DIRECT PERCEPTION OF REMOTE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS

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• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080008-6
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• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
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• Publication Date: April 12, 1977
• Content Type: REPORT

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DIRECT PERCEPTION OF REMOTE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS
Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Tara
STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA 94025
(415) 32G-6200
Invited paper prepared for
IEEE National Convention,
ELECTRO 77, 12 April 1977,
New York City, N.Y.
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O
DIRECT PERCEPTION OF REMOTE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS
Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ
Research Institute, Menlo Park,, California 94025
ABSTRACT
For the past five years we have been in-
,?cstignting aspects of human perception that
.,;}pear to fall outside the range of well-under-
stood perceptual/processing capabilities. Of
particular interest is a human information-
,ccessing capability that we call "remote sens-
ing." This phenomenon pertains to the ability
of certain individuals to access and describe,
by means of mental processes, information
sources blocked from ordinary perception (for
example by distance or shielding) and believed
to be secure against such access. In particu-
lar, the phenomenon we have investigated most
extensively is the ability of a subject to view
remote geographical locations up to several
thousand km distant from his physical locati n
given only a known person on whom to target.-g
We have recently carried out coast-to-coast ex-
periments using a computer network to interface
with individuals whose remote perceptual abili-
ties have been developed sufficiently to allow
them to describe--often in great detail--geo-
graphical or technical material such as build-
ings, roads, and natural formations.
Our accumulated data indicate that both
specially selected and unselected persons can
be assisted in developing remote perceptual
abilities up to a level of useful information
transfer. Further, the extent of physical dis-
tance separating the subject from the target
site up to transcontinental distances does not
appear to significantly affect the accuracy of
the perception.
INTRODUCTION
In over 70 laboratory experiments that now
include work with more than a dozen subjects,
we have investigated an often-reported human
perceptual ability that has heretofore not been
widely investigated in the laboratory. This
ability, brought to our attention by a subject,
Mr. Ingo Swann, we term "remote sensing." It
is an ability by which human subjects perceive,
and describe by word and drawing, distant
scenes and activities blocked from ordinary
perception. In these experiments, subjects
have been able to describe with equal accuracy
scenes at both local sites (that is, within a
few miles) and those at transcontinental dis-
tances.
As observed in the laboratory, the basic
phenomenon appears to cover a range of subjec-
tive experiences variously referred to in the
literature as autoscopy (in the medical liter-
ature); exteriorization or disassociation
(psychological literature); simple clairvoy-
ance, traveling clairvoyance, or out-of-body
experience (parapsychological literature); or
astral projection (occult literature). We
choose the term "remote sensing" as a neutral
descriptive term free from prior.associations
and bias as to mechanisms.
The need for : supportive setting to over-
come prevailing societal prejudices against
such remote sensing has been provided within
the confines of the Electronics and Bioengi-
neering Laboratory and the Radio Physics Lab-
oratory at Stanford Research Institute (SRI).
Here, throughout our research spanning a five-
year period, we have worked with new and un-
trained subjects so as to avoid reliance on the
availability of a very limited number of spe-
cial subjects. Remote perceptual abilities in
.several individuals have now been developed
sufficiently to allow them to describe--often
in considerable detail--geographical or tech-
nical material such as buildings, roads, and
real-time activities.
Since the initial publication of our in-
vestigations of this remarkable phenomenon ,l,2
four successful replication experiments have
been performed in other laboratories across the
country.4-7 In addition, we have learned
through private communications of several un-
published studies of other successful experi-
ments in paranormal functioning of this type.
In this paper we describe the experimental
protocol used to carry out the research and the
formal judging procedure used to quantify the
results. In addition, we detail recent experi-
ments in coast-to-coast remote viewing that
have yielded results similar to those obtained
in the initial experiments using relatively
local target sites. Finally, as a step toward
achieving our research aim of using the experi-
mental data base to deduce relevant physical
principles and laws governing paranormal or psi
functioning, we examine some physical models
potentially applicable to remote perception.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Description of the Protocol (Local'Ta.rgets)
The.general protocol is to closet a sub-
ject with an experimenter at SRI and at a pre-
arranged time to obtain from the subject a de-
scription of an undisclosed, remote site being
visited by a target team. In each of the ex-
periments, there is an SRI experimenter on the
target demarcation team at the remote location
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(a)
City map of target location
(b) Drawing by Price
FIGURE 1 SWIMMING POOL COMPLEX AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET
that is chosen in a double-blind fashion out-
lined below.
An outbound experimenter is assigned a
target location by an independent experimenter
who has generated a list of targets located
within a 30-minute driving time from SRI, and
who accesses this list by a randomization pro-
cedure. The target pool consists of more than
100 target locations chosen from a target-rich
environment. The target location selected is
kept blind to both the subject and experimenter
closeted at SRI.
In detail: To begin the experiment, a sub-
ject is closeted with an experimenter at SRI to
wait 30 minutes before beginning a narrative
description of an undisclosed remote location
that will be the target for the experiment. A
second experimenter, accompanied by other mem-
bers of a target demarcation team, then obtains
sealed traveling orders from a monitor who has
previously prepared and randomized a set of
such orders. After leaving SRI by automobile,
the target demarcation team opens the traveling
orders and proceeds directly to the target
without any communication with the subject or
experimenter remaining at SRI. The experiment-
er remaining with the subject in the SRI labo-
ratory is kept ignorant of both the particular
target and the target pool so as to eliminate
the possibility of cueing (overt or subliminal)
and to allow him freedom in questioning the sub-
ject for clarification of his descriptions. The
target demarcation team remains at the target
site for a prearranged 15-minute period follow-
ing the 30 minutes alloted for travel. During
the ebzcrvation period, the experimenter in the
lab tape-records the subject's remote viewing
impressions of the target site and collects at
drawings made by the subject. After the targe
demarcation team returns to SRI, the impressi.c
obtained from the subject are compared with tx
actual observations of the team. Finally,
following the experiment, the subject is takes
to the site so that he may obtain direct
feedback.
Initial Experimental Series with a Subject
Experienced in Remote Viewing
Our first subject in a formal series of
experiments to investigate the remote viewing
function was Mr. Pat Price, a former Califori
police commissioner and city councilman, who
participated in nine experiments. Mr. Price
came to our experiments with a reported histo:
of spontaneous remote viewing experiences. Ii
general, Price's ability in our experiments t+
describe correctly buildings, docks, roads,
gardens, and the like, including structural
materials, color, ambience, and activity--som~
times in great detail--indicated the function
of a remote perceptual ability. A Hoover Tow.
target, for example, was recognized and cor-
rectly named. Nonetheless'. Price's descripti
generally contained inaccuracies as well as c
rect statements. A typical example is indica
by his drawing shown in Figure 1 in which he
correctly described a park-like area containi
two pools of water: one rectangular, 60 X 89
ft (actual dimensions 75 X 100 ft); the other
circular, diameter 120 ft (actual diameter 11
ft). As can be seen from his drawing, he als
included some elements, such as the tanks sho
in the upper right, that are not present at t
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target Site. We also note an apparent left-
right reversal, often observed in paranormal
perception experiments.
Further, he incorrectly indicated the
function of the site as water purification
rather than recreational swimming. We often
observe essentially correct descriptions of
basic elements and patterns coupled with incom-
plete or erroneous analysis of function. This
theme emerged as a thread which continued
throughout our work and eventually led to a
breakthrough with regard to an understanding of
the interrelationship between paranormal per-
ception and cerebral functioning, namely: that
paranormal functioning may involve specializa-
tion characteristic of the brain's right hemi-
sphere) which predominates in spatial and other
holistic processing, in contrast to the left
hemisphere which predominates in verbal and
other analytical functioning. 8-10
Judging of Results
To obtain a numerical evaluation of'the
accuracy of the remote viewing experiment, the
experimental results were subjected to indepen-
dent judging on a blind basis by an SRI research
analyst not otherwise associated with the re-
search. Price's response packets, which con-
tained the nine typed, unedited transcripts of
the tape-recorded narratives and associated
drawings, were unlabeled and presented in ran-
dom order. Working alone, the analyst visited
each target location in turn and in a blind
fashion rated Price's descriptions on a scale 1
to 9 (best to worst match). The statistic of
interest is the sum of ranks assigned to the
target-associated transcripts, lower values
indicating better matches. For nine targets,
the sum of ranks could range from nine (for
perfect matching) to eighty-one. The technique
for calculating the probability that a given sum
of ranks s or less will occur by chance is given
in Reference 2. The results of the judging,
shown in Table 1, included seven direct hits out
of the nine. The overall result was statisti-
cally significant at p = 2.9 X 10-5. Table 1
also indicates the various types of targets
used in this series. Further, in experiments
3, 4, and 6-9, the subject was secured in a
double-walled copper screen Faraday cage, which
provides 120-dB attenuation for plane-wave
radio-frequency radiation over the range of 15
kHz to 1 GHz. The results of rank-order
judging indicate that the use of such shielding
does not prevent high-quality descriptions from
being obtained.
Replication Series with a Subject Inexperienced
in Remote Viewing
Having completed this initial series of
experiments with Price, we concluded that
DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO
TRANSCRIPTS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH TARGET
LOCATION FOR EXPERIENCED SUBJECT PRICE
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank v
Associat.{
TranscriT
Hoover Tower, Stanford
3.4
1
Baylands Nature
Preserve, Palo Alto
6.4
1
Radio telescope,
Portola Valley
6.4
1
Marina, Redwood City
6.8
1
Bridge toll plaza,
Fremont
14.5
6
Drive-in theatre,
Palo Alto
5.1
1
Arts and Crafts Plaza,
Menlo Park
1.9
1
Catholic Church,
Portola Valley
8.5
3
Swimming pool complex,
Palo Alto
3.4
1
Total sum of ranks
16
(p=2.9X10
remote viewing was both a real and a robust
phenomenon. Our next task was to try to find
out how widely distributed the ability was in
the general population. We began with the
following replication experiment.
The subject for this experiment was Mrs.
Hella Hammid, a gifted professional photogra-
pher. She was selected for this series on th
basis of her good performance as a percipient
in an earlier EEG experiment designed to meas
physiological response to remote strobelight
stimuli, a hypothesized screening procedure f
remote viewing. Outside of that interaction,
she had had no previous experience with appar
paranormal functioning.
At the time we began working with
Mrs. Hammid, she had no strong feelings about
the likelihood of her ability to succeed in t
task. This was in contrast to both Ingo Swan
who suggested these experiments and who had
come to our laboratory fresh from an apparent
successful series of similar experiments with
Dr. Karlis Osis at the American Society for
Psychical Research (ASPR) in New York11 and
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.Pedestrian Overpass Target
C_.- c-- , . _.
FIGURE 2 SUBJECT HAMMID DRAWING, DESCRIBED AS "SOME KIND OF DIAGONAL 'TROUGH
UP IN THE AIR"
Pat Price, the first subject in our formal
series of experiments, who felt that he used his
remote viewing ability in his everyday life.
In working with an inexperienced subject,
we must take into account the fact that many
people are influenced to a large degree by their
environment and by public scrutiny when it comes
to activities generally considered to be impos-
sible. A reluctance to cope with negative feed-
back from society often inhibits individuals
from exploring a potential for paranormal per-
ception. Therefore, in addition to maintaining
scientific rigor, one of our primary tasks as
researchers is to provide an environment that
lends protective support for a subject to pur-
sue such exploration. With a new subject, we
also stress the nonuniqueness of the ability
because our experience indicates that paranor-
mal functioning is a latent ability that all
subjects can demonstrate to some degree.
We observed in working with Price that i
remote viewing structure and form tended to b
correct even when interpretation was incorrec
We therefore found it an advantage that
Mrs. Hammid's artistic background enabled her
to draw and describe visual images that she
could not identify in any cognitive or analyt
sense. When the target demarcation team went
to a pedestrian overpass target location, for
example, the subject said that she saw "a kin
of diagonal trough up in the air," which she
indicated in the upper part of her drawing in
Figure 2. She further explained that "If you
stand where they are standing you will see
something like this," indicating the nested
squares at the bottom of Figure 2. As can be
seen from the photograph of the target locati
as shown in Figure 2, a judge standing where
indicated would have a view closely resemblin
what she had drawn. We emphasize, however, t
judges did not have access to our photographs
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the site, used here for illustrative purposes
only; rather, they proceeded to each of the tar-
get locations according to a list.
As in the original series with Price, the
results of this nine-experiment series were sub-
mitted for independent judging on a blind basis
by an SRI research analyst not otherwise asso-
ciated with the research. According to the
judging procedure previously outlined in the
section, "Judging of Results," the judge ranked
each target location on a scale of 1 to 9 (best
to worst match) on the basis of the narratives
and drawings submitted by the subject. The sum
of ranks assigned to the target-associated
transcripts was statistically significant at
p = 1.8 X 10-6. This included five direct hits
and four second ranks as shown in Table 2 along
with the locations of the nine experiments in
this set.
DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO
TRANSCRIPTS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH TARGET
LOCATION FOR LEARNER SUBJECT HAMMID
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
Methodist Church,
Palo Alto
1.9
1
Ness Auditorium,
Menlo Park
0.2
1
Merry-go-round,
Palo Alto
3.4
1
Parking garage,
Mountain View
8.1
2
SRI International
Courtyard, Menlo Park
0.2
1
Bicycle shed,
Menlo Park
0.1
2
Railroad trestle
bridge, Palo Alto
1.3
2
Pumpkin patch,
Menlo Park
1.3
1
Pedestrian overpass,
Palo Alto
5.0
2
Total sum of ranks
13
(p=1.8X10 6)
In comparing the results of the Hammid and
Price experiments, we observe a difference in
the subjects' styles that evidently affected the
pattern of results. The descriptions from Price
were usually more detailed than those of Hammid
and thus led to more first-place matches--th;,,
is, direct hits in the rank order judging. At
the same time., his striving for detail. produce
erroneous analytical interpretations that re-
sulted in two distinct mismatches. On the
other hand, the more restrained narratives of
Mrs. Hammid resulted in fewer first-place
matches, but none fell below second place. Sv
a comparison of results does not indicate thai
one subject necessarily has more paranormal pc
ception than the other, but rather shows the
effects in this type of judging procedure due
a difference in tyle.
Experiments with Unselected Subjects
After more than a year of following the
experimental protocol described above and ob-
serving that even inexperienced subjects ob-
tained results better than expected, we began
series of experiments to explore further
whether individuals other than so-called "psy-
chics" could demonstrate the remote viewing
ability. To test this idea, we initiated an
extensive series of experiments using unseleci
ed subjects and local targets in the Bay Area,
We had no particular reason to believe that
these additional subjects possessed paranorma:
perceptual ability.
These experiments served a twofold pur-
pose. First they provided an opportunity to
obtain data that indicate the level of profi-
ciency that can be expected from unselected
volunteers. Second, they served to dispel co!
terns about the possibility of deception. Fe.
example, many scientists from the government
and elsewhere have visited our laboratory to
decide whether their particular departments
should be concerned with paranormal research.
Their requests generally focus on a desire to
"see something psychic, and we had been will
ing to demonstrate the remote. viewing protoco
with one of our subjects. However, when an
individual observes a successful experiment
demonstrated with another person as subject,
inevitably occurs to him that perhaps chicane
is somehow involved. We have found that the
most effective way to settle this issue is to
have the doubter become the subject, thereby
providing him with personal experience as a
basis for evaluating our experimental protocc
and reported results. Consequently, we have
discontinued demonstration experiments. In-
stead, we ask the visitor to become a subject
so that he can personally evaluate what he ens
periences and sees. After the experiment, he
is then taken to the target site where he car
determine firsthand if it corresponds to what
he has visualized during the experiment. We
have found that the actual experience as a st
ject of successful remote viewing is by far
more instructive than observation of what soa
one else has done. The following results
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770
FIGURE 3 STANFORD UNIVERSITY, INNER QUADRANGLE ----- TARGET; SKETCHES PRODUCED BY
SUBJECT INEXPERIENCED AT REMOTE VIEWING
obtained with the last two visitors who agreed
to act as subjects provide specific examples.
The first was an electrical engineer who
was interested in evaluating our work. We ex-
plained to him that the only demonstration we
were prepared to offer was the experience that
he himself might have in being a remote viewing
subject.
His first target location (determined by
the standard random protocol) turned out to be
a locale known as the Baylands Nature Preserve.
Our visitor described and drew a long wooden
walkway and indicated the presence of extensive
gardens, an accurate depiction of the target
site. However, he also described seeing a
building, that is not at the target site. This
sort of superposition of erroneous imagery on
otherwise accurate descriptions is a common
occurrence and is the principal source of noise
to be overcome if remote viewing is to become a
useful tool.
The next day we carried out a second ex-
periment with this visitor. This time the ran?
domly-determined target was the inner quadrang:
at Stanford University. Our subject described
courtyard and made the two drawings shown in
Figure 3. Almost every element of his drawing;
corresponds to the actual arrangement at the
location of the remote experimenters. These r,
sponses are among the most accurate and details
that we have ever seen. This target had never
been used before, and the visitor indicated th
he had never been to the Stanford Campus befor
nor had he ever seen a photograph of this
location.
A second result, typical of what we have
come to expect from the remote viewing protoco
was obtained with our most recent visitor/volu
teer, a physics professor who was skeptical of
our reported results. This man had been lectu
ing on.the West Coast and came to SRI to learn
firsthand of our research. In addition to hea
ing our description of the protocol, he was al
invited to participate as the subject in an ex
periment so that he could personally evaluate
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the experimental aspects of the remote viewing
channel,
The target chosen by random protocol was
white Plaza at Stanford University, the second
time in four years that this particular site
came up for experimental use. The subject gave
an excellent description of the plaza and the
surrounding buildings and produced the drawing
shown in Figure 4, In addition, he also cor-
rectly described the motion of the outbound ex-
perimenter who circled the fountain in a clock-
wise direction as shown in the subject's
drawing.
The results obtained with these two men are
not isolated examples selected from many unsuc-
cessful trials. Rather, they are simply the
most recent examples of visitor first-time
cases,, and are typical of what we have come to
expect from any serious attempt at remote
viewing.
LONG-DISTANCE EXPERIMENTS WITH TELECONFERENCING
After establishing a data base of over 50
experiments with local targets (sites within a
few miles), we undertook an experimental series
designed to determine whether an increase in
subject-target separation to transcontinental
distances would degrade the quality or accuracy
of perception. As a secondary goal, we were
interested in the real-time data rate; e.g., de-
termining the extent to which a remote viewing
subject can track the real-time activities and
movements of a known individual in a distant
city. The only communication between the out-
bound experimenter (e.g., in New York City) and
a subject in the SRI Laboratory (Menlo Park,
California) was by means of the ARPA computer
net. Access to the computer by the traveling
experimenter was by means of a portable terminal
carried from point to point.
Following are the results obtained in this
series, which consists of five experiments to
date.
New York-California Experiments
The protocol.for this experiment allowed
the subject at SRI in California and the experi-
menter in New York City to communicate via the
conversational TALK mode available on the ARPA
computer net. The subject and the experimenter
at SRI agreed (via computer teleconferencing) to
begin an experiment one-half hour later. The
purpose of the computer in this experiment was
to provide time- and date-stamped permanent
records of all communications between the vari-
ous parties involved in the experiment. These
data can be read in real time by any authorized
person entering the SRI-AI Tenex (MSG) system.
Remove Viewing at White Plaza Stanford University
FIRST EXPERIMENT WITH VISITING
PHYSICS PROFESSOR: "THERE ARE
WIDE STEPS RUNNING THE ENTIRE
WIDTH OF THE STRUCTURE.... I SEI
AN OVAL POOL IN FRONT OF THE
STEPS AS I MOVE BACK.... AND
THERE COULD BE A SMALL
STRUCTURE IN THE MIDDLE OF IT
LIKE A CROSS-SHAPED OBJECT....
ON THE GROUND I STILL SEE SOM
KIND OF QUADRILATERAL."
After logging off the computer, the out-
bound experimenter would use a random number
generator to determine which of six locations
in New York City would constitute the target tc
be visited in this experiment. Neither the sur
ject nor the experimenter at SRI knew the con-
tents of the target list that was compiled jusl
before the experiment. Having selected atarg.
location by the random protocol, the experiment
or would proceed directly to the site and remai
there for fifteen minutes.
One-half hour after breaking computer
links, the subject would begin to type impres-
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s,ltq,o into a special computer file established
l,,r this purpose.
When the New York City experimenter re-
turned to his hotel from his target site, he
would make use of.a limited-access file to enter.
his description of the place he actually visit-
cd. He would then return to the executive level
of the computer, and await the appearance of the
SRI experimenters who could then (and only then)
link terminals. At that time both files would
be printed out on both terminals and the subject
and the experimenter would each learn what the
other had written.
Two subjects, both in California, partici-
pated simultaneously in this experiment with
the first of two New York City targets. The
first of the two New York City targets was
Grant's Tomb. Both subjects independently pro-
vided computer-stored records of their impres-
sions., and one made the sketch shown in Fig-
ure 5. (The five possible targets in addition
to Grant's Tomb were a railroad bridge, the 20-
story New York University law library, the
fountain in Washington Square Park, the Colum-
bia University subway station, and the 72nd
Street boat basin. The targets were chosen to
be dissimilar, and thus differentiable,, by po-
tential judges.)
The first subject, an SRI systems analyst,
said in his opening paragraph: "Outdoors, large
open area, standing on and then off asphalt
(rough material), dark for a path. A white
building, like a ticket booth. Wooden struc-
ture, is white in color, and has an arched look
about it. There is a large shade tree close to
buss (outbound experimenter)."
The second subject, a medical student
closeted in a separate SRI location, began with:
11I thought of a high place with a view. I saw a
tree on your left. A brick plaza seemed to be
in front of a building you were entering. I
could not clearly identify the activity. A
restaurant? A museum? A bookstore? You had
coins in the palm of your hand, maybe giving
so}me to Nicky (son of outbound experimenter)."
Grant's Tomb Target in New York City
FIGURE 5 COAST-TO-COAST REMOTE VIEWING
EXPERIMENT. SUBJECT DESCRIBED
"OUTDOORS, LARGE OPEN AREA....
SHADE TREES.... WHITE BUILDING
WITH ARCHES."
The coins were in fact used to purchase the
postcard from which Figure 5 was made, and they
-were given to the experimenter's son who made
the purchase. Both subjects then went on for
n additional paragraph to describe details of
the activities they imagined to be going on in-
side the building they saw, details that were
partly correct, partly incorrect.
In the second experiment, the target, again
chosen by random protocol, was the fountain in
Washington Square Park. One subject partici-
pated. She produced an exceptionally accurate
transcript. The photos and the subject's draw-
ing of the fountain are shown in Figure G. The
subject began her printout with the following:
?The first image I got at-about the first minut
was of a cement depression--as if a dry fountai
with a cement post in the center or inside.
There seemed to be pigeons off to the right,
flying around the surface out of the depres-
sion . . . At one point I thought you were open
ing a cellophane bag . . ." (The experimenter
had in fact bought ice cream during the experi-
mental period.) "There was also a rectangular
wooden frame, a window frame, but I wasn't sure
if it was on a building, or a similar structure
with a different purpose." (A possible corre-
lation from a functional viewpoint to the Wash-
ington Square Arch through which the outbound
experimenters viewed the fountain toward the or
of the experimental period.) "All in all I
thought you were at Riverside Park . . ." (In-
correct analysis.) An SRI scientist, familiar
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Subject's Perception was of a "Cement Depression -
as if a Dry Fountain - with a Cement Post in the
Center or Inside."
FIGURE 6 COAST-TO-COAST REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT WITH TARGET AT WASHINGTON
SQUARE IN NEW YORK CITY
with the New York City area but blind to the
target, did, however, identify the target cor-
rectly on reading the twenty lines of printout
as it emerged from the computer terminal.
As an example of the style of narrative
generated by a subject during a computer tele-
conferencing experiment, we include the entire
unedited computer-logged text of the Washington
Square experiment below (Figure 7).
These teleconferencing experiments provide
an elegant demonstration of the utility of the
teleconferencing process as a secure data re-
cording system useful in real-time monitoring of
long-distance remote viewing experiments.
In a more detailed tape recording she made
after.the experiment, but before any feedback,
she described "cement steps going into the de-
pression, like a stadium, and the rounded edge
of the top of the depression as you go up to
ground level." These descriptions not only are
correct but also show remarkable detail.
New York-Ohio
A third long-distance remote viewing expe
ment was carried out under the control of an
independent, skeptical scientist. In this cas
both SRI experimenters visiting in Ohio agreed
to -take part in a remote viewing experiment in
which our host would select the target.
Under the observation of our challenger, I
telephoned one of our subjects, Hella Hammid,
New York City and obtained her agreement to
participate in a long-distance remote viewing
experiment. She was told only that we were
located somewhere between New York City and ou:
California laboratory and that shortly we woul'
be taken to a target that we would like her to
describe. The time for the experiment was set
for 2:00 PM EDT. We also agreed to call her
again at 3:00 PM EDT to obtain her impressions
and to give her our feedback as to the actual
target.
The scientist took us directly to Spring-
field, Ohio, to the Ohio Caverns that he had
chosen as the target location (see Figure 8).
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T1'P (MESSAGE SEL-'UENCE) 6
(MS,a. i. 6, 17:30 CHARS)
DATE: 6 JUL 1976 1354-PDT
FnoM : TARE
SUBJECT: .SUSANS REPORT PART 2 NYC EXP
THE FIRST IMAGE I GOT AT ABOUT THE FIRST MINUTE WAS OF A CEMENT
DEPRESSION - A S I F A DRY FOUHRTA I N - WITH A CEMENT POST IN THE
CENTER OR INSIDE . THERE SEEMED TO BE PIGEONS OFF TO THE RIGHT,
FLYING ARO?JNDTHE SURFACE OUT OF THE DEPRESSION. THEN I SAW AS
IF IFIF IN. THE DISTANCE A REAL" STADIUM WITH CRASS IN THE
CENTER AND PERHAPS STADIUM LIGHTS. OTHER IMAGES WERE AROW
OF HOUS:ESAPICKET FENCE - SOME VERTICAL UNITS WITH JAGGED TOPS.
THEN A FLUTED/GROOVED VERTICAL COLUMN, FLIT I COULDN'T SENSE WAHT
I T WAS RELATED TO. AGAIN YOU WERE I N A DEPRESSED AREA WITH
CEMENT SIDES,'LOOKING OUT ONTO THE :SURFACE OUTSIDE. THE CEMENT
SIDES ARE NOT STRAIGHT, BUT ':LOPING, ALMOST S-SHAP'RD. ALSO A
CLEAR FEELING OF THE HEAVY, WORN METAL BAR ON THE TOP OF
TYPICAL NYC OR ANYCITY FENCES. THERE DIDN'T SEEM TO BE ANYTHING
REALLY SPECIAL INSIDE, JUST A SEPARATION BETWEEN TEWO TWO
SIMILAR AREAS. AT ONE POINTY I THOUGHT YOU WERE OPENING A
CELLOPHANE BAG AND LATER I SENSED YOU FEEDING POPCORN - TO
PIGEONS. THERE WAS ALSO A RECTANGULAR WOODEN FRAMER A WINDOW
FRAME, BUT I WASN'T SURE IF IT WAS ON A BUILDING, OR A
SIMILAR STRUCTURE WITH A DIFFERENT PURPOSE. ALL IN ALL, I THOUGHT
YOU I,JERE IN RIVERSIDE PARK NEAR A TRACK AND PLAY AREA,
OCCASIONALLY LOOKING UP AT THE "ROCK AND LEAF" CLIFFS LEADING
UP TO THE DRIVE. AFTER I HAD THOUGHT THAT AND FIT IT IN T
WITH THE IMAGES RECEIVED SO FAR, IT KIND OF STUCK, AND I
POSSIBLY GENERATED MORE PARK SCENES. THE STADIUM 'FOUN
THIN IMAGES WERE THE FIRST AND THUS THE LEAST BJIASED AS TO
PARK MEMORIES. (I SURE DO LIKR THE TLELETYPE. IT CAN BECOME.
AN OBSESSIVE PASTIME, I SEE).
THAT WAS MESSAGE 6
FIGURE 7 'COMPUTER FILE PRINTOUT. CALIFORNIA-NEW YORK LONG
DISTANCE REMOTE VIEWING. TARGET: WASHINGTON
SQUARE (NYC).
We.entered the grounds through an entrance arch,
that opens onto an enormous expanse of lawn.,
perhaps twenty acres. The caves are located at
a depth of... 150 ft and are entered through a
small building having a long flight of steep
stairs. Once underground, we walked through a
maze of rock-lined tunnels that lead eventually
into a series of rooms lined with calcite sta-
lagtites and stalagmites) frosty white and
beige crystals formed like icicles. The entire
cavern is illuminated by small electric light
bulbs attached to the walls. After a forty-five
minute walk., we exited the caves through a large
metal door giving access to a square cross-
sectional shaft with stairs leading to the
surface.
Following the experimental period, the
scientist observer called the subject in New
York., forty-five minutes after we left the
caves. The opening statements of the subject's
transcript as dictated over the phone and posted
to the SRI experimenters is as follows:
FIGURE 8 OHIO CAVES: DESCRIBED BY
SUBJECT IN NEW YORK AS,
"UNDERGROUND CAVES OR MINES.
DEEP SHAFTS.... DARKER, COOL,
MOIST EARTH-SMELLING PASSAGES.
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"1:50 I'M before starting--
Flat semi-industrial countryside with
mountain range in background and some-
thing to do with underground caves or
mines or deep shafts--half man made,
half natural--some electric humming
going on--throbbing, inner 'throbbing.
Nuclear or some very far out and
possibly secret installation--corridor--
mazes of them--whole underground city
almost--Don't like it at all--long for
outdoors and nature. 2:00 PM--
(Experimenters) R and H walking along
sunny road--entering into arbor-like
shaft--again looks like man helped
nature--vines (wisteria) growing in
arch at entrance like to a wine
cellar--leading into underground world.
Darker earth-smelling cool moist
passage with something grey and of
interest on left of them--musty--
sudden change to bank of elevators--a
very man-made steel wall--and shaft-
like inverted silo going deep below
earth--brightly lit . . .it
She concludes with
"I see a lot of gold and metal and
silver-gold glow all over--not much
sound--very silent factory--scary--few
people--very special."
As is often the case, one observes that the
basic gestalt of the target site is cognized
and even experienced, while specifics are mis-
interpreted.
New Orleans-California
Two experiments carried out between New
Orleans and Menlo Park, CA, constitute the
latest members of the long-distance series, five
experiments of which have been completed to date
(all reported here). These were carried out
with the two subjects who had participated in
the New York-California experiments.
During an extensive cross-country trip, we
arranged to conduct two experiments between New
Orleans and Menlo Park, CA, one each way. The
Menlo Park subject was not told in what city the
outbound experimenter was located. He knew only
that the outbound experimenter was in the cen-
tral time zone.
For the first experiment (subject in Menlo
Park) it was agreed that at 12:00 noon CST on a
particular day, the outbound experimenter would
choose a target location in his city by random
protocol and remain there for the required fif-
teen minutes. During this time, the subject in
Menlo Park would tape-record his impressions and
make any drawings that seemed appropriate. (The
AIWA net was not available because of computer
not malfunction.)
The target chosen by randomized entry into
a New Orleans guide book list was the Louisian..
Superdomo. The outbound experimenter tape-
recorded the following description as he looker
at the building. "It is a bright sunshine day.
In front of me is a huge silvery building with
white dome gleaming in the sun. It is a circu-
lar building with metal sides. It looks like
nothing so much as a flying saucer. The targci
is in fact the 80,000-seat Louisiana Superdome
stadium."
The subject in Menlo Park described the
target as "a large circular building with a
white dome'." He also expressed feelings of
wanting to reject what he saw because the dome
looked to him "like a flying saucer in the
middle of a city." Some appreciation for this
perception can be obtained from Figure 9 in
which the target is shown, together with the
sketches that the subject made.
The most recent experiment in this series
involved a subject in New Orleans viewing acti,
ities of a group of three people known to her,
at a location in the Palo Alto/Menlo Park area
2000 miles away. Her principal impression was
of a "overhang of a building over their heads
. . also a round gold rim around a sunken de-
pression." The target, a bank building is she
in Figure 10. Principal features of the targe
include a dramatic building overhang, and a
rectangular concrete depression with a fountai
in which the water comes out of a circular gel
rim. The subject also reported "some kind of
fake china flowers mushrooming out of the de-
pression." There were four orange lamps mount
ed on the gold rim. Finally, she reported
"there was a projectile coming toward David (c
of the outbound experimenters). Like a ball c
frisbee, as if Elizabeth (another experimente)
has tossed him a ball." Actually the experi-
menters had found a paper airplane lying on tl
ground and had thrown it back and forth for
some period of time. In fact, the photo of t]
site taken at the time of the experiment show
the airplane between them. This is one of the
few times that a remote viewing subject has pi
ceived rapid motion at the target site.
The results obtained to date in the long
distance remote viewing series appear to be
roughly of the same caliber as those obtained
local remote viewing experiments. The descri
tions not only contain correct information
beyond that expected by chance, but also show
remarkable detail and resolution. Although e
tensive data must be taken before a final co elusion can be reached, we are led to conclud
at this point that there is little, if any, d
gradation in quality of perception as the sut
ject-target distance is increased from a few
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 Approved For Rel
LONG DISTANCE REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT - SRI,
MENLO PARK, TO LOUISIANA SUPERDOME. SUBJECT
DESCRIBED LARGE CIRCULAR BUILDING WITH A WHITE
DOME. 31 OCTOBER 1976.
miles to transcontinental distances. The re-
sults obtained on the basis of viewing a New
York site from SRI in Menlo Park, California,
three thousand miles away, for example, are
similar to those obtained in local remote view-
ing experiments. Any theory of paranormal func-
tioning put forward at this time should take
this insensitivity to distance into account.
PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS
POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE TO PSI PHENOMENA
One
of the common objections to the exis-
tence
of
so-called paranormal functioning is
that
it
would seem to be in conflict with the
laws
of
physics. Our investigations., however,
have
led us to the contrary view that the data
can in all probability be accounted for either
within the framework of physics as presently
understood, or within the framework of extra-
polations that haveibeon proposed to account for
other (non-psychic),data. In fact, we antici-
pate that not only can we use physical princi-
pies to help us understand psi phenomena, but
the psi data base will probably shed light or
some of the current problems in physics, e.g.
with regard to the foundations of quantum
theory, and for geometrical models of space-
time events such as exist in relativity theo In this section we outline how we are making
of our experimental data base to deduce the
relevant physical principles and laws that
govern psi functioning.
In addition to attempting to determine
whether psi phenomena are generally compatib
with the laws and content of physics as presently codified, we are also examining the i of specific physical theories in modeling ps
phenomena. The areas of physics we have and
consideration as potentially relevant to mod
ing psi phenomena include: the possibility
remote viewing is mediated by extremely low-
frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves;12-17
possible significance for remote viewing of
Bell's theorem18 and the Einstein-Podolsky-R
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{
Circular Fountain in
Concrete Depression
REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT - NEW ORLEANS TO PALO ALTO, 30 OCTOBER 1976.
SUBJECT DESCRIBED: "THE OVERHANG OF A BUILDING OVER THEIR HEADS," ALSO
"A ROUND GOLD RIM AROUND A SUNKEN DEPRESSION" .... "IN THE SURFACE OF
THE DEPRESSION THERE IS SOME KIND OF FAKE CHINA FLOWERS. IT'S LIKE A
BONSAI TREE MUSHROOMING OUT OF THE SURFACE." LATER IN THE TRANSCRIPT
SHE SAID "THERE WAS A PROJECTILE COMING TOWARD DAVE. SOME KIND OF A
PROJECTILE, LIKE A BALL OR FRISBEE. AS IF ELIZABETH TOSSED HIM A BALL."
(IT WAS A PAPER AIRPLANE.)
(EPR) paradoxl9 of quantum theory which empha-
size that "no theory of reality compatible with
quantum theory can require spatially separated
events to be independent,"20 but must permit
interconnectedness of distant events in a manner
that is contrary to ordinary experience2l-22
(experimentally confirmed at the microscopic
level) ~3-24 the proper interpretation of the
effect of an observer (consciousness) on experi-
mental measurement,, 25-26 of possible signifi-
cance in psychokinesis; the possibility that the
causality-reversing tachyon 77 or advanced-po-
tential solutions of physics may play a role in
precognition;28-30 the potential relevance (for
a general theory of psi phenomena) of theories
based on geometries which provide for a more
extended structure of the space-time metric.*
To indicate the tenor of our approach, let us
consider briefly two examples from this list.
A reasonable first hypothesis is that re-
mote viewing is mediated by extremely low-
frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves, a hypot
esis that does not seem to be ruled out by and
obvious physical or biological facts.
* We wish to acknowledge the technical contri-
butions of Elizabeth A. Rauscher, a consultai
to SRI on leave from Lawrence Berkeley Labor!
tory, who has done extensive research on phy:
cal theories relevant to psi functioning; in
particular, work on multidimensional
geometries.
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This hypothesis, put forward by I. M. Kogan
of the Soviet Union, suggests that information
transfer under conditions of sensory shielding
is mediated by EI1' waves with wavelengths in the
300 to 1000-km region.12-15 Experimental sup-
port for the hypothesis is claimed on the basis
of: less than inverse square attenuation with
distance, compatible both with earth-ionosphere
wavcguide mode trapping, with source-percipient
distances lying in the induction field range as
opposed to the radiation field range; observed
low bit rates (0.005-0.1 bits/s) compatible with
the information carrying capacity of ELL' waves;
apparent ineffectiveness of ordinary electro-
magnetic shielding as an attenuator;and stan-
dard antenna calculations entailing biologically
generated currents yielding results compatible
with observed signal-to-noise ratios.
On the negative side with regard to a
straightforward ELF interpretation as a blanket
hypothesis are: (a) apparent high-resolution,
real-time descriptions of remote activities in
sufficient detail to require a channel capacity
in all probability greater than that allowed by
a conventional modulation of an ELF signal; (b)
lack of a proposed mechanism for coding (and
decoding) the information onto the proposed ELF
carrier; and (c) apparent precognition data.
The hypothesis must nonetheless remain open at
this stage of research, since it is conceivable
that counterindication (a) may eventually be
circumvented on the basis that the apparent high
resolution and high bit rate results from a mix-
ture of low bit rate input and high bit rate
"filling in the blanks" from imagination; coun-
terindication (b) is common to a number of nor-
mal perceptual tasks and may therefore simply
reflect a lack of sophistication on our part with
regard to perceptual functioning;28 and counter-
indication (c) may be accommodated by an ELF
hypothesis if advanced waves as well as retarded
waves are admitted.29,32
Experimentation to determine whether the ELF
hypothesis is viable can be carried out by the
use of ELF sources as targets, by the study of
parametric dependence on propagational directions
and diurnal timing by experimentation under
unusual conditions of shielding (e.g., in a
submarine), and by the exploration of interfer-
ence effects caused by creation of a high-
intensity ELF environment during experimentation.
All of these are under consideration in our
laboratory and elsewhere.
Eecause of the apparent difficulties with
the ELF hypothesis, especially in accounting
for the relatively high resolution and data rate
of paranormal perception, serious consideration
is being given to alternative mechanisms. A
more speculative, but promising, hypothesis,
which could in principle account for both remote
viewing and precognition, was developed in con
junction with Gerald Feinberg of Columbia
University. It is proposed that the ordinary
Minkowski 4-space (three spatial, one temporal
coordinates) might simply be the real part of
eight-dimensional complex space-time. For thi;
generalized coordinate model we let the spatia
coordinates x - x + ix', and similarly for time
t - t + it'. Analogous to the expression for
the square of the distance between two points
Minkowski 4-space,
As2 = Ax2 - c2At2
we take the corresponding expression in the con
plex 8-space to be
As2 ASAs* = Ax 2. + Ax`2 - c2At2 - c2At#2
With regard to modeling remote viewing in
real. time (At = 0), we can construct situation:
in which the remaining first, second, and
fourth terms in the above equation add to zero
(As = 0). Therefore, even though there is an
ordinary (3-space) separation Ax between the is
points, the distance in the complex 8-space is
reduced to zero. Under the hypothesis that the
imaginary (primed) coordinates are accessible
to consciousness, reduction of the 8-space
separation to zero could in principle provide
for a coupling between remote viewer and target
site. Given the additional geometrical channe_
provided by this model, a similar argument can
be mounted to account for precognition (As = 0
for At < 0). We thus have the possibility of
geometrical interpretation of the "Quantum
Interconnectedness" principle by which events
remote in spacetime are nonetheless connected 1
non-local correlations, 22-24 or, in this inter.
pretation, by the nature of the fabric of
spacetime itself.
We are presently pursuing the implication:
of these and other models. Our goal in these
investigations is to develop a theoretical
structure to account for the data at hand, and
to predict new, testable experimental outcomes
In this paper we have described our inves,
tigation of particular aspects of paranormal
functioning of human subjects. Specifically,
have examined the human capability to access a
describe, by mental processes, information
sources blocked from ordinary perception by re
son of distance and shielding. We have found
remote sensing to be a robust phenomenon in
which experienced and inexperienced subjects z;.
able to describe in words and drawings both th
location and actions of experimenters placed a
undisclosed sites at varying distances from tli
subjects.
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? 1 t
From over seventy experiments with remote
John Bisaha and B. J. Dunne, ""Precognitiv,
remote viewing in the Chicago area, a rep-
lication of the Stanford experiment,"
Research in Parapsychology 1976. Metuchen,
NJ: The Scarecrow Press Inc. (in press).
sensing, we have obtained three principal find-
ings. First, we have established that it is
-possible to acquire significant amounts of in-
formation about remote locations. Second, the
physical distance separating the subject from
the scene--even distances ranging over thousands-
of kilometers in recent transcontinental experi-
ments--does not appear to lessen the accuracy of
the perception. Third, the use of Faraday cage
electrical shielding does not in any apparent
way degrade the quality of the description
obtained.
One of the purposes of our research is to
make use of the remote perception experimental
data base to deduce the relevant physical prin-
ciples and laws that govern paranormal function-
ing. In pursuit of this goal we are endeavoring
to define the level of compatibility of para-
normal phenomena with the laws of physics as
presently understood and to examine the limits
of specific physical theories in modeling these
phenomena. To this end, we have considered some
physical models potentially applicable to remote
perception, but further investigation must be
pursued. Therefore, we plan to continue our
research efforts in the belief that not only can
we use physical principles to help bring about
an understanding of psi phenomena, but we an-
ticipate that the psi data base may make a con-
tribution toward the clarification of certain
existing problems in physics.
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