FOREIGN POLICY ISSUES FOCUSED IN ROUTINE AUTHORIZATION BILL

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• Publication Date: December 3, 1983
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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Foreign Policy - 3
U.N. Funding to Vatican:
Foreign Policy Issues Focused
In Routine Authorization Bill
Normally routine legislation mak-
ing authorizations for the State De-
partment and related agencies became
the focus for extended debates this
fall on broad foreign policy issues
ranging from the United Nations to
U.S. relations with the Vatican.
Congress normally handles such
issues in its annual authorizations for
foreign aid programs. But the foreign
aid legislation for fiscal years 1984-85
died in both chambers. (Weekly Re-
port p. 2435)
Members of Congress turned to
the State Department bills (HR 2915,
S 1342) when they had something to
say about foreign policy. That was es-
pecially true in the Senate, which con-
sidered the State Department authori-
zation Sept. 22-23 and Oct. 19-20.
(Background, Weekly Report pp.
2294, 2243)
The Senate added 65 amend-
ments, most of which had little direct
connection with the legislation. Rep.
Dante B. Fascell, D-Fla., the manager
of the House bill, remarked that sena-
tors used the bill "as an opportunity
to express themselves on every known
subject."
House-Senate conferees accepted
many of the foreign policy amend-
ments, but the conference nearly
foundered on two of them.
One was a demand by Sen. Robert
Dole, R-Kan., that Fascell relinquish
his chairmanship of a joint committee,
called the Commission on Security
and Cooperation in Europe, formed in
1976 to monitor the so-called Helsinki
accords between communist and non-
communist nations. That issue was
settled outside of the conference when
Dole moved to establish the Senate's
own committee. (Box, p. 2528)
The other contentious dispute
was the House's refusal to accept a
Senate amendment that sought to
shore up the constitutionality of the
1973 War Powers Resolution. That
law requires congressional approval
for extended deployments of U.S.
troops in combat. Senate conferees ul-
timately gave in to the House's refusal
to budge on the issue.
Conferees filed their report on
HR 2915 (H Rept 98-563) Nov. 17. It
was adopted by the House later that
day by voice vote and by the Senate
on Nov. 18, also by voice vote.
President Reagan signed the bill
into law (PL 98-164) Nov. 22. It au-
thorized $3.2 billion in fiscal 1984 and
$3.5 billion in fiscal 1985 for the State
Department, the United States In-
formation Agency (USIA), the Board
for International Broadcasting and
other programs. (Chart, next page)
United Nations
During consideration of the State
Department bill, U.S. participation in
the United Nations became a serious
issue. Although there was never a
chance that Congress would vote to
pull out of the United Nations, the
1983 debate did mark the first time in
years that Congress gave more than a
passing nod to those who criticized the
world body.
The most direct legislative chal-
lenge to the United Nations was an
amendment sponsored by Nancy Lan-
don Kassebaum, R-Kan., and adopted
by the Senate Sept. 22. (Background,
Weekly Report p. 2021)
The amendment mandated sharp
cuts in future U.S. contributions to
-By John Felton
the United Nations. Kassebaum said
she did not oppose the United Nations
but merely wanted to subject it to
tighter financial discipline.
The Kassebaum amendment af-
fected only "assessed" contributions
to U.N. agencies - those contribu-
tions that are legally binding upon the
United States under various treaties
and agreements. Agencies covered by
the amendment were the United Na-
tions itself, the U.N. Educational, Sci-
entific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO), the World Health Orga-
nization, the Food and Agricultural
Organization and the International
Labor Organization.
Not covered by the amendment
were U.S. "voluntary" contributions
to several U.N. organizations, which
are authorized and appropriated in
foreign aid bills.
As adopted by the Senate Sept.
22, the amendment would have lim-
ited total U.S. mandatory contribu-
tions in 1984 to the 1980 calendar year
contributions to each organization.
Contributions for calendar years 1985-
87 would have been limited to 90 per-
cent, 80 percent and 70 percent, re-
spectively, of the 1980 level.
The House had no comparable
provision, and House conferees vigor-
ously opposed any major cutback in
contributions to the United Nations.
Several Senate conferees had for years
fought similar efforts to reduce U.N.
funding and were clearly uncomfort-
able in defending their chamber's po-
sition.
A compromise was offered by Sen.
Conferees limited U.S. aid to the United Nations for 1984 to the 1983 level.
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Foreign Policy - 4
State Department Authorization, Fiscal 1984-85
HR 2915 (PL 98-164) made the following authorizations in fiscal years
1984-85 for the State Department and related agencies:
(in thousands of dollars)
10
0
Fiscal 1984
Fiscal 1985
Request
Authorization
Request
Authorization
State Department
$1,479,713
$1,490,213
$1,580,820
$1,580,820
International Organizations
602,343
602,843
645,978
602,343
International Commissions
23,207
23,207
27,503
25,355
Bilateral science/technology agreements
1,700
1,700
1,700
1,700
Asia Foundation
(10,000)'
10,000
(10,000)'
10,000
Migration/refugee assistance
344,500
344,500
326,400
326,400
United States Information Agency
711,427
648,848
871,039
808,739
Board for International Broadcasting
115,702
106,055
121,268
111,251
Inter-American Foundation
10,705
16,000
z
16,000
' For each fiscal year, the administration request for the Asia Foun- ' For fiscal 1985, the administration requested "such sums as may be
dation was included within the request for the United States Informa- necessary" for the Inter-American Foundation.
tion Agency.
Richard G. Lugar, R-Ind., who said
that a failure by conferees to reduce
U.N. funds would jeopardize the bill's
chances of passage in the Senate.
Lugar's compromise, adopted by
the conference, froze total U.S. con-
tributions to the United Nations and
its major agencies for 1984 at the 1983
level. It placed no similar restriction
on 1985 contributions.
The conference agreement came
under immediate attack from some
conservatives, who said it abandoned
the approach of the Senate amend-
ment. Sen. Jesse Helms, R-N.C., for
one, claimed that Kassebaum's
amendment would have saved $533
million over fiscal years 1984-87 but
Lugar's substitute would save only $65
million.
Conferees adopted, in whole, an-
other Senate amendment calling for a
thorough review of U.S. participation
in the United Nations. Among the
items to be included in the review
were U.S. financial contributions, how
the United Nations helps fulfill U.S.
policy objectives and the benefits de-
rived by the United States from its
participation in the United Nations.
The president was asked, but not re-
quired, to report his recommendations
on those matters to Congress by June
30, 1984.
In other U.N.-related matters, the
bill:
? Prohibited U.S. assessed con-
tributions that would provide any
benefits to the Palestine Liberation
Organization or the South-West Af-
rica People's Organization. The secre-
tary of state was directed to conduct
an annual study to determine whether
any U.S. contributions were being
used to benefit those organizations.
? Required the secretary of state to
report to Congress by Jan. 31 of each
year on the foreign policies of each
nation belonging to international
organizations of which the United
States was a member. Among the sub-
jects to be included in the report were
the votes of each nation on issues of
concern to the United States.
? Required the United States to
suspend participation in the United
Nations or any U.N. agency that had
expelled Israel or in any way had de-
nied Israel its right to participate. The
provision reflected longstanding ad-
ministration and congressional policy.
Project Democracy
Conferees approved $31.3 million
for USIA grants each year to the Na-
tional Endowment for Democracy, a
new agency that will funnel the money'
to organizations to promote democ-
racy overseas. The endowment is the
result of separate proposals in the last
two years by the Reagan administra-
tion for a "Project Democracy" and by
a bipartisan study group called the
"Democracy Program." (Background,
Weekly Report pp. 1177, 1112)
The bill earmarked annual grants
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of $13.8 million to the Free Trade
Union Institute, an arm of the AFL-
CIO, and $2.5 million to the National
Chamber Foundation, an arm of the
U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Among
the programs likely to be funded by
the grants are training seminars and
trips to the United States for foreign
politicians, labor leaders and business-
men.
Conferees accepted a House pro-
vision that deleted language
earmarking $5 million each for endow-
ment grants to special institutes es-
tablished by the Republican and Dem-
ocratic parties. The House in June
had deleted those grants, on a 267-136
vote, after several members said the
U.S. government should not be subsi-
dizing overseas activities by the politi-
cal parties. (Vote 175, p. 1186)
Rep. Fascell, interim chairman of
the endowment and its chief legisla-
tive sponsor, noted that the confer-
ence action merely deleted a specific
earmarking of funds for the party in-
stitutes and did not prevent the en-
dowment from making grants to them.
The national chairmen of the two par-
ties sit on the endowment's board of
directors, and Fascell said the endow-
ment probably will make grants to the
party institutes. But the grants "cer-
tainly will not go above" the $5 million
that had been earmarked before the
House action, he said.
In related provisions, the bill di-
rected that the endowment could
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Foreign Policy - 5
Battle Brews Between Two Chambers .. .
Attending meetings of the Commission on Security
and Cooperation in Europe "is like watching grass grow,"
says Sen. Robert Dole, R-Kan.
Even so, Dole wants to be chairman of the commis-
sion, a U.S. organization consisting of six senators, six
House members and three executive branch officials.
Dole has used virtually every conceivable legislative
tool to unseat the only chairman the so-called Helsinki
commission has had in its seven years of obscure exis-
tence, Rep. Dante B. Fascell, D-Fla.
So far, Dole has failed. Fascell remains as chairman.
Dole is co-chairman.
Dole acknowledges that Fascell has done a "good
job" as chairman and that the commission is less than a
vital instrument of U.S. public policy. He also confesses:
"I've participated in some of the hearings, but I admit
I've been less than active."
So why does Dole want the job, starting in 1984? One
reason, Dole admitted, is that Fascell "considers it his
property." Furthermore, he said, all other joint Senate-
House committees have rotating chairmanships, and the
Helsinki commission should be no exception.
Dole denies any suggestion that he wants the chair-
"It's the most
excitement
we've had in
this little orga-
nization for
some time."
-Sen. Robert Dole,
R-Kan.
make grants only to private groups
and could not itself carry out pro-
grams, prohibited U.S. government
employees from being paid by the en-
dowment, required the endowment to
submit an annual report to the presi-
dent for transmittal to Congress and
required officers of the endowment to
testify before congressional commit-
tees when asked.
Conferees dropped a Senate pro-
vision, sponsored by William Prox-
mire, D-Wis., that would have prohib-
ited the endowment from employing
anyone who had been engaged in
intelligence activities since 1963.
Proxmire had said such a prohibition
was needed to ensure that the endow-
ment would not be used as a "cover"
manship to bolster his foreign affairs credentials for a
1988 run at the presidency.
Fascell said he has no personal claim on the commis-
sion and is "perfectly willing" to give up the chairman-
ship - but not yet.
Noting that he had been appointed chairman for the
98th Congress, which runs through 1984, he said: "I was
appointed chairman in this Congress by the Speaker. I
didn't particularly appreciate the idea that my term
would be terminated for whatever reason in the middle of
it.
At the end of the 1983 session of Congress, Dole
produced his ultimate weapon. S Res 286, passed by the
Senate on Nov. 18, says that if Fascell will not give up
control of the commission, the Senate will establish its
own committee. Dole will be chairman.
Fascell's response: "Let 'em."
Background
Congress established the commission in 1976. Its pur-
pose is to monitor international compliance with the 1975
Helsinki agreement, under which the United States, the
Soviet Union, Canada and most European nations
pledged to respect human rights.
By law (PL 94-304), the commission's chairman is
appointed by the Speaker of the House. Fascell has
chaired the commission since its founding. (1976 Alma-
nac p. 266; 1975 Almanac p. 294)
The commission conducts hearings and issues semi-
annual reports on human rights in Soviet-bloc countries.
Fascell, Dole and other members were delegates to meet-
ings - held sporadically in Madrid, Spain, from 1979
until July 1983 - to review the Helsinki accord.
The commission has a 17-member staff, headquar-
tered in a House office building. The staff, Dole said, has
been at the root of his dispute with Fascell.
When Republicans took over the Senate in 1981,
Dole became the ranking senator on the commission. Dole
said he demanded, and got, permission to appoint Senate
staff representatives. Early this year, Fascell fired Dole's
for intelligence agents to work abroad.
In exchange for Proxmire's agree-
ment to drop the amendment, CIA Di-
rector William J. Casey wrote the sen-
ator promising that no intelligence
agents would be assigned to the en-
dowment unless Proxmire had ap-
proved.
Narcotics Control
The bill included a sweeping new
provision designed to encourage Paki-
stan, Thailand and other countries to
crack down on the production and ex-
port of illicit narcotics, especially
opium and cocaine. While not naming
any of those countries, the provision
threatened suspension of U.S. aid to
any nation that failed to take ade-
COPYRIGHT 1983 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY W.
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quate steps on the issue.
Pakistan is the world's second-
largest producer of opium (after Iran)
and also receives one of the biggest
doses of U.S. aid: $586 million in mili-
tary, economic and development aid
in fiscal 1984. Thailand also is a major
producer of opium and is scheduled to
receive $140 million in U.S. aid in fis-
cal 1984.
The two major producers of co-
caine, Colombia and Bolivia, are
scheduled to receive $22 million and
$30 million in U.S. aid, respectively.
Iran, Burma and other major nar-
cotics-producing countries receive lit-
tle or no U.S. aid.
The issue was raised in both
houses in 1983. The pending House
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Foreign Policy - 6
...Over Chairmanship of Obscure Panel
personal representative.
"That told me I wasn't really co-chairman; I was just
along for the ride," Dole said.
The'incident renewed Dole's interest in taking over
the chairmanship, and he wrote to Fascell asking him to
agree to a change in the law so that a senator - namely
Dole - could take the gavel in 1984. According to Dole,
Fascell refused to relinquish his post before 1986. For his
part, Fascell said he is willing to give up the chair when
his term expires in January 1985.
To force the issue, Dole inserted a provision in the
Senate version of the fiscal 1984 State Department appro-
priations bill (HR 3222) denying the $550,000 commission
budget unless a senator was given the chairmanship. The
amendment was later dropped.
"He said that was a tactical move to get my atten-
tion," Fascell said. "He certainly got my attention."
Still, the two could not agree, so on Oct. 20 Dole
offered, and the Senate approved, another amendment to
a State Department authorization bill (S 1342, HR 2915).
That amendment said a House member would chair the
commission in odd-numbered years and a senator would
chair it in even-numbered years.
The issue tied up a conference committee on the bill
for several weeks. Finally, Dole said, House conferee
Larry Smith, D-Fla., suggested that the Senate create its
own Helsinki commission. Dole agreed and withdrew his
amendment.
On Nov. 17, Senate Majority Leader Howard H.
Baker Jr., R-Tenn., acting on Dole's behalf, introduced S
Res 286, creating the Senate Special Committee on Secu-
rity and Cooperation in Europe, with its own staff and
budget.
That committee would come into existence in Janu-
ary 1984 but only if Congress had not passed legislation
rotating the Fascell commission chairmanship starting in
1985 and giving the chairman and co-chairman equal
budget authority.
The Senate passed S Res 286 on Nov. 18, by voice
vote, and Baker immediately appointed Dole chairman,
foreign aid authorization bill (HR
2992) would have curtailed aid to nar-
cotics-producing countries; that bill
never reached the House floor in 1983.
(Weekly Report p. 1227)
While acting on the State Depart-
ment bill, the Senate Oct. 19 adopted,
96-0, an amendment by Paula Haw-
kins, R-Fla., suspending aid to coun-
tries that failed to meet projected re-
ductions in narcotics production.
(Senate vote 294, p. 2195)
A compromise worked out by con-
ferees on the State Department bill
resembled the Senate provision in
most respects. Its major provisions
were:
? A requirement that the president
submit an annual report to Congress
with three other Republican members. No Democrats
have yet agreed to serve.
Fascell said he had no objection to the Senate com-
mittee, even though "there might appear to be a duplica-
tion at this point that is unnecessary." At any rate, his
commission will continue to function, he said.
"I don't think it will take away from our commis-
sion," said Fascell. "There is plenty of work out there. We
claim we're doing a good job, doing a lot, but we certainly
don't claim that we're doing it all."
"I didn't par-
ticularly appre-
ciate the idea
that my term
would be termi-
nated for what-
ever reason in
the middle of it."
-Rep. Dante B.
Fascell, D-Fla.
Dole said the concept of separate committees is noth-
ing new to Congress. "We have different committees on
taxes, on appropriations," he said. "So it's not any great
precedent to have different committees on security and
cooperation in Europe."
Besides, he said, members of Congress may pay more
attention to Helsinki issues now that a senator and a
House member have battled to a draw.
"It's the most excitement we've had in this little
organization for some time," he said.
-By John Felton
on narcotics production and traffick-
ing in each nation that is a major
source of narcotics in the United
States. The report was to describe
each country's plans for ending nar-
cotics production, the "maximum
achievable reductions" that could be
expected for the following fiscal year
and the actual reductions that had
been made in the previous fiscal year.
? A requirement that the president
suspend U.S. direct aid to any narcot-
ics-producing country that had failed
to take adequate steps to prevent nar-
cotics from entering the United
States. U.S. representatives to inter-
national financial institutions, such as
the World Bank, also were to vote
against loans for such countries. In de-
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ciding whether to terminate aid to any
country, the president was to deter-
mine whether its actions had resulted
in the maximum reductions he had
said were achievable.
? A requirement that, once sus-
pended, aid could not be resumed un-
til the president reported to Congress
that the affected country had
submitted a plan to curtail narcotics
production and exports, and had
taken legal measures to enforce that
plan.
Conferees noted that the provi-
sion gave the president greater flex-
ibility than many members of Con-
gress had wanted to give him on the
issue. But, noting the 96-0 vote in the
Senate, conferees said that if the pres-
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Foreign Policy - 7
ident abused the flexibility, "a more
rigid requirement ... can be expected
in the future."
However, conferees implicitly
gave the administration permission to
brush aside the narcotics control pro-
vision in 1984, noting that it might not
be possible to gather all the informa-
tion to enforce the provision in time
for the January 1984 budget submis-
sions to Congress covering fiscal 1985.
But they said they expected full com-
pliance for all future budget requests.
dent was asked to: "respond construc-
tively" to a Canadian offer to reduce
its emissions of sulfur dioxide into the
air by 50 percent before 1990 if the
United States did the same; negotiate
"as expeditiously as possible" an
agreement with Canada for significant
reductions in transboundary air pollu-
tion while keeping economic disloca-
tions in both countries to a minimum;
consider initiation of programs to de-
velop new technologies for reduction
of air pollution; and instruct the secre-
tary of state to report to Congress by
Dec. 1, 1983, on progress toward
achieving an acid rain reduction
agreement with Canada.
Danger Pay. Both the Senate
and House bills had included provi-
sions allowing the State Department
to give special pay supplements to
diplomats in areas of potential danger
even if members of their families were
stationed with them. Previously, the
State Department had refused to give
danger pay to diplomats who were ac-
companied by their families to such
strife-torn areas as El Salvador and
Lebanon. In authorizing such pay, the
conferees said they were recognizing
the "realities" of overseas life and
were not encouraging diplomats to
take their families along on dangerous
assignments.
Reprogramming. The bill put
into law informal arrangements under
which the State Department and the
USIA notified Congress before re-
programming, or transferring, money
from one account to another. Under
the bill, the agencies were required to
notify the Foreign Affairs and Foreign
Relations committees 15 days before
spending any money that had been
reprogrammed.
U.S. Embassies. The bill re-
quired that American firms be
awarded contracts to build U.S. em-
bassies and other State Department
facilities valued at $5 million or more.
The secretary of state could waive the
requirement on a case-by-base basis in
the interest of U.S. relations with a
host country.
Vatican. Conferees retained a
Senate amendment repealing an 1867
law that had prohibited the establish-
ment of a U.S. diplomatic mission at
the Vatican. There have been recent
calls in both chambers for the estab-
lishment of diplomatic ties between
the United States and the Vatican.
Pre-publication Review. Con-
ferees retained a Senate amendment
that delayed until April 15, 1984, the
implementation of new rules requiring
all former U.S. government employees
to submit any writings to the govern-
ment for review prior to publication.
The amendment's sponsor, Sen.
Charles McC. Mathias Jr., R-Md., had
wanted the delay to encourage the ad-
ministration to drop or modify the
proposed new rules.
Salvadoran Immigrants. The
bill expressed the sense of Congress
that several hundred thousand citi-
zens of El Salvador who arrived in the
United States before Jan. 1, 1983,
should be granted "extended volun-
tary departure status." That status
enables aliens to remain in the United
States after their visas expire if they
can show that their lives would be inc.
jeopardy if they returned home.
Endangered Species. The bill
declared that the protection of endan-
gered animal and plant species is an
important U.S. policy objective and
authorized the president to provide
aid to help foreign countries establish
wildlife sanctuaries and other pro-
grams to protect them.
Soviet Studies. Conferees ac-
cepted a Senate provision earmarking
up to $5 million in fiscal 1984 and $5
million in 1985 for research and train-
ing in Soviet and Eastern European
studies. Grants for fellowships and re-
search programs would be awarded by
the State Department on the advice of
a new Soviet-Eastern European Stud-
ies Advisory Board, composed of gov-
ernment officials and representatives
of various academic groups.
South Africa. The bill ear-
marked $500,000 in fiscal 1984 and $1
million in fiscal 1985, from State De-
partment funds, for grants to private
agencies and international organiza-
tions to promote human rights in
South Africa.
Syrian Aid. The bill repealed
about $80 million in previously ap-
proved foreign aid to Syria, except for
the training of Syrian students who
began their studies before the bill was
enacted. A similar provision was in-
cluded in the second continuing
appropriations resolution (H J Res
413 - PL 98-151) for fiscal 1984.
Refugee Aid. For fiscal 1984,
the bill earmarked $10 million under
the migration and refugee account for
relief of displaced persons in El Salva-
dor. At least $5 million, and up to $25
million, also was set aside for refugee
relief in Lebanon.
CoCom. The bill authorized $2
million under the international orga-
nizations account to modernize the fa-
cilities and procedures of the Coordi-
0
Other Provisions
Other issues addressed in the bill
included:
War Powers. Because of the ad-
amant opposition of House Foreign
Affairs Committee Chairman Clement
J. Zablocki, D-Wis., conferees dropped
a Senate amendment that was in-
tended to bolster the constitutionality
of the 1973 War Powers Resolution
(PL 93-148).
Sponsored by Senate Minority
Leader Robert C. Byrd, D-W.Va., the
provision would have required Con-
gress to pass a joint resolution in order
to force a president to withdraw U.S.
forces from combat overseas. To take
effect, a joint resolution would have to
be signed by the president or enacted
into law over his signature.
The War Powers Resolution had
enabled Congress to force a with-
drawal of troops by passing a concur-
rent resolution, which does not require
presidential approval. In a June 23 de-
cision, the Supreme Court ruled such
"legislative vetoes" unconstitutional.
(Weekly Report p. 1265)
Zablocki, an original author of the
War Powers Resolution, opposed
Byrd's amendment, saying it was un-
certain that the Supreme Court deci-
sion applied to the War Powers Reso-
lution. In an,y event, he said, Congress
should not address such an important
issue by amending the State Depart-
ment bill.
The bill did contain a new provi-
sion limiting Senate debate to 20
hours on any bill or joint resolution to
force the withdrawal of U.S. forces
from overseas combat.
Acid Rain. Conferees retained a
Senate provision stating the sense of
Congress that the president should
take several steps to deal with the
problem of "acid rain." Environmen-
talists charge that acid rain results
from industrial air pollution and dam-
ages lakes and streams in the North-
east United States and Canada.
Among other things, the presi-
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Congress set pr\Wties to curb illicit
drugs, such as cocaj.t`e grown in Bolivia.
nating Committee N \h Export Controls
(called CoCom), A U.S.-European
agency that seeks 4,, control exports of
sensitive technolti. to the Soviet
Union and its allir?;,
Inter-parliaHlentary Groups.
On an issue of dirt,, y interest to mem-
bers of Congress, t, lie bill authorized
funds for congress nal participation
in international parliamentary groups:
$50,000 annually for the United
States-European k'\)mmunity Inter-
parliamentary Gro`tlj and $450,000 for
the U.S. expenses 1h hosting the an-
Assembly. of of tlhe North Atlantic
.
Exchange P,,ngrams. Confer-
ees retained a Sena,Ir provision estab-
lishing a charter t,`Sr the Bureau of
Educational and Cultural Affairs
within the USIA. '1'Ne bureau adminis-
ters such exchahg~ programs as the
Fulbright-Hays '~ holarships. The
charter required the president to en-
sure that all exchange programs will
be non-political a''Id will represent
"the diversity of r\merican political,
social and cultural ~1ife."
In addition, t} (, bill earmarked
funds to double th size of the ex-
change programs b, If,
fiscal years
1982-86. Amounts ec`rrmarked for fiscal
1984 included $10k r 5 million for the
Fulbright-Hays and International Vis-
itor programs, $3."_ million for the
Humphrey Fellowship Program and
up to $7.1 million the Private Sec-
tor Program.
Environment,hl Exchanges.
Conferees adopted :y Senate provision
establishing a net program of ex-
changes between American and for-
eign scientists and experts on environ-
mental issues. The program would be
funded with 5 percent of the increase
earmarked in the bill for all exchange
programs run by USIA.
Lobbying. The bill prohibited
agencies that receive USIA grants
from using those funds to lobby or
conduct propaganda to influence deci-
sions by federal, state or local govern-
ments in the United States.
Foreign Service. The bill
maintained a Senate provision merg-
ing the USIA's Foreign Service In-
formation Corps with the State De-
partment's Foreign Service. The
merger will allow USIA officers to
compete with Foreign Services officers
for embassy chief of mission and other
high-level assignments.
Radio Free Europe. The bill
placed new limits on the salary and
benefits that could be paid the presi-
dent of Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty - starting with the next pres-
ident. The salary would be set at the
executive IV level for the federal gov-
ernment (currently $67,200), plus the
"normal" allowances and benefits pro-
vided employees of that agency under
State Department guidelines. The new
limits, contained in a House amend-
ment, were in reaction to reports that
the current Radio Free Europe/Radio
Liberty president, former Sen. James
L. Buckley, C/R-N.Y. (1971-77), was
accorded salary and benefits worth
about $200,000.
Non-proliferation. The bill in-
cluded a Senate-passed provision op-
posing all exports of nuclear supplies
and equipment to Argentina, India
and South Africa until those countries
foreswore any attempt to build nu-
clear weapons and accept interna-
tional controls (called "safeguards")
on all their nuclear facilities. The pro-
vision stated the sense of Congress on
the issue; it did not directly ban any
sales to those countries.
Conferees added a.further escape
clause saying the president could au-
thorize exports of equipment for In-
dia's Tarpur reactor, near Bombay, if
he determined that the equipment
was necessary for humanitarian rea-
sons and was not available from an-
other supplier.
India Fund. The bill authorized
the president to negotiate with India
to establish a United States-India
Fund for Cultural, Educational and
Scientific Cooperation. The fund
would finance exchange programs and
joint scholarly studies. It would be es-
COPYRIGHT 1913 CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC.
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Foreign Policy - 8
tablished with $200 million remaining
from sales in India under the PL 480
Food for Peace Program.
U.S.-Soviet Diplomats. Con-
ferees dropped a Senate provision that
would have requested the president to
seek "substantial equivalence" be-
tween the number of and restrictions
on U.S. diplomats permitted in the
Soviet Union and Soviet diplomats
permitted in the United States.
Baltic States. The bill required
that Radio Liberty broadcasts to Esto-
nia, Latvia and Lithuania be orga-
nized under a separate division. The
broadcasts also were to be given a
name that reflected the U.S. policy of
not recognizing the incorporation of
those Baltic countries into the Soviet
Union.
Khmer Rouge. Direct or indi-
rect U.S. aid to the Khmer Rouge fac-
tion in Cambodia (Kampuchea) was
prohibited by the bill. However, con-
ferees said the prohibition was not in-
tended to stop humanitarian assis-
tance to Cambodian people, even if
that aid might fall into the hands of
the Khmer Rouge.
Led by Communist Party Chair-
man Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge gov-
erned Cambodia from the fall of the
U.S.-backed government in 1975 until
1979, when Vietnam invaded and in-
stalled a puppet government in
Phnom Penh. The Pol Pot govern-
ment reportedly conducted a cam-
paign of terror that caused the deaths
of two million to three million people.
The Khmer Rouge is now fighting
the Phnom Penh regime alongside a
.pro-Western faction, the Khmer Peo-
ple's National Liberation Front, led
by Son Sann. Son Sann met with U.S.
officials in September to request arms
support but reportedly was rebuffed.
Gulf of Thailand. The bill ear-
marked $5 million in each fiscal year
for programs to combat piracy in the
Gulf of Thailand. In recent years, pi-
rates reportedly have preyed on refu-
gees fleeing from Vietnam, Thailand
and other countries.
CORRECTION
Foreign Aid Appropriations.
Weekly Report p. 2432, col. 1, 5th
paragraph: For Egypt, the fiscal 1984
continuing resolution (H J Res 413 -
PL 98-151) included $1.3 billion in
military aid and $750 million in eco-
nomic aid. I
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