the quality of the descriptions that are
elicited in trials using the slides, with the quality of descriptions
involving the actual targets.
(U) A trial series consists of six slides, and the viewer is given
feedback after each individual trial, before the start of the next.
(This is done to avoid displacement, known to occur in parapsychological
experiments where trial-by-trial feedback is not provided, in which a
viewer might tend to describe a target slide from elsewhere in the series,
rather than the one specific to the trial of interest, i.e., just projected.)
(U) The viewer is monitored via a one-way open intercom connected
to the room in the trailer in which the slide is being shown to the series
monitor. The session is tape recorded at the latter end of the link.
(U) A second intercom to the subject can be activated by the monitor
by a push-to-talk switch in the trailer.
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(U)
To begin, after the viewer announces that he is ready, the monitor selects
a slide by random number generator. No feedback is provided to the viewer
until the viewer has indicated that he is finished and the monitor has
gone to the room in which the viewer has been working and has collected
his drawings. A session typically lasts about fifteen minutes.
l.? Viewer No. 372 RV (U)
(U) The first series of six trials was carried out by Viewer
372 during his second two-week period at SRI. The six target slides
were of the following targets:
(1) Alta Mesa Cemetery
(2) Ultra-modern Dome House
(3) Pedestrian Overpass
(4) Mount Alverno Conference Center
(5) Redwood City Cross
(6) Stanford Shopping Center Pavilion.
(U) Our post hoc personal impression was that three of the
six descriptions were good matches to the target slides, as indicated by
our Accuracy Ratings of 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, and 5, respectively.
(U) The results were also formally evaluated by a blind judge
using the concept analysis techniques being applied to the local target
series of Phase One. As per standard procedure, the transcript/drawing
response packages and target material (slides) were turned over to the
judge, each in a separate random order different from the order of target
usage. Again, the transcripts were edited only to the point of deleting
information that could provide artifactual cues to the judge, such as
references to other targets or temporal order. (Only five of the target/
transcript pairs were submitted for judging, since the judge had inadvertently
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been exposed to one of the results [Target 4] presented at a briefing as
an example of excellent slide viewing.)
(U) The judge was asked to blind rank order, on a scale of 1
to 5, best to worst match, each of the transcripts against each of the
targets, generating a 5 X 5 matrix of the five target/transcript pairings.
Three slides and transcripts were directly matched, one was matched
second place, and one was matched third place. The direct-count-of-
permutations analysis of the matrix yielded a result significant at
p = 2/120 = 0.017, or odds of one in sixty of obtaining such a result by
chance matchings.
(U) Three of the drawings and slide targets for this viewer
are shown here as Figures 8 through 10. We conclude from these results
that viewers can describe target slides, and from our analysis of the
content of the transcripts it appears that they are describing the slides
as projected, not the overall target location.
2. Viewer No. 518 RV (U)
(U) A similar series of six trials was conducted with Viewer
518. His six target slides were:
(1) Laundromat interior
(2) Varsity Theatre arcade
(3) White victorian house
(4) Sylvania dome building
(5) Glass Slipper Motel
(6) A locomotive slide in a playground.
The viewer made what we consider to be three excellent sets of drawings
to correspond with the Theatre, the Victorian, and the Motel targets.
These three drawing/target pairs are shown here in Figures 11 through 13.
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rce;
tookneo
AIjc kw**
xv5r-D
CPLO
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FIGURE 8 ULTRA MODERN DOME HOUSE--TARGET, AND VIEWER 372 DRAWING (U)
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FIGURE 9 MOUNT ALVERNO CONFERENCE CENTER, AND VIEWER 372 DRAWING (U)
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gE.z., pup 056 . /
tdp,e0.4 Feet-tAX
UNCLASSI Fl ED
FIGURE 10 STANFORD SHOPPING CENTER?TARGET, AND VIEWER 372 DRAWING (U)
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FIGURE 11 VARSITY THEATRE ARCADE--TARGET, AND VIEWER 518 DRAWING (U)
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FIGURE 12 VICTORIAN HOUSE--TARGET, AND VIEWER 518 DRAWING (U)
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V./1 _cvszpi,?
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FIGURE 13 GLASS SLIPPER MOTEL--TARGET, AND VIEWER 518 DRAWING (U)
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(U)
The correspondences for the remaining three were of lesser quality,
although still containing many correct elements. (The Accuracy Ratings
for this series were 2, 5, 5, 2, 5, and 2, respectively, for a total of
21.) Note that neither slide series used an interviewer.
(U) With regard to the formal blind judging, in the rankings of
the six pictorial responses alone the judge made an assignment of ranks (two
1st, three 2nd, one 5th place) that was significant at p < 0.04. However,
the overall rankings combining verbal and pictorial responses together had
a numerical deviation from chance expectation which yielded only p = 0.075.
Although suggestive, this does not meet the criterion for statistical sig-
nificance. In this series, therefore, pictorial information alone appears
superior to pictorial plus verbal. In other words, the verbal information
appeared to degrade the overall product.
(Ti) It appears from the data of these two series that remote
viewers can perceive the contents of projected slides. Furthermore, they
appear to describe the slides themselves, rather than the geographical
locations corresponding to the slides. Finally, taking into account the
brevity of the transcripts on the part of the viewer and the greater ease
of analysis experienced by the judge, it appears that because of the more
limited focus of content presented by a slide, a viewer and a judge have
an easier time assessing data associated with the target in the slide case
as compared with an outdoor target. Thus, in future screening/training
studies the use of slides appears to be an efficient alternative to the use
of physical locations as targets.
3. Comparison of Blind Judging and
Accuracy Ratings for 35-mm Slides (U)
(U) After the completion of these two series, we undertook
to make a further determination of the correlations between the Accuracy
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Ratings and the results obtained from blind judging. The two series
received Accuracy Ratings of 22 and 21, respectively, and blind judging
statistical significance measures of 0.04 and 0.08. Then, as a control,
two researchers assigned new Accuracy Ratings for each of the twelve
transcripts, this time rating transcripts in each series against the same
numbered target from the other series. In effect, this is a measure of
the Accuracy Rating that a transcript will receive when matched against
a random target. A mean score of 13 was obtained for transcripts from
Viewer No. 372 when matched against targets of Viewer 518. The mean
score for the cross-matching of transcripts from Viewer 518 against
targets from Viewer 372 was 9. The mean of these two scores is
(9 + 13)/2 . 11, which is roughly half the average accuracy scores
from
the series when matched against the appropriate corresponding
transcript/target pairs.
(U) This result is in good agreement with a similar analysis
carried out two years ago in connection with a coast-to-coast remote
viewing series. One viewer who took part in the series was to describe
the location of a traveler in New York City on two different days. The
transcripts and drawings were considered good matches for each day's
target, although they contained incorrect as well as correct statements.
In this early study, each transcript contained about twenty identifiable
concepts. Each statement was given a numerical rating on a scale from
0 to 10. When the concepts were matched to the correct day's target,
the mean score was 66%, whereas when they were matched against the other,
noncorresponding day's target, the mean score was 33%. This previous
analysis thus also yielded a two-to-one correspondence factor between
remote viewing transcripts for corresponding and noncorresponding targets.
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B. Future Remote Viewing (FRV) (U)
(S) In the course of our remote viewing experiments we have occa-
sionally been directed by clients to have subjects describe a target
location or event as it would appear at some future time. We have also
asked viewers to describe target locations that would not be chosen until
after the end of their description. Our assessment and that of the
cognizant clients is that the quality of these (admittedly few) future
remote viewings is approximately comparable to that the the remote viewings
carried out with real-time targets. It appears that if the FRV process
can be developed further it would offer a new and stunning array of
operational possibilities.
(U) In addition to our own experience with FRV in the laboratory,
the principal remote viewing replications in the academic community,
which have been carried out at Mundelein College in Chicago by Bisaha
and Dunne, have all been of the FRV type, with the target selection
following the viewer description, often by several hours. These were
successful even when the viewers were in Chicago, and the outbound experi-
menter was in the Soviet Union.
(U) We recognize that there is no current physical explanation for
future remote viewing, although theories have been put forward by physicists
Feinberg and de Beauregard, among others. However, even in the absence
of a good understanding, these phenomena appear to occur with some relia-
bility, and therefore lend themselves to utilitarian purpose.
(U) In the past year, future remote viewing scans have been carried
out using as targets both 35-mm slides and local Bay Area locations being
(U) J. Bisaha and B. Dunne, "Mind at Large," Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers Symposia on the Nature of Extrasensory Per-
ception, C. T. Tart, H. E. Puthoff, and R. Targ, Eds. (Praeger, New
York, N.Y., 1979).
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(U)
visited by a target experimenter. In this section we present the results
of this FRV study.
. Viewer No. 468, RV and FRV of 35-mm Slides (U)
(U) As a first step in assessing the reliability of future
remote viewing we carried out a series of eight slide trials with Viewer
468, who had produced several excellent responses in his phase-one series
of real-time local Bay Area target remote viewings. Six of the eight trials
were FRV trials, two were real-time.
(U) In the six FRV trials the viewer was asked to describe the
contents of 35-mm slides, before each slide was randomly chosen for display.
Immediately after his description of the slide, a random number generator
was activated in the monitors' room in a separate building (trailer) to
give a number between 1 and 60. The corresponding 35-mm slide was then
projected in the monitors' room. After the monitors recorded the name and
number of the chosen slide, they went to the viewer's location and escorted
him to the monitors' location for feedback. The FRV series was blind
judged and also judged on the basis of Accuracy Ratings by two analysts.
All three ratings agreed that the data were suggestive, but not statisti-
cally significant. The blind judging found that the FRV series departed
from chance expectation at the p = 0.1 level, with two first place matches,
one second, one third, one fifth, and one sixth. (A value of p = 0.05 is
required for formal statistical significance.) The Accuracy Ratings by
the two analysts totaled 18 and 20 respectively, with four of the six
trials rated by both analysts as 3 or higher, which is to say (from
Table 2): "a mixture of correct and incorrect elements, but enough of
the former to indicate that the viewer has made contact with the target."
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(U) A summary of the six FRV target slides and the viewer's
responses is given in the following. The remote viewer's drawings are
shown for the two first-place matches to indicate the quality required
for successful blind matching.
(1) (U) Windmill. The target is a large white windmill
with four blades, mounted on top of a red A-frame
tower. The viewer described an inverted V-shaped
structure, associated with a circular object divided
into quarters. He also had a sense of circular
motion. His drawing is shown in Section IV-C
[Figure 3(b)]. This was rated first place in blind
judging; Accuracy Ratings by the two analysts were
4 and 3.
(2) (U) Stanford Shopping Center. The target is the
central mall of the Stanford Shopping Center. One
view of this target location from an earlier series
is given in Figure 10. However, the target slide for
the present viewer was taken from a different
direction. This viewer described and drew the
repeated curved forms overhead and described it as
"like a shopping plaza." (See Figure 14.) The
blind judge awarded this description a first
place match. Accuracy Ratings were 5 by both
analysts.
(3) (U) Alta Mesa Cemetery. The target slide features
a large gravestone standing in the foreground, and
several others visible in the middle distance. The
viewer described a "dark vertical mass ... jagged,
like a rock pile." This reminded him of a small
mountain at Disneyland, appeared to lead to further
erroneous analysis. Based on the drawings of a
jagged rocky shape, the blind judge rated this
response a second place match to the target slide,
while Accuracy Ratings were 3 and 2.
(4) (U) Merry-Go-Round. The Rinconada Park merry-go-
round as an outdoor target has been described
excellently by two viewers in past years. This
viewer correctly identified the park-like atmosphere
(correct), but placed much emphasis on the target
being at a crossroads (incorrect). Finally, he
said that a cylinder had emerged at the crossroads
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STANFORD SHOPPING CENTER--TARGET, AND RESPONSE OF VIEWER No. 468
FIGURE 14
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(U)
in the park, and he then made a formal drawing with
a three-dimensional cylinder, shown rotating as the
central object. The judge rated this a third place
match. Accuracy Ratings were 3 and 4.
(5) (U) Padre Statue. This target is a very large plaster
statue of a kneeling monk on a hill top, pointing into
the distance. The viewer had a description of a park
with a duck as the focus. The blind judge rated this
fifth place for correspondence. Accuracy Ratings
were 3 by both analysts.
(6) (U) Bridge in Burgess Park. This target is a wooden
footbridge over a stream in a nearby park. The
viewer's first impressions correctly portrayed a
wooden framework pierced by metal, but he followed
this first view with several pages of incorrect .
pictures, resulting in a sixth place match, and
Accuracy Ratings of 2 and 1.
(U) Although this viewer's FRV data did not reach statistical
significance in the blind judging, we find enough correspondences in the
Accuracy Ratings to suggest that the viewer did make contact with the
target material on some of the trials. In comparing the results of blind
judging with those of the Accuracy Rating system, we note that statistical
significance in the blind judging is a compound measure which includes
consistency and reliability, as well as remote viewing per se. For
example, in the following series, Viewer 292 provides two trials that
were each given an Accuracy Rating = 5, but his overall blind judging
results were nonsignificant and less than the present series, because of
a lack of trial-to-trial consistency.
(U) The two real-time slide targets, a redwood grove and an
underpass, were inserted in the FRV series (for comparison purposes)
after the fourth FRV slide. They received Accuracy Ratings of 3 and 4
respectively, and were thus of similar quality as those in the FRV series.
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2. Viewer No. 292 RV and FRV of 35-mm Slides (U)
(U) We carried out twelve randomly intermixed future RV and
real-time RV trials with this viewer. The targets were 35-mm slides
displayed in another building as above. In this effort, we tried to deal
with the fact that a viewer might feel anxious about FRV experiments in
general. The previous viewer, in spite of his encouraging results, daily
expressed concern about the impossibility in principle of the task.
Therefore, in this series we had equal numbers of real-time and FRV trials
randomly intermixed, so that the viewer would not know, at the time of
the trial, which type of trial it was. The protocol from the viewer's
point of view was exactly the same in both cases, in that he could not
distinguish between the two conditions on the basis of the protocols.
He would give a description of a target slide, and a few minutes later
would be taken to see the slide. From the monitor's point of view the
two Situations differed in that during the FRV trials there was no slide
to look at, since it would not be chosen until after the conclusion of
the viewer's description. In the real-time trials, the slide was viewed
by the monitors for the entire duration of the viewing/description period.
(U) The two groups of trials were rated for accuracy, inde-
pendently by two analysts. The six real-time trials received summed
Accuracy Ratings of 19 and 16 by the two analysts, while the FRV series
was rated 16 and 15. Both series are therefore rated somewhat on the low
side overall, with results of individual trials ranging from no evidence
of contact with the target site to excellent.
(U) As in his initial Local Bay Area remote viewing series in
Phase One, however, this viewer again turned in some of the highest rated
and most accurate individual responses of any viewer in the Phase Two
portion of the program. We discuss two of these which occurred in the
FRV series. Both were very accurate descriptions of quite unusual targets,
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receiving Accuracy Ratings of 5 by both analysts. (The other four responses
in the FRV series received Accuracy Ratings of two or less.)
(U) In the first, the target was the slide of a showroom of a
local Chevrolet automobile dealer. The viewer rendered a drawing (shown
in Figure 15) and described the following scene before the selection of
the target slide. "To the right of center there is something that reminds
me of a tall minaret shape. Greater height than width. Somewhere there
is a conical shape" ... "1-2-3-4-5, I don't know what it means, but I get
two quick glimpses of a five pointed star. I don't know where to put it.
The star reminds me of a sheriff's badge." In Figure 15 we see that a
star is part of the showroom window display.
(U) The photographs for this series were taken several weeks
before the start of this program. On visiting the target site, we were
interested to note that the star was no longer part of the showroom decor,
and had been removed before this trial. So in this case we have striking
evidence that the viewer obtains his information from the target slide,
rather than from the location.
(U) The second good result in the FRV series is the viewer's
response to a schoolhouse target at a miniature golf course. The viewer's
first words were "I have an instant awareness of what appears to be a
conventional roof line, pointing into the scene from the left. It appears
to have an overhang, but the confusing thing about it was that it appeared
white and thick like it had 9 or 10 inches of snow on it." As shown in
the photo in Figure 16, the overhang was white and thick. Later in the
session he described a "blue canal with masonry walls, curving out of the
picture." The color slide target shows a blue putting green leading up
to the front of the little target building.
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FIGURE 15 TARGET SLIDE, AND VIEWER 292 RESPONSE FIFTEEN MINUTES BEFORE
RANDOM SELECTION OF TARGET (U)
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FIGURE 16 TARGET SLIDE, AND VIEWER 272 RESPONSE FIFTEEN MINUTES BEFORE RANDOM SELECTION OF TARGET (U)
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(U) We consider these two trials among the better examples of
laboratory evidence for paranormal perception in this program, and it is
interesting to note that they occurred in an FRV series.
3. Viewer No. 155, RV and FRV of 35-mm Slides (U)
(U) The protocol for this series of trials was the same as for
the previous viewer. We carried out twelve trials, six trials each, of
intermixed future and real-time remote viewing of 35-mm slides. This
viewer's results received totaled Accuracy Ratings of 17 for the FRV trials
and 16 for the real-time remote viewing trials.
(U) The first three of the FRV trials yielded evidence of
contact with the target, and were given Accuracy Ratings of 4, 5, and 4;
the last three were given Accuracy Ratings of 2, 2, and 0.
(U) The first successful target was a pedestrian underpass,
under a Southern Pacific Railroad station. The target slide shows a
long, dark tunnel of square cross section, with a bright light at the
far end. The viewer drew a receding perspective, and said (among other
things), "I almost felt like I was in a long hallway looking at a bunch
of lockers along the hall." "Almost like you would see in school, lined
with
time
lockers." Earlier, Viewer 468 had this target as one of two real-
control slides in the middle of his six FRV trials. He also described
and drew the receding perspective, and announced rather critically in the
session that, "this is the most underexposed slide I have ever seen"
(correct), although at the time he was seeing it only remotely.
(U) A second successful FRV target for Viewer 155 was a
Methodist Church. The viewer correctly identified the target as a church,
drew its courtyard in some detail, and also made a drawing of the facade
of the church with many correct elements. This response was given an
Accuracy Rating of 5. In the third successful FRV trial, Rinconada swimming
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pool, the viewer described a body of water enclosed in a rectangular frame,
which he drew very accurately. He also described accurately the reflections
seen in the water. This was the only water target in the series, and also
the only session in which he mentioned water. This target received an
Accuracy Rating of 4. The balance of the trials in the series yielded
data containing some correct elements, but not sufficient to suggest
results beyond chance expectation.
4. Viewer No. 155, FRV of Local Target Sites (U)
(U) An additional series of FRV trials was carried out with
Viewer No. 155 in an effort to determine whether any differences would be
found between trials with target slides, and trials involving actual
Local Bay Area target locations.
(U) Six trials were conducted at a rate of two per day for three
days, one each morning and afternoon. The viewer was asked to describe
his mental pictures and feelings with respect to the target location that
would be randomly selected at the conclusion of that trial. That is, the
viewer would be asked to describe the site as he would see it one hour
later when he would be there with the interviewer. Immediately after
each trial, the viewer and the interviewer would leave the laboratory,
access the target pool by random number generator, and then proceed to
the chosen target site. A number of interesting factors surfaced during
these trials, making this series of greater interest than might be indicated
by the overall Accuracy Rating of 19 assigned in the combined ratings.
(U) In Trial No. 1 in this series, the viewer began his narrative
description with the words, "I am getting squares within squares within
squares." He then made the drawing shown in Figure 5(b). As indicated
in an earlier discussion (Section IV-C), these words describing the target
were the same as those used six years earlier by another subject describing
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a target. Since in the present case the target was not yet chosen, it
was with much anticipation that interviewer and remote viewer left the
session room at the end of the session, went to the project office, and
randomly generated by RNG a target number to determine which of the sixty
target locations would actually be visited. The number was generated
and the target envelope drawn. It was found to be the pedestrian overpass,
just as in the 1973 trial which elicited the same description. (At the
time of the random generation of the target number, the interviewer did not
know the number of the pedestrian overpass target.) The Accuracy Rating
assigned to the viewer's response was 4. (In addition to his correct
impressions, erroneous analysis and interpretation of his data come into
play,)
(U) Trial 2 was a Hyatt House Hotel. The viewer drew and
described a receding double column of rectangular objects of differing
heights, going off into the distance. He also drew, as his main percep-
tion of the target, a perspective showing a narrow sidewalk that one looks
across to see a narrow roadway, and then another narrow walkway. Behind
this are divided buildings or a divided wall (all his terminology). When
we arrived at the site we found little correspondence to the viewer's
description of the place, although there is a long row of statues running
from the street to the hotel, which are suggestive of his first drawing.
(U) Since we arrived a few minutes early, we went into the
lobby of the hotel, although the "target" was the outside of the building.
After we looked around the lobby the monitor noted that the agreed-upon
target time was almost upon them, when the viewer was to be outside at
the target. Therefore, we left the hotel lobby at the exact target time,
and noticed that we were facing a scene greatly resembling the drawing
generated during the session. As we stood on the steps of the hotel
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looking out, we were standing on a narrow sidewalk, looking across a
narrow driveway, to another narrow walkway to the four wide supporting
columns that hold up the large overhang covering the driveway and the
entry to the hotel. The Accuracy Rating was 4.
(U) Trial 3 was a Menlo Park brickyard. The viewer saw "lots
of corners and angles ... two and three dimensional shapes." Then he
described a "wall with columns sticking out of it," and later drew a
curvy road going off to the right. All these elements can be found within
the rich material of the brickyard. In particular, if one stands facing
the wall with the columns sticking out of it, there is in fact a curvy
road on the right. The Accuracy Rating was again 4.
(U) Target 4 was a local tennis court. The viewer's descriptions
was primarily of a windmill and a metal bell-shaped object, both of which
bear no obvious resemblance to elements of the target site. He did,
however, describe and draw a latticework arrangement that was suggestive
of a tennis net, and he described the area as recreational or a playground.
Accuracy Rating was 2.
(U) Target 5 was a large bubble-shaped air-inflated building.
The description consisted mainly of arches and pillars as in a colonnade,
overlaid with images of San Francisco, which are not particularly apropos.
His drawings of receding curves and arches reflect somewhat the main elements
of the target site, but altogether an Accuracy Rating of 2 characterizes
the result as not being beyond chance expectation.
(U) The sixth and final target was a large commercial salt
pile in Redwood City. The target is a salt storage yard of Leslie Salt
Company, on the edge of San Francisco Bay. The salt pile is a hundred
feet long and perhaps fifty feet high, and it shines brilliantly in the
sun. The viewer did not see or describe anything at all resembling the
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target. Instead, he described a wooden cylinder sticking out of the
water, so that its bottom could not be seen. He described and drew on
top of the cylinder a conical metal cap or cover. He also said that the
main item in the vicinity was a redwood building with exposed timbers and
a large, peaked overhang.
(U) The difficulty with judging this trial, and, in fact, the
series as a whole, derives from the following: While standing at the
salt pile for the feedback portion of the trial, the viewer can look a
hundred yards or so across the estuary that separates the salt refinery
from the Redwood City Marina, and observe that his description matches
the latter perfectly. For across this narrow body of water was a large
restaurant made of dark redwood just as described in the transcript, and
along the dockside was a row of posts sticking up out of the water, each
with a blue conical sheet-metal cap to serve as an anti-seagull device.
An accuracy rater at the restaurant would certainly give the transcript
an Accuracy Rating of 5 for its correspondences, but, since that did not
happen to be the intended target, the transcript receives an Accuracy
Rating of 3.
(U) Because of the above difficulties inherent in FRY site
definition we did not think it worthwhile to subject this otherwise quite
interesting series to blind judging. It is our impression, however,
that this series and the other FRY slide series carried out as part of
this program does offer some evidence for the existence of FRY functioning,
with individual trials often at an accuracy comparable to real-time remote
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Extended Remote Viewing (ERV), Viewer No. 518 (U)
1. Background (U)
(U) One of the program remote viewers (No. 518) stated that
over the past few years he had on occasion experienced spontaneous ex-
*
tended remote viewing (ERV), usually associated with rest or sleep
periods. Subjectively, these ERV experiences appeared to be of unusual
intensity and clarity; however, the situation and/or content of these
experiences did not lend themselves to independent objective verification.
Therefore, Remote Viewer 518 requested that some time be devoted to in-
vestigating the phenomenon, with the goal of determining whether the con-
tent of such ERV experiences was verifiable and, further, of superior
quality to that obtained in the ordinary RV protocol.
2. Pilot Effort (U)
(U) An initial single-trial pilot effort in ERV was carried
out during Remote Viewer 518's first day at SRI. In this trial there
was some evidence that information obtained in the ERV state was veridical.
Therefore, it was decided that upon his return a formal series of trials
would be undertaken.
3. Formal Series (Six Trials) (U)
(U) The formal series of trials consisted of six targeting
periods of approximately three hours each. During each of these trials
the remote viewer was closeted in a third-floor laboratory of the Radio
Physics Laboratory in the SRI complex and asked to render drawings and
*(U) ERV (extended remote viewing) is here defined as an exercise in re-
mote viewing for an extended period of time, generally lasting for more
than an hour. Furthermore, an effort is made to maximize the subjective
sense of awareness of the target site while minimizing the subjective
sense of awareness of the remote viewer's physical surroundings.
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describe into a tape recorder his impressions of a target object. Each
session was terminated either by the monitor who indicated that the
(approximate) three-hour period was up, or by the remote viewer himself
at a somewhat earlier time. The remote viewer was then taken to the
target location for feedback.
(S) For the first four trials the targets were chosen by the
SSO of an SRI SI/TK facility on the first floor of the Radio Physics
Laboratory, and placed on display on a conference room table in that
facility. (The SSO is not otherwise associated with the SRI psycho-
energetics program.) As part of the first trial the remote viewer was
asked to describe the facility as well as the target object; for the
remaining three trials he was asked to describe the target object only.
(U) Before the fifth trial, it was decided by the remote viewer
and monitor that the target location for the remaining two trials should
be Changed so as to avoid analytical overlay problems associated with
target-site familiarity. The site chosen by the monitor was the roof of
the Radio Physics Laboratory building, directly above the ceiling of the
rooM in which the remote viewer was located.
(U) Trial 1. The target object for Trial I was a copper ewer
(pitcher) placed on a dark brown wood-grained table (see Figure 17),
The remote viewer sketched an object that evolved into a table-lamp base,
finally topped by a lampshade.
(S) The description of the facility rendered by the remote
viewer had many matching elements, although it appears that the remote
viewer combined the two primary rooms into one; because of this, however,
the description is ambiguous and cannot be taken as evidential.
(U) Trial 2. The target object for Trial 2 was a metal food
mill with red handle shown in Figure 18. In response the remote viewer
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COPPER PITCHER, AND VIEWER No. 518 ERV RESPONSE
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sketched a silver-grey object with a handle on it that looked first like
a fireplace scoop (most correct), and then evolved into a bellows.
(U) Trial 3. The target for Trial 3 was a straw hat with
curled up brim and dimpled top (Figure 19). The remote viewer's response
is shown in the same figure.
(U) Trial 4. Target 4 was a photographic tripod (Figure 20).
The remote viewer's response, shown in the same figure, consisted essen-
tially of a silver teapot-like object sitting on a tripod.
(S) Trial 5. Following the first four trials, the monitor and
remote viewer agreed that the target location for the remaining two trials
should be elsewhere than the now-familiar SI/TK facility. Several altern-
ative locations were discussed, with the final decision to be made by the
monitor. The monitor chose the roof of the Radio Physics Laboratory and
intended to place a target there. Due to an error in timing, the remote
viewer began the fifth session without having met with the monitor to
learn which of the discussed alternative locations was to be used. In
the absence of this communication there was no overtly agreed-upon target
location and no special target was set up. Nonetheless, we observe post
hoc that the remote viewer described an outside, brightly lit gravel-based
area, and provided a response that resembled the intended roof target
area (see Figure 21). Because of the ambiguity of target location and
absence of a specific intended target, however, this trial is set aside
and not included in the package of results to be blind judged.
(U) Trial 6. The target chosen for the final trial was a world
globe (Figure 22). In response the remote viewer drew a sphere mounted
on a stand, but did not cognize the map aspect. He also shows the roof
line, but this cannot be taken as evidential since it was known that the
target was to be on the roof
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I-
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eaNi
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s
STRAW HAT TARGET, AND VIEWER No. 518 ERV RESPONSE
FIGURE 19
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TRIPOD TARGET, AND VIEWER No. 518 ERV RESPONSE
FIGURE 20
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it
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ANTENNA, AND VIEWER No. 518 ERV RESPONSE
FIGURE 21
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GLOBE TARGET, AND VIEWER No. 518 ERV RESPONSE
FIGURE 22
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UNCLASSIFIED
4. Discussion (U)
(U) For an assessment as to the quality of remote viewing
obtained in the ERV series, the results were submitted to two analysts
for blind judging. The judging packet submitted to the analysts con-
sisted of the remote viewer drawings, and target photographs, each in
their own random order different from the order of target usage. The
analysts were instructed to blind rank order, on a scale of 1 to 5 (best
to worst match), each of the five drawing packets against each of the
five target photographs. (Target number 5 was omitted as described
above.)
(U) One analyst obtained three direct matches, one second-
place match, and one fourth-place match; the other obtained one direct
match, three second-place matches and one fourth-place match. The dif-
ference between the two was a pair of responses that were essentially
indistinguishable with regard to a particular pair of targets (food mill
and hat). The matrices were analyzed using the direct-count-of-permutations
method discussed earlier. The results of one of the two judges reached
statistical significance at the p = 0.05 level.
(U) With regard to a comparison between ERV and the ordinary
RV process, the data obtained are roughly of the same quality as those of
ordinary RV. There was therefore no apparent advantage in committing
the greater time period required for the ERV process. By report of the
RVer, however, the subjectively more intense ERV state was never fully
achieved in this series, and therefore no definitive comparison between
RV and ERV is possible at this point.
(U) See, e.g., the technology series in H. Puthoff and R. Targ, "A Per-
ceptual Channel for Information Transfer Over Kilometer Distances,"
Proc. IEEE 64, pp. 329-354 (March 1976).
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D. Remote Viewing of Alphabet Letters (U)
(U) The purpose of this study was to determine whether an isolated
remote viewer could learn to dispriminate between and identify alphabet
letters. The participant, Viewer 372, was located in a third-floor
laboratory of the Radio Physics Building at SRI, while the monitor and
the target materials were in an office trailer in a nearby parking lot
(as in the slide series).
(U) The protocol in all twelve trials in this series was for the
viewer to identify a randomly chosen three-letter word exposed to view
in the target room. The targets used in this series were red block
letters eight inches high, cemented to white cardboard. The three letters
making up each word were placed on the chalk tray of the target room
blackboard.
(U) Twelve trials were carried out. A satisfactory protocol was not
developed until the third trial, so the first two must be considered
exploratory. In Trial 1, the target word was randomly chosen from a group
of ten previously prepared words placed in opaque envelopes. In all
other trials the target word was chosen by random entry into a 1700-page
college dictionary (selecting the first three-letter word on the page)
using a Texas Instruments SR-51 random number generator. In Trials 1
and 2, the viewer was given feedback after each letter. In both of these
trials he failed to name the first letter, but after being told the first
letter G for GUN and V for VAT, he was able to confidently and correctly
name the following two letters in quick succession. In Trials 3 through
12, feedback was given only after all three letters were named, to
counteract analysis strategies on the part of the viewer.
(U) The letters were displayed one at a time, and the viewer would
give his impressions of each in turn. After each description, that letter
would be removed, and the viewer would be informed that the next letter
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was in place. Except for Trial 5, the letters were always presented in
their order of occurrence in the word. (In Trial 5 it had been decided
in advance to display the letters in random order, to discourage end-
letter guessing. This turned out to be unsatisfactory, however,
apparently producing confusion for the viewer, who named all three
letters correctly, but had them in the wrong order. He then could not
think of a word, and changed two of the letters.)
(U) Of the nine 3-letter words presented in a consistent manner
(3, 4, 6-12), the viewer was correct in 6 of his letter assignments
(i.e., of the 27 letters presented, 6 were identified), a significant
departure from chance expectation. This pilot result was therefore
encouraging.
E.
Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV) with Immediate Feedback (U)
(U) Of special interest for operational applications is a particular
form of RV known as coordinate remote viewing (CRY). CRY is a procedure
whereby the RVer accesses the target location on the basis of an abstract
locator such as geographical coordinates. As inexplicable as such a
phenomenon might seem, we appeal simply to pragmatism, in that it appears
to work.
(U) It has been shown that good results can be obtained even with
the use of special arbitrarily-constructed coordinate systems; the CRV
phenomenon thus appears to provide yet another example of "goal orienta-
tion" in psychoenergetic phenomena, rather than being particularly
related to coordinate systems per se.
(U) R. Targ, H. Puthoff, B. Humphrey, and C. Tart, "Investigations of
Target Acquisition," Research in Parapsychology 1979, Scarecrow Press,
Metuchen, N.J. (in press).
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(S) An orientation program for CRV has been designed at SRI, and
is being applied with success with RVers inexperienced in CRV. The
details are as follows.
(U) A target pool of more than 100 geographical sites from around
the globe has been prepared and is being continually expanded. The loca-
tions are chosen to embody some particular well-defined characteristic
(e.g., mountains, oceans, deserts, lakes, cities, islands, rivers). The
coordinates of these locations, obtained from standard reference atlases,
are each written on one side of a 3-by-5-inch file card, on the other side
of which is a descriptor (e.g., Mt. Hekla volcano, Iceland), along with
an atlas reference. The cards are then placed in envelopes, coordinates
facing the back, and randomized.
(U) The CRV orientation procedure is as follows:
(1) (S) RVer and facilitator seat themselves at opposite ends
of a table in a special environment, the former with a
supply of paper and a pen, the latter with target envelopes
(contents unknown) and the reference atlases.
(2) (S) The CRVer is instructed that the facilitator will
begin the CRV process by selecting an envelope and
reading aloud the target coordinates. The CRVer is
to note down on paper any immediate impressions (which
he may also express aloud) and then, rather than
embellishing on his first impressions, to ask for
the coordinates to be read aloud again so that the
original process may be repeated, etc., until a coherent
picture of the site emerges.
(U) The Times Atlas of the World, Hougton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1971.
People's Republic of China Atlas, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.
(U) The RV environment has been optimized during testing on another
program to be quiet, dimly lit, and to provide a relatively homogeneous
monochrome visual field, free of strong features and peripheral clutter.
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(3) (S) Following these instructions, the facilitator
selects an envelope at random, opens it from the
rear so as to be exposed to the coordinates only,
and then begins the process described above.
(4) (S) After one or more repetitions of the coordinates
(each followed by a CRV response) leads to a
recognizable target characteristic, the card is
turned over by the facilitator, and the atlas consulted
(if necessary) in order to give feedback. A line
is drawn on the CRVer's data sheet to separate the
data thus generated from further data, since up to
this point the data were generated in a double-blind
protocol and can be objectively evaluated later as a test
of target acquisition.
(5) (S) Having terminated the target acquisition "test"
phase, feedback can now be given and/or further data
solicited. The feedback given at this point is non-
negative, ranging from "that's the target," through
"near the target," to "you are at another target"
(giving the CRVer the benefit of the doubt). The
facilitator then has the option of terminating the
viewing, asking for more detail ("there's something
ten miles north that should be visible") or restarting
the process when the viewer's original description
did not correspond to the target site. In the latter
case the facilitator can, of course, guide or cue the
CRVer into a correct response; (a) this is acceptable
in the nontest part of the sequence, (b) this can be
checked for by asking for detail in the surrounding
region, and (c) this provides an opportunity to
investigate whether such cueing procedures can be
useful in operationally oriented applications (e.g.,
guiding the CRVer onto the target site with cues
"a," "b," "f," and then asking for "g").
(S) RVer 518 was exposed to this protocol, a few targets per session,
over a several-day period, resulting in a data pool of 26 CRV target
viewings. They were: Salt Lake Desert, Utah; Lake Erie; Chicago;
Mono Lake; Aruba Island; Lake Okeechobee; Yount's Peak, Wyoming; Pitcairn
Island; Pike's Peak; Los Angeles; Atlantic Ocean; Rio de Janeiro; Kansas
plains, St. Peter and Paul Islands; Randall Dam, South Dakota;
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Lake Titicaca; Cape May; Niagara Falls; Munich; Amazon River; Midwestern
plains; Venezuelan Peninsula; Sierra Blanca Mountain; Oregon Desert;
Panama Canal; Puerto Rico.
(S) Following the first pilot session of five, in which essentially
immediate feedback was given, the remaining twenty-one were carried out
with delayed feedback and thus provided material that could be assessed
objectively. Categorizing the targets into five groups (mountains,
flats, water, cities, islands/peninsulas), the target/response matrix
is as shown in Table 4. The probability of such an alignment occurring
by chance alone can be calculated by the direct-count-of-permutations
method discussed earlier, and leads to p = 0.0083. The distribution of
responses is therefore statistically significant. Furthermore, beyond
simple statistics, certain individual responses were exceptionally
accurate during the acquisition "test" phase. In the final trial in this
series, for example, when the target coordinates were for Guayama in
Puerto Rico, the viewer described a "fishing village on the southeast
coast of a boat-shaped island," which is an entirely correct description
of the locale at the target coordinates. He then drew an island, resembling
Puerto Rico in both shape and orientation. A few orientation sessions
were carried out with Viewers 155 and 292, with similar results.
(U) The above procedure is the first stage of a multi-stage training
procedure developed on another program. The methodology centers around
use of a specially-designed acoustic-tiled featureless room with homogeneous
coloring to minimize environmental overlay; adoption of a uniform, limited
monitor behavior role to minimize monitor overlay; and the use of a strictly
specified CRV procedure involving repeated coordinate presentation and
quick-reaction response--a procedure designed to minimize "imaginative"
overlays. The effectiveness of this procedure is in the process of being
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Table 4
(S) DISTRIBUTION OF CRV TARGET/RESPONSE MATCHINGS (U)
Targets
Transcripts
Mountains
Flats
Water
Cities
Islands/
Peninsulas
'Mountains
3
0
0
0
0
Flats
0
1
1
1
0
Water
0
0
6
0
0
'Cities
0
0
0
2
1
IIslands/Peninsulas
1
0
0
0
5
(U)
confirmed with a number of remote viewers in another program, and the
results to date indicate that a significant step forward in accuracy
and reliability has been made.
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VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (U)
(S) In this report we have presented the results and assessments
of a one-year program for the optimization of remote viewing with client-
selected individuals. To meet the objectives of the program we have
familiarized these individuals with the SRI RV protocol; pursued the
development of enhanced levels of RV ability through exposure to several
different orientation/training strategies, and established screening
tests and procedures for enlarging the population from which such in-
dividuals are selected.
(S) Our principal observation in working with the six client
volunteers is that we have found considerable evidence for remote viewing
functioning among them. In the basic local-site RV-familiarization task
(Phase-One study), four of the six participants produces results that
were individually statistically significant (p < 0.05), rendering the
series strongly significant as a whole (p = 4 X 10-5, or odds of one in
25,000). (An entire summary of program data is shown in Table 5.)
(S) A second observation from that study is that in general, there
is more variability from trial to trial for a given viewer than there is
between the viewers themselves. There are no viewers in the group who
have not shown some evidence for remote viewing, even though some of
their individual series may not have reached the p < 0.05 level of
departure from chance expectation.
(U) In fact, each of these four series exceeded this requirement by
more than an order of magnitude, reaching significance at the p = 0.003
level or better.
99
Approved For Release 2000/08/01661eMt787R000500010001-7
Table 5
(S) PROGRAM SUMMARY (U)
Remote
Viewer
Local
Bay Area
Sites
Real Time Slides
Future
RV
Slides
Extended
RV
(Objects)
Alphabet
Coordinate
RV
155
292
372
468
518
690
*
NS
NS