CELEBRATING THE COMPUTER AGE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP90G00993R000100130003-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 20, 2012
• Sequence Number: 3
• Content Type: MISC

',1
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Celebrating the Computer Age
In the beginning - An interview with
J. Presper Eckert, co-inventor of Eniac/ 3
A Time Line: the computer age/ 14
COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY
What man will never design computers to do
by Isaac Asimov
William F. Buckley Jr./ 27, Edward Cornish/ 28,
Donn Parker/ 32, Peter Nero/ 37, Gene Amdahl/
38, Carl Hammer/ 39, Sam Nunn/ 42, Dr. Joyce
Brothers/ 46, Harold Shane/ 50
COMPUTERS AND TECHNOLOGY
Machines may think better than
but never the same as humans
by Herbert Grosch
Raymond Kurzweil/ 58, Koji Kobayashi/ 60, San-
ford Sherizen and Gary Marx/ 61, William Norris/
65, James Martin/ 68, William Casey/ 70,
Marc Gameau/ 74, Arno Penzias/ 75, Rod Can-
ion/ 76, Bob Frankston/ 80
COMPUTERS AND BUSINESS
Informational Man
by August Bequai
Russell Baker/ 90, David Kay/ 92, David Kearns/
95, Richard Crandall/ 96, Ed Esber/ 97, Gene
White/ 98, Gerald Probst/ 102, Ashley Grayson/
104, James Thornton/ 110, Adam Osborne/ 111,
Ron Schneiderman/ 112, Harley Shaiken/ 117,
Lillian Lyles/ 118, Martin Goetz/ 120,
Dan Bricklin/ 122, John Diebold/ 124, John
Imlay/ 128, Bruce Kula/ 129
HISTORY OF COMPUTING
Mavericks & geniuses of the micro age
by Lawrence Magid
Philippe Kahn/ 139, Jonathan Rotenberg/ 144,
James Beniger/ 147, John Keane/ 150,
Edmund C. Berkeley/ 152, Robert Noyce/ 154,
Gordon Bell/ 184
Historical Profiles: Computer kin/ 158, Charles
Babbage/ 159, George Boole/ 166, Herman
Hollerith/ 168, John Atanasoff/ 169, John Mauch-
ly and Presper Eckert/ 170. John,von Neumann/
20
52
84
138
INTERVIEW:
JOSHUA LEDERBERG/25
COMMENT:
CHARLES EXLEY/26
JOHN SCULLEY/36
JAY FORRESTER/37
COMPOSITES:
NANCY BURSON/31
INTERVIEW:
MARVIN MINSKY/55
COMMENT:
JOHN ROACH/58
BOBBY INMAN/63
HARRISON SCHMITT/67
AUGUST KLEIN/69
INTERVIEW:
WALTER WRISI`ON/89
COMMENT:
PETER GRACE/85
KAREN NUSSBAUM/88
ROBERT ANDERSON/96
MALCOLM BALDRIGE/98
PAOLO GUIDI/122
INTERVIEW:
GRACE HOPPER/143
TIME LINE
PRECOMPUTER AGE/160
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Supercomputers
on the way
to the CIA
BY WILLIAM CASEY
.......................................
Director, Central Intelligence Agency
Computers have played an im-
portant part in the Central Intelli-
gence Agency's activities since the
early 1960s, when the first main-
frame units were installed. At first,
these computers were used primar-
ily for administrative tasks such as
payroll and inventory, but it was
obvious from the outset that com-
puter technology could assist the
agency in its principal activity -
collecting and processing intelli-
gence information.
The computer has become an es-
sential tool in our business. The
vast amount of information pour-
ing into the agency must be quickly
distributed, stored and retrieved
by numerous individuals. That in-
formation must then be analyzed,
often with the support of comput-
er-based methodologies.
Frequently, this analysis deals
with crisis situations and must be
completed within a very short
time. Most important, the results of
this analysis must be delivered
quickly to the responsible policy-
makers to help them understand
the implications of their policy ini-
tiatives and the response to those
initiatives.
Computing power at fingertips
With the computer support now
available, CIA officers have sub-
stantial computing power at their
fingertips. For example:
^ Thousands of cabled messages
are automatically screened every
hour and routed to the appropriate
officers. The recipients read, anno-
tate, route, save and retrieve these
messages in a totally electronic en-
vironment.
^ A large-scale office automa-
tion and electronic mail system per-
mits nearly instantaneous commu-
nications among agency personnel.
^ Intelligence officers use spe-
cial CIA-designed software to man-
age the agency's technical and hu-
man collection programs and to
process the output of these pro-
grams.
^ Military affairs analysts and
scientists use large mainframe com-
puters to conduct sophisticated
simulations of modern weapons
systems.
^ Economists work with ad-
vanced models to forecast the eco-
nomic performance of key nations.
^ Political analysts rely on data
management systems to analyze
patterns in terrorist activities, nar-
cotics trafficking and the political
stability of selected countries.
^ Cartographers and publica-
tion specialists have access to the
latest computer systems for design-
ing and producing maps and charts,
as well as specialized graphics.
More Important role
In the coming years, computers
are likely to play an even more
important role in the CIA, enabling
intelligence officers to improve
both the quality and efficiency of
their work. Soon, every officer will
have a multifunctional high-end
workstation at his or her desk.
In the near future, CIA scientists
will be able to call upon the power
of supercomputers to conduct high-
ly complex scientific analyses. The
CIA is also exploring the applica-
bility of artificial intelligence, opti-
cal-disk storage technology, robot-
ics and other advanced techniques.
We are excited about the future
of computer technology and the
unique contribution it makes to na-
tional security and the intelligence
profession. Our thanks go out to
the talented and dedicated comput-
er professionals who have made
these marvelous advances possible.
In 1985, worldwide, computers generated 1 trillion
pages' of paper that, as It comes out of your printer,
makes a pile over 40,000 miles high! That's taller
than seven drousand, five hundred Mount Evereats
one stop the other! Laid out fiat It would spread out
to over 175,000,000 miles which would wrap around
the earth at the Equator 7,000 rimes!
That's a wad of paper... much of It a complete waste
...and you pay for the entire bundle!
When you need information from your computer, we
can get it out for you without producing un-
necessary, wasteful and costly paper printout.
-
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Rockville Centre, N.Y.115711
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Entirely menu-driven, WSF2 delivers timely, ac-
curate, concise reports via hardcopy and I or online
...with the security of selective distribution to
authorized end users, with archival and retrieval
of reports, and with the organizational benefits
of a single common data base.
You owe it to yourself.. .and to your Company ... to
find out how WSF2 can tame that paper tiger for
you, saving up to 40% of your paper costs while af-
fording you the finest Report Management System
available anywhere!
Call, write or send in the coupon NOW for Intornmalon and IDeretura.
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516-536-8855
Humanity has developed
a great many badly condi-
tioned reflexes. One is the
idea that technology is
something new. [We've
come to] think of technol-
ogy only where we began
to be the inventors - as
machinery of war or to
exploit humanity. I find
this antitechnology igno-
rance very greatly trou-
bling. I say our whole es-
cape is through
technology.
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COMPUTERWORLD
CIA:
EXPANDING
THE HORIZONS
The Information Age: Like the industrial revolution
decades before, it has changed the way America
thinks, works, and lives. If you would enjoy working with
the most sophisticated, state-of-the-art com-
munications equipment available ... in a uni-
que and challenging environment ... while
contributing to the strength of our national
security ... consider a career with the CIA.
is highly desired, and familiarity with data
processing methods, ADP equipment types,
operating systems, applketloms, and project/task
management principles is essential.
SyeMmns Propramner
You will be involved in all phases of software
engineering-developing requirements for
Proposals, monitoring the technical
enhancement, and hardware acquisition and installation of com-
puter systems. You should have a Master's degree or equivalent
experience in Computer Science, Information Management, or
Engineering Science. Familiarity with project management prin-
ciples through either formal training or work experience is
required, as is knowledge of data processing methods, ADP
equipment types, operating systems, and applications. Five to
seven years related experience is desired.
Computer Side s Malya/Propranuner
You will provide technical support in the performance of project-
oriented studies and hardware/software development as well as
contribute to the maintenance of computer systems. Three to
seven years experience and a BS degree in Computer Science,
Information Management, or Engineering Science is required.
Broad knowledge of data processing methods, ADP equipment
types, operating systems, applications, and project/task
management principles is necessary.
Compuler Systems Analyst
You will provide leadership and technical direction in project/
task-oriented studies and hardware/software development
activities for computer systems. A Moslems degree or equivalent
experience in Computer Science, Information Management or
Engineering Science is required. Five to seven years experience
of the aspects of contracts for both hardware
and software systems, and contributing to
large-scale projects as a member of a project
team. Four to ten years expe-
0 rience in the design, develop-
01 do maintenance of -
f- 101A
We're looking for talented, dedicated computer profes-
sionals for the following positions:
Project ManapMn ed EtrgNreer
You will manage and direct multidisciplinary teams
involved in the analysis, design, implementation, maintenance/
send your resume to.
Personnel Representative (AA01)
Office of Information Technology/HRP
2D04 Headquarters
Washington, D.C. 20505
VMtluh irhghrrise onlytlh.erinter Yllsewistrespond walwrh 30 days to Rxnn
judged
b be of tur
Central Intelligence Agency
COMPUTER OPERATIONS SUPERVISOR
needed for dual ISM 4391 slop 4*w
VM, M". WE, and CICS arntonnwR Wi
eupaMae stag of 11 conhpuler ope.wJ s
wor"at Rees tits ts. 24 holaefday, 7 dryW
week Prwbut ulnv~ory sxpr luxe It an
IBM erwtramherltelhi hiy dselrable. Rom aW
ity lo work long hours In hip preeeu I WWII-
and on rotatlna shifts Is io deeirabN.
Salary range.. $23.935 - $3262 per yen. Ap-
pfcadorn must be recslved b}! Nevunber 14,
956. Apo ~brauI.Inivenity oP v.Pa Depart-
ment d Pbr AdmYt~tlan. Gmdhss
Hat, 10(1 North Emnwt Street, PO Box 9(x17,
Cnubltesvie, VA 22906. M shied opportun-
iry/affimwtlve action employer.
TANDEM
PROGRAMMER/AhoNpALYSTS has MVW
aft n rtI g, for Iced pr0
ate with backaround In:
COBOL, TAL, PATHWAY
and associated prockicts. Competitive
benefits and salary in an excelent envi-
ronment. Please send resume in confi-
dence to:
LaRoux, Pitts & Asociatsa, Inc.
557 South Duncan Avenue
Clearwater, FL 33516
Attie Run Mahy
0YOVIFIRM %"
compatible equipment (including VM, MVS,
JES3, CICS, or CMS systems) is required.
Experience with Cray supercomputer is desired.
A BS degree in Computer Science or a related
discipline (or equivalent experience) is necessary.
Instructor-ADP
Your vital contribution will be in the design, development and
conducting of courses for DP professionals, creating and eval-
uating computer-based education and other self-study pro-
grams, and managing contracted instruction efforts. A BS
degree or equivalent experience-in Education, Computer
Science, Information Management, or Engineering Science is a
prerequisite. Five years or more of directly applicable expe-
rience in data processing, as well as one year teaching expe-
rience is highly desirable.
FJaara is Engin
Your responsibilities will include developing equipment specifi-
cations, evaluating and monibring contractor performance, and
participating in design reviews. A BS degree In Computer
Science is required, and an advanced degree in Electrical or
Computer work experience wthgbroad-based and detailed knowledge of
computer hardware, communication interfaces, protocols,
microprocessors, communications software, and terminals is
necessary.
Your skills and diligence in each of these capacities will be
rewarded with a competitive salary, excellent career growth
potential, and outstanding benefits. Plus, your position with the
CIA will afford you access to a myriad of cultural, athletic, and
DATA L1i1K i
COME TO NEW ENGLAND!
Enjoy skiing, sailing, mountains, beaches, a Currier and Ives atmosphere. and
a Professional climate that is very exciting. If you have any experience in
MiS/Engineering/Aerospace/Defense Industries. our clients want to see you.
Our client positions range from junior level through senior management.
Send us your resume or call, and let DATA L' 4K introduce you to New
England.
Our list of client companies is endless, and all fees, interviews and relocation
expenses are paid by our clients.
DATA LINK
National Recruiting Consultants
Easier Professional Buildtrq
Hampton Road, Exeter, NH 03633
[phone]
DALLAS
CONSULTANTS
e IDMS DBA. utility . ............... To 550K
? IDMS Sr Rog/Anayst. To 545K
ADS-0, CAS..To to $400/DAY The rapid growth of the computer
"d 11. CM
SYSTEM CONSULTANTS I industry in the Sunbelt has
SEATTLE/EL PASO -
SAN FUNCM Anmased career for
>+- $70,000 i opportunities
a IDMS Daft. CAS. ADS-0 Th &ARK Tim Dositions can brims [Arne :e. .. .............-.-._ _,....,....,.....
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OIT STAFF SUMMARY SHEET
Publication of Letter in Computerworld
D/OIT Signature
STAT
STAT
COMPONENT/
OFFICER
INFORMATION/
COMMENT
CONCURRENCE
APPROVAL/
SIGNATURE
INITIALS
DATE
C/M&CG
X
DD/M/OIT
X
/
D/OIT
X
STAT
No-a- c /91L
FORM 4026 EDOBSOLETE ITIONS PREVIOUS
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ilr
ADMINISTR&I.WE-INTERNAL USE ONLY
OIT 0790-86
pIT TRI.S
LOGGED
William F. Donnelly
MEMORANDUM FOR: Director of Central Intelligence
FROM: William F. Donnelly
Deputy Director for Administration
SUBJECT: Letter to Computerworld Magazine
1. Last month Computerworld magazine sent a letter to you
requesting a short, unclassified article describing the use of
computers in the Central Intelligence Agency. The article was
to be included in a special issue along with selected
contributions from major corporations and government agencies.
Action for drafting a direct response was assigned to the DDA,
and a letter was coordinated with Public Affairs and mailed on
29 August 1986.
2. We have been told that the magazine's editorial staff
liked the article, but would like to attribute it to you so
they will have a uniform level of response. They have received
letters from Secretary of Commerce Baldrige and at least one
other agency head. Since we believe publication of the article
will help our recruiting efforts, it is requested that you sign
the attached letter to the Editor in Chief of Computerworld.
3. Copies of the original request and the 29 August
response are attached for your information. This request has
been coordinated with the Office of Public Affairs.
Attachments:
A. Original Request
B. 29 August Response
C. Letter for DCI's Signature
ADMINISTRATIVE-INTER~E ONLY
STAT
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ADMINISTRATIVE-INTERNAL USE ONLY
SUBJECT: Letter to Computerworld Magazine
MD/OIT~
(9SEPT86)
STAT
Distribution:
Orig - Addressee
1 - ER (w/Atts)
1 - PAO(w/o Atts)
2 - DDA (w/Atts)
1 - D/OIT (w/Atts)
2 - OIT/Registry(w/o Atts)
2 - MD/OIT (w/Atts)
ADMINISTRATIVE-INTERNAL USE ONLY
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r
375 Cochluai$e Rood, Box 9171/Framinghom, MA 01 701-91 71 /(61779-0700
August 5, 1986
William J. Casey
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C. 20505
Dear Mr. Casey:
EXECUTM E, Y _~
BG- 3620X
Computerworld, the world's leading computer newspaper, will incorporate within
its pages a special four-color supplement on Nov. 3 to commemorate the 40th
anniversary of Eniac, the first large-scale, electronic digital computer. We
also intend to publish this special supplement separately as a keepsake
edition to be distributed widely.
As a key editorial component, we are soliciting commentary from writers,
scientists, artists, chief executive officers, educators, politicians and
others. We invite your commentary of 50 to 500 words on the attached sheet.
When published, your thoughts will reach 685,000 Computerworld readers. This
commentary can reflect on one or more of the following questions:
1) What role should computers la in society? 2 How do you use computers at work or at home?
3 How have computers changed your life or field?
4 How do you believe computers will change society in the 21st century?
The style of your commentary is up to you, but we welcome anecdotes or
personal experiences.
In this issue, Computerworld will be stepping beyond its normal role as the
weekly newspaper of the information systems industry. Our intention is not to
chronicle Eniac's formal history. We are using Eniac's anniversary as reason
to broadly consider the place of the computer in business and everyday life.
We will depict the use of computers from 40 years ago to now and speculate a
bit about the future. We hope you will join us in this project.
Please call me at 1-800-343-6474, ext. 325, should you have any questions. We
will send you a complimentary copy of the issue on publication. We would
appreciate your response by Sept. 1.
Sincerely,
6c.eo 4?w- tt~
George Harrar
Features Director
/lmg
OCW COMMUNKATIONS/1NC.
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375 Coch#uate Rood. Box 9171/Fnaminghom, MA 01701-9171/[phone]
Please comment below in 50 to 500 words on one or more of the
questions in the cover letter. Feel free to use additional paper as
necessary. Return to George Harrar at the Computerworld address
above. -
I transfer the entire copyright regarding this material to CW
Communications, Inc. I certify that this piece is an original work
and has not been published elsewhere.
Signed
Title
Company (if applicable)
Address
Phone (optional)
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OIT 0751-86
19 AUG 1986
Director of the office that manages computer use in the Central
Intelligence Agency, I am pleased to submit the enclosed
article. I hope it will be of help to you.
Sincerely,
/5/
Edward J. Maloney
Director
of
Information Technology
Mr. George Harrar
Features Director, Computerworld
Framingham, Massachusetts 01701
Dear Mr. Harrar:
Mr. Casey, the Director of Central Intelligence, asked
that I respond to your letter of August 5, 1986, requesting
some commentary for your special issue on November 3. As
MD/OIT
Distribution:
Orig - Addressee
1 - DDA (w/att)
1 - FO/OIT (w/att)
2 - Registry/OIT (lw/att)
2 - MD/OIT (lw/att)
STAT
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Iq
Next 2 Page(s) In Document Denied
STAT
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19 SEP 1986
Mr. Terry Catchpole
Editor in Chief
Compute rworld
Framingham, Massachusetts 01701
Dear Mr. Catchpole:
In response to the request by your publication for a
contribution from the Central Intelligence Agency for your
special issue of November 3, we submitted a letter on 29 August
to Mr. George Harrar. To provide you with a uniform level of
response from U.S. Government agencies, you may describe that
letter, as it was sent, as a statement of the Director of
Central Intelligence. I hope that it will be of use to you in
your 40th anniversary issue.
Sincerely,
js/ t"'111,11`ani J. Casey
William J. Casey
Director of Central Intelligence
MD/OIT
(9SEPT86)
STAT
Distribution:
Orig - Addressee
1 - DCI
1 - ER
1 - DDA
1 - PAO
1 - D/OIT
2 - Registry/OIT
1 - MD/Chrono
1 - MD/Subject
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