EXPERIMENTAL PARAPSYCHOLOGY: A REVIEW AND INTERPRETATION

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• Document Page Count: 17
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 13, 1998
• Sequence Number: 15
• Content Type: FORM

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Remarks:
This second chapter in the book by RAO seems
to offer useful background and guidelines for
the kind of research we ought to start focusing
on when and if we obtain the kind of validation
we are seeking in the current project.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:
65--27587
Rao, K. R.
Experimental Parapsychology:
A Review and Interpretation
Springfield, Ill. Charles C
Thomas, Publisher 1965
SG1I
8-1o-65
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 Approved For Release 2001103/07: CIA-RDP96-0078f!4664bdI6801` '3
Chapter 2
THE SUBJECT IN PSI TESTS
The Psi Triangle
I
N A figurative sense, the experimental situation of psi seems
to be basically triangular-the three angles being the subject, the
experimenter, and the target. The analogy of the triangle is used
simply as a convenient device for the categorization of the psi
factors and consequently has no validity besides its usefulness as
a descriptive phrase.
For the purpose of this study, the subject angle consists of
those studies that are concerned with ascertaining the physical and
mental states, inherited or acquired, transient or stable, that are
associated with the significant success or failure of subjects in
ESP tests. These include the studies relating to the personality
and physiological correlates of psi, the effect of the subject's at-
titudes on his performance, hypnotic and relaxed states of the
subject, and the general observations on the subject's health,
age, sex, intelligence, etc.
The target angle involves those studies that are relevant to the
role of targets in psi tests. It includes studies involving target
variations aimed at discovering what types of targets are most
suited for psi tests. There are several studies relating to the
physical and psychological aspects of the targets. The agent in
a telepathy or a GESP test becomes a part of the target angle
insofar as he is the target person. Furthermore, the studies in
target conditions, such as those concerned with the effect of
space and time on the performance of psi subjects, are also in-
cluded in the target angle.
The experimenter angle is concerned with the rcl? of the
experimenter-his moods, attitudes, and abilities that are essen-
ti l to elicit psi as well as his methods, designs. and experimental
conditions. This angle also includes comparative studies of the
experimental methods and test conditions. While the experi-
menter is independent of his methods and the methods involve
the whole complex of the testing situation, the convenience of
categorization leads us to the inclusion of methods in the experi-
menter angle.
There are other studies involving the interrelations between
these three factors which may be described as the three lines
joining the psi angles. The subject-target line is the one concerned
with the subject-target relationship-the attitude of subjects to
targets, the dual aspect target situations, and the attitude of the
subject toward the agent in GESP and telepathy tests. The sub-
ject-experimenter line is concerned with the interpersonal rela-
tionships between the subject and the experimenter and with
the reactions of the subject to the experimental conditions. The
teacher-pupil attitude studies are along this line. Finally, the
experimenter-target line deals with such studies as the suitability
of particular types of targets in particular situations and with the
experimenter's attitudes towards different targets. It is recognized
that these lines are arbitrary and may overlap occasionally since
some of these relations, such as those which include the method,
may have all around implications involving all the angles.
The subject is obviously the most important angle of the psi
triangle. The search for gifted subjects has always been an im-
portant concern of the inquiring parapsychologist. The ' studies
concerning the personality correlates of ESP, the attitudes of the
subject conducive to psi manifestation, and the mental and physi-
cal states of the subject constitute a major portion of published
literature in the field. Is psi an individual gift or a generic one?
What kinds of people are the most successful subjects? Do the
health, age, and sex of the subject have any effect on psi? Are
there any personality characteristics or patterns that are particu-
larly associated with psi functioning? Do the attitudes of sub-
jects toward psi help or hinder it? Are there any natural or
induced states of mind that are helpful to psi? Are there any
physiological states that are related to the parapsychical phe-
nomena? These are some of the questions that are raised, if not
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