COUNTERSPY: CBS AS CIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 56
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 3, 2010
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 1, 1981
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
COUNTERS'
The Magazine For People Who Need To Know
Volume 5 Number I
$2
CBS as CIA
CIA Rebels
Supply U.S. Heroin
Chemical Warfare
in Afghanistan
Iraq-Iran War
AIFLD in El Salvador
Rightwing Terror
in Guatemala
USIA/ICA: Arrowhead CIA Banking in Australia:
of Penetration Nugan Hand
Colonia Di nidad: New Hebrides:
New Revelations Independent at Last
Fingermen Are All Thumbs CIA Cops in Guatemala
CIA in Turkey
Nov .1980-Jan-1981
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
Editorial
'Due to public opposition and despite iM-
tense illegal, lobbying by the CIA, the
"Intelligence Identities Protection Act"
failed to reach a floor"vote in Congress
before it recessed.,HR5615 and S2216,would
make it a crime to disclose information
leading to the identification of CIA and-
FBI officers, agents and informers, even
if the information which led to the iden-
tification was already public.
Some Senators and Representatives are
opposed to the present bills because they
are unconstitutional. Others argue that
the bills are not strong enough. Unfortu-
nately for the public, both the former and
the latter still want to see some version
of .,the bills passed.
Counterspy believes that the only prin-
cipled and constitutional position is to-
tal opposition to any version of the so-
'called "Intelligence Identities Protection
Act". Moreover, exposure of FBI and CIA
activities is one of the few protections
for persons targeted by CIA and FBI 'opera-
tions, particularly in foreign countries.
Since the CIA and the FBI have not
changed, it is as crucial and urgent as
ever for the press to examine and write
more about the CIA and FBI, not less. Any
version of HR5615 and S2216 would reduce,
if not eliminate, these vitally needed e$-
poses. Therefore,'CounterSpy is flatly op-
posed to the so called "Intelligence Iden-
tities Protection Act" and urges concerned
people to work actively to stop HR5615 and
82216.
The controversy surrounding,HR5615 and
S2216 has resurrected the question of the
relationship between the CIA and the media.
The consequences of CIA-media affiliation
were illustrated at a Counterspy press
conference on September 25, 1980. Counter-
disclosed that Kennett Love was in-
volved with the CIA's 1953 coup in Iran
while he was a New York Times reporter.
(Fdtthe complete story, see Counterspy,
vol-4 no.4.) The devastating aftermath of
that CIA coup is a matter 'bf public re-
cord.
In response to the press conference, the
New York Times issued a statement of con-
siderable import:
"No editor or executive of this paper
has any knowledge of what Love was sup-
posed to have done 27years ago. What
every editor and executive of this pa-
per does know, however, is that The New
York Times has an absolute rule against
any reporter working for any government
agency. This paper has repeatedly urged,
.President Carter to reverse the CIA's
present policy of permitting use of
journalists as agents when the Director
of Central Intelligence approves.
"We are confident that no member of The
New;,York Times would agree to be' used
by the CIA. But not until the CIA's
policy is publicly reversed will there
be a total confidence abroad that the
CIA and other government agencies are
respecting the spirit of the First
Amendment and not getting involved with,
the press."
Counterspy believes that the New York
Times' "absolute rule" position is a re-
sponse to past abuses of the Times by the
CIA. In other words; Times employees have
worked with the CIA and found it impossi-
ble to serve both the-CIA and the re-
quirements of honest journalism. Thusy
the Times' absolute opposition to CIA in-
volvement is doubly important: it is
based on both a theoretical analysis and
an actual history of involvement with the
CIA. e
Counterspy fully supports this absolute
opposition to CIA involvement with the
media; and recommends that all other com-
ponents of the media"follow the example
of the Times in this regard.
In order to further debate on the CIA
and the media and to encourage other sec-
tors of the media to follow the stated
position of the New York Times, Counter-
is featuring three articles which
highlight the need to sever, all ties be-
tween the media and U.S. government
agencies, especially the CIA.
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
Contents
CBS as CIA
by John Kelly....... ...............
USIA/ICA: Arrowhead of Penetration
by Martha Wenger ....................5
CIA Rebels Supply U.S. Heroin
by Konrad Ege ...................... 14
Chemical Warfare in Afghanistan
by Seamus O'Faolain
and Dr. Mohammed Sarkash............17
Iraq-Iran War
by Jeff McConnell. .............. .22
CIA in Turkey...., ......................27
New Hebrides: Independent at Last .
by Konrad Ege ......................27
CIA Banking in Australia: Nugan Hand .
by Konrad Ege ...................... 30
SIGN
by John Kelly ...................... 34
Fingermen Are All Thumbs
by Franklin Folsom................. 35
Colonia Dignidad: New Revelations
by Konrad Ege ...................... 42
U.S. Rank and File:
Ban AIFLD in El Salvador
by Frank Arnold .................... 45
Open Letter to the Labor Movement
by Richard Hobbs ...................47
Rightwing Terror in Guatemala
by John Clements .................... 51
CIA Cops in Guatemala .................. 54
by John Kelly
(Ed. note: John Kelly is the author of
the forthcoming book, The CIA in America,
from which this article is excerpte .)
CBS Television has announced plans for a
new show to ibe aired in 1981: The CIA.
Five years ago, Larry Thompson met quietly
with then CIA Director William Colby and
then ABC head Fred Silverman to lay the
groundwork for such a show. 1 Thompson is
now the executive producer for CBS's The
CIA.
Thompson is being assisted by Gerald
Ford's former jokewriter, Don Penny, and
screenwriter Edward Anhalt. 2 Additional
"technical assistance and advice" is being
provided by the Association of 'Former In-
telligence Officers, an organization
full of ex-CIA officers such as David
Phillips who ran many propaganda and psy-
chological warfare operations for the CIA,
including one in the U.S. (Phillips also
oversaw the CIA's destabilization of the
Allende government in Chile. Later,
Phillips publicly lied about the CIA's
role in the 1973 coup.)
Thompson has explained the show's ob-
jective: "Ideally, we'd, like to show that
the people in the CIA are American citi-
zens with families and a job to do." 4
Rudy Maxa of the Washington Post summed up
the show's objective as an attempt to "do
for the embattled CIA's image what The FBI
(TV show) did for J. Edgar Hoover's fief-
dom."
Don Penny doesn't like this comparison
to The FBI. He asserted that "We're not
trying to whitewash," but then added that
in talking about the CIA,. "you're talking
about a university. These people do ev-
erything from talk (sic) French to collect
,(sic) urine samples."
There can be little doubt that The CIA
is a premeditated whitewash for a CIA
beleaguered by public exposure of its mis-
deeds..Such a show also has the potential
to divert public attention from on-going
CIA operations. It should be remembered
that The FBI show ran during'the FBI's
massive assault on constitutional rights
known as COINTELPRO.
1979 and 1980 have seen a tremendous up-
CounterSpy - 3
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
CBS as CIA
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
surge.in peoples' struggles for liberation
- struggles which threaten the very empire
that the CIA defends.-Naturally, the CIA
is aware that an Americarr public numbed
by a fictional "CIA" is less likely to-try
to stop the CIA's operations against pro-
gressive movements in other' Countries.
?CounterSpy believes it is unacceptable
and unconscionable for CBS to run. The CIA-
series, particularly, gince the CIA is
forbidden to carry out 'domestic propaganda
operations. Coun terSpy urges the TV public
to stop the broadcasting of The CIA and to
.demand that the Federal Communication Com-
mission and Congress investigate the CBS's,
program.
This investigation is'especially needed,
in light of the fact that CBS has for
years been "providing cover for CIA agents,
supplying the CIA with film outtakes'(un-
aired footage), permitting CIA agents to.
enter CBS control.rooms to monitor reports
of correspondents without their knowledge
and having correspondents participate in
debriefing session? with then CIA Director
Allen Dulles." 7
Finally, the investigation is needed in
light of the following 1967 letter from
Allen Dulles to then CBS official Michael
Burke., This letter indicates that the idea
.,for: The CIA was a CIA-initiated covert op-
eration ("zebra") and suggests that there
might have been many more covert machina-
tions between the CIA and CBS.
FOOTNOTES
l)' Washington post magazine, 8/17/80, p.2.
2), ibid.
Michael Burke, Esq.
17 East 89th street
New York 10028
December, 28, 1967
I have been anxious to get in touch with you to
share an idea, and your Christmas and New Year card
with the browsing zebras gave me an. address where I
thought I could write you personally.
For some time I have felt that sooner or later
something should and would be do4ee in the field of
television -with regard to intelligence which would be
somewhat comparable to what the FBI is now doing so
effectively in that field. Efforts have been made by
various persons along these lines, but always based on
the theory that the series could or should be sponsored
by the CIA, somewhat as the FBI series is sponsored.
Because of the difference in the two services, I feel,
however, that this is an impractical idea insofar as the
intelligence field is concerned. On.the other hand, I
feel that there is now in the public domain as the result
of a series of publications, books, articles, and news-
paper reports relating to various phases of, intelligence
which could furnish the background material which
could be used without a formal sponsor. Here the
private individual who might be associated with the
item and the authors and writers of the various pieces
would give a measure of credence and credibility to
what was selected and edited from the vast amount of
material now in the public domain.
I do not know whether this general subject
would interest you and CBS. If it should, I should be
glad to' present my ideas to you in a perepnal and con-
fidential way, preferably by our getting together for a
good-talk where I could outline what I have in mind. Not
being sure the "zebra" address is the proper one for
this purpose, I shall limit myself in this letter to
sending best wishes to you both for Christmas and the
coming year and to express the hope that we may get
together in the not too distant future.
3)
In These Times, 8/13-26/80,
p.4.
4)
ibid.
5.)
cf supra, #1.
AWD:mcm
1-B file
6)
ibid.
1-Chrono
7)
Los Angeles Times,
5/29/77,
p.3.
CounterSpy
Sincerly,
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
USIA/icA: Arrowhead of
Penetration b,Martha Wenger
"I believe in the power of ideas. I be- trolled wartime propaganda operations,
lieve that ideas are what the Internation- evolved into the office of international
al Communication Agency is all about... In Information and Cultural Affairs, a branch
the ebbs and flows of, history, there are of the State Department, given its legal
those who place their trust in military basis in the Smith-Mundt Act of 1948.
might, those who lean to economic determi- This development closely paralleled the
nism, those whose ultimate regard is for creation of the Central Intelligence Agen-
scientific'and'technological innovation. I cy in 1947. In fact, in the early days,
turn to ideas..." 1 the functions of the two agencies all but
With these words, John E. Reinhardt was intertwined. "The double face of American
sworn in April 3, 1978 as director of the propaganda, 'black' and 'white', covert
International Communication Agency (I'CA) , and overt, had existed from the days of
-- the major propaganda arm of the United World War II, when the Office of War In-
States government abroad, with a 1980 bud- formation, the forerunner of USIA, was not,
get of $426 million, over 200 cultural and always sure of its functions vis-a-vis the
information posts in 126 cbuntries,2 and office of Strategic Services, the forerun-
an international shortwave radio station, ner of the CIA." 3
the Voice of America (VOA).. . In 1953 the information program was sep-
The ICA (and its predecessor, the United arated from the State Department and es-
States Information Agency, USIA) however, tablished as an independent agency: the
is involved in much more than.straightfor- United States Information Agency, USIA.
ward propagation of ideas: it is an inte- Its mission was to prepare and disseminate
gral part of U.S. government penetration "information about the United States, its
.abroad. Ytts goal is to influence and/or people, and its policies, through press,
manipulate events in foreign countries
along lines favorable to U.S. corporate. I UNITED STATES INFORMATION PROGRAMS
r
r
and gove
nment fo
eign policy objectives.
Concretely, those objectives translate to
economic rape by U.S. multinational corpo-
rations for many third world countries,
and military and cultural domination for
others.
A major task for America's information
program has always been propaganda aimed
at the Soviet Union and Eastern European
countries through.the Voice of America,
radio and various publications. In
countries where the U.S.,government has
greater access, the tasks have''gone be-
yond so-called "white" propaganda to in-
fluencing opinion leaders in government,
business, and education; feeding pro-U.S.
stories into local press and media; intel-
ligence collection; and psychological war-
fare campaigns in collaboration with U.S.
Office 2L War Information (OWI), World
War II propaganda agency.
Voice of America (VOA), short-wave ra-
dio developed 1942. Presently adminin-
istered by one of the four associate
directors of ICA.
Office o International In ormation and
Cultural Affairs (IIA), developed as
peacetime continuation of OWI; a branch
of the State Department, given legal
mandate in 1948 Smith-Mundt Act.
United States Information Agency (USIA),
created August 1, 1953; first indepen-
dent peacetime information agency. USIA
posts abroad are known as USIS (United
States Information Service).
International Communication Agency
military operations. (ICA), created April 1, 1978; combined
At the close of World War II, the U.S. USIA and State Department Bureau of Ed-
government became convinced of the useful- ucation and Cultural Affairs. Head-
ness of a peacetime propaganda agency. Iri quarters: 1776 Pennsylvania Ave.-N.W.,
the course of several years the Office of Washington D.C. 20547.
War Information (OWI), which had con-
CounterSpy - 5
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
publications, radio, motion pictures, and the information program to coordinate with
17 assure "desired and practicable
other information media,,and through in- the CIA to assure "desired and practicable
formation centers and instructors?ab-
road." 4
`The USIA, in its'early years was an
support.,"
During the same period, the USIA greatly
expanded its intelligence gathering and
ideological weappn of the Cold War and was analysis by establishing, its own Office of
molded by those battles into a single- Research anca Intelligence in late
ntindedly anti-Communist agency. Its propa- The Eisenhower administration saw the
ganda was largely directed at the Soviet creation of a top-level Presidential as-
Union and Eastern European countries. sistantship devoted primarily to the for-
Succeeding. Presidents, however,'refined eign information program. Two men who held
the USIA into a component of the total ap- that post were Nelson Rockefeller and
-paratus whose function it was to achieve William H. Jackson, former deputy director
economic and political conditions favor-
able to world-wide U.S. interests. Thomas
C. Sorenson, deputy director of the USIA
in the early 1960's, explained: 11.... the
USIA is the psychological instrument of
the United States Government overseas,
just as the State Department-is the diplo-
matic instrument, the Agency, for Interna-
tional Development the economic assis-
tance instrument, and the Central Intelli-
gence Agency the intelligence instru-
ment." 5
In August 1950 President Harry Truman.
created a national "Psychology Strategy
of the CIA. 8 Rockefeller had previously
run the Coordinator of Inter-American Af-
fairs which conducted psychological,war-
fare campaigns in Latin America before and
during World War II.
USIA's role as political activist esca-
lated under the Kennedy administration.
Sorenson, USIA Deputy Director, wrote,
"The Kennedy Administration has acknowl-
edged political communication as a major
arm of policy. No major and few minor for-
eign policy decisions are made without the
active participation of USIA." 9 Edward
Murrow, Director of USIA, was given an NSC
Board" (later called the Operations Coor- seat and appointed to the committee which
dinating Board under Eisenhower) to coor- was to formulate the new counter-insurgen?
-dinate "foreign information and psycholog- cy program inauguratecl'by Kennedy to com-
ical strategy in situations where joint bat "wars of national liberation" on a
action by more than one agency of the Gov- global basis. 10
ernment is required in this field." 6 Its The Johnson and Nixon years were domi-
members included representatives of the
Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of
Staff, and the CIA Director,?and it was
nated by the war in Vietnam and character-
ized by heavyinvolvementiin psychological
warfare as will be discussed.
chaired by the Assistant Secretary of On April 1, ?1978 a Carter proposal to,
,State for Public Affairs (head of the U.S. reorganize the,'USIA resulted in the Inter
information functions which were then part national Communication ,Agency - essen-
of the State Department). In 1955, after tially a merger of the old USIA and the
the USIA became independent, its director Bureau of. Educational and Cultural Affairs
was designated a member of the Operations under the State Department - with a nearly
Coordinating Board and invited to be an identical mission, and many of the,same
observer at National Security' Council personnel. Carter directed the ICA to:
(NSC) meetings, and met with the President "Give foreign peoples the best possible
regularly once 'a month. understanding of our policies and our in-
Also during the 1950's, a plan was drawn tentions, and sufficient information about
up'to organize "Foreign Information and American society and culture to comprehend
psychological Operations" during wartime. why we have chosen certain policies over
This now declassified (secret) docum?ent, others...." 11
&ated.1950-51, described the U.S. informa- Carter's charter for the ICA reaffirmed
a previous Congressional restriction on
tion program's wartime functions as: sup-
porting the,Defense Department "in con- dissemination of U.S. information agency
.ducting foreign information operations in ? propaganda within the United States itself
military theatres of operations (and)... As we shall 'see, however, there are a num-
planning and coordinating foreign informa- ber of significant ways in which ICA pro-
tl,on operations" in areas outside the paganda. ddoees seep ?baok into the. U.S.
field of combat. The plan also directed
4 - Countor8py
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
ICA posts also run seminars and confer-
ences for targeted opinion leaders in var-
ious fields within the country itself. The
ICA's presence in foreign countries, in substantial amount of ICA programming is
sharp contrast to its domestic obscurity, aimed at cultivating these elites:,the ed-
is highly visible. ICA facilities, includ- ucated, the leaders, the upper class.
ing information and cultural centers, li-
braries, and binational centers, are often ACCESS TO PRESS AND MEDIA
physically close to the U.S. Embassy or in
other prominent locations.
The head of the ICA mission participates
as a full and important member of the'
"Country Team", a group headed by the U.S.
ambassador with members including the-se-
nior representative of the CIA, military.
attaches, the heads, of the Agency for In-
ternational Development (AID) and Peace
Corps, and representatives of other U.S.
agencies operating within.the country. 12
All ICA activities in a country must
support objectives outlined in a document
called the "Country Plan". According to a
USIA publication, The Agency in Brief,
1971, Country Plans: 1) list U.S. objec-
tives for the area; 2) identify Psycho-
logical Objectives ("attitudes to be cre-
ated or strengthened which will advance
particular U.S. objectives") and Target
Audience (groups to be influenced); and
3) detail the specific programs which will
attain these' objectives. 13
Country Plans are modified annually in
close collaboration with other members of
the Country Team. During the Nixon admin-
istration the plans were considered so vi-
tal'that the President invoked executive
privilege to deny the Senate Foreign Re-
lations Committee access to the docu-
ments. 14
Target audiences of the ICA include mem-
bers of the political and economic power
structures, including persons not then in
power, but likely to be: military elements
with a potential to stage a coup; owners,
editors, and writers of mass media; educa-
tors; and leaders of major parties and po-
litical movements. In some countries wo-
m9n's groups, trade unionists, student
leaders and ethnic leaders are also tar-
geted. 15
Every year 2,000 foreign leaders (from
the groups just listed) are'invited by the
U.S. Chiefs of Mission to the U.S. to at-
tend seminars or participate in multina-
tional projects in their area of expertise.
More than 3,500 additional persons, both
U.S. and foreign, participate in academic
exchanges under the Fulbright Program. 16
A steady flow of ICA-produced mass media,
material - newspaper stories and photos,
packaged radio and TV programs - is chan-
neled to foreign opinion leaders and any
receptive media personnel. In some
countries these materials are readily
used. In Venezuela in 1976, for example,
more than 75 percent of all articles and
photographs regularly distributed by USIA
to the 30 major newspapers were published
in one or more papers. 17 In other
countries, strict government control
over press, lack of interest, or suspicion
of U.S. government-generated material make
for less usage.
The ICA does not bdy column space or air
time, preferring to rely on local pro-U.S.
journalists and media personalities who
can be counted on to publish ICA materi-
als. A more underhanded method of obtain
'ing media coverage is to reimburse media
personnel for "expenses" for their ser-
vices. George Allen, USIA Director from
1957-61, testified that a nationally re-
spected weekly radio program in an unnamed
Third World country, featuring several
professors discussing world affairs, was
given a pro-U.S., slant by USIA officers
who gave the professors documents, edito-
rials, speeches, statements, etc. "I have
also learned, however," Allen went on,
"That we handed each professor the equiv-r
alent of $100 a week for 'travel ex-
penses'... The professors asked that the
money be given to them in cash, in a
plain. envelope . " 18
Media'operations are not limited to in-
sertion of propaganda and cultural indoc
trination.into the mass media. In times'of
crisis for U.S. government objectives iri'
region, ICA posts swing into high gear in
support of a particular U.S. military,
economic or diplomatic move. For instance,
the Voice of America, ICA's shortwave ra-
dio station (normally broadcasting 820
hours per week in 32 languages 19) often
dramatically increases, its programming in
a given area in response to a O.S. per-
CounterSpy - 7
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
ceived crisis. The most recent occurrences people. Such manipulation is an extremely
of such "directed programming" by the serious matter when the issue at stake is
Voice were the responses to events in Af- one that President Carter has used as a
ghanistan and' ran. In a "crisis situa- justification for reviving the Cold War,
tion", it is VdA's task to continuously reinstituting draft registration, further
re-broadcast the official U.S. government- inflating the military budget, and intro-
al version of events. In some cases, this ducing the "Carter Doctrine".
"official version" has proved to be almost
total fabrication. PROPAGANDA OPERATIONS FOR FOREIGN
A case in point is recent VOA broadcast- GOVERNMENTS
ing on the Afghanistan situation. Robert
Fisk, a journalist of the Times (London), During the time that ICA was known as
while reporting from Kabul' in February USIA it conducted several highly question-
1980, heard a VOA broadcast from Washing- able operations that were essentially do-
ton, D.C. It reported "fierce fighting in mestic propaganda programs for foreign
the centre of Kabul. Afghan soldiers, the governments. Not surprisingly, these gov-
station announced, were in conflict with ernments were regimes closely tied to the
Soviet troops at the Bela"Hissar Fort in U.S. government.
the centre of the city." Fisk, with a In the 1950's a national liberation--move-
clear view of the fort area from his hill- ment, the Huks, developed in the Philip-
side"hotel balcony, saw this scene: ".. pines. The USIA was on the scene to help
there was no smoke or fire, no sound of_ the Philippine government put down the
car horns from the city's traffic. Nor was movement. The USIA "worked closely with
there fighting. The Bela Hissar was peace- the Philippine Armed Forces in continuing
fut. There were no Soviet troops to be a successful psychological warfare cam.
seen and the Afghan army was evidenced on- paign against the Huks", according to the
ly by a soldier drinking tea in the main 1954 USIA Report to Congress. "As the cam-
street .,. Not to put too fine "a point on paign progressed, the Philippine Govern-
it, the Voice of America was talking rub- ment was able to devote more time and en-
bish." 20 ergy to economic reforms and to assume a
In another instance, VOA (as well as the role of growing importance in Asian af-
BBC) reported that Mohammond Baryalai, a fairs." 23 Put another way, the USIA aided
high-ranking Afghan government official a counterinsurgency campaign to suppress an
was killed in a shoot-out during a meeting internal opposition movement and to main-
of the Afghan Revolutionary Council in tin a pro-U.S. Philippine government in
February. Only three weeks later, Baryalai power.
was interviewed, alive and well, by West One of the most extensive of this genre
German journalist Warner Poelchau. 21 of USIA operations was conducted in Vietnam
The two primary Pources for the VOA during the war. In May 1965, President
broadcasts - "travellers passing through Johnson delegated responsibility "for all
Afghanistan to Pakistan", and "senior di- psychological actions in,Vietnam (except in
plomats in Kabul" have been thoroughly dis- direct support of military operations in
credited by foreign correspondents on the the field)" to the Director of the USIA. 24
scene. Regarding the main "diplomatic Thisrmission was carried out through the
source", Ian Mather, correspondent for the Joint U.S. Public Affairs Office (JUSPAO),
Observor (London), said: "The American EEn- Saigon; essentially a coordination of mili-
bassy here... has been feeding wildly inac- tary and civilian psychological operations
curate information to.American journalists, under one authority. JUSPAO maintained
exaggerating the number of Russian troops close and interlocking relationships at all
in the country, the number of Russians levels with its military counterpart, U.S.
killed, and the extent of the engage- Army Broadcasting and Visual Activity, the
ments." 22 military psychological operations command
These boldfaced lies have not only been in the Pacific which had a detachment in
reported widely on the Voice of America, Saigon. 25 This relationship held in the
but, - in a world in which mass media. is an whole region: "In all cases where such pro-
international business - have infiltrated grams are conducted the local major command'
media reports worldwide and have come back and the 7th PSYOP (psychological opera-
to propagandize and misinform the American- tions) Group work in close and intimate co-
8'- CounteiSpy
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
William Donovan - head of the Office
of Strategic Services (OSS), the fore-
runner of the CIA - has called propa-
ganda "the arrowhead of penetration"
into another country. According to The
War Report of the OSS, Donovan person-
ally fought for the inclusion of psy-
chological warfare techniques as part
of propaganda.
The euphemistic term "psychological
warfare' has been far deadlier in prac-
tice than it sounds. Since the days of
the OSS it has at times included assas-
sinations. This gruesome aspect of psy-
war was captured by Stanley Karnow fol-
lowing an interview with CIA Colonel
Edward Landsdale who directed psywar
operations in Vietnam and the Philip-
pines.
"One (Landsdal?-initiated) psywar op-
eration played on the superstitious
dread in the Philippine countryside of
the ansuang,a mythical vampire. A psy-
war squad entered the area, and planted
rumors that an ansuang lived... where
the Communists were based. Two nights
later, after giving the rumors time to
circulate among Huk sympathizers, the
psywar squad laid an ambush for the
rebels. When a Huk patrol passed, the
ambushers snatched the last man, punc-
tured his neck vampire-fashion with two
holes, hung his body until the blood
drained out, and put the corpse back on
the trail." (Victor Marchetti and John
D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of In-
telligence, p.27.)
the official 'handouts'." 28 At the same
time, to enhance favorable foreign report-
age of the war, the USIA in 1965 started a
program to encourage foreign reporters and
writers selected by local USIA posts to
visit Vietnam and see the situation first-
hand. At least thirty of these had their
trip paid for by the USIA. 29
The Vietnam role of USIA in news manage-
ment constituted a major violation of the
rule that USIA materials should not be di-
rected at the U.S. public. Since the USIA
controlled all official sources of news in
Vietnam, the, majority of reporting about
the war in the U.S. was, at least, influ-
enced by the USIA.
One criteria used to distinguish "white"
from "black" propaganda is attribution:
whether the material identifies its sobr-
ces. ICA/USIA frequently, particularly in
its propaganda operations for foreign gov-
ernments, and in its utilization of local
media contacts, deliberately fails to put
its label on its products. In a major 1961
USIA operation on behalf of the Royal Lao
government, there was no attribution to
USIA. This operation included a bi-monthly
magazine, wholely USIA-produced, with a
distribution of 43,000 copies in a country
where the largest newspaper at the time
circulated a mere 3,300 copies. The USIA
magazine was identified as coming from the
Royal Lao government. 30
When the ICA/USIA deliberately fails to
ordination with USIA. In almost every case attribute, or falsifies its source, its
(deleted) the military and USIA programs true role becomes close to the CIA-style
are mutually supporting.".26 "gray" or "black" propaganda operations.
JUSPAO's total output of newspapers, mag- "USIA might stress its own overt character
azines, posters and pamphlets produced in as against the.covert nature of the CIA,
1970 was put at 24 million plus copies. And but too often its method had to be to gen-
that figure excludes the 1.5 billion leaf- erate American propaganda without the USIA
lets dropped by the military psychological label, a kind of infiltration of communi-
operations units. The JUSPAO budget alone cations. Thus,,it was not always too dif-
was $10.9 million in fiscal year 1970. 27 ferent from the CIA, though it might try
One of USIA's major responsibilities to set itself apart spiritually." 31
within JUSPAO was to "manage the news" in
support of the U.S. war operations. USIA C.I.A. TIES
issued the official news, both military and
political, to correspondents based in Sai-
gon and, in some cases, withheld the news. The comparison between the ICA and the
This USIA function as an organ of propagan- CIA at various points in this article nat-
da and misinformation created a "violent urally provokes a closer scrutiny of their
conflict with.-the small corps of young relationship. Unquestionably there are
American correspondents who-did not believe
CounterSpy - 9
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
usual intelligence focus on foreign gov-
ernments. Their survey and public opinion
compilations are sometimes classified and
the questions asked can provide valuable
information.
A 1968 study, classified until 1973, on
MOA and Radio Havana Audiences in Central
America asked such questions as the sub-
ject's knowledge and opinion of Fidel
Castro, their awareness of U.S. corpora-
tions in their country, knowledge of the
Alliance for Progress program, etc. 37
More recent intelligence reports in-
cluded a. paper dealing with European pub-
lic reaction to the U.S. human rights
campaign which was "deemed very urgent"
by the State Department in 1977. 38
A recently declassified document of
September 6, 1958 reveals that the United
The CIA - usually better known for its States Information Agency has participat-
attempts to suppress or censor books - has ed in decisions of profound consequence:
also engaged in selective subsidization of in this case the United States was con-
books which it considers "favorable". Only templating intervention with nuclear
days after the 1967'Congressional furor weapons in a dispute between China and
developed it was revealed that Operations Taiwan. The document is USIA's "Estimate
and Policy Research,\Inc. (OPR) of Wash- of Free World Reaction Country by Country
ington., D.C. was being funded by CIA to Three Possible Courses of Action by
fronts to develop books and materials for the U.S. in Quemoy-Matsu" - Quemoy and
use by the CIA. At the same time, OPR was Matsu being two small islands just kilo-
helping USIA select materials for its meters offshore mainland China, but con-
overseas programs. According to Nation trolled by Taiwan and at that time pro-
magazine, OPR was receiving grants from tected by a U.S.-Taiwan Mutual Defense
two CIA conduits: the Sidney and Esther Pact.
10 - CounterSpy
close connections on several levels. CIA
and ICA personnel serve on the same
Country Teams abroad, and on sub-commit-
tees of the National Security Council and
other inter-agency committees concerned
with psychological operations.
In a 1970 Senate hearing, the Director
of JUSPAO in Vietnam, Edward J. Nickel,
was asked whether'any CIA personnel were
using USIA as-a cover. His answer was:
"Comment on such a ,question must be made
in executive session by other appropriate
officials..." 32
The link between the USIA and the CIA
has been clearly established in at least
one area: secret book subsidization. A
Rabb Foundation of Boston and the Pappas
Charitable Trust of Boston. 35
The fact that the USIA and the CIA were
both using the services of OPR was not
just an unfortunate coincidence. David
Wise, in his-book The American Police
State, has made clear the relationship
that exists between the two agencies:
"Through the U.S. Information Agency as a
'cut-rout', the CIA subsidized major pub-
lishers to produce books, some of which
were then sold in the United States bear-
ing no government imprint to warn the un-
suspecting purchaser." 36
function of ICA/USIA has been to'promote
U.$. books abroad through their libraries
and subsidized low cost sales at a cur- The ICA, through its intelligence re-
rent rate of 3 million copies per year.33 search and media-reaction staffs has a
However, realizing that propaganda is not unique role in providing intelligence es-
nearly as effective when the recipient timates to the White House, the State De-
kn6ws and distrusts its source, the ICA partment and other government agencies.
has at times commissioned books suitable Their focus is on the opinions and senti-
to its psychological and political objec- ments of foreign peoples, rather than the
tives and then distributed them without
any identification of the books as U.S.
governments sponsored.
In 1967 a controversy developed when
Congressional testimony revealed this
practice of secret book subsidies. In
some cases the USIA\first went directly
to the author, and then arranged to have
the new book published and distributed.
In other cases, authors were approached,
only by a private publisher who had a
previous arrangement with USIA that it
would subsidize the project by buying a
certain number of books when published.
In the latter instance the author was
left in the dark about the USIA role in
the deal, and in both cases, the reader,,
was uninformed of the government sponsor-
ship. 34
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
In late 1958, Chiang Kai-Shek moved Farsi (Iranian language) broadcasts by VOA
90,000 Nationalist troops to the islands relay stations located in Greece in Decem-
and a U.S. ship was ordered to protect ber 1979. Andreas Papandreou, leader of
their supply lines. When China bombarded the main opposition party said that the
the islands in August, the U.S. threat- presence of U.S. propaganda transmitters
ened to intervene, secretly considering in Greece was "most dangerous", and urged
the use of nuclear Weapons. And, the USIA his government to make it clear to the
was there to provide a top secret intel- United States that "it has no right to use
ligence estimate for the decisionmak- our country for propaganda purposes." 45
ers. 39 In effect, USIA analyses can,
"not be told from CIA appraisals, or the
kind of 'sociological' projects the Pen-
tagon engaged in..."?40
A major "U.,S. objective" abroad is, of
course, promoting U.S.-based multination-
al corporations. ICA programs, therefore,
include heavy promotion of U.S. exports
and corporations. In 1974 the USIA Report
to Congress included a success story
about its centers in 26 sub-Saharan Afri-
can countries, who "utilized every avail-
able'opportunity to boost U.S. commercial
exports." 41
In May 1971, a "Talking Paper" was is-
sued to all USIA Latin America posts with
.questions and answers about U.S. economic
"Voice of America... transmitter time
is a precious resource. Decisions to add
or delete language services are careful-
Zy made by representatives of US7CA, the
State Department and the National Secu-
rity Council. This group. decided to de-
vote all available transmitter time to
Iranian Farsi broadcasts in April 1979
(broadcasts also heard and understood by
educated Afghans). Following, the Soviet
invasion of'A fghanistan, time was taken
from Farsi to make room for Dari, the
lingua franca of Afghanistan. ... We
will be on the air in Dari next month."
(Michael Pistor, Director,
Office of Congressional and Pub-
tic Liaison, I.C.A., 8/21/80 in a
letter to the editor of the New
York Times)
activity there, to help them defend U.S. These attacks are constant reminders
interests mgre effectively. One section that the true goal of the.ICA is to facil-
extolled the humanitarian efforts of such itate and garner support for U.S. foreign
U.S. corporations as Ford Motor CQ., Coca policy and the American economic system.
Cola, and United Fruit Co. The "Talking As George Allen, former USIA Director, put
Paper" did not mention, the extraction of it: "In,many - perhaps all - international
tremendous profits from Latin America by disputes, the program is not that foreign,
these same corporations. 42 people.do-not understand (U.S.) policies.
Progressive people in foreign countries Often they understand them only too well -
have consistently identified ICA facili- and do not like them." 46
ties as symbols of U.S. domination of
their nations and ha'e repeatedly at-
,tacked them as such. To name only a few
recent such attacks: December 1978, Bina-
tional centers in three Iranian cities at- wherever possible, U.S. government/cor-
tacked, in Shiraz alone the damage porate interests prefer to use the weap-
amounted to $50,000; 43 August 1978, mi- ons of economic and military aid with
nor damage at an ICA facility in Stock- their inevitable attached strings to make
holm, Sweden. On may 17, 1980, police other countries dependent on the U.S.-
clashed with hundreds of demonstrators dominated economic system. ICA is a key
who had set fire to a U.S. flag on the weapon in this strategy. And, in cases
roof of the "Amerika Haus" cultural center where U.S. aid programs have been dras-
in West Berlin to protest the annual mili- tically reduced or suspended due to the
tary &aarade by the U.S., France, and Brit- pressure of human rights activists in the
ai:.. U.S., ICA has taken up the slack. As a
The Greek government was forced by in- 1977 Congressional team to Latin America
ternal opposition-to deny VOA permission reported, when military and economic aid
to use an additional frequency for its have been cut, "the attention of U.S. Am-
Counterspy - 11
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
bassadors and other Embassy officials has identifying and developing close ties with
naturally focused on the USIS (United foreign nationals who support and benefit
,States Information Service, as USIA was from a strong U.S. military and economic
known abroad) program as a resource of dominance of their country at the expense
last resort - to be utilized in the pro- of the independence and.ecoriomic well-
motion of U.S. foreign policy objec- being of the majority of the people.
'fives." 47
In areas where the U.S. government is
preparing to use military force to secure FOOTNOTES
its interests - notably the Middle East
;oil regions targeted in the Carter doc-
trine speech of January 1980 - ICA's pro- 1) U.S. International Communication Agency
paganda apparatus will be there to back Proceedings, swearing-In of ICA Director
up'the military action. Preparations are John E. Reinhardt, April 3, 1578, pp.1-2
already being made: for example, the Feb- 2) U.S. International Communication Agency
ruary 1980 budget for ICA included a re- Factsheet, October 1979, p.1.
quest for-three new ICA posts in'strate- 3) Alexander Kendrick, Prime Time, Little,
gically located Middle Eastern ' countries: Brown & Co., Boston, 1969,,p.467.
Iraq, Oman, and Qatar. A'VOA Farsi lan- 4) U.S.'Congress, House Committee on For-
guage broadcast was begun - belatedly eign Affairs, U.S. Information end a7.
in March 1979. 48 erations, Hearings before the Subcommittee
In Africa, ICA Director John\Reinhardt on State Depaftment Organizations and For-
noted in February 1980, once Zimbabwe eign Operations, Parts I and II, 91st Con-
and Namibia become independent, "they cress. 2nd session, 1970, p.51.
would represent high-priority opportuni 5) Thomas C. Sorenson, "New Directions Un-
ties for us and we would follow the op- der the Kennedy Administration", in ro-
portunities." 49 ICA was also hoping to paganda and."the Cold War, ed. John B.'
expand its branch center in Soweto, South Whitton, Public Affairs Press, Washington,
Africa. D.C., 1963, p.66..
Among the new VOA projects is a relay 6) Urban G. Whitaker, Jr., ed. Propaganda
station on the island of Antigua'. The and International lations -Hower
transmitter dill be placed in the U.S. Chandler, Publ.,San Francisco, 1960, pp.
military installation there.. Unlike other 22-23, 25,.
.'VOA transmitters, this station will .7) Wartime Organization for Foreign Ins for-
broadcast in median wave and will become mation and Psychological Operations, U.S.
one of the most powerful AM stations in Government Declassified Documents, Library
the Eastern Caribbean. of Congress, #254A, pp.5-6.
A major new request in the 1980 budget 8) of supra #6, p.26.
was $4.45 million to develop the Hubert H. 9) cf supra #5, p.68; See also: President
Humphrey Fellowship program "to provide Kennedy "Memo to USIA" in U.S. Congress,
mid-career training for young professional Senate Committee on Foreign Relations,.
a people who are likely to become-important United States Security Agreements and Com-
.,public officials of Third World countries mitments-Abroad. Kingdom of Laos. Hearings
, . it holds the promise of forging sig- of the Subcommittee on U.S. Security
'nificant;lin'ks to future leaders who might Agreements and Committments Abroad, Part
otherwise have no direct experience with II, 91st Congress. 1st session, 1969,
the United States." 50 p.588.
And finally, a major reconstructing of 10) cf supra, #3, pp.462, 464_
ICA's research and intelligence operation 11) U.S. International Communication Agen-
is taking place "to sharpen both the rele- cy, Memorandum for Director,. International
vance of our research and the speed. with communication Agency, from President
which it is conducted" in order to better Carter, 3/13/78, p.2,
carry out the mandate to advise the Presi- 12) L.'Natarajan, Americas Two Pincers,
dent and the Secretary of State. 51 Pradip Prakashan, Lucknow, India, 1970,
Given the past history of the ICA it is p,2.
important to watch what role it will play, 13) cf supra #4, p.160.
.particularly' in these strategic regions. 14) U.S. Congress, House, Committee on
Clearly, one function will continue to,be , Government Operations, U.S. Government In-
1 - Counterspy
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
formation Policies and Practices - Prob- 22, 1973), pp.ii-iii.
lems of Congress in Obtaining Information 38) U.S. Congress, House, Committee on
from the Executive Branch (Part 8), Hear- Foreign Affairs, Authorizing Appropria-
ings before a Subcommittee of the Commit- tion for FY 1980-81 for Department of
tee on Government Operations, 92nd Con-_ State, the International Communication
gress, 2nd session, 1972, p.3239. Agency and the Board for International_
15) Thomas C. Sorenson,'The Word War: The Broadcasting. Hearings before the Subcom-
St r of American Propaganda, Harper and
Row, New York, 1968, p.63.
16) cf supra #2, p.3.
mittee on International Operations, 96th
Congress, 1st session, 1979, p.113.
39) United States Information Agency, Es-
17) U.S. Congress, House, Committee on In- timate of Free Wor d Reaction, Country
ternational Relations, U.S. Information Country to Three Possible Courses of Ac-
and Cultural Programs: Focus on Latin tion the U.S. in Quemoy-Matsu, Library
America 1976. Report of a Staff Surve of Congress, U.S. Government Declassified
~- - -'
Team, March 1977, p.7.- Documents, 98A, pp.1-2.
18) George V. Allen, "What the U.S. Infor- 40) cf supra #3, p.467.
mation Program Cannot Do", in Whitton, ed., 41) United States Information Agency, Re-
pp.62,63.
19) cf supra, #2, p.4.
20) Times (London), 2/11/80, p.12.
port to Congress Jan.-July 1974, pp.16-17.
42) cf supra #4, pp.120-121.
43) cf supra #38, p.132.
21) konkret (Hamburg), June 1980, p.12 44) Washington Post, 5/18/80, p.A-13.
22) Observor (London), 1/20/80; as quoted '45) Times (London), 12/22/79, p.5.
in Socialist Voice (Canada), 4/1/80, p.15. 46) cf supra, #18, p.62.
23) United States Information Agency, 2nd 47) cf supra, #17, p.17.
Report to Congress, Jan.-June 1954, p.22.
24) Robert E. Elder, The Information Ma-
chine, Syracuse University Press, Syra-
cuse, NY, 1968, p.20.
25) U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on
Foreign Relations, United States Security
Agreements and Commitments Abroad. Japan
and Okinawa. Hearings before the Subcom-
mittee on U.S. Security Agreements and
Commitments Abroad, Jan.26,27,28 and 29,
1970, p.1365.
26) Ibid., p.1400.
27) U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on*
Foreign Relations, Vietnam: Policy and
Prospects, 1970, Civil Operations and Ru-
ral Development Support Program. 91st
Congress, 2nd session, 1970, p.660.
28) cf supra, #3, p.490.
29) U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on
Foreign Relations, Hearings on New Poli-
cies in
Viet Nam,
89th Congress, 2nd ses-
sion, 1966, pp.4-6.
30)
cf
supra,
#9,
pp..585-586.
31)
cf
supra,
#3,
p.467.
32)
cf
supra,
#27,
p.688.
33)
cf
supra,
#2,
p.4'.
34)
New York
Post,
2/17/67, p.42.
35)
Washington Post, 2/20/67.
36)
David Wise, The American Police State,
Random House, New York, 1976, p.200.
37) United States Information Agency, VOA
and Radio Havana Audiences in Central
America. USIA Office of Research and As-
sessment, 2/29/68, (Declassified.on June
48) cf supra, #38, pp.122,133.
49) ibid., pp.133,135.
50) ibid., p.105
51) ibid.
EAST TIMOR, INDONESIA AND THE WESTERN
DEMOCRACIES
By Torben Retboll (ed.)
The purpose of East Timor, Indonesia
and the Western Democracies is to
show three points: Firstly, Indonesian
atrocities in East Timor; secondly,
the responsibility of the Western de-
mocracies; and thirdly, the cover-up
in the Western mass media. The book
has been written for the International
Work Group for indigenous Affairs doc-
ument series.
For more information contact:
The International Secretariat of IWGIA
Fiolstraede 10
1171 Copenhagen K
Denmark
CounterSpy - 13
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
CIA Rebels Supply U.S, Heroin
An Afghan proverb says:, "You can't hide One of the most contradictory' aspects
a camel under a dressing. gown." Likewise, of U.S.' reporting on Afghanistan is the
even a well orchestrated media campaign on information regarding the Afghan Army.
Afghanistan cannot hide the truth. On Au- For instance, the Washington Post said on
gust 24, 1980 the Washington Post was com- January 2, 1980 that: "The Afghan mili-
pelled to admit that quite a few reports tary, estimated by the United States at
on Afghanistan - including some in the 80,000 to 90,000 men a year ago, was re-
post itself - were pure fabrication. Wash- ported to have dwindled to no more than
ington Post reporter Stuart Auerbach 10,000 or 15,00.0 effective troops even be-
wrote: fore [the ouster of Hafizullah Amin on De-
"Even the best sourced reports on Afghan cember 27, 19791 ... U.S. analysts ex-
fighting produced errors. In the Paki- pressed.doubt that more than a few garri-
stani capital of Islamabad in January, a sons with a few hundred soldiers each are
reliable Western European diplomat told' still capable of functioning." .,4 A second'
an inquiring reporter that his country's Post story,of September 13, 1980, more
embassy in Kabul was reporting heavy than eight months later, reported that:
fighting around the airports, with Sovi- "Afghan sources say the size of the Afghan
et Mig fighters seen striking around the Army, once put at 80,000 troops, has dwin-
city. dledto about 20,000 since the Soviet in-
"In an on-the-record interview later vasion." 5 In other words: from an esti-
,that day,, Pakistan President Mohammed mated 10,000 to 15,000 effective troops in
Zia ul-Haq confirmed and elaborated on December 1979, the'Afghan Army has "dwin-
that report on the basis of information died" in eight months up to about 20,000.
he said he had received. Many of the reports in the U.S. media
"The Washington' Post, acting on two dif- quote "travelers from Afghanistan" as re-
ferent sources, including-one who a1 liable sources. Rainer Wolfgramm, a,corre-
lowed his name to be attached to the re- spondent for the state-owned West German
port, carried a front page story of the TV network ARD revealed on June 12, 1980
fighting. that the manner in which reports quoting
"The only, problem-is it never took travelers are created "is always the same.
place." 11 There are four or five reporters at the
Auerbach pointed outreports~on other airport in New Delhi, who run up to tray-
events that probably never took place such elers from Kabul. They are asked to give
as, the 20,ObO - some reports said 30,000 - their impressions, whether there was
"rebels" that "were massing outside Ka- shooting, fighting, unrest, how strong the
bUl". The Auerbach article also stated Soviets .are." 6 Foreign radio reports,
that, correspondents who were in Kabul e.g. the BBC, broadcast these travelers"
early this year said that "some of the. impressions back into Afghanistan. People
most hysterical and unreliable reports on in Afghanistan talk about them, the story
activities within Afghanistan came from is exaggerated and falsified and: "The
daily briefings given by American diplo- next traveler takes these stories with him
mats." 2 to Delhi. This way, in a short time, you
In addition to the erroneous stories have huge troop movements and drawn-out
documented by Auerbach, Washington Post fire-battles. Rumors like that can be
reporter William Branigan,was expelled easily manipulated in the desired direc-
frcm,Afghanistan in early January 1980 tion by whoevir is interested in a certain
along with other journalists for writing type of reporting." 7 Wolfgramm also
"inventions and insinuations, each one pointed out that many of the reports about
more clumsy than the one before." 3 Un- "shooting near Kabul" are true since there
daunted, the Post continues to print ar- are-firing ranges'close to Kabul airport.
ticles based on sources Auerbach palls Another widely used source for articlee
unreliable. in the U.S. media is statements issued
14 - CounterSpy
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
i
from the rebel headquarters in Peshawar, this aid continues. That was demonstrated
Pakistan. Wolfgramm says that these re- as recently as August, 1980 when the Ira-
ports have to be taken not with a grain nian government, otherwise a staunch sup-
but with a pound of salt: "For example, porter of the "rebels", was compelled to
while I was doing an interview with a ref- ban one of the "rebel" groups, the Jamiat-
ugee [in Peshawar , one of the rebel i-Islami (Islamic Society) because of its
spokesmen was drafting a press release extensive ties to the CIA and heroin smug-
about the situation in Kabul, which is gling. ~
about 200 km. from Peshawar. The spokesman Anti-communist, U.S. supplied "rebels"
admitted that he was not in contact with ...heroin ... the CIA: all have a familiar
anybody in Kabul." 8 ring. One is reminded of the Hmong tribes
More recently, the media in the U.S. has in Laos who were recruited by the CIA for
treated us to unsubstantiated reports mercenary armies. In exchange, the CIA
about the presence of Cuban (or Bulgarian, provided them with planes and helicopters
Czechoslovakian, or Rumanian) troops in to transport their opium. Previously, it
Afghanistan, 9 as well as articles on So- had been exceedingly difficult for the
viet chemical warfare in the conflict. Hmong and other tribes to transport their
The relentless media campaign reminis- opium out of the rugged mountain areas.
cent of early reporting on the U.S. war in The CIA aircraft removed a major obstacle
Vietnam has some obvious objectives: the to opium traffic. In his book, The Poli-
facts about the situation in Afghanistan tics of Heroin in Southeast Asia,'Alfred
are to be covered up by all means possible McCoy explained that without the CIA's
in order to maintain-the useful image of planes and helicopters the Hmong would
the conflict in Afghanistan as an example have faced economic ruin: "There was sim-
of Soviet aggression which "justifies" the ply no other form of air transport avail-
expansion of U.S. military presence in the able in Laos."
Middle East and-Indian ocean. Iin turn, the CIA transported opium which
One of the facts that must be considered came to the U.S. in the form of heroin and
in a truthful examination of the Afghani- had a devastating effect on the U.S. pub-
stan situation is that the U.S. government lic. In 1970, the U.S. Bureau of Narcotics
is, in the words of a State Department of- and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD, the predeces-
ficial, seeking to help the rebels "in ev- sor of the Drug Enforcement Administration
ery way we can... Not all the ways that we DEA) reported that "70% of the ocean of
pursue are ways that I can discuss." In heroin then washing across Europe and
the same context, the official also told America was originating in the Burma-Thai-
selected reporters that "the Red Army... is land-Laos Triangle region controlled by
unable to pacify the countryside or con- the CIA's mercenary opium armies." 11
trol the cities because rebels are finding At that time, heroin addiction in the
the resources and the will to resist." 10 U.S. reached epidemic proportions. The
CounterSpy has detailed the extensive Nixon administration described the situa-
U.S., Chinese, Pakistani and Egyptian aid tion as having "the dimension of a nation-
the rebels are receiving. By all accounts, al emergency". 12 President Richard Nixon
CIA in Pakistan
In addition to Robert P. Lessard, John
J. Reagan and David E. Thurman, who are
CIA officers stationed in Islamabad (see
CounterSpy, vol.4, no.2 for details),
CounterSpy has also learned that Gary C.
Schroen has been assigned to the U.S.
Embassy in Islamabad. Schroen is a CIA
officer. He has worked previously in
Iran from 1972 to 1975.
Richard B. Jackman,? a CIA officer in
Karachi, named in CounterSpy, vol.4,
no.2 is no longer listed in the latest
issue of the Pakistan Diplomatic List.
promoted a domestic program to supposedly
alleviate the tremendous heroin problems,
and Congress created the DEA; but at the
same time, Nixon maintained the CIA trans-
port network for Hmong opium in-order to
"fight Communism".
The heroin flow into the U.S. declined
rapidly when the U.S. military was de-
feated in Indochina not due to any success
on the part of the DEA but due to the
withdrawal of CIA officers and operatives,
who had been so instrumental in,getting
the opium off on the first leg of its
journey to the U.S. Gradually, the heroin
supply from the Golden Triangle dried up,
with the exception of 'opium from Thailand,
where the CIA and U.S. forces remained.
CounterSpy -.15
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
After U.S. withdrawal from Indochina, Western Europe and the U.S. Not surpris-
heroin use in the U.S. declined, and Pres- ingly,_~the unleashing of this floei coin-
ident Carter could brag on January 21, cided with the arrival of the CIA on the
1980: "At the beginning of my administra- Afghan-Pakistan border - to support and
tion there were over a half million heroin arm the tribes who were opium producers
addicts in the United States. Our contin- - all in the name of the fight against
ued emphasis on reducing the supply of Communism.
heroin, as well as providing; the treat- Hoag Levins of the Philadelphia magazine
ments and rehabilitation of its victims, asked a "high level law enforcement offi-
has reduced the addict population to cial in Washington" in an off-the-record
380,000 ",13 the lowest number in 25 interview about the U.S. government re-
years. Reportedly, the supply of heroin sponse to influx of Golden Crescent hero-
available in the U.S. had plummeted to a in. He answered:
ten-year low of four metric tons. 14 "You have the administration tiptoeing
By now, the encouraging statistics of around this like it's a land mine. The
January 1980 are ancient history. The her- issue of opium and heroin in Afghani-
oin supply is on the rise, and its use has stan is explosive.. In the State of the
jumped dramatically. We are, in the words Union speech, the President mentioned
df one high-level law enforcement official, drug abuse but he was very careful to
"about to enter another heroin hell." 15 avoid mentioning Afghanistan, even
This time, the heroin is coming from the though Afghanistan is where things are
Golden Crescent of Southwest Asia. The really happening right now. He said
Newark Office of the DEA, for one, reports
that "the known quantities of Golden Cres-
cent heroin on the streets'have suddenly
jumped 600%." 16 In Chigaco, the po-
lice reportedly expect a 10 percent in-
crease in addicts in 1980 because of the
influx of the Golden Crescent heroin. In
New York State, admissions to drug treat-
ment programs are up 26 percent. 17 In
Washington, D.C. medical examiner, James
ber of deaths from heroin overdose from 7 David G. Canaday, special agent in
in 1978 to 43 in the first nine months of charge of the DEA's Washington, D.C. of-
1980 fLlone. The heroin comes from the, fice, has stated that the DEA can't do
Golden Crescent, and Dr. Alyce Gulatte of anything about the, heroin influx from the
the Drug Abuse Institute of Howard Univer- Golden Crescent because "we have virtually
sity says that it "is destroying the no diplomatic ties in that part of the
city." 18 world." 22 His statement is, at best, a
Certain parts of Afghanistan have been weak excuse, given the diplomatic ties be-
opium country for decades. In a 1972 book, tween the U.S. and Pakistan. The real rea-
Catherine Lamour and Michel Lamberti wrote son for the DEA's inability to prevent the
that: "The poppy is grown ... along the flow of drugs from the Golden Crescent is
whole length of the Pakistani border from , that the opium growing tribes are not to
Jalalabad in the north to the important be annoyed because of their opposition to
southern town of Kandahar; also in the Nu- the Afghan government. Therefore, the DEA
ristan hills, and in the province of Ba- decided to withdraw all of its agents from
dakshan on the Russian border." 19 In the Afghan-Pakistan border area.23 At the
1972, Afghanistan *as not a major opium same time, the CIA, which is aiding these
exporter to the West. A certain amount was very tribes that grow the poppy for U.S.
smuggled into Iran and Egypt, but Afghani- heroin, is expanding its operations. (In
stan and northwestern Pakistan were a July 1980, the DEA also closed its Paris
"source of opium as-yet virtually un- office which was coordinating DEA opera-
tapped." 20 tions in Europe and Southwest Asia.)
That was eight years ago. Now, this The Golden Crescent with its expanding
source has been tapped and heroin produced CIA presence,' produced an estimated 1,000
from Afghan opium flows abundantly into metric tons of opium in 1979; 300 tons in
something like he was worried about
'drugs from Iran and Asia', but he spe-
cifically avoided dropping Afghanistan
in there because the White House is
worried that that will cause the media
to ask an obvious question:'..Why aren't
we taking a more critical look at the
arms we are now shipping in to gams of
drug runners who are obviously going to
use them to increase the efficiency of
Luke, has recorded an increase in the num- 'their drug smuggling operation 7'" 21
16 - CounterSpy
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
Afghanistan, and some 700 tons in Paki- 3) statement by the Afghan Revolutionary
stan, most of it in the border area. (In Council, as quoted in WP, 1/18/80, p.A-1.
contrast, Mexico's production was 10 4) WP, 1/2/80, p.A-4.
tons.) The,300 tons of opium produced in 5) WP, 9/13/80, p.A=19.
Afghanistan translates roughly into 30 6) As quoted in Antiimperialistisches In-
tons of nearly pure heroin. Some 60 tons formationsbulletin~(West Germany), July-
of pure heroin from the Golden Crescent August, 1980, p.9.
is now becoming available in the U.S. And 7) ibid.
for the first time, the Afghan opium is 8) ibid.
being exported in large quantities to the 9) WP, 9/5/80.
U.S., thanks to the CIA-supported tribes 10) AP report from Washington, D.C., as
who are fighting the Afghan government. quoted in The Japan Times, 6/1/80, p.1
The war of the Afghan "freedom fight- 11) Hoag Levins, "The Kabul Connection",
'ers" is a strange "holy war". If you Philadelphia magazine, August 1980, p.196.,
liked the CIA's "secret" war in Laos with 12) ibid.
its resulting hundreds of thousands of 13),ibid., p.114.
heroin addicts at home, you'll love the 14) Newsweek, 3/10/80, p.36.
CIA's "secret" war in Afghanistan. 15) cf supra., #11, p.202.
If you were outraged by Laos, you should 16) ibid., p.203.
cry out and demand immediate Congressional 17) Black Enterprise, August 1980, p.39.
investigation into the heroin. traffic from 18) WP, 9/28/80, p.A-9.
the Afghan-Pakistan border to the U.S. 19) Catherine Lamour and Michel Lamberti,
And, ask your local newspaper editor for The International Connection, Pantheon,
the real story of the "holy war" in Af New York, p.191.
ghanistan. 20) ibid., p.177.
21) cf supra, #11, p.202.
FOOTNOTES 22) cf supra, #18.
1) Washington Post (WP), 8/24/80, p.A-21.
2) ibid.
Chemical Warfare in
Afghanistan ~Dr. Mohalmmed Sa,~,.
Based on evidence gathered in Kabul and The intent of both these reports and
Washington, D.C., it now appears that a the supplying of chemicals to the "rebels"
branch of the U.S. government has covert- - aside from their military use - seems
ly supplied chemical weapons - probably to be two-fold. First, repeated reports
of the type commonly classified as "non- of chemical warfare discredit the Afghan
lethal" - to the-so-called rebels in Af- government and are easily blamed on the
ghanistan. The Afghan government has pro- Soviet Union. They add substantial
vided photographs and details concerning strength to the anti-Soviet militarism
cannisters and grenades manufactured in growing in the U.S. today. Secondly,
the United States that have been found in these allegations of Soviet chemical war-
battle zones in Afghanistan. fare have been used effectively to push
At the same time, the Western media has for enhancement of U.S. chemical warfare
been full of reports of Soviet atrocities, capabilities.
including the use of chemical weapons, in The latter consideration is no small
Afghanistan. As detailed below, U.S. gov- matter. At the end of June, 1980 Congress-
ernmental spokespersons have done their Seamus O'Faolain and Mohammed Sarkash
best to fuel these reports. are pseudonyms of a U.S. and an Afghan
writer, respectively.
CounterSpy - 17
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
man Richard Ichord (D-Missouri) offered weapons in 1969. Thus the appropriation of
an amendment to the military construction $3.15 million for a new chemical weapons
bill to earmark $3.15 million for a facto- plant is a major breakthrough.
ry to produce a new generation of sophis-
ticated nerve gas weapons. Basing his de- THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS RUMOR MILL
fense on reports that the Soviets were
using chemical weapons in Afghanistan and
that they had the best-equipped chemical
arsenal in the world, Ichord passed the,
amendment through the House Armed Ser-
vices Committee with virtually no opposi-
tion. Some ten weeks later, by a 337 to
22 vote, it passed the full House.
The $3.15 million will be used to build
a new binary nerve gas facility in Pine
Bluff, Arkansas. Binary chemical weapons
are so named because they employ two sepa-
rate agents of relative low toxicity in a
,projectile. When the projectile explodes,
the two agents combine and form a highly
lethal nerve gas. According to the plan
envisoned by supporters of-this new binary
gas program, the Pine Bluff factory will
"produce 155-millimeter artillery rounds
containing the gas by late 1983 or early
1984. Programs for 8-inch rounds, due in
1985 and the 'Bigeye' aircraft-massive
bomb, being developed jointly by the Navy
and the Air Force for production in 1986,
;will-follow."
The chemicals to be produced; Sarin and
GB,-are devastatingly lethal. A quart of
GB at its maximum effect'could kill one
million persons.
As early as December 29, 1979 the New
York Times reported that, according to Af-
ghan rebels, "the Russians have already
used gas in some attacks." A few weeks
later, on January 23, United Press Inter-
national carried a report that "soman, a
nerve gas first prepared in Nazi Germany
in 1944, had been deployed against rebel
positions near the northeast cities of
-Faizabad and Jalalabad and in central
,Bamiyan and northern Takhar province. The
information was attributed to anonymous
U.S. intelligence sources", who, in turn
had learned about i.t from a "defecting
Afghan Army officer and other refugees."2
Columnist Jack Anderson, in his March
5, 1980 column, had a lot to add to
stories-of "Soviet invaders... attacking
guerillas with deadly nerve gases that
even Adolf Hitler balked at using." Ac-
cording to Anderson, "Russians are using
gases to flush the fierce mountain men
out of the caves and crevices where they
are holed up." Anderson's sources are of
"high" quality: "intelligence specialists
a U.S. diplomat... the Defense Intel-
ligence- Agency... Pentagon sources... in-
telligence reports... a key intelligence
"The current U.S.-stockpile of chemical
weapons includes three million artiZleij
shells, a few thousand aerial bombs and
several hundred thousand land mines.
Most of these are filled with G nerve
agents, an organophosphorous compound
that is odorless, invisible and devas-
tatingly lethal. A microscopic drop
landing on a person's body will, within
fifteen minutes, cause--concentration of
the pupils, headaches, vomiting, uncon-
.troiZed defecation and urination, muscu-
lar convulsions, coma, and shortly af-
terwards, death." (The'Nation, 7/5/80,
p.12)
"The U.S. Army today possesses about
300,600 tons of gas, two-thirds of it
nerve agents." (The Progressive,. Sept.
1980, p.43)
source.... intelligence agencies... a top
secret CIA analysis... one top secret CIA
publication, the Weekly-Surveyor..."
On April 7, 1980, Secretary of Defense
Harold Brown decided to contribute to the
chemical rumor mill. In a speech in Los
Angeles,'he stated that "there is mougt
ing evidence that the Soviets are using
incapacitating gas - and some reports
that they may be using lethal gas - in
the Afghan countryside." 3 As time went
on, it became more-and'moreobvious that
neither the CIA, the-Pentagon, nor the
State partment had any convincing evi-..
dence that Soviet troops were using chem-
ical weapdrs!in Afghanistan. Said a CIA ;,
spoke spe -fs?in,: - "There is no firm scientif-
ic evidefioe tat [Soviet troops] used c.i
lethal gas.
In similar' statements, State Department
The U.S. Army has been trying for sever= spokespersons, while suggesting that
al years to revive its chemical warfare there were reports about the Soviet use
program since President Richard Nixon re- of lethal chemical-weapons, said they
nounced further development of chemical were "not able to establish conclusively
18 - CounterSpy
- Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
that lethal chemical agents had been
used." However, if these reports were
true, the State Department "would regard
such use as outrageous and inhumane." 5
Addressing the State Department's con-
tinuing reports of that kind, Julian
Perry Robinson of Sussex University, a
world authority on chemical warfare,
said: "It is not clear why the State De-
partment should have referred to a plural-
ity and persistence of reports." 6
The New Statesman added: "Such reports
certainly have one effect: once launched
the smear story is difficult to deflect,,
and these allegations are likely to cause
Moscow deep embarrassment, particularly in
using U.S. chemical weapons and there are
some incidents which add substance to the
claims that U.S.-supplied chemical warfare
is taking place.
On June 6, 1980 the water supply of two
Kabul schools was poisoned. Later in June,
a gas was released in a Kabul girls'
school which left a number of students
unconscious for several hours in Kabul
hospitals. Chemical analysts identified
the gas as a herbicide capable of causing
severe damage to the human body. The "reb-
els" blamed the attacks on the Soviets and
the Afghan government blamed them on the
"rebels".
its relations to developing countries. But EVIDENCE OF U.S. CHEMICAL WARFARE
equally important is the impact they have
on publjic and official opinion in the
West,"
As CounterSpy goes to press, the State
Department and the CIA have yet to come up
with concrete evidence of Soviet use of
any sort of chemical weapons in Afghani-
stan. It is important to note too, that
the Carter administration still feels that
their evidence is insufficient to merit
pressing formal charges against the Soviet
Union. Nevertheless, the State Depart-
ment's assertions continue. In a 124-page
August 1980 report the State Department
stated: "In Afghanistan, we regard it as
highly likely that Soviet forces have used
some form of chemical agents in their ef-
forts to suppress Afghan resistance. And
there are a number of refugee reports that
the Soviet forces have used ingcapacitant
and lethal chemical agents."
Undersecretary of State Matthew Nimetz
found the ideal wording for State Depart-
ment purposes. According to him, "the
chances are about even that lethal agents
have or have not been used by Soviet
forces in trying to suppress the Afghan
resistance."
Accounts about the use of chemical weap-
ons in the Afghan countryside have, so
far, come almost exclusively from Afghan
refugees in Pakistan. The refugees have
not been able to provide any hard evidence
- e.g. shells containing chemicals or
traces of chemicals. United Nations offi-
cials and other organizations working with
the refugees likewise have not come up
with any evidence.
In contrast, the Afghan government has
been very careful in its attempt to pro-
vide documentation that the "rebels" are
In a press conference on June 3, 1980
the Afghan government displayed a number
of weapons it said were captured from the
"rebels". Among these weapons were several
chemical bombs marked "CDS 517, Made in
U.S.A.". In this press conference tele-
vised in Western Europe, the Afghan gov-
ernment also showed chemical cannisters
recovered from the fighting which were
made in the U.S. The French newspaper
L'Humanite reported on August 25,1980
that after fighting in the town of Ghazni,
"Afghan soldiers recovered chemical de-
vices labeled ''M112' and bearing the in-
structions: 'Beware, poison. Do not heat.
Releases poison gases."' 10 L'Humanite
also notes that "at the beginning of April
the Afghan forces also discovered two an-
ti-tank bombs which on detonation dis-
persed poison gases. They were made in the
United States and carry the label RKT
83 mm heat blindicide M12." 11
The cannisters that the Afghan govern-
ment displayed in its press conference in
early. June 1980 carried the imprint: "Made
in U.S.A. Federal Laboratories, PA", and
contained a tear gas type substance. (In
discussing chemical warfare, it is impor-
tant to note the distinction between le-
thal chemical weapons and so-called "ir-
ritants" which are lethal only in high
doses. It seems that most of the weapons
labeled "Made in U.S.A." were not of the
kind commonly called "lethal".)
Located in Saltsburg, Pennsylvania, Fed-
eral Laboratories, Inc. is a subsidiary of
Breeze Corporation of Union City, New Jer-
sey. Federal Laboratories, which has a Py-
rotechnics Division where it produces am-
CounterSpy - 19
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
"At a glance, I can smell where
trouble's brewing in the world... In my
business, that's important," said Harry
Wells of Federal Laboratories to Wall
Street Journal reporter George Getschow.
In an August 2, 1978 article, Getschow
writes that whenever Wells learns of a
"significant new trouble spot, he dis-
patches a sales man to the area to sniff
out the new business."
Federal Laboratories' plant in Salts-
burg "is secluded along a winding road
in the foothills of the Allegheny Moun-
tains, about 40 miles from Pittsburg.
Surrounded by barbed wire fence and
armed guards, the 150 acre complex re-
sembles a military outpost.
"The plant consists of 70 tiny, tin
roofed buildings widely scattered on a
hillside to lessen the effect of any ex-
plosion. Included are research laborato-
ries and a training center where lawmen
come to learn about the latest in chemi-
cal weaponry... Security is tight. Fed-
eral wouldn't allow a reporter to tour
the factory."
In an interview with George Getschow,
Wells was optimistic about business op-
portunities in the future, as far as do-
mestic sales of tear gas are concerned.
"I can see us heading into another peri-
od like the 1960's... People may not be
starving, but right now there is 20% un-
employment in some urban areas, and
that's a damn good ingredient for a
riot."
And riots mean money for Federal Labo-
ratories. That was evident in good sales
during the 1960's and early 1970's when
tear gas was in high demand by U.S. po-
lice in their clashes with demonstrators.
When the war was over, more austere
times began for the company.
Commented Frank MacAloon, editor of
the police trade publication Law and Or-
der, "When peace came to the U.S., the
tear gas business pretty much dried up...
It's like cockroaches - if you don't
have them, you don't need roach killer."
(In the early 1970's, Federal Laborato-
ries also encountered other difficulties
when it was ordered by.a court to pay
$240,000 in damages to a South Carolina
prisoner who was blinded in both eyes by
Federal's high quality tear gas.)
By now, however, the tear gas business
seems to be recovering. In his 1979 An-
nual Report to the Shareholders , Breeze
Corporation President Joseph J. Mascuch
reported a 56 percent increase in the
net income of Breeze as a whole and, as
fas as Federal Laboratories is concerned:
"Sales of our Pyrotechnics Division at
Federal Laboratories, Inc. were down
from last year's peacetime record be-
cause of changes in the world demand...
and some difficulties in obtaining ex-
port licenses for military and police
pyrotechics. Although the profit-to-sale
ratio fell off slightly, Federal Labora-
tories still maintained healthy gross
and net margins."
munition, also lists among its products
"tear gas, police equipment, bullet proof
vests, organic chemicals, and metal de-
tectors." 12
Seymour Hersh, in his 1968 book Chemical
and Biological Warfare says Federal Labo-
ratories is a "chemical company" now han-
dling CBW (chemical-biological weapons)
procurement contracts with the Department
of Defense, 13 and the Pentagon's list of
prime contractors, for fiscal year 1979
registers Federal Laboratories as having
contracts with the Department of the Army
worth $326,000. As of 1978, Federal Labo-
ratories was the world's largest producer
of tear gas. 14
The telephone receptionist at Federal
Laboratories upon hearing of our interest
in chemical weapons from Federal Labora-
tories in Afghanistan, said: "You have to
talk with Mr. Wells about that." Harry
20 - CounterSpy
Wells, Vice President, did not want to
talk about that or anything else, was
nasty, and hung up. Federal Laboratories,
incidentially, has been conducting train-
ing courses for police officers, private
security firms, and U.S. intelligence of-
ficers. 15
In response to a written question in
the April, 1980 House of Representatives
hearing on chemical weapons, Undersecre-
tary of State Nimetz noted:
"The United States categorically denies
that it has ever supplied any type of
chemical weapon or agent to any of the
parties in the Afghan conflict. In the
past, the United States supplied to
governments with which it has had secu-
rity relationships non-lethal agents of
the type widely used in the world for
maintaining public order. Many such
agents are also readily available com-
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
In its Annual Report for Fiscal Year
1979, filed with the U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission, Breeze Corporation
notes that the principal products of the
Pyrotechnics Division of its subsidiary
Federal Laboratories "are a variety of
law enforcement and security systems and
devices, including a full line of tear
gas products. Products are used by fed-
eral, state and municipal police depart-
ments as well as the armed forces. Prod-
ucts are also used by many foreign law
enforcement agencies.
"The Division. manufactures and markets
law enforcement and security devices
such as tear gas grenades, projectiles,
cartridges, launching equipment and guns.
"The Division is a primary producer of
both CN and CS, the principal chemical
agents used world-wide in tear gas appli-
cations.... Sales are made through ap-
proximately 35 domestic distributors and
approximately 10 representatives for for-
eign business as well as some direct
sales to domestic and foreign customers.
... We also sell to export agents in
the U.S. who, in turn, sell to foreign
countries.... Export'sales are approxi-
mately 38%.... There are approximately
95 employees in the Pyrotechnical Divi-
sion."
According to the annual report, sales
of the Pyrotechnics Division totalled
$4,058,192 in 1979 and $5,240,648 in
1978.
the potential of becoming very embarrass-
ing to the U.S. government, and in order
to cover any hint of U.S. involvement we
can expect the rumor mill to grind out
still more accounts of "Soviet chemical
warfare in Afghanistan."
FOOTNOTES
1) Jamie Kitman, "A Nerve Gas We Can
Love", The Nation, 7/5/80, p.12.
2) 'Gwynne Roberts, "The Campaign of Mis-
information", New Statesman, 4/4/80,
p.506.
3) Eliot Marshall, "Nerve Gas in Afghani-
stan ?", Science, 5/30/80, p.1016.
4) ibid.
5) Statement by Matthew Nimetz, Undersec-
retary of State for Security Assistance,
Science and Technology in: Hearing before
the Subcommittee on International Securi-
ty and Scientific Affairs and on Asian
and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on
Foreign Relations, Strategic Implications
of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Wash-
ington, D.C., 4/24/80, p.6
6) cf supra #3, p.504.
7) ibid., p.506.
8) This 124-page collection of "reports
on the use of chemical weapons in Afghan-
istan, Laos and Kampuchea" was issued on
8/7/80; see International Herald Tribune,
8/9-16/80.
9) cf supra #5, p.5.
10) as quoted in Foreign Broadcast Infor-
mation Service, Soviet Union, 9/10/80,
mercially. We have no knowledge,..how- P.C-8.
ever, that such U.S. manufactured 1) ibid.
agents have been transferred by any 12) Million Dollar Directory, Vol.l, 1980
DL'n's Marketing Service, Parsippany, NJ,
government to Afghans resisting foreign
domination and occupation." 16 p.968.
Obviously, that answer left open the pos- 13) Seymour Hersh, Chemical and Biologi-
sibility that a private U.S. corporation cal Warfare, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indi-
could have supplied such chemicals,,. anapolis, IND, 1968, pp.253,254.
At the same time, the Afghan government 14) Wall Street Journal, 8/2/78, pp.1,31.
has provided considerable evidence,:that 15) Jim Hougan, Spooks, William Morrow and
Company, Inc., New York, 1978, pp.459,460.
t lik
i
l
-
l
d
h
e
weapons
mos
e c
em
ca
U.S.-ma
y 16)
weapons that are deadly only in large cf supra #5, p.51.
doses - are being used by the soTcalled
Afghan rebels. On August 20, :19&Q., .the Af-
ghan government took the further,sep of
declaring-at a press conference that "the
Afghan authorities are ready to let ex-
perts from any part of the world examine
these finds of U.S.-produced,chemical
weapons and discover how they came into
the. hands of counterrevolutionaries."
Such an examination, undoubtedly, has
CounterSpy - 21
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
Iraq-Iran War
by Jeff McConnell
(Ed. note: Jeff McConnell is a poZit- Saddam Hussein's desire to control the re-
ical activist living in Somerville, ryas- gion. Ayatollah Khomeini and Bani-Sadr
sachusetts.) have made numerous appeals to the Shiites
in Iraq to rise up and overthrow Hussein's
Claims that Iraq's involvement in the goverment, controlled by Sunnis. Other
present war has been instigated by the Arab governments also fear calls for rev-
United States have not been taken serious- olution by the I anians,'and have largely
ly in this country. Now it is true that supported Iraq in the war. Iraq also de-
there is a coincidence of interests be- sires political and military hegemony-over
tween Iraq and the United States that the area, and Khomeini's government stands
might make direct instigation by the , in the way of this.
United,States unnecessary -- interests in These facts gain importance from re-
keeping the conservative Arab oil nations ports, attributed to "Western intelligence
in power and thus maintaining "stability" officers", that "exiled opponents of
in the Persian Gulf, for example -- but
this coincidence of interests does not Ayatollah Ftuhollah Khomeini 's regime have
been active on the Iraqi side. Former
receive serious attention in the U.S. Prime Minister Shahpur Bakhtiar, General
press either. In fact, it is difficult Gholam Ali Oveissi, the former military
from press analyses to understand what is commander of Tehran, and another former
happening in Iran and Iraq. Appeals to high-ranking officer were said to have
ethnic and religious rivalries and to visited Baghdad frequently between the end
territorial disputes do not explain why
the war is occurring now. Press accounts
suggest that there has been a long and
gradual escalation of fighting to the.
present level. There is plenty of evi-
dence to the contrary, however, evidence
which also makes more comprehensible the
claims of U.S. involvement.
At least in part, the war can-fie seen
as an effort by the Hussein regime in
Iraq to overthrow the present Iranian
government, not just to retake the dis-
of August and the middle of September. At
the same time former officers of the
Shah's forces living in exile in Cairo and
Western Europe began to assemble in
Iraq... 2
According; to a September 26, 1980, Lon-
don Times dispatch, Oveissi was in Iraq.
According to the same report, exiled Ira-
nian generals in London claimed that
Bakhtiar at that time was "also in Bagh-
dad, engaged in negotiations with the
Iraqi government and the dissident Irani-
puted Shatt-al-Arab that Iran gained con- an commanders." A September 27 AP dispatch
trol of in 1975. Many writers have however, reported an interview with 1
agreed that a victory for Iranin the war Bakhtiar on French television "last night"
would increase the power of President (i.e., September 26), during which he said
Bani-SSadr and the military against the "he had been in Iraq five times in the
clerics, while a defeat would thoroughly last year; but not 'in the recent past"',
discredit the clerics and create insta- and a September 29 London Times article
bility in the country. Initial Iraqi ef- said that Bakhtiar had given two press
forts to continue the fighting beyond the conferences in Paris during the previous
seizure of the disputed land can be seen several days to dispell rumors, that he was
in this light. Heavy fighting throughout
in Iraq..However, CBS News reported on
both Kurdistan and Khuzistan'reflected October 2 that Bakhtiar had left Paris and
efforts by Iraq to hit Iran at very~vul- was in route to Iraq; apparently the Lon-
nerable spots and in areas of intense don generals had received advanced word of
ethnic dissatisfaction. These are the same Bakhtiar's trip, but had not been ,correct"
areas that were targeted in the coup at- ly informed of its date..
tempt in July, 1980. The aim wac, in the The consensus among the collection of
words of Terry Povey, Iran correspondent "Western intelligence officers" was that
for The Middle East, to "take over a lion-
ited base from which to attack the rest of at a minimum, the Iranian officers assem-
ite country." 1 bled in Iraq "provide the Iraqis with in-
Iran's Islamic government is a threat to formation about the location of Iranian
22 - CounterSpy
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
radar sites and the deployment of ground
and air forces", which "could explain the
surprise achieved by Iraq in the first air
raids on Tehran and the armored thrusts
toward Abadan and Khurremshahr." However,
"there is no evidence that they have
formed a combat force", according to these
sources.4
The London generals, on'the other hand,
claim that Oveissi "commands over 5,000
Iranian dissident troops fighting in West-
ern Iran against forces loyal to Ayatollah
Khomeini." They claim, for example, that
"the Kurdish town of Qasr-e-Shirin... has
fallen to the advancing Iraqi and Iranian
dissident troops." 5 An article in the
West German weekly Stern claims that
Oveissi's operations are even larger:
"Some 45,000 soldiers who deserted are now
being trained for the hour X in about 20
camps along the Iraqi border." The Iraqi
government has been widely reported in the
past to be supporting such camps. Stern
reports that another 25,000 soldiers are
waiting in Bahrain and Oman, and another
3,000 in Fgypt. 6
Plans appear to be imminent for a move
by these forces. On July 7 it was reported
that when "asked about the-timetable for
action, virtually all opposition figures
agreed that the blow must fall within a
matter of months if the rising wave of
communism in Iran is to be quelled." 7
Stern reports that an attack is scheduled
by Oveissi's forces on October 26. And
the London generals, "under the leadership
of Field Marshall Aryana, a former Chief
of Staff of the Iranian armed forces under
the Shah", were reported on September 26
to be setting up a committee "with the aim
of making contingency preparations for
what they see as the imminent collapse of
the Islamic Republic in Iran. The generals
... are confidently predicting the
Khomeini regime in Tehran will be toppled
in a military coup within 48 hours. As
part of their plans, they are considering
chartering an aircraft to fly them to Teh-
ran." These plans seem to indicate a
great deal of advance planning with the.
Iraqis.
The analysis of the war given by the
Bakhtiar people. is that there are "no es-
sential differences" between Iran and
Iraq, and "that it was largely because the
ayatollah had been seeking to export his
Islamic revolution across the border that
the troubles had started." Bakhtiar's.
people have an interest in an Iraqi victo-
ry; they say that "there is no reason why
there should not be friendly relations be-
tween the two countries once the ayatol-
lah's regime falls. This would be the in
evitable result of defeat by Iraq." 8
Similar estimates have appeared in the
U.S. press; David Hirst, for one, wrote in
the Christian Science Monitor about the
same time that a victory for Iraq would
severely discredit the ruling clerics"
among almost all segments of the Iranian
population and surely drive them from
power.
Iran clams that the U.S. has been se-
cretly involved in the war. U.S. officials
themselves have suggested a partial ex-
planation for these claims that is very
revealing but appears only in a few press
reports. Unnamed U.S. officials said on
September 22 that "many Iranian opponents
of Ayatollah Khomeini are known to have
traveled between Iraq and the United
States." 9 A related, but even more sig-
nificant, and, if true, more damning
charge has been made by Iranian President
Bani Sadr. He told the Le Monde correspon-
dent in Iran that the Iranian government
had purchased a document detailing a meet-
ing in Paris among Iraqis, Iranian exiles,
and U.S. and Israeli military experts at
which planning for the attack on Iran took
place. Flora Lewis cited Bani Sadr's
charge in her October 10, 1980 column in
the New York Times.
On June 12, 1980 the New York Times re-
ported that General Gholam Oveissi "was
able to visit the United States recently,
seeking to unify Iranian exile groups
here." 10 But only by reading the Farsi-
language Name-Ye Ruz, published in Paris
(or the July 22, 1980 Foreign Broadcast
Information Service, in which a transla-
tion appears), does one learn that Oveissi
visited the U.S. "after a trip to Bagh-
dad." 11 On July 9, 1980 the Atlanta Con-
stitution reported that Oveissi "fled to
the United States after his ouster in
1979. Since then, he has relocated his ex-
ile field command in Paris... But he has
frequently returned to the United States,
most recently in June..." The Constitution,
also reports that Oveissi "is known to
have visited Iraq", and the suggestion is
that he has done so numerous times. As re-
cently as September 26, five days after
the start of heavy fighting between Iraq
and Iran, the London Times reported that
Oveissi "has just returned from the United
States to Iraq." Recall that the New York
CounterSpy - 23
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
Timer places him in Iraq just-prior to "were reluctant to talk about these dis-
this time. Thus he would have been in the cussions". 14 And Andrew Whitley, writing
U.S., having come from Iraq,,a few days in the 3uly 30 Financial Times, claimed
before or at the time of the outbreak-of that the Carter administration has had
the fighting, which he seems to have been contacts with the Bakhtiar faction. Henry
involved in planning. It has not been re- Eason\eported that there is "evidence of
ported who he met with in the U.S. at this some discussion between Western govern-
time, although it is known that he met ments and the opposition leaders, but none
with Carter administration people in June that Westerners, would acknowledge." He
1980. (See below.) - also said that "no outward evidence of
It must be kept in mind that on. April 7, Western assistance to the counterrevolu-
1980 President Carter issued sanctions tionaries could be confirmed, though it
against Iran that included the revocation was reliably learned that some Western
of all American visas held by Iranian na- governments maintain open lines of commu-
tionals. Thus Iranians could not enter the nication with opposition camps." 15
U.S. unless they came under one of three However, the distinction between assis-
categories of exceptions: those applying tance and non-assistance is not so easy to
for and receiving political asylum in the make, especially given recent events. At
U.S.; those with close relatives in the the time of Oveissi's June visit to the
U.S.; and those needing emergency medical U.S., American officials achnowledged that
treatment. An additional exception was the Carter administration has allowed the
made for the Shah's family, under an exile groups to.operate within the U.S.
agreement reached between the U.S. govern- and has 'snot sought to discourage polit-
ment and the Shah before,he left the U.S. ical activities", while having "backed
for Panama in January, 1980. off from offering any support for General
How then has Oveissi been permitted to Oveissi or other exiles", but only "for
enter the U.S. after April 7, and why ? fear of antagonizing Tehran and further
The New York Times reported that it was jeopardizing the lives of the 53 American
because "he applied for political asylum hostages there." 16 Geoffrey Godsell obs
when he left Tehran in early 1979 for Par- served that the continued detention of the
is, where,he now lives"; 12 but this hostages is viewed by the Iranian leaders
would not be a sufficient reason under as serving as a degree of.control against
Carter's regulations. Perhaps more to the any U.S.-backed-coup attempt. 17
point is Henry Easton's report in the At Along the same line, Andrew Whitley
lata Constitution that according to "State wrote in the Financial Times on July 10,
Department officials, Iranians who can 1980: "With the fate of the 53 American
demonstrate that they are truly fleeing
from persecution in their homeland or
those whose-presence would be in the na-
tional interest are often given visas to
live and work in the United States...
'We're not letting people in just for
their convenience,' one State Department
official said." 13 Since Oveissi has been
living in Paris, he is not "f'eing from
persecution"; and if it is not for his
-hostages in Iran very much in the balance
Washington will want to move with caution
in its dealings with the embryonic opposi-
tion movement. Depending on how the inter-
nal dynamics of, Iran work themselves out
this summer and autumn, this posture may
change." Already on July 30, however,
Whitley was able to disclose that American
contacts had been established with the
Oveissi faction, and the Bakhtiar faction
"convenience" that he is allowed to enter.,, (the two,imain groups of Iranian exiles or--
it lust be.for some U.S. interest. ganizing &o overthrow the,-Islamic Repub-
Oveissi said at the time of his June lic), although he reports that "this does
visit that""he did not plan to meet. with not mean: hat;-those groups have been re-
any Carter Administration aides,during his cognized cr;,that help has been extended
current visits." Carter aides had repeat- directly'to them" Yet he'adds: "On the
edly denied contacts with the Iranian op- other hand, they would be considered much
position. However, the New York Times re- more credible and therefore deservinq more
ported that in Washington, "officials con- serious attention if, somehow, the two ri-
firmed that they had met with aides of vals were to join forces. That message has
q General Oveissi on what one called 'a per- already been put across."
social basis"' although these officials The message from U.S. officials was ap-
24 - CounterSpy
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
On January 8, 1968, syndicated colum=
nist Joseph Kraft attended a secret meet-
ing of the Council on Foreign Relations
at the Harold Pratt House in New York
City. Chairing the meeting was former CIA
official, William J. Barnds. Also present
were former members of the CIA hierarchy,
Allen W. Dulles and Robert Amory, Jr. At
the meeting, Richard Bissell, Jr. of the
CIA revealed that the CIA was going to
continue and expand its penetrations and
manipulations of U.S. institutions and
organizations. This, despite the CIA's
charter's prohibition against domestic
involvement. and despite the then recently
issued Katzenbach guidelines ordering a
cut-back in the CIA's domestic operations
Joseph Kraft never reported this or any
of the other disturbing admissions made
by Bissell who detailed the CIA's use of
covert operations throughout the world.
Now, Kraft has topped his years of cover-
ing the CIA by calling for a U.S. govern-
ment coup in Iran. On September 30, 1980
Kraft wrote:
"Out of the fog of fighting between Iraq
and Iran there emerges a clear American
war aim. But it does not lie in taking a
neutral position between the belliger-
ants (sic), and banking on the Russians
and the United Nations to do the rest.
On the contrary, this country's best in-
terest would be served the overthrow
of the present Iranian government (em-
phasis added) and the establishment of a
pro-Western regime in Tehran."
Kraft then called for an alliance with
the Iranian "military structure" and
"middle class" as well as Anwar Sadat and
the French and Saudi governments in car-
rying out the overthrow. Kraft did not
mention King Hussein, but this was before
Hussein came forward publicly to support
the Iraqi regime. In this regard, it
should be noted that Kraft defended
Hussein when it was revealed that
Hussein was receiving close to $1 million
a year from the CIA for "walking around"
money as well as "female companions".
Kraft dismissed the legal and ethical
concerns of his proposed coup with these
words:
"Americans, of course, do not comfort-
ably make such callous calculations of
national interest. But that is all the
more reason not to let the logic of na-
tional interest be lost in the sea of
smarmy humanitarianism."
parently taken to heart. On August 8, 1980
Bakhtiar announced the creation of a uni-
fied "national resistance movement" to
overthrow the government in Tehran.
Bakhtiar was named as the head of the
movement's political wing, while Oveissi
was to head the military wing of the move-
ment. Bakhtiar's participation involved a
large concession on his part; several
weeks before he had compared Oveissi, who
had been responsible for massacres in Teh-
ran in the last days of the Shah's regime,
to Chilean President Pinochet. 18 Subse-
quently, in his September 26 interview on
French television, Bakhtiar announced
plans to create a "government-in-exile".
He claimed that he had been in contact
"with a number of nations that have given
him advice... He said he would not have
decided to set up a government-in-exile if
he believed it would be recognized only by
Iraq. He said among those who would ap-
prove his decision would be 'European
countries who have stopped flirting with
Khomeini'."
Besides advice and promises of diplomat-
ic support, the exiles have other needs.
While they "do not appeal for greater fi-
nancial assistance from the West in ex-
plaining their case," according to Henry
Eason, they do "indicate a need for West-
ern intelligence and help in countering a
feared Soviet entry, should the coup re-
sult in a civil war that becomes pro-
tracted." One can only wonder if repeated
U.S. warnings to the Soviet Union about
the consequences of an invasion of Iran
have at least in part been a response to
this need of the exiles. Very suggestive
along the same line is a passage of the
September 26 London Times article. It re-
ported that when they are "confronted with
the possibility that President Saddam
Hussein (of Iraq) might prefer a weakened
and bankrupt clerical government in Teh-
ran, with the oil-bearing province of
Khuzistan wrenched from its control, the
exiled generals reply that such a situa-
tion would not be allowed to arise by the
United States."
However, on September 28, Deputy Secre-
tary of State, Warren Christopher is re-
ported to have, in a television interview,
"signaled... that although the United
States remained neutral in the Persian
Gulf conflict this did not mean that Wash-
ington" would condone the dismemberment of
Iran through the seizure of Khuzistan.
CounterSpy - 25
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
originally, U.S. officials had predicted make a point-blank denial, but described
that Iraq's objectives would be limited; the initial report as "irresponsible and
Christopher's statement expressed "concerr misleading." 28 It is reported that the
that the... conflict was spreading beyoncj broadcasts "indicated support" for
original estimates." 20 Bakhtiar and "included a call for 'libera-
Among the nations that would probably tion of Iran', a description of Ayatollah
support Bakhtiar's "government-in-exile" Khomeini as 'racist and fascist' and an
would be Egypt. Given U.S. ties to Egypt, appeal to Iranians to 'take guns into your
this fact is important for the understand- hands' in-preparation for action."
ing of U.S. involvement. In addition to It is also known that the CIA has been
the Stern report about.Oveissi's soldiers involved with another attempt to discredit
there, it is reported that Egyptian Presi- the Khomeini regime. It arranged for the
dent Anwar Sadat met with Oveissi in mis-translation and publication of a book
May;21 and a number of exiled officers by Khomeini on Islamic government. The
are known to live in Cairo and to have book was translated into English to make
left there for Baghdad in the weeks prior Khomeini's views appear more extreme than
to the war-(see above). Of course, the they are; people who have read both the
late Shah and his associates lived in original. and the translation say that the
Egypt; Sadat and the Shah consulted regu- parts of the latter bear little resem-
larly; Sadat gave him a state funeral; and blance to the former. Excerpts of the book
the Shah's trip to Egypt from Panama was were syndicated in a number of newspapers
arranged at least in part by the U.S. 22 throughout the U.S. early in 1980.
On September 25, Sadat told reporters These two covert operations by them-
"that the fighting between Iraq and Iran selves completely discredit Carter admin-
was a perfect opportunity for the Iranian istration denials of involvement in of
Army to overthrow the Tehran regime of forts to destabilize the Khomeini govern-
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and he said ment. They become even more important,
that the United States should support such moreover, when placed alongside the Ion-
a takeover." 23 tacts with opposition forces, contacts
The U.S. State Department disassociated which the administration has also denied
itself from Sadat's remarks, questioning or downplayed, especially given the heavy
only the means,and not the end: "We oppose involvement of these forces in the Iraqi
the violent overthrow of any government, war effort and its aim of unseating the
including the Khomeini regime," a spokes- Iranian government.
person, Jack Cannon, said. 24 (It has to
be added here that the U.S. government has
nothing in principle against coups; just
several weeks before the White House had
given its approval to the coup staged by FOOTNOTES
the Turkish military several days before _
it occurred. 25) Sadat's statements
surely reflect certain top-level thinking; 1) see Foreign Report, 7/16/80; and The
his mistake was to say it publicly. Middle East, August 1980, p.24.
Jack Cannon's remark is further ironic 2) New York Times (NYT), 9/27/80, p.4.
in light of the disclosure that the CIA is 3). NYT, 9/28/80, p.4.
"responsible for clandestine radio broad- 4) cf supra, #2.
casts aimed at undermining the Iranian 5) The Times (London), 9/26/80.
rule" of Khomeini and originating from 6) Stern (West Germany), 9/25/80.
transmitters in Egypt, "one believed to be 7) Atlanta Constitution (AC),7/7/80, p.l.
near Alexandria and the other near the 8) The Times (London), 9/24/80, p.7.
Suez Canal." 26 The broadcasts originated 9) NYT, 9/23/80, p.1.
with a "White House request" to Sadat, and 10) NYT, 6/12/80, p.12.
.he agreed. It is reported that a "senior 11) Name-Ye Ruz (Paris), 7/21/80, as
official" even tacitly confirmed that quoted in Foreign Broadcast Information
Americans were involved by commenting that service, 7/22/80.
the Iranian authorities "haven't come to 12)cf supra, #10.
us yet about it. If they do, we would do 13) AC, 7/10/80, p.11A.
something about it." 27 Even a National 14) cf supra, #10.
Security Council spokesperson declined to 15) AC, 7/7/80 and 7/11/80.
26 - CounterSpy
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
16) cf sup;A, #10 '
17) Christian Science Monitor, 7/21/80,
p.1.
18) AC, 7/8/80, p.6A.
19) NYT, 9/28/80, p.20.
20) NYT, 9/29/80, p.14.
21) cf supra, #10.
22) Boston Globe, 4/20/80.
23) NYT, 9/26/80, p.10.
24) cf supra, #5.
25) McLean's, 9/22/80.
26) NYT, 6/29/80, p.3.
27) Financial Times (London), 7/30/80,,
p.'.6.
28) The Times (London), 7/1/80, p.5.
Nov Hebrides:
CIA in Turkey
According to the march, 1980 Turkey Diplo-
matic List, the following CIA officers are
stationed in the U.S. Embassy in Ankara:
KENNEY, John H.
b. 11/4/27
Kenney served in Singapore, Indonesia,
Tanzania, Guinea, Kenya, France and Viet-
nam.
SAMSON, David T.
b. 5/2/43
Samson was previously assigned to Singa-
pore.
Senegal.
Warrick has served in Kenya, Malawi and
WARRICK, James M.
b. 10/31/37
Independent at Last by KnradEge
A new nation was born on July 30, 1980: called the New Hebrides. Eventually, they
The Republic of Vanuaatu, formerly the New decided on an unprecedented settlement:
Hebrides, a chain of some eighty islands the islands would. become a "condominium"
in the South Pacific. The significance of - a joint colony of Britain and France.
Vantaatu's independence is comparable to The colonial powers crushed the last re-
the importance Grenada''s revolution has sistance of the original Melanesian in-
for the Caribbean. Vanuaatu's independence habitants and set up two colonial systems:
was achieved only after a long struggle a French and a British commissioner, two
and considerable opposition from the colo- police forces, two educational systems,
nial French government, French settlers, two legal systems, two immigration author-
and a group of rightwing U.S. citizens ities, etc.
connected to the U.S. Libertarian Party After the French colony of Algeria
who wanted to transform the New Hebrides gained its independence in 1962, several
into a tax haven with a laissez-.faire hundred former French-colonists from Alge-
economy. - ;,, ria who opposed the independence, moved to
Over the last centuries the people of the New Hebrides. Many of them belonged to
the New Hebrides have experienced,a tre- or were connected with the Secret Army Or-
mendous amount of suffering. An,estimated ganization (OAS), a rightwing terrorist
original population of one.mill,lon was group which had fought General de Gaulle's
almost wiped out by slave trade,, massa- decision to negotiate Algeria's indepen-
cres, and foreign diseases to which the dence after years of war. The OAS members
islanders had no resistance.. Missionaries were soon to find a renewed pretext to re-
a'nd French and British colonists moved in sort to terrorist activities when indepen-
and settled on the islands. dence "threatened" in the New Hebrides.
At first, the two colonial powers - who In 1971, the National Party (NP) was
had already divided up the Pacific islands formed in the New Hebrides. Its goal was
into their respective holdings - couldn't independence within six years. In 1975,
agree who was to get the prize that they the French and British governments agreed
CounterSpy - 27
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
to general elections. In spite of its 59
.percent share of the votes, the NP did not
gain a-majority in the Representative As-
sembly because of a neo-colonial provision
which'reserved a certain number of seats
for business groups and white residents.
In 1977 the NP', then renamed Vanuaaku Pati
(VP) established the People's Provisional
Government and boycotted renewed undemo-
cratic elections. The,VP called on the
people to resist the colonial authorities,
take over plantations, stop paying taxes,
and refuse the colonial officials entry
into their villages.
The strategy, succeeded,' and forced new
elections in November 1979. Even though
the'French colonialists tried to buy votes
against the VP, the party won two-thirds
of the seats in the Assembly and 63 per-
cent of the votes.
After these elections had made abundant-
ly clear that the majority of the people
in the New Hebrides supported the nation-
alist VP, the French government began to
move towards "postponement" of indepen-
dence. Clearly, the French were worried
about the rest of their colonial holdings
in the Pacific: New Caledonia, a 74400
square mile island to the southwest of the
New Hebrides which contains one of the
world's biggest nickel deposits, and Poly-
nesia, where France has its prized test
zone for nuclear weapons.
"At stake for France is more than simply
national pride," the Melbourne Age com-
mented on April 28, 1980. "The over-riding
realistic fear is that independence in New
Hebrides will spell the beginning of the
end of that Franco. Pacific empire, and all
that involves economically and strategi-
cally."
On several of the islands, the French
OAS began to mount an anti-independence
terror campaign. French settlers (who
owned 80 per cent of the arable land)
staged a rebellion on the island of Espi-
ritu Santo and intimidated VP supporters
with virtual impunity as the French colo-
nial police stood by. The settlers were
supported by a few hundred Melanesians on
the northern island of Espiritu Santo led
by Jimmy Stevens, and on Tanna island in
the'South. Stevens had been claiming for
years that he was the legitimate tradi-
tional leader of several islands, even
though his parents were immigrants.
Stevens became involved with a number of
people from the U.S. whose single interest
was to form a secessionist state on Espi-
28 - CounterSpy.
ritu Santo and perhaps some other islands
which could be used as a tax haven. More
concretely, they were interested in form-
ing. the first Libertarian state.
This effort was spearheaded by Michael
Oliver, a real estate millionaire .of
Carson City, Nevada. Oliver had made two
previous attempts to establish Libertari-
an states. The more promising had been in
the Bahamas in 1973 which were on the
verge of independence. With the help of
some discontented white settlers, Oliver
attempted to split the island of Abaco
from the Bahamas, and an "Abaco Indepen-
dence Movement" (AIM) was formed. Oliver
teamed up with Mitchell Livingston
WerBell, a firearms dealer from Georgia,
who was described in Esquire magazine as
a "friend of dictators and CIA agents
[and] manipulator of the' luck of small
nations..." According to the 1975'
Esquire article, Oliver and WerBell also
worked with former CIA agents and set up
a high powered radio station on Abaco.
"Independence activists" were given para-
military training courses on WerBell's
Georgia facilities.
In the end, the planned Abaco state
never materialized. The Bahamas govern-
ment banned,AIM, barred Oliver and his
friends from entering the country, and
seized a cargo of arms being smuggled to
Abaco. Oliver's plans received no support
from the U.S. government either: the ex-
isting government of the Bahamas was
quite satisfactory for U.S. purposes.,
Back in 1971, Oliver had bought land in
the New Hebrides. There, he got together
with Jimmy Stevens and Hawaiian land de-
veloper Eugene Peacock, who had bought
land there to settle 4,000 U.S. veterans
in what was to become a "New Hawaii".
Stevens was provided with a radio sta-
tion, and through the Phoenix Foundation
hundreds of thousands of dollars were
channeled to Stevens' group. The Phoenix,
Foundation is headed by Oliver, his law-
yer Thomas Eck, and Dr. John Hospers, a
professor at the University of Califor-
nia.who ran for U.S. President in 1972 on
the Libertarian Party ticket. According
to Thomas Eck, the Phoenix Foundation "is
there to help anyone who wants to secede
in a libertarian manner." (Tribune,. Lon-
don, 6/13/80)
Oliver went so far as to provide
Stevens with a ready-made constitution for
the new countrybasedon his 1968 book A
New Constitution for a New Country, which
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
advocates a country solely controlled by were staying there made regular trips to
private enterprise. Banking laws - to be Espiritu Santo. (Sydney Morning Herald,
modeled after the Swiss laws -were to be 6/10/80)
extremely favorable to investors, and In spite-of Stevens' control of Espiritu
Oliver's country was to become a tax haven Santo with the help of white settlers and
like some of the Caribbean islands. the Phoenix Foundation, independence, went
In February 1980, Stevens and other ahead as planned on July 30. Prime Minis-
rightists from the New Hebrides including ter Walter Lini called for help from Papua
one Alexis Yolou went to Paris to convince New Guinea which agreed to send 200
the French government to postpone indepen- troops. On August 31, 1980 after forcing a
dence. They had talks with British and New Caledonia ship carrying arms for the
French officials as well as with VP repre- rebels from Espiritu Santo, these troops
sentatives. It was agreed that talks stormed the island. They captured Stevens
should continue in April. and a number of other rebels. The VP gov-
When Stevens and his friends went home, ernment will put some of them on trial,
they traveled through Carson City. Thomas while others will probably be allowed to
Eck flew back with them to the New Hebri- leave the country. Many of the French
des. According to the Australian Seli Hoo, settlers on Espiritu Santo have already
News Bulletin on Vanuaaku and New Caledo- left the island and gone to New Caledonia
nia, Oliver convinced Stevens to refuse or France.
talks and go ahead with a coup. With this, the rebellion was over and
In the New Hebrides, Eck and Stevens the Republic of Vanuaatu truly indepen-
laid final plans for the coup in collabo- dent. The struggle for independence of
ration with some French colonists. On May many other islands in the Pacific and In-
27, 1980 the secessionists of Alexis Yolou dian oceans, however, continues.
moved on the island of Tanna, attacked po- In recent years a number of small
lice stations, which had been deserted by countries like Vanuaatu have been taken
the French police, and government build- over by business groups or by governments
ings, and took some hostages. However, the who were still pursuing a colonial policy.
rebellion was crushed swiftly when British (Tribune, London, 6/13/80) For instance,
riot police came to the island. French mercenaries plotted against the
Stevens himself moved on Espiritu Santo government of the Seychelles, and were on-
the next day; sacking British government ly prevented from taking over by Tanzanian
offices and taking several Br'itish offi- troops who were there to train the local
cials hostage. The "Republic of Vemarana" army. Unsuccessful coup attempts were also
was proclaimed. carried out in the Maldives Islands; and
Back in Carson City, Oliver denied any in Camores, a former French colony in the
connection with the revolt. At the same Indian Ocean, the President was killed in
time, though, he was organizing Vemarana a coup backed by the French government.
Development Corporation based in the Baha- Other islands are still in the complete
mas, with the aim of raising $9 million control of colonial powers: New Caledonia
to purchase ships and aircraft, buy land is one example; Diego Garcia, a major U.S.
on "Vemarana", and improve the airport and British military base, another. A
there. Named to the Vemarana Corporation further case in point is East Timor,
Board, in addition to Oliver, were Eck where an independence struggle has been
and Hospers. suppressed by Indonesian and U.S. genocid-
The "rebellion" which broke out just a al actions which have left one third of
few weeks before the New Hebrides was to
become independent, presented a serious SUBSCRIBE TO
problem for the VP government which, al- SELI HOO
though elected in November 1979, did not
have any real power until July 30, 1980. THE NEWS BULLETIN ON VANUAAKU AND NEW
The impact of the rebellion was worsened CALEDONIA
by the support it received from Jean- For sample issues and subscription
Jacques Robert, French Resident Commis- rates, write to:
sioner in the New Hebrides. At the same SELI HOO EDITORIAL COLLECTIVE, 4th fl.
time, French colonists from New Caledonia 232 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000,
and members of the Phoenix Foundation who Australia
CounterSpy - 29
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
the population dead. the Caribbean nations from achieving self-
Closer to the U.S., most Caribbean-na- determination.
tions are involved in struggles for true Therefore, while it will not shake the
self-determination. In this region it is world, it is of great importance that the
the U.S. government - considering the Ca Republic of Vanuaatu was able to defeat
ribbean nations to be "its own backyard" - colonialist intervention. Its victory
which is waging massive economic, propa- means freedom for its 120,000 inhabitants
gandistic, and CIA-controlled paramilitary and is an important inspiration for other
and covert operation campaigns to prevent nations.
CIA Bm Australia:
Nugan Hnd b,Konrad Ege
(Ed. note: The following article is In Sydney, Hand teamed up with business-
based on accounts from the Australian me- man Frank Nugan. They engaged In-land
dia. The "Nugangate" affair was originally speculation and made their first million.
uncovered by the Tribune, (,4 Dixon Street, In may 1970, they founded Australasian and
Sydney NSW 2000), the newspaper of the ' Pacific Holdings, Ltd., a company that was
Communist Party of Australia and has since supposed to invest in a resort project off
been widely covered by all of the Austra- the Australian coast.
Zian media. Nugan and Hand's business was going well,
Konrad Ege is an independent journalist. and in 1973, with their first million,
He has worked with CounterSpy for over two they formed the Nugan Hand Merchant Bank,
years.) which was registered in the Cayman Islands,
a famous tax haven. The bank's operations
Imagine:,a major international bank col- soon reached to every continent, and
lapses,'shortlyafter one of its two di- branch offices were set up in Saudi Arabia,
rectors is found. shot in'his car. Many of West.Germany (Hamburg),' Malaysia, Thailand,
the bank's papers and records are gone. Hong Kong, Singapore, the Philippines, Ar-
The second director of the bank disappears gentina, Chile, and the U.S. (Hawaii; An-
shortly afterwards. The'bank turns out to ~napolis, Maryland; and Washington, D.C.).
be some $50 million in debt, 1 but inter- On January 27,'1980 Frank Nugan's rapid-
estingly, hardly'any of the creditors turn ly climbing career came to an abrupt end:
up to claim their money from the bank. he was found shot in his car 100 miles
No, it's not a novel. The bank was the from-Sydney. Shortly thereafter the Nugan
Nugap Hand Merchant Bank of Sydney, Aus- Hand Merchant Bank collapsed, and with it
tralia., The bank's directors were Frank many 'of its dozens of affiliated corpora-
Nugan and Michael Hand. The bank's-lawyer tionsand enterprises. In June 1980,
was former CIA Director William Colby. In- Nugan'.p partner Michael Hand disappeared
deed, it seems that one of the main cus- without a trace.
Comers of the bank was the U.S. Central The story, of the Nugan Hand Bank that,
Intelligence Agency. Other customers were has.u*folded since then has the potential
major international drug dealers. But of be ing?highly explosive for the
let's start from the beginning. peoples 6,Opn cted to the bank and for the
In the late 1960's, Michael Hand, a for- cIA., urns out, the.Nugan Hand Bank
J IQ mer U.S. Green Beret in Vietnam, moved to has beep used in covert CIA operations,
Sydney, Australia.' Hand had worked for Air, and the question has been raised whether
America, 2 a CIA proprietary that was in- the bank.actually was set up as ,a CIA pro-
volved in opium smuggling. According to ,prietary. In addition, according to Rod
information obtained by the Australian Na- Hall, Commissioner for Crime of the State
tional Times, Hand had also been assigned of Victoria, Australian police believe
to one of the CIA's. Phoenix assassination that "the Nugan Hand organization was in-
squads in Vietnam. 3 volved in the importation of drugs into.
30 - CounterSpy
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
Australia." 4 by the London Sunday Times, Colby further
Official investigation of the Nugan Hand assured that "there was no connection be-
Bank's remaining records revealed that tween Mr. Nugan and my intelligence back-
Nugan and Hand had been "bankers for big ground-" 9 Colby, however, did not say
heroin traffickers"; the senior and "most whether or not he was a consultant for the
sinister trafficker was Terrence Clarke."5 CIA while doing legal work for Nugan Hand.
When the Nugan Hand Bank collapsed, Clarke It is common practice for retired CIA di-
had been under police investigation for rectors to continue to consult for the
several years. Two of the chief witnesses CIA. In fact, Colby admitted in a recent
against him, Douglas and Isobel Wilson, interview that he was a consultant for the
who had acted as his couriers, were shot CIA at least a year after his termination.
and killed shortly after they testified. William Colby was introduced to Nugan by
Their testimony has already led to the Walt McDonald, "a former chief petroleum
dismissal of two high-ranking Australian expert for the CIA who became a consultant
Federal Narcotics Bureau officials for to the Nugan Hand Bank in July" 1979.
collaborating with Clarke and handing over McDonald was also a close friend of John
the tapes of the Wilsons' testimony to paisley, who somewhat mysteriously "com-
him. mitted suicide" aboard his yacht on the
Orders for Clarke's arrest were given on Chesapeake Bay near Washington, D.C. in
August 29, 1980 on charges of murdering September 1979. Interestingly, Paisley's
the Wilsons. At that time, Clarke was al- abandoned yacht "contained highly classi-
ready under arrest in London, England for fied communications gear capable of com-
the murder of Christopher Johnstone, a municating via satellites linked to the
former heroin syndicate boss. [top secret] CIA ground station at Pine
It appears that Frank Nugan was also Gap in Australia." 10
bribing politicians in Sydney and the Nugan Hand's Washington, D.C. office was
state of New South Wales. In one instance run by Admiral Earl Yates from February
he resorted to blackmail by setting up a 1977 to October 1979, and by George Farris,
secret bank account in Switzerland for New a former U.S. Green Beret in Vietnam. 11
South Wales Minister of Justice, Frank Another U.S. citizen who was approached to
Walker, who was investigating Frank's work under "deep cover" for Nugan Hand is
brother Ken Nugan. 6 Peter Wilcox; but he has stated that he
Nugan and Hand's business connections to declined the offer. He also says that Aus-
people linked to the CIA began, at the tralian authorities told him "Nugan Hand
latest, with the founding of Australasian was involved in CIA operations." 12 Ac-
and Pacific Holdings, Ltd. Four of its cording to Wilcox, "unbelievable amounts
original shareholders, U.S. citizens of money were being transferred via Nugan
David M. Houston; Grant W. Walters; Robert Hand. A tremendous amount was coming out
W. Petersen; and Spencer A. Smith gave of Australia from what I'd call the 'punt-
their addresses as c/o Air America. Anoth- er's end' rather than respectable banking
er original shareholder, Donald Meredith, circles." 13
had a c/o Continental Air Services (CAS) U.S. Army General Edwin Black, who was
address. Like Air America, CAS was in- with the Office of Strategic Services (the
volved in CIA operations in Indochina. predecessor of the CIA) during World War
Several other shareholders who were in Two and a U.S. commander in Thailand and
from the beginning gave c/o CAS/USAID ad- Vietnam in the 1960's, 14 represented the
dresses. 7 Nugan Hand Bank in Hawaii. In Saudi
Many of the people working for the Nugan Arabia, the bank's official was former
Hand Bank were not known as bankers but as U.S. Green Beret and CIA aggent with Air
CIA-connected counterinsurgency experts. America, Bernie Haughton. 15
On the top of that list is William Colby, Nugan Hand's representative in Taiwan
former CIA Director and director of the was Dale Holmgreen who formerly worked as
Phoenix assassination program in Vietnam. the Taiwan flight services manager for
Colby's business card was found on Frank Civil Air Transport, a CIA-controlled com-
Nugan's body after he was killed in Janu- Pany. 16 U.S. General Roy Manors was Nugan
ary. Colby has admitted doing legal work Hand's Manila consultant. Manors is now
for Nugan but said that "that was the ex- working with the CIA helping to analyze
tent of their relationship." 8 Interviewed the April 1980 military mission into
Iran. 17 The representative of the Nugan
CounterSpy - 31
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
Hand Bank in Los Angeles was Guy Pauker, According to The Australian, the Nugan
an Asia specialist for the Rand Corpora- Hand Bank was also used as "a secret slush
tion with strong ties to the CIA. 18 fund organization to channel CIA money in-
Given this incredible line-up of person- to pro-American political parties in Eu-
nel, it is no surprise that the Nugan Hand rope... Millions of dollars were secreted
Bank was involved in a number of CIA-con- into the bank's Australian operations be-
nected projects, including the resettle- fore being sent to Europe." The Austra-
ment of Indochinese refugees in Latin lian goes on to say that the Christian
America and the Caribbean. In arranging Democratic Party in Italy was one of the
this project, Nugan got in touch with recipients of the money. 19 (One of
high-ranking U.S. government officials. William Colby's initial CIA assignments
The Tribune reported on August 27, 1980: was providing money to the Italian Chris-
"Frank Nugan met [Jimmy Carter [then a tian Democrats in the April, 1948 elec-
presidential candidate] on September 26,,tions.) Other reports indicate that the
1976. The meeting was arranged by John CIA channeled covert founds to Southeast
Golden, a close friend of top Carter Asia through the Nugan Hand Bank. 20
aide Hamilton Jordan. [Later on,] a re- According to an unnamed "former Nugan
tired general, Earl Kocke, sold the Hand executive", the CIA also transferred
White House a Nugan Hand plan to take $2,400,000 to the Australian Liberal Party
over a former U.S.'naval base in the in 1973 through a mining company associat-
Caribbean: Grand Turk Island. Nugan ed with Frank Nugan. At the time, the
Hand planned to use it as a transit Nugan Hand Bank was just being formed.
camp for resettling Meo refugees from William Colby was Director'of the CIA, and
Laos. The White House agreed to the the CIA was very upset about what was go-
plan in February [1980] - after Frank ing on in Australia at the time: the Labor
Nugan's death. The collapse of Nugan government of Prime Minister Whitlam had
Hand Bank killed the plan. The transit come to power in December 1972. Unlike the
camp on Grand Turk Island was part of a previous Liberal (that is, conservative)
larger CIA plan to resettle the Meo in Party government, the Labor Party sub-
Latin America. The Meo, traditional jected Australia's intelligence agencies
opium growers from the Laos hills, were and the CIA's activities in Australia to
used as mercenaries by the CIA in the scrutiny. On November 11, 1975 the Whitlam
Laos war." government was dismissed by arch-conserva-
The Nugan Hand Merchant Bank was not
the only CIA-connected bank registered
in a tax haven island in the Caribbean.
Another such bank was Castle Bank and
Trust in Nassau, Bahamas. In a copy-
righted article on April 18, 1980, the
Wall Street Journal reported that dur-
ing the early 1970's the Castle Bank
was being investigated by the Internal
Revenue Service (IRS) and the Justice
Department in what was likely to become
"the single biggest tax-evasion strike"
in IRS history. Under pressure from the
CIA, however, the Justice Department
and the IRS dropped the investigation
because - according to the Wall Street.
Journal - Castle Bank "was the conduit
for millions of dollars earmarked by
the CIA for the funding of clandestine
operations against Cuba and for other
covert intelligence operations". And,
some of the anti-Cuban operations were
carried out "by CIA operatives working
from Andros Island [Bahamas] ... be-
tween 1964 and 1975."
32 - CounterSpy
tive Governor General John Kerr, who used
an "archaic constitutional power never be-
fore exercised." 21 The dismissal came on-
ly three days after the CIA served an ul-
timatum to ASIO (Australian Security In-
telligence Organization, the CIA's coun-
terpart in Australia) that it would break
links if public discussion continued on
CIA funding of conservative political
parties in Australia.
James-,Jesus Angleton, who retired from
the CIA in December 1974 after 31 years of
service, was asked by Australian Broad-
casting Company reporter Ray Martin on
June 12, ,1977 whether the CIA had ever
funded Australian political parties.
Angleton evaded a direct answer, but con-
ceded that such activities, if undertaken
would have been "coordinated with the
chief of Australian internal security." 22
Although all of the above information
has already '.been made public, the Nugan
Hand affair (or "Nugangate", as it is re-
ferred to in Australia) has yet to come to
an end. On the orders of Australian Prime
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP9O-00845ROO0100150001-0
Minister Malcolm Fraser, a joint commis- 4) Sydney Morning Herald, 8/23/80, p.3.
sion of federal and New South Wales state 5) cf supra, #1
police are presently conducting an invest 6) Weekend Australian, 8/16-17/80, p.l.
tigation. But the question is how hard 7) Tribune, 8/6/80, pp.1,2.
they are looking. So far; most of the in- 8) Wall Street Journal, 5/1/80, p.31.
formation has been uncovered by courageous 9) cf supra,'#1.
Australian investigative journalists. With 10) cf supra, #3.
their continued work, the truth of the 11) ibid.
Nugan Hand affair will be told. 12) ibid.
13) ibid.
14) ibid.
15) cf supra, #2.
16) cf supra, #3.
17) The Australian, 9/1/80, p.l.
1) London Sunday Times, 8/31/80, as 18) cf supra, #3; Tribune, 8/27/80, p.2.
quoted in Boston Sunday Globe, 9/7/80, 19) cf supra, #17.
42. 20) cf supra, #1.
2) Tribune, 7/30/80, p.8., 21) Denis Freney, The CIA's Australian
3) National Times (Australia), 8/10-16/80, Connections, Sydney, 1977, p.26.
pp. 1,31. 22) ibid., p.29.
ORDER NOW
CounterSpy
SPECIAL PAPERS
CIA Penetration of U.S. Police Depart-
is
publimtm Gcmallabb In
rNvo~om
Please send me additional information.
University Microfilms
International
300 North Zeeb Road
Dept. P.R.
Ann Arbor, Ml 48106
U.S.A.
18 Bedford Row
Dept. P.R.
London, WC1 R 4EJ
England
Name
Institution
Street
City
State Zip
ments ($2.00)
CIA Goes to Work
($2.50)
CIA and Academica
($1.50)-
CIA and Princeton University ($1.00)
I only.
CIA and Labor in Nicaragua ($1.50)
CIA in Jordan ($1.00)
Add 15% for postage.' Prepaid orders
AGAINST THE WALL
A magazine of self-liberation and voluntary
afemativee.
Sample
$1
AGAINST THE WALL
P.O. Box 444, Westfield, NJ 07091
CounterSpy - 33
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP9O-00845ROO0100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
SIGN
in Wilmington junkyard: GUARANTEED DESTRUCTION OF CONFIDENTIAL RECORDS
though beautiful to know you
in the biblical sense
and then some
coming down
from thoughts of you
my eyelids-insides
warm my cornea
but shut out light,
as more heat than,
in our emotional
personal romantic
relationship
justifying.
its conflagation
i love you
goodbye
though
i will still cry
at thoughts
of you gone
and the sun
kept us warm
drawing together
in the cold war
darkness which
for pushing
up through
it did not
provide the light
comes up on your face
later
i'm.touching country
N.H.
it's invoking you
in anti-CIA
Afghanistan to Mississippi
me
now I'm in Princeton
still
your thread continues
you see
we'll walk
the beach
for it's where
anti-trivialists
past present
abide
to bring future
into now all else being trivial
than we'll deep six into sleep
to hear ourselves away from
elephantine sounds of Lilliputian minds
still, it all comes out
to George Jackson's assassination
despite our innocence
it's hard to love
knowing it happened
and Richard Helms said he did it: "out of the goodness of my heart."
when he trained Chicago cops who murdered Hampton and Clark.
by John Kelly
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
Fingermen Are All Thumbs
by Franklin Folsom
Franklin Folsom
"I may want to commit a crime someday,
and I understand that a criminal is sup-
posed to leave fingerprints at the scene."
This was my explanation to the young woman
in the police station when she asked why I
wanted a set of my prints.
The officer gulped. For a moment I
thought she was,going to call for rein-
forcements, but on the off chance that I
might be the harmless white-haired old man
I looked to be, she tried again.
"Why do you really want them ?" (She
smiled soothingly as she asked.)
I told her. "Although the FBI has long
had my prints, they don't seem to feel hap-
py about them and have asked for my help."
"Why does the FBI want them ?"
"I've asked for my FBI file under the
Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
The Bureau apparently isn't sure I am who
I claim to be, even after I sent them all
my past addresses, plus a sworn notarized
statement saying I am who I say I am."
That glimpse of comforting red tape gave
the young officer the sense of 'secifrity
she needed, and she proceeded to besmudge
herself and me and record the fingerprints
without which the FBI was immobilized.
I had debated whether or not to comply
with the request for prints. But so far as
I am aware, I have not'in seventy-two
years done any harm to my fellow Americans
nor am I known to be wanted for any crime
I did not commit. So I decided to send the
prints in and thus remove the latest pre-
text for evasion in the J. Edgar Hoover
Building in Washington.
But perhaps the FBI really doubted that
I was the Folsom I claimed to be. I remem-
ber visiting the Department of Justice
Building about the time the United States
entered the war against Fascism. My mis-
sion was to persuade the Department to re-
lease from Ellis Island one Ambrogio
Donini, a distinguished professor of com-
parative religion at the University of
Rome. He was being held on the pretext
that he had a brother in the Fascist Ital-
ian Navy. The charge was true - as far as
it went. Ambrogio Donini did,have a Fas-
cist brother, but Ambrogio was thoroughly
antifascist.
In time the "confusion" was resolved,
and Ambrogio entered the country where he
edited an antifascist Italian language
newspaper, useful to the war effort. But
the-day I was in the Justice building on
his behalf I didn't get out before I saw
what I assumed was a stage prop left os-
tentatiously on a desk I would have to
pass. It was a fat folder, and lettered on
it was "Frank Folsom".
Was the Justice Department or the FBI
accustomed leaving folders about citizens
lying around this way ? I doubted that it
was standard operation procedure. Possib-
ly the folder was filled with blank paper,
bulking it-out so it looked impressive.
But then it occurred to me that perhaps
some fellow whose name resembled mine
might have had his file enlivened with
sinister material about me.
In due course I found there was such a
possibility. At the very time I was in
the Justice building, one Frank Folsom
was serving as chief procurement officer
for the Navy Department. The FBI might
have been asked to take a look at someone
who had massive government funds to spend,
particularly if the FBI was inclined to
get him mixed up with Franklin Folsom. I,
after all, was pretty obviously a danger-
ous character. From 1937 through 1942.1
served as Executive Secretary of the
League of American Writers whose 800 mem-
bers had prodded the government to do
this or that, even during the two years
when Franklin D. Roosevelt and Katherine
Chapin, the wife of Attorney General
Francis Biddle, were among the 800.
The possibility that Frank Folsom and
Franklin Folsom could occasionally be
mistaken for one another seemed more
likely some time later when Frank had
risen in the world and was head of the
Radio Corporation of America (RCA), and I
had sunk to being a free-lance writer. A
letter, somewhat as follows, came one day
to my home:
"Dear Mr. Folsom, It is our privilege
to remind you that your annual contribu-
tion of $5,000 to the Boy Scouts is now
payable." ~
Five thousand dollars was about what I
CounterSpy - 35
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP9O-00845ROO0100150001-0
earned in a whole year of writing that
is, a good year.
But back to my request for m FBI file.
One day I did receive a sample of what I
might expect if I persisted. It included
little.of interest, and on many of the
pages almost every line had been blacked
out with a marking pen - to protect "na
tional defense" or the identity of in-
formants. However, I did persist.
Finally I received word that the FBI had
got its act together. But first it seems
the law required the Bureau to notify me
that the file it had assembled, consisted
of "more than 25 pages". There was no in-
dication whether it ran to 26 pages, or
260, or 26,000. I had heard what happened -
to Corliss Lamont when he asked for his
file. The FBI included a lot of photo-
copies of books and pamphlets he had
written and published.
In a panic I insisted that I not be
billed for photocopies of the 44 books I
had published. Also I wanted excluded from
my file a'll the 'considerable material I
had written, edited, and distributed for
the League of American Writers.
More delays.
Mike to think it took'time for the FBI
to whittle down my file by eliminating'
such things as books for third-graders
about cowboys and Indians. But finally a,
bill came for $29.70. After I sent a check
for this amount, and not before, I got 297
photocopied pages. A quick glance told me
that much material was being withheld.
There was altnost nothing, for instance,
about the years when I was Executive Sec-
retary firstiof the League of American
Writers, then of the New York Council of
American Soviet Friendship. It was because
I held these jobs that I was listed in the
FBI's Security'Index as a "Key Figure". I
complained to the Bureau about its inat-
tention to a matter of such obvious impor-
tance according to the FBI scale of values,
and a few more pages dribbled in, this
time without a bill.
From what I have received so far I have
learned much about myself that I did not
know. For instance, that I sometimes go
under the name Benjamin Webster. (Had some-
one heard that I wrote several children's
books under the name Benjamin Webster ?) I?
am also known to the FBI, although to no
one else, as Fred Franschi. I must remem-
ber to write the family of the late Fitank
Folsom and ask if he ever used those names,
perhaps for ceremonial purposes in con-
nection with-his duties as a Knight of the
Sovereign Order of Malta.
The file reveals that it was "Confiden-
tial Informant T-2", a person "of unknown
reliability" who originally put the name
Benjamin Webster into my record - where it
is late'Y repeated as a fact to be relied
on without any reference to its dubious
Drigin.
My file also registers, and-no doubt
about this, that I lived exactly where my
printed stationary and the telephone di-
rectory said I lived. How much this in-
formation cost the tax payer, no one will
ever know. Many different informants, pos-
sibly copying each other, but surely
drawing different, pay checks,.came up with
the same data. Here was one fact the FBI
had straight.
At least 30 "Confidential Informants",
some identified by such symbols as "N" or
"200" and others as "T-l", "T-2", and so
on through "T-25", sent in reports about
me to supplement the researches of an un-
determined number of Special Agents. Here
3s a tidbit from a 1953 report by.one of
the Special Agents: "Subject's car was ob-
served parked in front of the New Bruns-
wick Theological Seminary." I was there
all right, attending a meeting of people
interested in stopping the war in Korea.
At least the FBI had evidence that I my-
self attended a meeting I had done my
damndest to publicize.
Not only did I find such records about
myself, but I also got at least one start-
ling'bit of news about my wife of more
than forty years. She, it seems - totally
without my knowledge or her own - had
taught for three years (one informant said
five years) in the Communist Workers
School. Clever woman.
Another discovery really made me look In
the mirror. The FBI was afraid of me!
J. Edgar Hoover ordered his Special Agents
not to interview me, saying, "Because the
subject'is.self-employed as a writer, au-
thority,to interview the subject is de-
nied." At least eight later times agents
were ordered not to interview me. Because
I am .a writer.
And because I was,an official`of a writ-
ers' organization I was dubbed a "Key Fig-
ure". I have hesitated about drawing at-
tention to this classification because
persons really familiar with the Communist
Party will smile at the notion that I was
36 - CounterSpy
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP9O-00845ROO0100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
a "Key Figure" in the revolutionary move- Five days after I was marked "Tab for Det-
ment. A keen participant certainly, but com", orders came through not to tab me
equally certainly, not key. Unless, of for'Detcom - whatever that was.
course, I underestimated the FBI's regards One thing I learned will be of great in-
for writers. Many of the best in the coun- terest to the earnest Republican who owns
try belonged to the antifascist organiza- tourist cabins on the ranch adjoining the
tion I served. site of my home in Colorado. The FBI
There is no doubt about the fear. My thinks that I made at least part of my
file even provides evidence about it in living by pocketing the rents paid by ten-
connection with other word merchants. For ants in his cabins. Writing is a bad way
example, I find strict instructions that to make a living, but not that bad.
Special Agents should not interview my old Now comes a memorandum dated 11-1-63
Boy Scout Master (a newspaperman who had from SAC Newark (does that mean Special
been guilty of association with me since Agent in Charge, Newark ?) to "Director
1923) "because he is a professor of jour- FBI" (I know what that means) about
nalism". Franklin Brewster Folsom. A diligent re-
So, writers, take heart. There are those searcher has dug up my middle name (from a
who know your worth. rare copy of Who's Who in America ?) but
But apparently the FBI did investigate the body of the memorandum dispenses with
my scout master without interviewing me. this frill. It's about Franklin Folsom,
For some reasons my file reveals that he and it's a "reliability memorandum regard-
"appears to have been a friend of Anna ing subject", meaning me. Moreover, there
Louise Strong, pro-Chinese Communist". were apparently seven copies of it deemed
What had happened was this: My friend was "suitable for dissemination". Dissemina-
not pro-Chinese, or pro-Russian or pro- tion to whom ? How reliable is this "reli-
Communist of any kind. He was merely pro- ability memorandum"? Does it include data
University of Colorado where he taught. about Frank Folsom, and if so which
There, as a favor to a campus lecture bu- Frank ? There is no way of telling from
reau, he and another professor taxied the file in front of me. The "reliability
Anna Louise Strong from Denver to the memorandum" itself is missing.
campus to give a talk. Much Parlier, May 18, 1950 (the files
The one time that Special Agents did ap- arrived in no discernible order and cer-
proach me (it was around 1942) they sought tainly not chronological order) Louis
information about several students who had Budenz in an interview with the FBI iden-
been among the 3,000 who had attended the tified me as a "concealed Communist". He
Writers School run by the League of Ameri- presumably got paid for this testimony. On
can Writers. I said I would answer in February 5, 1951, Budenz deleted the name
writing any proper question put to me in of Franklin Brewster Folsom from a list
writing or put to me in the presence of captioned "400 concealed communists re-
my attorney. No pair of agents ever reap- vealed by Louis Budenz". No doubt Budenz
peared on my doorstep. drew his pay for work on February 5. Then
Although the FBI avoided me (and my in June he was back at the same stand. He
wife, also a writer), it did muster identified Franklin Folsom as one of
enough courage in 1955 to interview my these "concealed communists". Later, per-
non-writer mother, then 76. I must ask haps on the same day, perhaps on another -
her at her 102nd birthday party, which this is not clear - Budenz, reinterviewed,
comes up soon, what she told the agents. "was unable to satisfy himself of the iden-
On with my file. I find a note dated tity of-Folsom and his Communist affilia-
2-27-55 that I am marked "Tab for Detcom". tiots". Another paycheck.
(All applicants for their FBI files should And how about this entry, still earlier ?
ask the Bureau to supply a glossary with Confidential Informant "N" reported April
the files.) Does Detcom refer to those 28, 1942 that I was talking to a reliable
deemed suitable for placement in detention informant - a Communist Party member. (The
camps for communists ? Attorney General FBI considered such a person reliable ?)
Biddle in 1943 ordered Hoover to do away This reliable informant told the Confiden-
with his Detention Index. But I understand tial Informant that I was the "Party wit"
Hoover was adept at evading such orders. of the League of American Writers. Party
He simply changed the labels on his files. wit - that's a nice touch. A kind of coun-
CounterSpy - 37
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
ter-court jester ? Could this hearsay of
hearsay really mean that someone thought I
was the Party "Whip" - no doubt scourging
Party'writers who did not toe the Party
line ?
I must note before I leave Confidential
Informant "N" and apparently other infor-
mants who were no more observant, that in
1936 (one of the several dates on which
the file says I joined the Party) I col-
laborated on a paperback book with a man
whose name was Frederick Engels-Menaker.
And the title was The Life of the Party.
More observant than the FBI, Joseph
Friedman, then editor of the Communist
magazine New Masses, saw our paperback on
a newsstand. Expecting to find some meaty
political matter, Joe bought a copy. He
was furious when he realized that he had
invested in a collection of parlor games
,for adults. But perhaps here I do the FBI
an injustice. Someone in the Bureau may
have read the book, found out what it was,
and sagely left mention of it out of my
file. Whether it was the FBI or not I
don't know, but a book buyer did order
from University Microfilms a Xerox copy
of this long-out-of-print publication. A
few years ago I received a check for the
royalty due on a single copy.
At the end of 1946 there was a kind of
summary report on me for the year. On
page 9 of this report I am reminded that
a real estate agent obtained a tenant for
the summer for my New York apartment. The
tenant, I learned after the lease was
signed and I couldn't do anything about
it, was a very close friend of the Ital-
ian Fascist Marshall Badoglio. He, the la-
dy assured me, was at that moment in the
United States under an alias - although
many antifascist refugees were being de-
nied entrance. My file would have been
much more interesting if it had thrown
some light on how Badoglio got into this
lish that I really was a member of the
Communist Party when I had sworn that I
had been in a statement I filed with the
Department of Justice at the time I became
a staff writer for Tass, the Soviet news
agency ? To hold this job I had to regis-
ter as an agent of a foreign power and to
answer questions about my political affil-
iations. I simply told the truth. I now
tell it again when I say that I engaged in
no political activity of any kind as long
as I worked for Tass. And, perhaps sur-
prisingly, the FBI does not contend that I
did. That task was left to the Senate In-
ternal Security Subcommittee which may
have tried, through me, to link the U.S.
Communist Party, Tass, and - hold tight -
the Rhodes Scholarships, in a remarkable
conspiracy.
It was my schooling that fascinated the
subcommittee:
"Mr. Morris (subcommittee counsel). Now
what has been your education ?
"Mr. Folsom. I decline to answer that
question for the reasons stated.
"Mr. Morris. You mean you refuse to tell
us where you went to school ?
"Mr. Folsom. You have my answer.
"Mr. Morris. Because you might possibly
be giving testimony against yourself ?
"Mr. Folsom. Yes.
"Senator Johnson. Did you finish any col-
lege ?"
Neither the senator nor Mr. Morris could
understand why I wouldn't say anything on
such an innocent subject, if indeed it was
innocent. The reason, of course, was that
if I gave testimony on that or any other
subject, I would lose my protection under
the Fifth Amendment, which I pleaded, as
well as pleading the writers' amendment -
the First. If I surrendered the protection
of the Constitution, the Senate Subcommit-
tee could probe freely into my personal
beliefs - which it had no business doing.
country - and whether he used my apartment. It could demand that I give names of asso-
Whoever let him in may know the full story, ciates whose efforts to achieve a better
but can this someone ,also explain why my
apartment was ankle deep in talcum powder
at ,the end of the hot summer ? I was left
to speculate that Countess Mariella de
Pisa, as the lady in question liked to be
Called, was not familiar with the use of
the shower.
Time and again my file suggests tanta-
lizing questions like this, then provides
no answer. For instance, why did the FBI
continue to spend money trying to estab-
38 - Counterspy .
world I thought demanded respect, not ha-
rassment. Since I wouldn't discuss my pol-
itics except where and when I chose to do
so, and-since I wouldn't inform on decent
people, I availed myself of the First
Amendment for the purpose for which it was
intended - to protect the innocent weak
from those who misused power.
I didn't suspect what the committee
might have been fishing for until later
when Courtney Smith, American Secretary of
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
the Rhodes Trust, reported to a gathering
of Rhodes Scholars that the Chicago Tri-
bune, always alert to save America__ from
Britain, had been warning its readers that
the Rhodes Trust was engaged in some kind
of skulduggery. The Trust may have its
faults, not the least of which is the
source of its funds in racist South Africa,
but the Trust is certainly not in cahoots
with the American Left or the Soviet Union
to do you-know-what. But perhaps the Tri-
bune or the Senate subcommittee or some-
body may have had something. It was at Ox-
ford that I joined the October Club, the
Communist undergraduate organization,
which at the time was headed by Frank
Meyer who later found an editorial post on
the National Review more congenial to him.
Ore of f the things I couldn't find out
from reading fay file was whether it was a
"friend" or an-FBI burglar who at one
point swiped my personal address book. And
there is no hint about what annoyances, or
worse, may have been caused people whose
names appeared in that book. There was,
however, a clear implication that those
listed there. were all to be watched be-
cause of their association with me. Did
Special Agents quiz Dr. Milton Levine, for
instance ? He was our pediatrician, and I
never saw him except on medical business.
And who was Dr. Benjamin Brockin ? I have
forgotten, unless he was the surgeon I nev-
er saw except at the time of an operation
on the leg I broke while doing war service
in the merchant marine.
And here is a name to get braced for:
Frank Aydelotte. How he would have laughed
if he had found out that the FBI was keep-
ing an eye on him because of me.'I can't
now be sure why I saved his address. Per-
haps, like the FBI, I just squirreled away
stuff long beyond the time when it might
have had some meaning. But I,\had known
Aydelotte years before, when I taught at
Swarthmore College where he was president.
Also he had preceded Courtney.Smith,as
American Secretary of the Rhodes Trust
which had financed my three years atlOx-
ford. The notion now crosses my_mind.~that
the FBI may have leaked-to the Cbioago
Tribune and the equally patrioticiSebate
Internal Security Subcommittee.:theralarm-
ing'news that the name of the American
Secretary of the'Rhodes Trust wAs?in the
address file of a Key Figure inthe Secu-
rity Index.
Newspapers have received-material from
FBI files, although the Bureau is for-
bidden by law to give out such material. A
reporter on the Scipps Howard Rocky
Mountain.News told me he was sure a lot of
"information" he had about me came from
the FBI. And he relied on this information
when the Rocky Mountain News in 1961 led
several Colorado papers in a campaign
against me and my wife. We were at the
time on the staff of the Writers' Confer-
ence at the University of Colorado.
The FBI does not give up easily. On
April 30, 1968, when I was nearly 61, this
note was inserted in my file: "A re-evalu-
ation of subject's subversive activities,
his physical well being and potential dan-
gerousness (sic) continue to warrant the
subject's inclusion in the Security In-
dex." If my physical well being made me
eligible for the Security Index eleven
years ago, does it make me eligible to-
day ? How decrepit do I have to be to be
"purged" from the Index ?
And how about my CIA file ? More than a
year after I applied for it, I got this
letter: "Dear Mr. Folsom: Would you advise
whether you were ever associated with the
Radio Corporation of America, and if so in
what capacity ? We are asking you this
since we have information which may or may
not pertain to you . "
I wrote back: "I am not now nor have I
ever been associated with R.C.A."
Long silence.
Finally a package came from the CIA, and
I was reminded by it that over a period of
riore than thirty years I had exchanged a
few letters with people I had known in
the States who were visiting or living in
Moscow. Less political letters it would
be hard to find, although I don't know
why I shouldn't exercise my human right
to discuss politics if I want to. But the
CIA methodically noted the dates of these
letters, to whom they were sent, and who
wrote them. Then someone interested in
handwriting got busy with communications
sent to me by Vladimir Kazakevich, a Rus-
sian emigre who had returned to his home-
land after living in the United States
for some years.
"Kazakevich's last two items to Folsom,"
notes the handwriting expert (or was he
or she a cryptanalyst ?) have been ad-
dressed to Franklin Folsam,and he has
called him Franklyn on the inside. It is
not known whether this has any special
significance. The 'a' in Folsam (correct
Counterspy - 39
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
spelling 'Folsom') has a hook on it, but
all the other 'a's in his correspondence
do not have this hook." Apparently it
never entered the head of the CIA gra-
phologist that English might be a second
language for Kazakevich and that on occa-
s}on he might lapse into Russian habits
of selecting vowels and shaping them as
he wrote longhand. But I suppose that if
you are in the spy-and-conspiracy busi-
ness, you think everybody,else might be
too.
But that'is not all. The CIA has given
me photocopies of these letters, thus
providing me absolute proof that an im-
portant branch of the United States gov-
ernment violated my constitutional rights.
Under separate cover I am billing Rhodes
Scholar Stansfield Turner, Director of
the CIA, for damages. I shall do this in
the wake of a 1978 decision by Federal
Court Justice B. Weinstein of the Eastern
District of New York.'Justice Weinstein
awarded Corliss Lamont $2,000 for letters
of his that had been opened by the CIA,
and he also awarded $1,000 each to
Victoria Wilson and Rodney Driver and
Stanley Faulkner whose mail had been sim-
ilarly tampered with. How the judge ar-
rived at his figure for damages is not as
clear as his denunciation of the CIA.
This leaves me in a quandary about how
much to charge Turner. Perhaps $1,000 a
letter would be a good figure, and if I
get more than $2,000 I'll give the dif-
ference to the National Emergency Civil
Liberties Committee of which Corliss
Lamont'is Chairperson.
From material related to the Soviet
Union, my CIA file jumps to heavily "sani-
tized" (their word) stuff having other
connections. Here is an entry: "Dispatch
is withheld in its entirety." What could
this mean ? The date is August 20, 1964. I
begin to-remember. My wife and I were on
the coast of Wales living in a cottage
lent us by an old Oxford friend.
I recall more. This was the month of the
Tonkin Gulf "incident". When I first heard
of this caper, I was dead certain that it
was designed as a pretext for military ac-
tion against North Vietnam. But the Times
of London thought otherwise. That journal
accepted the official U.S. account of ,the
affair.
For the August Times to acquiesce so
meekly seemed undignified, and I wrote a
letter saying so and protesting the United
40 - Counterspy
States action, in Tonkin Gulf. In my commu-
nication I requested space in the Times
not only as an American visitor, but also
as a graduate of a British university.
One day a letter arrived from the editor
-in-chief of the Times. With it was the
letter I had written to him. He said he
was returning it "for my own good". Very
kind.
Did the "dispatch", which the CIA admits
relates to me, also relate to word thq CIA
received from the Times ? The CIA knew
very well that I had just come from six
weeks in the U.S.S.R. where I had been
gatheri? aterial for a kids' book on
that coun'ry. They even knew I had a con-
tract with a leading Bible publisher
(Thomas Nelson) to do the book. Had I,
while visiting a children's camp in the
Pamir Mountains, near the Soviet-Chinese
border, received instructions to write
just such a letter ? Or had I simply re-
membered the Maine ?
It will surprise no one that the dIA
"dispatch", which I take to be about the
Tonkin Gulf incident, does not appear in
the Pentagon Papers, but I can't help won-
dering if it ever crossed the desk of Dean
Rusk who did his share to heat up the
Vietnam War. And if Secretary of State
Rusk did see the dispatch about a perverse
peacenik, I wonder if he noted that it
concerned an American contemporary of his
at Oxford - a young man who ignored tech-
nical niceties of citizenship one day and
joined a large number of English under-
graduates and wore a white feather in his
lapel'? That feather-was an answer to war
propaganda of another era. It said clearly
to all Oxonians, "I will not fight for
King or country".
In addition to-this mysterious "dispatch"
withheld for "security" reasons, page af-
ter page of my file is almost completely
blacked out. There is no telling, for in-
stance, if reports sent to Washington from
Mexico refer to me'or to the head of R.C.A.
or to some other Frank Folsom. I certainly
have been to Mexico several times. While I
was there, I did look up several of the
good people who had fled the United States
during the McCarthy period, but I spent
much more time visiting archeological
sites and museums than I did chatting with
old Lefties.
I even did some work on children's 'books,
and in the course of this activity I was
photographed twice in the State Department-
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
supported Benjamin Franklin Library in
Mexico City. It happened this way: I had
left my name at the Embassy where I had
gone hoping that their business library
would have the name of the new editor and
the new address of one of my publishers.
Not finding what I needed, I walked to the
Benjamin Franklin Library to make a second
try. There, immediately after my arrival,
the reference librarian snapped a picture
of me once in the stacks and a second time
in front of the circulation desk. With the
ink scarcely dry on my signature at the Em-
bassy and two snapshots to go with it, the
spooks ought. to feel pretty sure who it was
they were spooking. $ut where are these
photo's ? They don't turn up in my file. Was
the CIA still worried it might be sending
me a photo of the head of R.C.A.. ?
There is no way of knowing how the tax
payers! money was being spent on surveil-
lance of me in Mexico, but it is a safe
guess that there, as elsewhere, the govern-
ment's finger men were all thumbs. Perhaps
I should try to find out more of what was
going on from that fellow Philip Agee who
flitted in and out of Mexico before he
wrote his book about the CIA.
Now let's see what my Naval Intelligence
file reveals. The FBI files show that Naval
Intelligence was duly informed about when I
entered the U.S. Maritime Service. But Na-
val Intelligence apparently has no record
of my service. That's a pity, because I am
curious about an episode in which that
agency might have taken an interest. I
was in the U.S. Army Hospital in Scotland
With a broken leg on which an. operation
had to be performed. A young woman, who
cheered up the merchant seamen being
cared for in this hospital along with mil-
itary personnel, offered to get me any
newspapers I might want. I requested the
conservative Times of London, the liberal
Manchester Guardian and the Communist Dai-
l Worker.
The young lady fled, and an hour later
two British security officers appeared
and demanded my passport. When they re-
turned it the next day, I was on a
stretcher in the corridor outside the op-
erating room. The operation was cancelled,
and I found in the back of my seaman's
passport, written in ink that has lasted
well to this day, "The United States War
Shipping Administration is responsible
for removing the bearer of this passport
from the United Kingdom at the earliest
possible date'." And I was promptly de-
ported, but not on a ship. That slow
means of transportation was reserved for
G.I.'s desperately wounded at the Battle
of the Bulge. I was hastened out of Brit-
ain by plane.
Back to my FBI file. I notice my finger-
print card again. Something on the re-
verse side catches my eye. I missed it
first time around. It is a stamped nota-
tion that reads: "No arrest record. Sept.
21, 1977."
Can it be that the FBI does not know
about two occasions when I was arrested,
tried, convicted and fingerprinted ? I
will help the Bureau, since it obviously
needs help. On one occasion I was sen-
tenced to ten days or ten dollars (that
was a lot in 1934) for "littering and
using loud and abusiVe language" when I
helped strikers on the Fifth Avenue Bus
line by passing out leaflets. On another
occasion I got well beaten up by police,
then arrested and sentenced to thirty
days because I protested when I saw cops
beating up a man who lay helpless on-the
pavement.
Apropos police, J. Edgar himself got
really excited, according to my file, when
his office was asked to check the, accuracy
of a juvenile book The First Book of Po-
lice. The woman who wrote it chose to sign
it Jay Campbell. J. Edgar wanted to know
if this was the same Jay Campbell whom he
had listed as a Communist. And was it my
wife who used the name Jay Campbell ? '(It
most certainly was not.)
But why is a sheaf of papers about this
Jay Campbell in my file ? It must be be-
cause of guilt by association. I was asso-
ciated with my wife. She (and I) used the
same literary agent who handled the Jay
Campbell book. And we both had books pub-
lished by Franklin Watts who brought it
out. You can't be too careful.
Enough about my files.
Consider how much money was wasted on
me, and I am just one of 26,174 names
Hoover had in his Security Index. How
many among these represented any threat
to national security ? Any threat of any
kind that could not be taken care of at
the polls, if the voters so desired ?
And if I was a threat, why did the FBI
wait until 1966 to notify the Secret
Service "in connection with Presidential
Protection" to look out for me as "po-
tentially dangerous" ?
CounterSpy - 41
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 -A
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
Come to think of it, I wonder if .this that this was not so,,a lot of Special
notification explains the presence of a Agents, and Confidential Informants, and
self-described Secret Service Agent in a CIA spooks, and upper level administra-
class in writing for children that my tors would have to look for honest work,
wife and .I taught one summer at Colorado and jobs in that line are hard to find in
Women's College. This agent was absent a society which already has iillions unem-
from class the day President Nixon's mo- ployed.
torcade drove by the college. I didn't Finally comes a sheet from the FBI
go to the windo1 to see it, but if I had marked "revised 1/10/79" which apparently
gone, I might have caught a glimpse of has something Ito do with the birthdays of
our student, and her husband who was forty or fifty people. Their names are all
also in the Secret Service, out there in carefully arranged in months, and they are
the crowd making sure that the likes of identified as being in "teams" with labels
me did nothing to harfn the man who had such as "6th team 2", "28th team 1". To
done so much harm to this country. I dis- figure this out I 'need the help of a
approved of just about everything'Nixon cryptanalyst - one smarter than whoever
did - and this was before Watergate - but labored over Kaiakevich's handwriting.
harm him ?,The only people who suggest What the hell is this birthday sheet all
.that kind of thing are either desparate about ? And several other sheets that fol-
damn fools or police agents. low and have just as little to do with me
--But, they say, if a lie is big enough, or with anyone whose name I recognize ? Is
people will believe it. Certainly that it a schedule for jolly parties for teams
appears to be true of the FBI. But the of Special Agents ? The best conclusion I
question of belief aside, it pays the FBI can come to is that a batch of sheets got
to base much of its operation on the myth into my file by mistake. This gives me a
that advocates of socialism are also ad- pause. What from my file may be in somebody
vocates of violence. If word got around else's ? And I don"t mean any file labeled
Frank Folsom.
ColOriia Di gnidad:
Nov Revelations by Konrad Ege
(Ed. note: The following article is an after the West German section of Amnesty
update of "Colonia Dignidad - West German International (Al)-published a 60-page
Concentration Camp in Chile" which ap- booklet entitled "Colonia Dignidad - Ger-
peared in Counterspy vol.3 no.3. For rea- man Model Farm in Chile - a Torture Camp
sons of clarity, some of the information of the DINA" in March 1977. The booklet
provided in that article is repeated here.)charged that Colonia Dignidad, located
In the beginning the case seemed to be
an ordinary libel suit. By now, it has
turned into a major affair involving pub-
lic figures like the West German ambassa-
dor to Canada, Erich Straetling; Gerhard
Mertins, the director of the scandal-rid-
den arms trading company Merex; a number
of West German Christian Democrats; and
possibly even Franz Josef Strauss, West
German candidate for chancellor,, presi-
dent of the conservative Christian So-
cial Union (CSU) and governor of Bavaria.
This libel suit began just a few weeks
.42 - Counterspy
400 km. south of Santiago, Chile near the
town of Parral, was (or is) being used as
a concentration camp by the Chilean se-
cret police DINA (now renamed CNI). Colo-
nia Dignidad officials charge the booklet
is a complete fabrication.
Colonia. Dignidad was founded in 1961 by
West Germans cbming from the town of
Siegburg near Bonn. They belong to a
small sect whose ideology is a mixt'tre of
fundamentalist "Christianity" and;a Nazi-
,type political belief. Today there are
over 250 people, almost all West German
citizens inColonia Dignidad, and?a few
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
sect, members have remained in Siegburg. "planned event": "It might sound ridicu-
According to various reports, including lous", he says, "but compared to Colonia
testimonies from the few members who have Dignidad, Villa Grimaldi (another DINA tor-
been able to leave the group, members are ture center where he had been kept before)
suppressed by the leadership of the sect was a place to relax."
through a rigid system of surveillance Zott managed to esbape the fate of per-
and control under the pretext of reli- haps hundreds of prisoners who have been
gious obedience. The leaders administer killed in Colonia Dignidad and was taken
beatings and drugs, among other things, from there to yet another detention center.
to keep the people quiet. Eventually, he was released and had to
TI)e United Nations Economic and Social flee his country.
Council describes Colonia Dignidad as "a on October 30, 1979, Zott was called
large agricultural and cattle farm.... again to testify in the court in Bonn. He,
which includes land in the Andean moun- recognized the second person in the wit-
tains right up to the Argentinian border. 'ness stand right away. He was Samuel
... According to one source of informa- Fuenzalida Devia - the same person who had
tion, many of the people of the list of been one of his DINA guards in Villa
119 prisoners who have disappeared were in Grimaldi. As it turned out, Fuenzalida's
Colonia Dignidad and it is possible that testimony provided vital confirmation of
they are still there." (Report E/CN.4, Amnesty International's case against.Col-
para.129,,4/4/1976) onia_ Dignidad. For he, unlike the fre-
Another UN report suggests that Colonia quently blindfolded and tortured prison-
Dignidad also serves as a laboratory de- ers had witnessed operations there from a
signed to perfect the "science" of torture. privileged perspective of a DINA officer.
"Prisoners have allegedly been subjected After a tour of service in the Army,
to different 'experiments' without any in- Fuenzalida had joined DINA in November
terrogation; to 'tests' of the limits of 1973 and was welcomed into his new job by
resistance to different methods of torture; General Manuel Contreras himself. To pre-
to 'experiments' to drive detainees crazy pare him for service Fuenzalida attended
through administration of drugs..." (Pro- three months course of study on the "meth-
tection of Human Rights in Chile, A31/253, ods of repression" in Las Rocas de Santo
para. 171, p. 97, 10/8/1976) Domingo.
These two UN reports are but a small once trained, Fuenzalida was considered
part of the evidence offered by Amnesty In- a full member of the DINA and assigned to
ternational. However, a West German judge, the Brigada de Inteligencia Metropolitana
Dr. Fuchs decided that AI "could not prove (BIM, a subdepartment of the DINA) under
their accusations sufficiently", and . the command of DINA general, Manuel
granted a temporary injunction which for- Manriquez. There, in Fuenzalida's own
bade AI to state.that Colonia Dignidad was words, "I was to practice what I had
a torture camp and banned the distribution learned: psychological warfare, combating
of the booklet. (Interestingly enough, the .the guerillas, infiltration of the popula-
same Dr. Fuchs was a member of the Nazi tion. We had also been trained in hand-to-
Party under Hitler.) hand combat." First Fuenzalida was sent
Since this original injunction in April, to #90 Marcoleta Street, DINA general
1977, courts in Bonn have held a number of headquarters in Santiago. Later he was
sessions and heard witnesses testifying on transferred to the headquarters of opera-
behalf of Amnesty International. Among tion, officially called "Terra Nova", but
them were seven Chileans, who say they better known as Villa Grimaldi.
were tortured in Colonia Dignidad. Fuenzalida's first inside view of the
One of them is Erick Zott. In January Colonia was in July 1974. With a Captain
1975 he was arrested by the DINA and taken of the DINA, Fuenzalida first went to the
to various detention centers, where he was detention center Cuatro Alamos to fetch a
severely tortured. At one point, he was prisoner who went by the name of "Loro
transferred, to "The Germans", as his guards Matias". The son of a Department of De-
called it. "The Germans", Zott found out, fense official, "Loro Matias" was a member
lived in Colonia Dignidad. He was held of the MIR (Movimiento Izquierda Revoluci-
there for several days and tortured in a onaria - Left Revolutionary Movement). His
way he describes as "scientific", "much real name is Alvaro Modesto Vallejas
worse than anything before", and as a Villagran..He is listed as one of the more
CounterSpy - 43
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
than 2,000 disappeared. Samuel Fuenzalida Devia now lives in-
Fuenzalida knew "Loro Matias" well since West Germany. Unsatisfied with his "job",
he himself had spied on him before he was he left DINA and Chile at the end of 1975.
arrested. When'Fuenzalida'went to; get him- Other parts of the story on Colonia Dig-
("We took him from Cuatro Alamos in hand- nidad were pieced together when Juan Rene
cuffs... He was completely broken. He had Moz Alarcdn, like Fuenzalida a former
.been tortured. Too much had happened to DINA agent, was assassinated in Santiago
,him to let him free again.") he knew that in October 1977, four months after he had
Vallejas had been selected for "Puerto left DINA and given testimony there to a
Montt". This-was the DINA term used to in- Chilean church organization.
dicate that a prisoner was to be killed on ' Mufioz stated it was in Colonia Dignidad
''land.'(Another term, "La Mone4ka", meant' that he w,as,taught to.interrogate people
that a prisoner was to be killed by being and tr~iveri "training sessions and lectures
dropped from an airplane into the sea.) abouttl* working.methods oft the secret po-
After arriving in Dignidad., the DINA /Chp- lice"' No also said that at the time (June
tain and Fuenzalida put "Lord Matias" in a 1977, wet he gave his testimony), there
Mercedes Benz which belonged to the Colo- were!_112'prisoners in Colonia Dignidad'.
nia. The Captain got into the Mercedes as (MuSoz''s,-statement, reprinted in full
well, together with a German , from Dignidad length in the December, 1978 issue of Coun-
who was'generally referred to as the "pro- terSpy magazine, provides valuable informa-
fessor", and "seemed to be the head of the tion on DINA actions and its collaboration
Colonia Dignidad". (In the courtroom in with the U;S. CIA.)
Bonn, Fuenzalida was able to identify the As if it were not enough that the Chilean
"professor" on a photo - he is Paul Schae- government was using Colonia Dignidad as a
fer himself, the' head and founder of the torture and' concentration camp, information
colony.) that became available during the course of
Fuenzalida was later led into.a dining the trial which is now in its fourth year
room, and-even though it was already past - proves that West German governmental of-
midnight, he was invited for a meal. After ficials and high ranking members of the
a-few- minutes, the Captain and the "pro- West German Christian Democrats have been
fessor" cape into the room, indicating and are directly involved in aiding Colonia
that Alvaro Vallejas had.been killed. When Dignidad.
Fuenzalida returned to Santiago, he no- One of the most vocal supporters is Erich
ticed that "Loro Matias "' card had disap- Straetling,formerly West German ambassador
peared from the catalogue of prisoners. to Chile and now pursuing his, ,diplomatic
Some weeks later, Samuel Fuenzalida, went career in Canada.'He was a guest of Colonia
to the Colonia a second time. He had been Dignidad's'leader, Paul Schaefer, in Novem-
sent on a DINA mission to southern Chile, ber 1976. Naturally, he didn't notice that
and on the way back he stopped in Parral Dignidad was used as a torture camp and had
where he talked to the DINA agents there., nothing,. but praise for the "model farm"
They, told him that "up there with the Ger- after his onS'daylvisit. Straetling stated
mans" the interrogations were more "psy flatly that the UN accusations were com
chological more scientific. They alsopletely false.
said that the prisoners who were killed,-in Reports on tortlure in Colonia Dignidad
Dignidad were buried on Colonia Dignidad and inquiries by West German citizens about
grounds near the mountains. mistreatment of their.relatives who were
When it Was night, Fuenzalida went to members of the Colonia Dignidad sect were
the Colonia with two other DINA officers. generally suppressed in the,West German em-
One of them conducted interrogations there bassy in Chile. Embassy officials often.
together with a. Brazilian. (Several granted Dignidad leaders special favors in
prisoners who were tortured in the Colonia matters such as passport renewals. Erich
had testified that a man with a Portuguese Straetling went so faze as to offer that he
accent took.part "in their interrogation.) would be willing to testify in a Rest Ger-
They went to Dignidad to get some "par-_ i man court on behalf of the Colonia Digni-
'cels" (prisoners). However, the prisoners dad. In addition, information obtained by
were not there and Fuenzalida was invited the Siegbur^ger Presse indicates that
to stay over night, which he did..He went Straetling is also a member of a recently
back to Santiago the next morning. - created "Friendship Circle Colonia Digni-
44 - CounterSpy
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
dad", which has taken on the task of de-
fending the Colonia.
Other persons who have visited Colonia
Dignidad and praised it as a "German mod-
el farm" are representatives of the state
government of Bavaria and officials from
the CSU-controlled Hanns Seidel Stiftung
(foundation). Another supporter of the
Christian Democrats, Gerhard Mertins of
Merex, received a vary favorable impres-
sion of the work o .the Colonia Dignidad
people. He praised the camp as a very im-
portant factor in its geographical area.
In general, Mertins supports the govern-
ment of General Pinochet and says it is
improving the social situation of the
Chilean people "day by day".
Wolfgang Vogelgesang, another CSU offi-
cial,'was invited by Colonia Dignidad
leaders to visit for a few days in late
1979. He enjoyed his time there and wrote
after his return that Colonia Dignidad is
"hope for Germany. People there live from
the past, and think like Franz Josef
Strauss...."
Strauss' mouthpiece,. the right wing Ba
yernkurier also defends Dignidad and sees
in it a "benefactory institution, clean-
liness, order. And much love and a moth-
erly atmosphere."
The trial in Bonn continues,, and
chances have increased that the judges
will be forced to reverse their decision
and allow distribution of the Amnesty In-
ternational booklet again. In the mean-
time, quite a few questions about the
real nature of Colonia Dignidad are still
unanswered.
According to several reports, including
an article in the Washington Post in Feb-
ruary this year, Colonia Dignidad has.a
mansion in Santiago "filled with elec-
tronic. equipment. The house has high
walls and an unlisted telephone, some-
thing that is normally prohibited by
Chile's military government." Washington
Post reporter Charles Krause was threat-
ened with arrest by undercover police of-
ficers when he tried to enter Dignidaid,
and his film was taken away.
According to Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesen-
thal as well as the FBI there is evidence
that Josef Mengele, who is rgsponsible-
for the deaths of hundred thousands of
Jews in the Nazi period, was hiding.in,
Colonia Dignidad. This charge has been
denied. vehemently by Colonia Dignidad
leaders.
How long can Colonia Dignidad hold out
against the mounting evidence against it'd
One reason it has been able to hold out
so far is certainly its friendship with
the Chilean government (including Gener-
al.'inochet who visited the camp in 1974)
and high ranking and prominent West Ger-
man politicians and diplomats. One won-
ders, however, when they will get cold
feet. After all, it's not good publicity
to be known as a friend of people who run
a torture camp for the Chilean military
dictatorship.
U.S. Rank and File:
BanAIFLD in El Salvador ,,YF.a,k A,how
(Ed. note: Frank Arnold is Secretary-
Treasurer of the Southwest Labor Studies
Association and a member of the Interna-
tional Association of Machinists and Aero-
space Workers AFL-CIO.)
A resolution calling on the AFL-CIO Ex-
ecutive Council to "disassociate itself
from the AIFLD (American Institute for
Free Labor Development) program in El
Salvador" was adopted without dissent on
September 15, 1980 by the Central Labor
Council of Santa Clara County AFL-CIO.
The resolution points out that the Hu-
man Rights Commission of the Archdiocese
of San Salvador has documented 3509 as-
sassinations along with hundreds of il-
legal detentions and disappeared persons
in El Salvador from the October 15, 1979
inception of the present Salvadorean re-
gime to June 21, 1980. A majority of
these human rights violations have been
directed against the working people, ac-
cording to the resolution. The bombings
of the Coca Cola and the Electrical
Workers, union halls during the week of
CounterSpy - 45
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
Victor Reuther, International Director,
United Automobile Workers (in On Company
Business, Part II,.5/16/80, produced by
WNET/13):
".. if one looks at the Long list of
corporations that initially contributed
to the establishment of the AF of L's
American Institute for Free Labor DeveZ.
opment it includes not onlj United Fruit,
but also Anaconda Copper and a whole
etrin4 of U.S. corporations' that have
never voluntarily accepted their obliga-
tion-to pay decent wages'and provide
good working conditions in the United
States. They always had to be forced to
do it'through union. organizing and
strike action, etc., and why suddenly
these corporate interests should be em-
braced as. allies and be foisted on Latin
American Labor or any other American Za=
bor groups ... as people with creden-
tials suitable for picking future trade
union leaders and training them, this is
beyond my ilpagination. "
June 26 to July 3, 1980 are cited as ex-
amples of such violations. The?AIFLD
"has not condemned these violations of''-
human and workers' ri4hts," according to
the resolution.
This is possibly the fi;st time an
AFL-CIO Central Body has made such a
strong recommendation on the AIFLD to
the AFL-CIO Executive Council. Neverthe-
less, AIFLD has stirred some controversy
within the labor movement generally at
least since the 1973 overthrow of the
democratically elected government of.
Salvador Allende in Chile.' It is well
known. there has.been serious discussion
of AIFLD within several AFL-CIO unions
ih?recent,years due to the development
of information.on the political use of
AIFLD-by agencies of the,U.S. government
and the feeling by some that an agency
that has, representatives of many of the
major. multi-nationals with interests in
Latin America and the Caribbean on its
Board of Directors, (as AIFLD does) might
not be truly interested in-"free trade
uni9nism".
The publication in 1974 of information
linking the AIF'LD to the CIA and to the
overthrow of the'Allende government in-
spired the Central Labor Council of Santa
Clara County to send a-resolution to the
AFL-CIO in Washington, D.C. asking them
"to provide information that will enable
this Councilto reaffirm the. integrity and
tl gil %urt;c - of the AFL-CIO in foreign, as
well as in domestic affairs..." In re-
sponse to that resolution?AIFLD Executive
Director William.C. Doherty, Jr., and an
assistant flew out to San Jose and ad-
dressed the Council at a packed meeting in
a way many who attended felt was intimi-
dating rather than reaffirming.
Much new information about AIFLD has
been uncovered. since 1974 including that
contained in the recent three-hour docu-
mentary On Company Business shown on pub-
lic television. The documentary examines
in considerable detail the AIFLD-CIA con-
nection and includes interviews with ,
Victor Reuther and others who had intimate
knowledge of that connection.
Given,the new documentation and consid-
ering the fact that. several international
unions have taken, or are considering tak-
ing, positions opposing the political use
of AIFLD; the AFL-CIO reaction to'the
Santa Clara County Labor Council resolu-
tion will be an indicator of the relative
strength of the minority of progressives
on the AFL/CIO Executive Council.
Israel's
Pentagon Papers ..
Israel's Sacred Terrorism
"a valuable service ... to those who are
interested in discovering the real world
that lies behind 'official history.'."
-From Noam Chomaky's Introduction
Moshe Shared, Israel's first foreign minister and prime minister
from 1953 to 1955, kept a personal diary-a day-to-day candid
record of how key Israeli policy decisions were made. Long kept
unpublished, the diary reveals how Israel's "security establish-
ment," men like David Ben-Gurion, Arik Sharon and Moshe
Dayan, sought to destabilize neighboring Arab countries
through covert military operations and terrorist activity, and
plotted the takeover of South Lebanon, the West Bank and Gaza.
Italian journalist Livia Rokach's thoughtful analysis of the
Sharett diary and other key documents shatters longstanding
myths about Israel and its security needs. Israel's Sacred
Terrorism lays bare the political trend in Israel that, in the words
of a troubled Moshe Sharett, raises terrorism and "revenge" to a
"moral . . and even sacred principle."
Order from:
Association of Arab American University Graduates
a 0- 556 Trapelo Road, Belmont, MA 02178 [phone]
Prepaid orders only. Add $.40 for postage,
Free catalogue of publications available upon request.
46 CounterSpy
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
LOpen Letter to the
by Richard Hobbs
(Ed. note: This Open Letter was pre- ers, public employees, teachers, students,
sented as a background.paper for the reso small merchants, and unidentified persons
lution on AIFLD which was adopted by the were assassinated from Jan. 1 to Au(r.ll of
Central Labor CounciZ,of Santa Clara Coun- this year, 8d% of them directly.by the
ty AFL-CIO as described in the preceding armed .forces of the junta and the rest by
story. It refers to an article by Roy right-wing paramilitary groups supported
Prosterman and Mary Temple in the AFL- by the Junta ? Shouldn't American workers
CIO's Free Trade Union News defending know that neither the State Department nor
U.S.-inspired "land reform" in El Salva- the AFL-CIO have protested this.massive
dor. violation of human rights ? Shouldn't
Richard Hobbs is a delegate to the American workers know that the British La-
Central Labor Council of Santa Clara Coun- bour Party, the West German Social Demo-
ty, and a member of the International cratic Party, and the three largest Ita-
Brotherhood of Teamsters, Local 679 as lian trade union federations have pro-
well as COPE Chairperson of the Executive tested these tactics of terror of the Sal-
Board, American Federation of Teachers, vadorean junta ?
Local 957.) Shouldn't American workers know that at
the time the Prosterman-Temple article was
The June 1980 article written by Roy written, Amnesty international (in its
Prosterman and Mary Temple for the AFL-CIO June 24 letter to Secretary of State
Free Trade Union News represents an at- Edmund Muskie) protested that "Since the 3
tempt to confuse American workers on the January 1980 resignation of much of the
question of El Salvador through a careful Salvadorean government -- on human rights
selection of one-sided data and arguments. grounds -- at least 2,000 Salvadoreans
Not only is the blood on the hands of the have been killed or 'disappeared' while in
Salvadorean junta cleansed and its undemo- the hands of conventional and auxiliary
cratic nature absolved by the thrust of security forces in El Salvador. Many were
the Prosterman-Temple article, but wild tortured and savagely mutilated -- arms
insinuations and doubtful representation lopped off, flayed, beheaded." ? Shouldn't
of facts interspice the presentation on American workers know that (according to
"Land Reform in El Salvador". Amnesty International) "in the cities,
Evidence available at the time of the membership of a union, a neighborhood as-
writing of the Prosterman-Temple article sociation, a church group or a political
and more evidence accumulated since then party... makes one liable to detention and
suggests that the AFL-CIO should disasso- murder..." ? Shouldn't American workers
ciate itself from the AIFLD program in El know that on the very day in March that
Salvador. the agrarian reform was decreed by the
Why the facade ? Shouldn't American governing Salvadorean junta, all civil
workers know that since December 1931, liberties were suspended, and Salvadorean
during 49 arduous years for Salvadorean ' workers continue to live under a State of
workers, no free elections have been held? Siege '? Shouldn't American workers know
Shouldn't American workers know that the that,dozens of trade union halls have been
present military members of the junta destroyed since the junta took power less
were part of the same, armed forces that in than a year ago ? Shouldn't American work-
1973 and 1977 committed gross electoral ers know that the AIFLD consultant in El
,fraud ? Should't Amarican workers know Salvador Roy Prosterman is known for his
that according to the Legal Aid Office of role in the South Vietnamese agrarian pac-
the Archdiocese of San Salvador (whose ification program called "The Land of the
claims have never been refuted by the jun- Tiller" ? None of this is mentioned in the
ta), 3,425 farmworkers, industrial work- Prosterman-Tempie article.
CounterSpy - 47
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
Instead, Temple and Prosterman leave In terms of the agrarian reform itself,
American workers with the unambiguous con- the AIFLD material for the Congressional
clusion that the AIFLD rural program in El Record (5/12/80) states that ".' . within a
Salvador is "crucial to the development of year .. El Salvador will begin to experi-
a broadly supported democratic government" ence an economic miracle with the poten-.:
and without it, we will have "the probable tialto become the Japan of Central Ameri-
victory of a far left so extreme the com- ca". The Prosterman-Temple article also
parison with Pol Pot's reign in Cambodia alludes to "new Japan-style economic de-
would not be far-fetched." velopment" in El Salvador and clearly in-
The late Archbishop of San Salvador, sinuates that El Salvador's agrarian pro-
Msr. Oscar Romero, who was mysteriously cess can follow the same path as the U.S.
assassinated by members of a rightwing Homestead Act of 1862.
paramilitary group while under watch by Aside from the fact that neither Japan
the Salvadorean armed forces, character- nor the U.S. were strapped with the need
ized the agrarian reform promoted by the to pay a high percentage of debts to the
junta' and the AIFLD as one of "reform and International Monetary Fund (IMF) in ex-
repression", since 90 farmworkers were I port earnings (in this sense, the Peruvian
killed in the week following the March 6 land reform failure with its present'as
announcement of the reform. In the middle tronomical inflation rate and high indebt-
of that bloody week, a leading member of edness to the IMF' represents a much more
'the Christian Democratic Party who had likely example of the probably outcome of
been a member of the junta, Hector Dada the Salvadorean reform), the following
Hirezi, resigned from the junta, stating, three sets of quotations from a U.S. Gov-
"How is the present process going to be ernment Memorandum dated August 8, 1980
successful if farmworkers are repressed should shed some light on the possibility
daily for the sole crime of organizing ? of the "Japanization" of El Salvador:
How is this process going to be possible a) --Phase III (the "Land for the Tiller"
if the organizations that contain thou- phase) of the land reform "presents the
sands of farmworkers haven't even been most confusing aspect of the reform pro-
consulted, and if on the contrary, the gram, and it could prove especially
daily and mounting repression of these or- troublesome for the U.S. because it was
ganizations makes dialogue impossible with decreed without advance discussion,. ex-
them ? How is this process, which the cept in very limited government circles,
(Christian Democratic) Party conceived as and, we are told, it is considered by key
democratic, going to be possible if it is Salvadorean officials as misguided and
being carried out under a state of siege?" U.S. imposed initiative.
How can the AFL-CIO Free Trade Union "It may not fit the#tuation in the
News leave American workers with the in- countryside, where there are many differ-
sinuation that the present government is ent kinds of landlords, including some
either "broadly supported" or "demccrat- very poor ones; when the land is divided
Ic", when tens of thousands of organized into tiny parcels and shifting field ag-
workers are not consulted but repressed,' riculture practices are required because
not free to organize but under a state of of the quality of the soil; and where
siege ? And upon what basis can Temple there is,. in the best of times, serious
and Prosterman honestly engage in the confusion and conflict over land bound-
speculative characterization of the Revo- aries and rights."
-lutionary Democratic Front, which'unites - b) Don Kanel and William Thiesenhusen
the overwhelming majority of Salvadorean of the University of Wisconsin's Land
unions, slum-dweller associations, and Tenure Center warned:
political parties, and which according to "In some cases owners of small 4 to 5
Roberts Cuellar of the Legal Aid Office of manzana tracts leave their plots and
the Archdiocese of San Salvador (in a houses in the hands of other landless
speech given in San Jose, CA on July 12) people during the dry season so.that they
maintains the active support and sympathy can watch it. The owners, in turn, search
of 80% of the Salvadorean people, as "so for dry season employment. Are the lands
extreme the comparison with Pol Pot's of these people to be expropriated ?
reign in Cambodia,would not be far- "In some cases school teachers or other
fetched ? members of the lower middle class have
48 - CounterSpy
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
accumulated several manzanas in the coun- tributable ?
tryside as a type of social security. Are The U.S. Government Memorandum, written
the lands of these people to be expropri- after the Prosterman-Temple article,
ated ?" points to the real possibility of "the
"In some cases 1-2 manzana milpas are creation of an impossibly complex land
being rented in these admittedly non-via- registry snarl." How does this coincide
ble units. They may well find it diffi- with the Prosterman-Temple statement that
cult to join a land reform cooperative. the reform has "transferred ownership of
Should ownership to these lands be the land they cultivate to ... 150,000
granted ?"
"The point... is that the losers in this ca Wherea families"
process may well be simply others in the' Whereas s the e Junearticle by Prosterman
very poor sector of the economy. In this and:Temple states that all expropriations
of land above 500 hectares were completed
sense El Salvador is very different from
at that time, the August U.S. Government
Japan and other parts of Southeast Asia Memorandum says that this process "is gl-
and, indeed, quite different from other most finished". Why this discrepancy ?
Latin American countries that do not have Finally, the conclusion of the Temple-
the extreme pressure on the land that ex- Prosterman article points to "the impor-
ists there." tance of genuine grass roots participation
c) In July, well informed U.S. oberv- in the formulation and implementation of
ers in El Salvador. reported that "The cre-
ation of an impossibly complex land regis- rural development policies." Aside from
the fact that El Salvador is under a State
try snarl as perhaps 200,000 or more par- of Siege since the day the land reform was
cell suddenly need definition, registry, decreed, aside from the fact that (as the
and mortgage management is areal possi- U.S. Government Memorandum admits) the
bility. Similarly, credit, input delivery
Land of the Tiller program was "decreed
and especially marketing systems must be without advance discussion", other evi-
created for the beneficiaries who formerly dence casts clouds of doubt upon the
in many cases depended on their patrons
for such services." Prosterman-Temple statement. First of all,
These quotes from an August 8, 1980 U.S. the same Memorandum states that Phase One
has been carried out with military help".
Government Memorandum, written two months secondly, when Jorge Villacorta, Undersec-
following the Prosterman-Temple article, retary of Agriculture, resigned from the
throw grave doubts upon the viability of junta the week following the agrarian re-
the "Japan-style" agrarian reform process. form decree, he stated that: "It is im-
Why should the AFL-CIO be sponsoring an possible to work in that situation because
AIFLD program in El Salvador which is con- there is no possibility of (the Ministry
sidered a "misguided and U.S. imposed ini- of Agriculture and the Institute of Agrar-
tiative", one which "was decreed without ian Reform) participating in the decision-
advance discussion" ? Why should the AFL- making process. The result is that the
CIO sponsor an AIFLD program in which "the government is losing the minimal support
losers may well be simply. others in the it once had and the leadership of the re-
very poor sector of the economy" ? Why form is falling completely under the con-
should the AFL-CIO sponsor an AIFLD pro- trol of the right."
gram which would tie small-landowners to Third, according to the U.S. Ecumenical
the land (for 30 years) and not provide
Program for Inter-American Communication
them with cheap and adequate credit,
and Action (EPICA)
tools, seed, fertilizer, and distribution report entitled History
and Motivations of U.S. Involvement in the
methods ?
According to the same U.S. Government Control of the Peasant Movement in El Sal-
Memorandum, the first phase of the agrari- vador, "The military and para-military
an reform (expropriating holdings above forces are carrying out this reform with a
500 hectares) covers "about 240 holdings" ruthlessness that makes the repression of
This August memorandum contradicts the the past latifundistas and the Romero gov-
June Prosterman-Temple article, which- ernment (1977-79) appear moderate and re-
states that the March 5 decreed land re- strained by comparison. It is important
form has "transferred ownership of the for North Americans to understand that
376 holdings above 1,200 acres (500 hect- this is an imposed reform, forced upon the
ares)." To what is this difference at- the Salvadorean military and upon the
CounterSpy - 49
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
people by U.S. fiat." pearing in the Free Trade Union News
Fourth, ~PICA cites internal sources as Prosterman-Temple article. Doesn't this
stating that only well-known members of graphically illustrate what the U.S. Gov-
-the UCS (Union Communal Salvadorena, ernment Memorandum refers to as a per-
funded and founded by the AIFLD) and ORDEN ceived "U.S. inspired initiative" ?
(the right-wing paramilitary group, now According to the May Congressional Re-
called the Nationalist Democratic Front, cord article, reprinted as a courtesy by
responsible for hundreds of assassina- the AIFLD, the U.S. Agency for Interna-
tions) are receiving land from the junta tional Development has granted $1 million
reform. Amnesty International also makes to the AIFLD for the UCS during this
reference to this UCS-ORDEN-Junta al-
year. The EPICA reports states'that the
liance. top two floors of the Sheraton Hotel in
Fifth, the May EPICA report states that San Salvador were occupied after the coup.
"Roy Prosterman... hays a direct phone'con "in droves" by "large, numbers of AIFLD
nection with the Supreme Command (of the personnel". And yet when I spoke to Jack_
Salvadorean Armed Forces)", and concludes Heberle, Head of Information Services of'
that the agrarian reform is "another U.S. the AIFLD in Washington, D.C., on July 8,
pacification program aimed at forcing some he said that AID was funding only I one.,
North American version of progress upon AIFLD position in El Salvador. Can you ex-
the Salvadorean people through force.." How plain this apparent paradox ?
do these reports, which need to be an- To conclude this set of inquiries, it is
swered one at a time, coincide with "genu- reported that the Standard Oil Company of
.ine grass roots participation in the for- New Jersey, the First National City Bank,
mation and implementation of rural devel- the Standard Fruit Company, and Crown
opment policies" ? Zellerbach have co-sponsored the AIFLD and
One other agrarian reform-related item have helped it financially and organiza-
needs further explanation. In 1977, when tionally. These four corporations, operat-
John Strasma, Professor of Economics at ing in El Salvador at the present time,
the University of Wisconsin, performed an would appear to have little interest in
independent audit-inve?tigation of the protecting free labor development. Do tie
UCS, he stated that the AIFLD was aware of ask their oEard-of Directors to serve as
the misappropriation of funds by UCS lead- advisors to union negotiators when we U.S.'
er and AIFLD field representative Tito trade unionists are negotiating a con-
Castro and did-nothing-about it. In fact, tract ? Do our unions seek their financial
Michael Hammer, AIFLD's regional director backing ? This is the question which must
for Central , America, defended Castro. be asked in El Salvador, when AIFLD-backed
Strasma's findings included the following organizations such as the UCS seek to pro-
statements: "Tito Castro has falsified far tect truly independent and free trade
more documents, and has'pocketed substan- union'objectives.'Is this not,a clear con-
tial amounts of Foundation (the Interamer- flict of interest in El Salvador'?
ican Foundation, also a supporter of UCS) According to the International Labor Or-
money. Rodolfo Viera, in close, alliance ganization and Organization of American
with Tito, appears to have pocketed even States charters, workers have the right to
more funds... Neither -Castro nor Rodolfo associate, organize, and administer their
Viera-should be financed in any way by own activities freely.'All of this, and
U.S. tax payer funds until restitution has even the right to life, have been denied
been made; AIFLD should terminate them as Salvadorean workers, except for small U.S.
quickly as possible." and junta-backed organizations. On Auguste
Three questions arise: a)-S!'ouldn't the' 22 the Secretary General of the Union of
AFL-CIO disassociate itself with these Electrical Workers (STECEL) and the Secre-
misropriators of U. S`. tax dollars ? b)- tary General of the National Federation of
Can-#odolfo Viera, named bytthe junta as Salvadorean Workers (FENASTRAS) were ar-
the dead of the Institute of Agrarian Re-
rested, and the following day a junta de-
form", be bbnsidered-an honest and reliable cree militarized all public state services
-YL-CIO/AIFLD inspiration to American including the Subministry of Water (ANDA),
workers ? c) Michael Hammer of the AIFLD Communications (ANTEL), Electrical Energy
appears in..a photograph as an advisor to (CEL), and the.ports (CEPA). The bombings
Viera in an April 20 meeting in El Salva- of union halls continue. The State of
dor on the agrarian reform, the photo ap- Siege continues.
50 - CounterSpy - - .
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
Excuse the polemical and at times rhe- dor. The simplest of trade' union princi-
torical style used in this letter, to ples require that we break relations with
which I hope you will respond. I am upset the AIFLD program in El Salvador, as the
by what is happening in El Salvador and I National Council of Churches has called
feel our trade union dues and taxpayers for, and that we condemn the anti-union,
money should in no way back up what is oc-' anti-life strategies of the current Salva-
curring in the little country of El Salva- dorean regime.
Rughtwing Terror
in Guatemala by John Clements
news was published of a further crackdown
on the trade unions by the Guatemalan
military.
Another recent event -- which has yet to
be reported by the U.S. press -- adds sub-
stantial detail to Villagran's accusations
of deep government involvement in the sys-
tematic terrorism which the Guatemalan
Commission on Human Rights says leaves
eight to twelve mutilated bodies along the
.streets and roads of Guatemala each day.
The Guatemalan interior Ministry's Press
Secretary,.Elias Barahona y Barahona, dis-
closed at a press conference in Panama, on
September 4, 1980 that he had been an in-
filtrator for the Guerilla Army of the
Poor (EGP), an armed leftist organization.
The press conference was reported by Inter
Press Service, a Third World news agency,
distributed in the U.S. by Interlink-Press
government. Service. The former confidant of high gov-
Guatemalan Vice-President Francisco ernment leaders in Guatemala's military
Villagran Kramer's resignation early Sep- regime told the IPS Panama City correspon-
tember, 1980, while not unexpected, has dent.that he had taken the job in the In-
injured the government's legitimacy both terior Ministry with the approval of the
at home and abroad. When he announced his leadership of the EGP in order to "tell
resignation (from Washington, D.C. out of the world" what is going on in his country
fear for his life) Villagran pointed to He makes the following accusations: Four
cpntinued and massive human rights viola- years ago, when lie began his work in the
tions as his reason for leaving. The for- Interior Ministry, under instructions from
mer Vice-President, considered a moderate the Minister of Interior, Colonel Donaldo
in Guatemala, frequently had accused the Alvarez Ruiz, Barahona says he wrote com-
military government of General Romeo muniques the "Secret Anti-Communist
Lucas Garcia of killing off its political Army" (ESA), using ESA letterhead station-
opposition. In March of this year ary. Alvarez also showed him letterhead
Villagran told the press "there are no stationary from the "Squadron of Death",
political prisoners in Guatemala, only the other main rightist group. These two
political murders.",Amnesty International groups, says IPS's Arqueles Morales, are
has made the same accusation a.._number of responsible for some 2,000 deaths over the
times. Former Vice-President Villagran past three months.
announced his, resignation shortly after 'Barahona says that the leadership of the
CounterSpy - 51
(Ed. note: John Clements works for
People's Translation Service and writes
for News front International.)
Guatemala, undoubtedly, is an area of
mounting concern for U.S. policy makers.
It is located close to the oilfields in
Mexico, it borders civil war-torn El Sal-
vador, and, until recently, was regarded
as a country with a stable, pro-U:S. gov-
ernment. Today, the fabric of that au=
thoritarian government is unraveling. It
is important to know why the Guatemalan
military is losing its hold on the popu-
lation ... why the majority Indian popu-
lation -- after centuries of induced pas-
sivity and decades of military dictator-
ships -- is joining factory workers and
students to take up arms in increasing
numbers with the goal of overthrowing the
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
BrgdZey: "In the months'foZZoning
the 1063 coup in Iran, the White House
dnd'the CIA were running 48 for covert
gotione. David Phillips was on, the team
that overthrew the government of Guate-
mala in .1954. "
David Phillips: "The Cold War was
very, very hot indeed. There was no
question about what American poticymak-
eri wanted zn the world. And they saw
-something that frightened them in Cen-
tral America, and that was the aecendan-
qy of a man - a Marxist-oriented, not a
conirunist ' - leader in-that country, and
the' felt, as Eisenhower put it, there
would be a Soviet beachhead. It was de-
eided - a decision was made that the
foreign policy would be to, using clan-
destine operations, to change that gov-
prn'nent.'-
Rd Bradley: "Was that'their only con-
corn in Guatemala, the Russians ?"
David Phillips: "Ed, it would be dis
honest for anyone who's spent 25 years
in the corridors of secret, operations to
say that there aren't always other con-
aiderations. Theft were, considerations
of American business. That.'s been one of
the `things that intelligence has been
attacked for. These things do.make a
d$fference. "
Ed Bradley: "The CIA.wou,ld be used to
get rid of President Arbenz of Guatema
Z4. Arbenz had legalized the Communist
Party, taken over an American-owned
& ited Fruit Company plantation, and he.
was moving towards land reform. Anti-
Arbenz demonstrators suddenly filled
the streets of-GuatemalalCity. Russian
weapons' were myeteriousZydropped from
unmarked planes. Arbenz insisted they
came from provocateurs trying to dis-
credit him. SmaZZ bands,of rebels were
provided arms-by the CIA. The leader of
the opposition forces wao'said to have,
only a few hundred followers, but CIA
broadcasts announced that large rebel
forces were I converging " on Guatemala
City. It was the big Zze, and. it' worked.
President Arbens panicked. He resigned
and fled the country."
David'PhiZZipe:' "So a government was
-changed, and I think there's consider-
,able room for debate as to whether our
country should do that sort of,thing or,
not. 'In that particular case, everyone
approved thoroughly, I can promise you."
Ed Bradley: "Everyone, in this case,
was President Eisenhower and Secretary of
State John Foster Dulles."
David Phillips: ".$t was the easy waV to
.do things. How much--,more convenient for a
U.S. President to.do something quietly,
without,having,to have the approval of
the public and the approval of the Con-
gress.--
Ed Bradley: "After the coup in Guatema
Za, a military junta took over. Death
squads eliminated the opposition. Today,
that country is stilt one of the most re-
pressive and unstable in Latin America."
Return of the A, as broadcast over t e
CBS Television'Network,6/14/80, 10 PM,
EDT, produced by CBS News.
to j grist groups is almost indistinguish- leader, Mario Sandoval Alarcon, a former
able from the leadership of the govern- president,of the country; Congressional
ment. He names the President of the couw Representative Lionel Sisnero Otero;
try,.General Romeo Lucas Garcia; the Min- Miguel Ortiz Pasarelli; an ex-I5re)sident of
ister of Defense and army Chief-of-Staff, the Court of Justice; and journalists
General Rene Mendoza Paloyo; Minister of Mario David Garcia and.A'ntonio Najera
the Interior Alvarez; f'orr:er presidents, ' Saravia are agents of the CIA in Guatema-`
General Kjell Laugerud Garcia and General la,. 'He states he can provide proof for
Carlos Arana Osorio; and, General Anibal ' these charges although.we have not been
Gtsvaral Rodriguez as the principal leaders able,to reach him for that purpose.
ofj,Jie terrorist organizations. According to Barahona,th&'.'Lucas Garcia
ahona says: he had a close-up look at government "is orgafiizing,and preparing,
?. CIA,,ctivities-in Guatemala. He says that, militarily some 2,000 former Nicaraguan
.in~eddition to the U.S. ambassador, "In- National, Guardsmen living in Guatemala in
teiior Minister Alvarez maintained peri-' order to attack Nicaragua. He says it is
odic contacts with Jim Danisis in the U.S. likely that they'will first see battle in
diplomatic mission and, on a higher level, El Salvador if the progressive forces
with Julian Kilhewer, who is now in Mexi- start winning the. civil war there. He adds
Co'"Barahona further. says that rightist that "the Directorof :Migrations, Colonel
52 .- CounterSpy
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP9O-00845ROO0100150001-0
Raul Alvarez Baltatan told me that Presi- that, in his presence, Alvarez and Foreign
dent. Lucas Garcia ordered him to allow . Minister Rafael-Castillo Valdez each had
(the 2,000 Nicaraguan nationals) to assume their secretary lie to the Spanish Ambas-
Guatemalan citizenship and join the Guate- sador to Guatemala, Maximo Cayal y Lopez,
malan Army." Barahona further asserts that who tried to reach them from the Embassy.
the Guatemalan government and army are the Cajal was told on several occasions. that
linchpin of a plan whose first stage will the two ministers were out of their of-'.,
be intervention in El Salvador but which fices. In fact, the two of them conferred
is strategically aimed at Nicaragua. in the Interior Ministry, again, Barahona
He also says the terrorist organizations says, in his presence, deciding along with
under the control of the Guatemalan.gov- President Lucas Garcia, to have the uni-
ernment, financed by some 250 plantation formed police force attack the Embassy.
owners, have trained some 5,000 mercenar- 39 people died in that attack which left
ies in their battle-against "subversion". _ the Spanish Embassy in ashes. Blaming the
200 elite Guatemalan officers, trained in fire on the peasants, Alvarez later told
counterinsurgency, have been deployed to the press that Spanish Consul, Jaime del
the Guatemalan-Salvadoran border to work Arbol, who died in the blaze, had author
with the Salvadoran Army as well, accord- rized the attack. According to Barahona,
ing to Barahona. Interior Minister Alvarez told him, laugh-
Interior Minister Alvarez, says Barahona, ing, that "del Arbol can't deny it because
told him that President Lucas Garcia has he's dead."
received guarantees from the United States Elias Barahona y Barahona, age 37, was
that "if a critical situation develops in head of his journalists' union when he
El Salvador, Guatemala can depend on d+is- took on the Interior Ministry job, four
creet material, economic and logistic sup years ago. Serving as press chief in the
port for intervention in that country." Ministry all, that time, he must have won
Through an agreement with the U.S., he the trust of the country's leaders as he
says, Israel is supplying military equip- said he did but we may never get indepen-
ment to make up for U.S. aid which has dent verification of these very serious
been cut off. Barahona claims personal charges. However, a look at press accounts
knowledge of 50,000 rifles, 1,000 machine from all sides tends to support the gener-
guns, a million rounds of ammunition and al thrust of what he says. Even-the con-
several aircraft and helicopters which servative press in Honduras and Guatemala
the Israelis have supplied to Guatemala. have quoted various military leaders from
"The goal", he says, "is to have people those two countries and from El Salvador.
believe that the United States is no lon- to the effect that the U.S. military was
ger the dominant force in Guatemala be- working behind the scenes to support "the
cause of the apparent withdrawal of mili- war against subversion"; Salvadorean op-
tary aid and technical assistance; but position leaders have long accused Israel
this is not the case." Barahona quotes of'supplying arms to that country's mili-
former Guatemalan Defense Minister, Gener- tary-civilian junta; Israeli military aid
al Otto Spiegler, who said publicly that to the deposed government of Anastasio
the Guatemalan Armed Forces "receive in- Somoza has been documented by the Sandi-
directly technical and military aid from nista government in Nicaragua; and former
the United States." Another part of indi- Guatemalan Vice-President Villagran and
rect U.S. aid is, Barahona says, military Amnesty International have repeatedly
and police training..for several hundred pointed the finger at the same generals
Guatemalan officers in Chile and Argenti- rho Barahona definitively names as "the
na. leaders of the rightist terrorist organi-
On January 31, 1980, a peasant and stu- zations."
dent occupation of the Spanish Embassy in Barahona depicts a conspiracy with solid
Guatemala City began. According to -- if discreet -- cdnnections to Washing-
Barahona, when Interior Minister Alvarez ton. If his accusations are true, in spite
informed President Lucas Garcia that a of the Carter administration's official
group of peasants and students had taken hands-off policy, the Guatemalan people
over the Embassy, the President's response have one more reason to fight their gov-
was "Get them out of there, we can't allow ernment and the U.S. government in order
focal points of agitation." Barahona says to achieve freedom from oppression.
CounterSpy - 53
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP9O-00845ROO0100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
^
CIA Cops ~
n uatemala
The following Guatemalan police offi-
cers received special, CIA directed
training in the U.S. from 1963 to 1974.
Their Office of Public Safety courses in-
cluded classes and training in Police In-
telligence, Counterinsurgency Intelli-
gence, Planning for Riot Control, Targets
of Izasurgency, Chemical Munitions, Explo-
sives and Demolitions, Planning for Roit
Control, and Crowd and Mob Psychology.
In addition, for the CIA, the Office of
Public Safety.program served as an excel-
lent field for recruitment and for ex
tending the CIA infrastructure in Guate-
mala..
Victor Manuel Abadia (9-12/70); Ruben Dario Aguilar
Cifuentes (5-9/67); Jose Arnoldo Aguilar Flores (2-6/
72); Jorge Adolfo Aguilar Ovalle (4-7/63); Rene Prado
Aguillar (8-10/71); Oscar Armando Alarcon
Castellanos (1-5/72); Leocadio Alvarado Barrios (5/
73); Domingo Alvarado Cabrera (11/73-3/74); Emilio
Alvarado-Chamale (2-6/72); Jose Luis Alvarado Garcia
(12/68-4/69); Mario Raul Alvarado Juarez (4-8/67);
Obispo Vidal Alvarado Reyes (12/68-4/69); Genaro
Alvarado Robles (9-10/71); Miguel Angel Alvarado
Rosales (8-11/69); -Miguel Angel Alvarado y Alvarado
?(3-7/70);'Jose Felix Alvarez Arevalo (2-6/73);
Leopoldo. Alvarez Morales (4-7/63); Enrique Humberto
Anton Gordon (4-8/71); Adan Archila Martinez (8-12/69);
Carlos Rene Arellano (8-10/71); Conrado Anibal
Argueta Duarte (4-8/67); Manuel Argueta Sagastume (8-
12/67); Jose Crisanto Arreaga Garcia (6-10/68); Jose
Efrain Arriaga Vargas (1-5/6.9); ago Armando Arteaga
Aceituno (6-10/72); Ricardo Barrayo Chamo (12/70-
4/71);'Marcelino Barrientos Grijaiva (6-10/73); Elmee
Avily Barrios Argueta (1-5/73); Martin Barrios Cabrera
(5-9/67)"; Carlos Enrique Barrios Cuevas (1-2/63); Jose
Higinio Barrios Meza (5-9/71); Gregorio Barrios
Rabanales (6-10/68).; Jose Luis Batres Gonzalez (4-7/
63); Jose Luis Batres Gonzalez,(8-12/68); Manuel de
Jesus Beleton (12/6')-4/68); Hector Enrique Beltran
Giron (10/69-3/70); Carlos Humberto Biruna (6=10/69);
Rodrigo Blanco Herrarte (6-9/72);
Cesar Antonio Bonilla Rivera (10/69-2/70); David
Rene Cabrera Cruz (6-10/70) ;' Oscar Armando Calderon
Mijangos (1-4/63); Edgar Amilcac Calderon Morales (6-
9/70); Monico Antonio Cano Perez (3-7/68); Jose
Rigoberto Carcamo Sandoval (8-11/71); Carlos Humberto
Cardona Reyes (8-10/71); Jorge Cardona (1-5/73);
Humberto Carpio Lacanal (4-7/63); Guillermo Carrera
Dardon (6-10/70); Luis Ernesto Castellan Pelen (1-5/
74); Jorge Abraham Castellanos Rodriquez (10-12/72);.
Jose Angel Castillo Aguirre (1-5/69); Gamaliel
Castillo Calderon (6-9/72); Edwin' Rene Castillo
Cardenas (11/72-3/73); Maximilian Castillo Pineda (3
-7/71); Jose Roberto Castillo y Castillo (1-5/73);
Justo Rufino Castro Gonzalez (4-8,/69); Jorge Ovidio
Cliacon Barahona (4-8/72);
Jose Lino Chacon Valdez (2-6/74); Pedro Claver
Chinchilla Asencio (6-10/68); Francisco Chun; Romeo
Enrique Cifuentes Santos (3-7/70); Juan Florencio
Claudio-Sosa (4-6/74); RodOlfo Contreras Garcia (16/
62); Alfonso Contreras Marroquin (6-10/73); Elmer
'Contreras Ramos (8-12/72); Romulo Cordova Gonzalez
(1-5/71); Miguel Angel Cordova Meneses (5-9/71);
Marco Guillermo Cordova Perez (1-5/70)"; Jesus Crus
Fuentes (7-11/70); Armando Cruz Rodriguez (10/71-2/
54 CounterSpy
72); Jose Antonio Dardon Sosa (3/67-10/67);.Euler
Bernardo de Leon Diaz (11/72-3/73); Oscar Rene de on
Portillo (6-10/70); Mariano Efrain de Leon Rodriguez
(8-12/72); Jacinto de Leon Sanchez (8-12/69);
Jorge Fidel de Leon Sanchez (11/73_3/74); Carlos
Enrique de Leon-Mena (4-6/74); Humberto de Paz
Portillo (4-8/69); Eulalio Antonio del Cid Chinchilla
(8-12/71); Silverio del Cid Cruz (5-9/67); Alejandro
Diaz de la Cruz (10/69-2/70); Carlos Humberto Diaz
Nurnberg (3-7/68); Marcello Alfonso Diaz Munoz (4-8/
72); Rodolfo Diaz (10-12/72); Miguel Angel Eguizabal
Orellapa (10/70-4/71); Adolfo Elizondo (4-7/63); Jose
Antonio Escobar Catu (1-X5/69); Santiago Espana-.
Portillp (10/69-5/70); Abal Esquivel Arana (~-9/67);
Tito Rene Esquivel Garcia (12/67-4/68); Francisco "
Estrada Arriaza (10/68-2/69); Carlos Fernando Estrada
Cabrera (12/68,-4/69); Gilberto Estradh Castillo (6-10/
69); Vidal Estrada Cobar (1-5/69);
Alejandro Estrada Herrera (4-7/63); Angel Mario
Estrada Herrera (8-10/71); Enrique Estrada Navas (5-9/
67); Rigoverto Estrada Salas (8-12/71); Julio Cesar
Fernandez Cuellar (10/69-3/70); Carlos Francisco
Figuerda Gomez (1-5/71); Miguel Flores Giron (6-9/73);
Oscar Armando Flores Zuniga (3-7/70); Carlos Humberto
Franco Mejia (1-4/63); Gregorio Saturnino Fuente
Godfnez (11/73-3/74); Candido Casimiro Fuentes
Navarro (1-2/63)-; Luis Arturo Fuentes, (2-6/74); Ramiro
Galvez Aquino (8-12/69); Julian Gamez Urizar (12/68-4/
69); Romeo Gregoria Garcia Aguilar (11/68-2/69); Jorge
David Garcia Cabrera (6-9/72); Eliseo Garcia Hernandez
(1-5/71); Landelino Garcia Mayen (10/69-2/'40); Alfonso
Garcia Ortiz (10-12/72);
Ramiro Garcia Pernillo (2-6/13); Antonio Eristelio
Garcia (1-5/70); Jesus Romeo'Gil-Perez (4-8/74);
Simeon Giron Herrera (10/68-2/69); Mario Giroh Mata (1
5/74);. Cesar Efrain Giron Russell (2-6/72); Jose
Ernesto Giron (3-6/71); Jorge Haroldo Gomez del Cid
(10/68-2/69); Jorge.Alberto Gomez Lopez (5-9/74);
Abraham Gomez-Quevedo (4-6/74); Victor Modesto Gomez
(5-9/71); Marco Aurelio Gonzalez Archila (12/68-4/69);
Gabino Gonzalez Figueroa (10/69-2/70); Carlos
Arnulfo Gonzalez Hernandez (3-7/68); Jorge Mauricio
Gonzalez' Motta (5=8/74); Natividad de Jesus Gonzales
(3-7/70); Marco Tulio Granados Serrano (8-12/69);
Jose Benedicto Guerra Duate (1-5/71); Octavio Guerra
Mejia (8-12/69);
Miguel Angel Guerra Obando (11/68-2/69); Jose Miguel
Guerra Sagastumg (7-11/67); Eduardo Antonio Guevara
Baylon (6-12/.69); Onaldo Arturo Hernandez Chinchilla
(8-10/70); Oscar David Hernandez Recinos ,(8-12/72);
Miguel Angel Hernandez (6-10/69); Indalecio Herrera
Bran'(11/73-3/74); Venancio Herrera Romain (10/71-2/
72); Rudy Manolo Herrera y Herrera (12/67-4/68); 1
Antonio Hi Puac (6-9/72); Rudyalidio Hurtarie Pivaral
4-7/63); Gabriel Izem Sierra (1-4/63);'Pedro Jimenez
Barrios (3-7/71); Luciano Jo Avalos '(7-11/67);
Venancio Juarez Albizurez (7-11/70); Dario Juarez
Izaquierre (6-10/70); Mauro Juarez Noriega (5-9/74);
Jorge Lorenzo Juarez Perez (10-12/72); Raul Antonio
Lemus Martinez (8-10/70);
Jorge Luis Lemus (1-2/63); Juan Orlando Lemus (6-10/
68); Ruben de Leon Camacho (12/67-4/68); Octavio
Augusto de Leon Munoz (6-10/69);.Sergio Roberto Lima
Morales (5-6/71); Alberto Felix Lopez Arango (8-12/72);
Augusto Lopez Carrillo (8-10/70); Arturo Manuel Lopez..
Cifuentes (10/69-2/70); Virgilio Lopez Cobon (1-5/69);?
Santos Fabian Lopez Garcia (8-.2/73); Jorge Arturo.
Lopez Gonzalez (10/71-2/72); Cirilo Lopez Olivares (6
-9/72); Cecilio Humberto Lopez Robles (12/68-4/69),
Jose Bernardo Lopez Tanchez (10/69-2/70); Jose Voctor
Lopez y Lopez (1-5/72);,Napoleon Lopez Zambrano (1-5/
70);'Raul Mancilla Pineda (4-8/72) Jose Cesario
Mangandid Florian (10/68-2/69); Roberto Mariscal (12/
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
70);
Carlos Rene Mazariegos (4-8/74); Oscar Arnoldo Mejia
Barrios (4-8/67); Simon Oliverio Melendez Argueta (6-
10/68); Carlos Leonel Melgar Flores (4-7/63); Morse
Enrique German Mendez Cardona (1-5/72); Marcial Mendez
Cruz (7-11/67); Hector Domingo Mendez Gomez (10/68-2/
69); Mateo Mendez Gonzalez (6-10/73); Mario Edmando
Mendez Leiva (8-10/70); Maximiliano Israel Mendez
Merida (8-12/67); Juan Manuel Mendez Ortiz (8-12/73);
Carlos Humberto Mendoza Mazaya (9-12/71); Gustavo
Adolfo Menendez (8-12/68); Ramiro Vicente Monroy (5-
9/67); Eduardo Ciriaco Monzon Hernandez (6-9/70);
Israel Morales Chinchilla (3-4/69); Manuel Angel
Morales Flores (4-7/72); Daniel Lopez Morales (7-11/
70); Efrain Morales Lopez (3-6/71);
Jose Raul Morales Martinez (2-6/73); Vicente Morales
Monterroso (1/62-4/63); Vicente Morales Monterroso (3-
4/69); Carlos Roberto Morales Ordonez (11/68-2/69);
Rigoberto Morales Orellana (8-12/68); Jose Morales
Sagastume (5-9/71); Noe Morataya Gutierrez '(10/71-2/
72); Justo Rufino Morataya Perez (3-7/68); Victor
Manuel Moreira Morales (12/70-4/71); Victor Manuel
Munoz Arevalo (1-4/63); Jose de los Santos Narvaez
(10/68-2/69); Oscar Navas Aguilar (5-7/63); Francisco
Antonio Noguera Rojas (10/69-2/70); Eduardo Noriega
Urizar (7/70-11/70); Luis Enrique Ocana Corzo (8-12/
69); Guillermo Enrique Ochoa Gutierrez (1-2/63); Edgar
Enrique Ogaldez Tinoco (12/70-4/71); Macario Efrain
Oliva Muralles (4-8/71); Casimiro Ordonez Cruz (6-10/
70);
Carlos Alberto Ordonez Mogollon (2-6/73); Amed
Orellana Conde (11/72-3/73); Jorge Alfonso Oranella-
Moran (4-6/74); Jose DioAicio Orizz Vazquez (6-10/68);
Miguel Angel Orozco Granville (8-10/70); Jose Ismael
Ortiz Mejia (8-10/71), Carlos Alberto Padilia Campos
(8-11/71); Carlos Alfonso Palacios Flores (10/69-5/
70); Antonio Sebastian Palacios Martinez (9-12/71);
Jorge Job Palma Garnica (9-12/71); Ricardo Palma
Sandoval (10/71-2/72); Santiago Perez Cardona (4-8/71);
Manuf1 de Jesus Perez Che (7-11/70); Ruben Perez Lopez
(1-5/'72); Mynor Francisco Perez Mendez (2-6/74);
Calixio Perez Sazo (6-9/70); Mario Agusto Pineda
Espana (11/72-3/73); Pedro Antonio Pineda Orozco (4-6/
74); Manuel Tomas Pinelo Sisniega (12/70),
Aiancio de Jesus Pinto Migueroa (4-7/63); Eladio
Antonio Pivaral Medina (1-5/74); Lisandro Prez Santos
(3-6/71); Gabriel Ramirez Rodas (4-8/72); Mario -
Concepcion Ramirez Ruiz (3-7/70); Carlos Humberto
Ramos Moncada (5-9/71); Alfonso Recinos Gonzalez (8-
12/68); Benjamin Osiel Recinos Saenz (8-11/71);
Desiderio Reyes Lopez (5-9/71); Demetrio Reyes Secaida
(4-8/69); Raul,israel Rivera Espana (10/69-2/70);
Marco Antonio Rivera Mejia (4-8/71); Hector Rene
Rivera Mendez (6-8/68); Hector Rene Rivera Mendez (1-5/
72); Guillermo Robles Escobar (11/68-2/69); Silverio
Roca Quiroa (4-8/67); Oscar Serafin Rodas Ramirez (1-5/
73); Victor Rene Rodriguez'Chicas (11/67-3/68); Manuel.
Maria Rodriguez Lopez (2-6/72);
Arturo Rodriguez Zea (6-9/70); Jose Humberto
Rodriguez (8-12/72); Francisco Roldan Cabera (1-5/73);
Adolfo Roldan Garcia (11/72-3/73); Juan de Dios Roldan
Garcia (2-6/72); Miquel Romulo Ronquillo Rossales (6-
10/70); Santiago de Rosales Crisostomo (11/72-3/73);
Lazaro Rosales Urizar (3-7/68); Humberto Runge Ramirez
(4-8/69); Rodrigo Alejandeo Saenz Lemus (2-6/72);
Factor Salazar Raxjal (4-8/71); Rafael Antonio Salazar-,
Galvez (4-6/74); Carlos Humberto Sanchez Ayala (7-11/
70); Carlos Alberto Sanchez Mogollon (7-11/67); Sergio
Hugo ?anchinelli Lemus (4-8/67); Carlos Manuel Sandoval
Martinez (8-12/67); Hector Anibal Sandoval Pinto (2/61-
2/63); Carlos Alfredo Sandoval Pinto (10-12/72);
Rogelio Sandoval Ramerez (1-5/71); Domingo Vicente
Sical Paiz (11/67-3/68); Carlos Alberto Solares
Castillo (10/68-2/69); Pedro Solis Aceituno (9-12/71);
Antonio Suarez Chinchilla (3-7/68); Margarito Uluan
Gomez (9-12/71); Victor Daniel Valdez Lopez (1-5/70);
Jose Humberto Valdez Ovalle (3-10/67); Miguel Angel
Valenzuela Alvarez (4-8/67); Catalino Esteban Valiente
Alonzo (11/73-3/74); Mario Francisco Vargas Corona (5-
9/74); Gary Romeo Vasquez Godoy (11/67-3/68); Pedro
Vasquez Gutierrez (11/73-3/74); Erasmo Romery Vasquez
Lemus (10/69-2/70); Jose Domingo Vasquez Lopez (11/68-
2/69); Cesar Edgar Yon Garcia (1-5/72);
From the Editors
The SPECIAL ISSUE on Iran you received
a few weeks ago was sent to you free of
charge. We thought that we should re
lease the new information about the 1953
CIA coup in Iran at the earliest possible
date.
All subscriptions will be extended
automatically by one issue, and the la-
bels will be changed accordingly. There-
fore, subscription renewals are now due
if your label reads "R44" or "144". (Be-
cause of the SPECIAL ISSUE on Iran, this
RDER NOW
COMPLETE SET OF COUNTERSPY BACK ISSUES
$40 plus $3 for mailing in the U.S.
Add $10 for 6verseas airmail postage.
issue of Counterspy is two weeks late.)
We again want to thank our readers who
have sent us their comments and criti-
cisms, and who have given us financial
support. We see it as a significant
achievement that Counterspy's reader
have been willing and able to keep the
magazine going. Counterspy does not de-
pend on foundations or large donors.
Please continue providing the money
necessary to publish CounterSpy. The
best way to do that is to take out a gift
subscription for a friend.
CounterSpy - 55
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0
PLEASE RENEW YOUR SUBSCRIPTION to Coun-
terSjpy,if your label reads R4,4 or L44.
CounterSpy can be an important tool in
your political work, and we need your
support.
.1 want to renew my subscription to Coun-
terSpy for one year and enclose
O
$10
(individual, U.S. and Canada)
0
$20
(institutions, libraries)
0
.$25
(foreign, air mail)
O'
$75-(U.S. government agencies)
Inquire about discount rates. Subscrip-
tions to prisoners are free.
My address: ............................
0 vol.3 no.1 (on Larry McDonald's
spying on the left, COINTELPRO,
CIA in Portugal,' U.S.-South Afri-
can intelligence collaboration)
66 pages, $2
0 vol.3 no.2 (on DINA, the Argentine
and Uruguayan police, U.S. opera-
tions against Jamaica, Thailand,
Namibia; U.S. war crimes in Indo-
china) 74 pages, $2.00
0 vol.3 no.3`(on CIA in the Middle
East, Colonia Dignidad, mercenaries
in Nicaragua) 64 pages, $2.00
O vol.3 no.4 (on CIA in Iran and
West Germany; the Lebanese Right,
1964 coup in Brazil) 48 pages,
$2.00
O vol.4 no.1 (on U.S. role in Afghan-
istan, CIA food study, CIA and,the
1965 coup in Indonesia,' U.S. intel-
ligence in Norway) 48 pages, $2.00
vol.4 no.2 (on CIA in Afghanistan,
Riggs Bank and apartheid, CIA and
Labor in Turkey, CIA domestic oper-
ations, U.S.-Australian role in
East Timor) 48 pages, $2.00
vol.4 no.3 (on counterinsurgency in
Thailand, MOSSAD, South Korea, U.S.
bases in Turkey, Ghana and multina-
tionals, U.S. propaganda in Colom-
bia, CIA in Argentina, Afghanistan,
Sweden)' 48 pages, $2
vol.4 no.4 (SPECIAL ISSUE on 1953
CIA coup in Iran) 6 pages, $.50
I enclose another $10. Please send Coun- 0
'terSpy also to,
0
want to order the following back is-
sues (*available only in xeroxed form)
vol.1 no.1 (on FBI and the'paramil- 0
itary right in the U.S., intelli-
gency operations against progres-
sive organizations in the U.S.)
24 pages, $2.50
O vol.1 no.2 (on the CIA'.s Phoenix-,:.
program) * 28 pages, $3.00
0 vol.1 no.3 (on U.S. covert opera-
tion in Cambodia, the trial of the
Gainesville Eight) * 28 pages, $3.00
0 vol.1 no.4 (on COINTELPPRO, U.S. Af-
rica Policy, Symbionese Liberation
Army) 32 pages, $2.00
0 vol.2 no.1 (on undercover agents,
counterinsurgency at Wounded Knee,
Add $.50 for each copy and $,20 for each
additional copy (postage, handling). In-
quire about bulk rates. Add $1.00 for
each overseas, airmail copy, and $.75 for.
each additional copy.
I want to become a CounterSpy sustainer
and enclose 0 $10;. 0 $25; 0 $50;
0 $100; 0 $....;
0 I want to support CounterSpy by pro-
moting it in my area, clipping newspa-,
AFL-CIA) * 52 pages, $5.50 pers, etc.
0 vol.2 no.2 (on CIA and the Women's Contact CounterSpy for details.
Movement, CIA infrastructure abroad,
CIA-labor operations in Latin Ameri-
ca) * 58 pages, $6.00 CounterSpy magazine
0 vol.2 no.3 (on Data Banks, O bup P.O. Box 647
in Chile, CIA labor operations in Ben Franklin Station
Africa) * 66 pages, $6.50 Washington, D.C. 20044
0 vol.2 no.4 (on SWAT, CIA drug trade, U.S.A.
spying on the U.S. left) 64 pages,
$2.00
Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0