LETTER TO MORRIS LEIBMAN FROM ROBERT M. GATES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP89G00720R000300130001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 93
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 10, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 1, 1988
• Content Type: LETTER

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Central Intelligence Agency
Mr. Morris Leibman
Sidley & Austin
One First National Plaza
Chicago, Illinois 60603
Dear Maury,
Thanks for your note. I was on the West
Coast for several days. I returned your call,
but we were unable to make connections. I
enclose a copy of both my speech to the American
Association for the Advancement of Science and
the Director's recent speech to the World Affairs
Council here in Washington.
We have no real mailing list for speeches
that we give so that they reach people auto-
matically. I will try to be more attentive
and send you copies of speeches by either of
us that you might find of interest.
rds,
STAT
Robert M. Gates
Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Enclosures:
As Stated
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AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
COLLOQUIUM ON SCIENCE, ARMS CONTROL AND NATIONAL SECURITY
14 OCTOBER 1988
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SOVIET UNION AND
IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. SECURITY POLICY
BY ROBERT M. GATES
DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
INTRODUCTION
THE THEME OF CHANGE IN THE SOVIET UNION HAS BEEN MUCH IN
THE MEDIA IN RECENT MONTHS AS WE HAVE WATCHED THE EFFORTS OF
MIKHAIL GORBACHEV TO MODERNIZE THE SOVIET ECONOMY AND
CONSOLIDATE HIS POLITICAL POWER. KNOWLEDGE OF RUSSIAN WORDS
SUCH AS "PERESTROIKA" AND "GLASNOST" HAS BECOME COMMONPLACE IN
THE WEST. WITHOUT PARALLEL IN A GENERATION, DEVELOPMENTS IN
THE SOVIET UNION HAVE CAPTURED THE INTEREST, AND IN SOME
RESPECTS THE IMAGINATION, OF A WIDE AUDIENCE AROUND THE WORLD.
IT IS TYPICAL THAT WE IN THE WEST, AND PARTICULARLY IN THE
UNITED STATES, WITH OUR FOCUS ON PERSONALITIES IN POLITICS,
SHOULD FOCUS ON GORBACHEV'S PERSONNEL MOVES, WHO IS UP AND WHO
IS DOWN, WHO IS IN AND WHO IS OUT. THUS THE SPECIAL ATTENTION
FOCUSED ON THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE PLENUM AND SUPREME SOVIET
SESSION SOME TWO WEEKS AGO.
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REMARKS
BY
WILLIAM H. WEBSTER
DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
AT THE
WORLD AFFAIRS COUNCIL OF WASHINGTON, D.C.
WASHINGTON, D.C.
OCTOBER 25, 1988
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SIDLEY & AUSTIN
2049 CENTURY PARK EAST
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90067
213: 553-8100 TELEX 18-1391
ONE FIRST NATIONAL PLAZA
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60603
TELEPHONE 312: 853-7000
TELEX 25-4364
18 KING WILLIAM STREET
LONDON, EC4N 7SA, ENGLAND
441: 621-1616 TELEX 924125
520 MADISON AVENUE
NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10022
212: 418-2100 TELEX 97-1696
1722 EYE STREET, N.W.
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20006
202:429-4000 TELEX 89-463
Mr. Robert M. Gates
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C. 20505
5 SRENTON WAY
SINGAPORE 0106
65:224-5000 TELEX 28754
I tried to reach you last week and left word.
You have not put me on the list of speeches for you and
Judge Webster. Please send me copies of the recent
ones which I understand have been very relevant.
Warm regards.
MIL/dm
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ONE FIRST NATIONAL PLAZA
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60603
Ii ea 0.2.
Mr. Robert M. Gates
Central Intelligenc
Washington, D.C. 2
ncr
EivED
5 r. r 2
-PAS' eCr?',
1s2"121-112. 2121':11::. 21:'12..2 ~::
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The Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Wdshinlm a C 20505
Mr. Leo Cherne
Research Institute of America, Inc.
90 Fifth Avenue
New York, N.Y. 10011-7696
Thanks very much for your kind note. I enclose a
copy of the full text. You will see that it is very
similar to what you have seen in the past but was
updated to include some more recent economic information
and my views on the outcome of the Party Plenum.
Thanks again for your comments. Coming from you they
are especially welcome.
STAT
Regards,
Enclosure:
As Stated
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AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
COLLOQUIUM ON SCIENCE, ARMS CONTROL AND NATIONAL SECURITY
14 OCTOBER 1988
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SOVIET UNION AND
IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. SECURITY POLICY
BY ROBERT M. GATES
DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
INTRODUCTION
THE THEME OF CHANGE IN THE SOVIET UNION HAS BEEN MUCH IN
THE MEDIA IN RECENT MONTHS AS WE HAVE WATCHED THE EFFORTS OF
MIKHAIL GORBACHEV TO MODERNIZE THE SOVIET ECONOMY AND
CONSOLIDATE HIS POLITICAL POWER. KNOWLEDGE OF RUSSIAN WORDS
SUCH AS "PERESTROIKA" AND "GLASNOST" HAS BECOME COMMONPLACE IN
THE WEST. WITHOUT PARALLEL IN A GENERATION, DEVELOPMENTS IN
THE SOVIET UNION HAVE CAPTURED THE INTEREST, AND IN SOME
RESPECTS THE IMAGINATION, OF A WIDE AUDIENCE AROUND THE WORLD.
IT IS TYPICAL THAT WE IN THE WEST, AND PARTICULARLY IN THE
UNITED STATES, WITH OUR FOCUS ON PERSONALITIES IN POLITICS,
SHOULD FOCUS ON GORBACHEV'S PERSONNEL MOVES, WHO IS UP AND WHO
IS DOWN, WHO IS IN AND WHO IS OUT. THUS THE SPECIAL ATTENTION
FOCUSED ON THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE PLENUM AND SUPREME SOVIET
SESSION SOME TWO WEEKS AGO.
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tot
NOTE TO: Director of Central Intelligence
FROM: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
We will meet with Evan Hineman tomorrow morning to discuss
Pete Aldridge's most recent letter on changes in the NRO. He
proposes to create a central planning staff cutting across
Programs A, B and C (which I think we should support) and also
says he plans to bring the Air Force element of the NRO
(Program A) from Los Angeles to Washington. Evan is uncertain
whether this means just a planning function at this point or
the whole thing. He is gathering more information about what
Pete really means in the memo and will be prepared to fill us
in tomorrow morning.
Any such
move would be air y disruptive. There would be no objection,
I suppose, to Pete carrying out some detailed planning along
these lines, but I still believe the final decision -- because
of cost and disruption -- should be made by his successor who
will oversee implementation. This may not be worth arguing
with Pete over since no real move could take place within 90
days anyway.
In sum, Evan will give us an update tomorrow morning but I
am inclined to agree with Jim Hirsch and Ed Heinz that you need
not make an issue of this at this point. (I think it would,
however, be worth reviewing briefly with Frank on Friday
morning.)
A
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NOTE TO: Director of Central Intelligence
FROM: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
In response to your note on the attached, I have two
recommendations. First, you might dictate a short note of
appreciation to General Heinz for the completion of the study
and its comprehensiveness and quality.
Second, I think you might do a brief memorandum to all
members of NFIB addressing two of the recommendations of the
study. Drawing on pages 19 and 20, and referring to the
post-mortem, your note might highlight the conclusions of the
post-mortem along, the following lines:
The need for intelligence analysts to keep in mind a
range of possible explanations for evidence, and
especially not to dismiss "low probability/high impact"
hypotheses from continued consideration. Further, when
evidence supports these low probability/high impact
possibilities is received, follow-up or special tasking
of collectors should be part of this continued
consideration.
-- The need to take into account problems that can arise
at working levels in the Community when especially
sensitive intelligence reporting is given restricted
dissemination. Given the automated process for
dissemination of our information to large numbers of
addressees, on occasion it is necessary to impose
restrictions on this wide dissemination because of
significant foreign policy considerations. We need to
develop procedures for doing this that are known in
advance to all of the members of the Community and will
ensure that such elements of the Community with a need
to know receive at least one copy of the sensitive
intelligence information. I (DCI) am asking LtGen
Heinz to oversee the development of these procedures.
Rober M. Gates
tt (l.~ LY SET Cl By Signer
DECL OADR
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We briefed the policy makers on this.
Should I acknowledge or take action on
the report? What about the
recommendations?
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 (,o
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The President-Elect
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
I have asked that the enclosed notebook be prepared to provide you
and the Vice President-elect a concise overview of current national
security issues. I want to highlight four developments that probably
will require U.S. action between now and early spring and three
developments of grave but longer range concern for which you also should
be prepared. I've tabbed those sections of the notebook that provide
additional background.
First, among the near term issues,) the Nicaraguan Freedom
Fighters
Second, Noriega will see the interval between now and January 20 or
the advent of your Administration as the ideal time to seek a deal under
which he will leave office in exchange for personal guarantees and the
lifting of sanctions against Panama.
Fourth, the Iranians are likely to try to develop a secret but more
formal dialogue with the United States -- a dialogue Tehran presumably
would see as leading to a hostage deal similar to the ones already worked
out with France and Germany.
TOP XCRET Cl By Signer
DECL OADR
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Of the broader developments, I am deeply concerned first by the
increasingly dangerous situation in the Middle East. The Palestinian
uprising on the West Bank and, now, the advent of the new Likud coalition
government in Tel Aviv are raising the level of Arab-Israeli tension and
hardening policies on all sides. A militarily strong and politically
resurgent Iraq will return its attention to the struggle against Israel.
The acquisition by Syria and Iraq of lethal chemical wea on n the
means to deliver them is extremely destabilizing.
Additionally, we will soon face a broad Soviet political offensive in
East Asia. A Sino-Soviet Summit and a restoration in party-to-party
relations are likely over the next year. We expect other new initiatives
involving Japan, the Philippines, and the South Pacific.
Finally, political, social and economic discontent in Eastern Europe
-- not to mention ethnic minority areas of the USSR -- is reaching a very
high level. I believe your Administration immediately should begin to
consider possible responses to an outbreak of serious and possibly
violent popular unrest that, in my opinion, could occur with little
warning.
Over the next weeks, we will keep you fully informed of new
developments in the above areas. Naturally, we stand ready to provide
additional briefings or information on these or any other issues at your
convenience.
Respectfully yours,
William H. Webster
Director of Central Intelligence
Enclosure:
As Stated
Cl By Signer
DECL OADR
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ER 88-4175/1
The Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Washington. D. C. 20505
Mr. R. T. McNamar
Conover & McNamar, Inc.
1888 Century Park East, Suite 1900
Los Angeles, California 90067
It was a real pleasure to get your letter. I'm
sure we miss you more than you miss Washington.
I am happy to send you two unclassified publications
issued recently on the Soviet economy. I hope you find
them of interest.
I would like to take you up on your suggestion to
get together the next time you are in Washington. I
would be delighted to host you out here for either
breakfast or lunch. Just let me know when you will
be coming.
Again, it was good to hear from you.
R s,
STAT
Enclosures:
SOV 88-10068
SOV 88-10043U
STAT DDCI/RMGates/de~
DISTRIBUTION: (w /incoming)
1 - Addressee
1 - ER
1 - DD-CI Chr_ono
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Directorate of
Intelligence
Revisiting Soviet Economic
Performance Under Glasnost:
Implications for CIA Estimates
SOV 88-10068
September 1988
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Directorate of
Intelligence
USSR: Sharply Higher
Budget Deficits Threaten
Perestroyka
A Research Paper
.SOV 88-10043(.1
.Sep ember 1988
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CONOVER & McNAMAR, INC.
Merchant Bankers
1888 Century Park East
Suite 1900
Los Angeles, California 90067
[phone]
Fax: [phone] or 284-3290
November 3, 1988
The Honorable Robert M. Gates
Deputy Director
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C. 20505
I recently read in The New York Times that the Agency's
report "Revisiting Soviet Economic Performance Under Glasnost" is
unclassified on either subject. I miss my NID!
.As you will recall, I have a continuing interest in the
Soviet Union's economic performance and world oil markets.
Accordingly, I would very much appreciate it if you would ask
someone to send me a copy of the report and anything else that is
unclassified.
The next time I am in Washington, I will see if you are
available for breakfast or lunch.
Best personal regards,
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The Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Washington, D.C. 20505
TO: George A. Carver, Jr.
Center for Strategic & International
Studies
Per your request.
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AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
COLLOQUIUM ON SCIENCE, ARMS CONTROL AND NATIONAL SECURITY
14 OCTOBER 1988
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SOVIET UNION AND
IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. SECURITY POLICY
BY ROBERT M. GATES
DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
INTRODUCTION
THE THEME OF CHANGE IN THE SOVIET UNION HAS BEEN MUCH IN
THE MEDIA IN RECENT MONTHS AS WE HAVE WATCHED THE EFFORTS OF
MIKHAIL GORBACHEV TO MODERNIZE THE SOVIET ECONOMY AND
CONSOLIDATE HIS POLITICAL POWER. KNOWLEDGE OF RUSSIAN WORDS
SUCH AS "PERESTROIKA" AND "GLASNOST" HAS BECOME COMMONPLACE IN
THE WEST. WITHOUT PARALLEL IN A GENERATION, DEVELOPMENTS IN
THE SOVIET UNION HAVE CAPTURED THE INTEREST, AND IN SOME
RESPECTS THE IMAGINATION, OF A WIDE AUDIENCE AROUND THE WORLD.
IT IS TYPICAL THAT WE IN THE WEST, AND PARTICULARLY IN THE
UNITED STATES, WITH OUR FOCUS ON PERSONALITIES IN POLITICS,
SHOULD FOCUS ON GORBACHEV'S PERSONNEL MOVES, WHO IS UP AND WHO
IS DOWN, WHO IS IN AND WHO IS OUT. THUS THE SPECIAL ATTENTION
FOCUSED ON THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE PLENUM AND SUPREME SOVIET
SESSION SOME TWO WEEKS AGO.
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ER 88-3544x/23
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D. C. 20505
November 16, 1988
Dr. Irwin M. Stelzer
Director, Energy and Environmental Policy Center
Harvard University
John F. Kennedy School of Government
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
Enclosed is a copy of the remarks the Deputy Director
gave at the American Association for the Advancement
of Science on the 14th of October. I hope you find
them of interest.
Sincerely,
Office of the Deputy Director
Enclosure:
As Stated
Distribution:
0 - Addressee
1 - ER
1 - 6DCI Chi-ono-
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EEPC
IRWIN M. STELZER
DIRECTOR
[phone]
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY CENTER
HARVARD UNIVERSITY ? JOHN F. KENNEDY SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT
79 JOHN F. KENNEDY STREET ? CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02138
November 11, 1988
Mr. Robert M. Gates
Deputy Director
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C. 20505
Would you be good enough to send me a copy of the talk you
recently gave on the probability of success of perestroika. I
believe it was delivered at a symposium sponsored by the
Association for the Advancement of Science.
By way of modest reciprocation, I am enclosing a piece I
did on that subject for The American Spectator.
Sincerely,
IMS: ed
Enclosure
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 -the areas in which foreigners will The first of these solutions is a real
1d'
s
a
be permitted to invest are those chosen option only if the West continues to re-
by the Soviet government for their stra- duce its own defense establishment,
tegic importance to its economy and something it is under no economic
security. Capitalists willing to serve the compulsion to do. Unlike the USSR,
purposes of the Soviet ? state are we can afford guns and butter. The
welcome; others need not apply.. second-reducing . workers' living
Vladimir Kamentsey, deputy chair- standards-is risky: there are. already
man of the Soviet Council of Ministers rumblings of discontent at the be-
responsible for foreign trade, is quite low Third World living standards ex-.
specific in identifying the areas in perienced by most Soviets.
which the Soviet Union will allow So borrow Gorbachev must. And
large-scale joint ventures: oil and gas can. The Soviet Union has already in-
production, instrument making, auto- creased its debt to the West from $15
motive construction, medical equip- billion in 1983 to twice that level. What
ment (seen as a potential export market has Western financiers drooling is that
and hard-currency earner), and farm this may be only the beginning. A lead-
equipment. To this list Aganbegyan ing Soviet economist, Nikolai Shmelev,
adds chemicals. estimated in a recent article in Moscow
American business is rushing to News that the Soviet Union could, over
oblige. Although only some forty-six. the next few years, safely borrow
joint ventures worth only $30 million $35-$50 billion to support perestroika.
concluded since the begin- Western bankers are eager to finance
b
h
een
ave
nd now we have perestroika. I say ning of 1987 (the figure comes from this strengthening of the Soviet econo-
A "we" because without Western Ivan Ivanov, the number-two Soviet my. In January, the Soviets tested the
with their first-ever trip to West-
t
help its already-slim chances of success
would be reduced to zero. Gorbachev
needs foreign businessmen to invest in
his country's factories, so that he can
have goods to export and to sell to the
Soviet. workers he hopes will now work
harder (they won't, unless they can buy
something with the incentive wages
they will receive); he needs hard-cur-
rency loans to finance the, purchase of
state-of-the-art Western machinery and
capital goods; and he needs Western
technology, especially computers.
The factory investment will have to
be in the form of joint ventures with
the Soviet state (only one of the ways
in which perestroika borrows from
NEP), and on stiff terms. The share of
foreign capital may not exceed 49 per-
cent. The manager of the enterprise
must be a Soviet citizen. Profits will be
taxed at a rate of 30 percent, with an
additional 20.percent taken if they are
transferred abroad. Most important-
and contrary to the impression created
by press reports about the opening of
mobile pizza . parlors and McDon-
'Brookings institution, $36.95; $16.95
paper.
THE AMERICAN. SPECTATOR:,. AUGUST, 19.88
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I'HL 13U~I1~1L,~a yr ~.1v1~1tl~.,f
by Irwin M., Stelzer:
ikhail 'orbachev! is:i willing ? to economy:" As. Lenin pointed out, "We
M let Ronald Reagan take the cred- are retreating :.. in order ... to take
it for such progress as there was.at the a running start and make a bigger leap
Moscow summit; all he wants in return forward.". The essence of NEP, in
is cash. Theodore Draper's words, "was to use
That the Soviet economy is in serious capitalists.. . against capitalism, to
trouble there can be no doubt. Gorba- use capitalism against itself.... This
chev himself has conceded that the So- was the rationale for inviting foreign
viet Union is suffering from "economic capitalism. into Soviet Russia in the
failures," "slowing economic growth," form of mixed enterprises and eco-
"a shortage of goods," and that its nomic concessions."
economy is one in which "the consum- The NEP didn't long survive Lenin,
er found himself totally at the mercy and the improvements it brought in
of the producer." And the mess is get- economic performance were soon
ting steadily worse. Abel Aganbegyan, swamped by Stalinism and World War
his chief economic adviser (chairman II. Four subsequent efforts at re-
of the Commission for the Study of form-by Khrushchev (1957), Kosygin
Productive Forces and Resources, and (1965), and Brezhnev (1973 and 1979)-
head of the economics section of the all "proved disappointing," according
Soviet Academy of Sciences), says that to Ed Hewitt, author of the just-pub-
in 1981-85 "there was practically no lished Reforming the Soviet Economy.'
economic growth." Per capita income
actually declined. Since January 1986,
when the new five-year plan was
launched, growth is reported to have
been about 2 percent per year; that's
half of the plan's target rate. One ex-
pert on the Soviet economy says that
perestroika is "beginning to look like
a disaster."
This comes as no surprise to anyone
even vaguely familiar with the history
of failed efforts by a succession of So-
viet rulers to get the country's economy
moving. Lenin was himself the first
"reformer": his New Economic Policy
(NEP) was inaugurated in 1921 in re-
sponse to widespread unrest among the
starving peasants. It included many of
the features we now associate with
Gorbachev's perestroika-greater reli-
ance on markets, joint ventures be-
tween the Soviet state and foreign
capitalists, encouragement of coopera-
tives. But it most definitely did not in-
clude a permanent abandonment of
authoritarian, central direction of the
Irwin M. Stelzer, TAS's monthly busi-
ness correspondent, is director of the
Energy and Environmental Policy Cen-
ter of the John F Kennedy Schoo4 Har-
vard University, and an American cor-
respondent for the London Sunday
Times:
ers
foreign trade official), more are in the wa
works, some 300 if the Soviets are to ern bond markets; they sold an issue
be believed. Their long-time favorite in-, totaling SFr100 million ($71 million)
dustrialist, Occidental's Armand Ham- with ease-it was sold out in just four
mer, has announced a number of big days. And they plan soon to sell a
new oil and petrochemical projects, in- DM500 million ($294 million) issue
cluding a plastics facility in Western Si- carrying something like a 7 percent in-
beria, this to be financed by a new mul- terest rate; Dresdner Bank and three
ti-national chemical consortium. other West German banks will be the
(Hammer also signed an agreement to lead managers. .
build the Soviet Union's first golf Indeed, the Germans are the most
course.) And the newly formed active in beating the Russian bushes for
American Trade Consortium, which business. But others are not far behind.
numbers among its members RJR Britain's Lloyds has lead-managed four
Nabisco, Ford, Eastman Kodak, John- Euromarket financings for Soviet insti-
son & Johnson, Chevron, and Archer tutions in recent years; Barclay's has set
Daniels Midland, expects at least a up a trade-finance subsidiary; and
dozen joint ventures. NatWest and Morgan Grenfell have
In addition, the Soviet Union plans Moscow representatives looking for
to step up its own investment, particu- deals. Even Michael Milken, the Drexel
larly in machine building and metal Burnham partner who created. the
working. There are three ways Gorba- junk-bond market, is interested. He
chev can finance this. He can divert suggested to Gorbachev that resource-
resources from his country's enormous rich Russia issue bonds backed by gold
arms program and costly foreign ad- or oil.
ventures. He can forcibly raise the rate There are, of course, skeptics-some
of domestic savings by cutting workers' of whom remember the Bolsheviks' re-
already miserable consumption levels. pudiation of the $75 million debt run
Or he can borrow from foreign capital- up by the czars, and others of whom
ists. won't play until the Soviets publish suf-
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ficient'financial information to permit
them and the rating agencies to ap-
praise the so-called Red Notes. But
most observers expect a steady increase
in Soviet borrowing, with a dollar-de-
nominated bond issue in London later
this year and, the political climate per-
mitting, a "Gorbibond" issue in the
U.S. thereafter.
W hile two of Gorbachev's.desires
are being met-more joint ven-
tures, some Western - financing-his
third wish, access to Western techno-
logy, is being thwarted, at least for now,
by the United States. Most members of
the seventeen-nation Coordinating
Committee for Multilateral Export
Controls (Cocom) want to relax restric-
tions on the export of high-technology
products to the Soviet Union, but the
U.S. has held out. The betting is,
however, that the jovial atmosphere of
the Moscow summit and the departure
of hard-line Defense Secretary Caspar
Weinberger will soften the American
position. Pressure for such relaxation
is coming .primarily from the French
and West Germans, and order-hungry
computer manufacturers of all nations.
The real question is whether the
West should oblige Gorbachev, and, if
so, on what terms. At the moment, the
Soviet Union is spending about twice
as much of its shriveled GNP on arms
as the U.S. Indeed, it was the inability
of the Soviet economy to match Rea-
gan's defense build-up that brought the
USSR to the disarmament bargaining
table, forced it to withdraw from Af-
ghanistan, and is compelling it to re-
duce support of client states such as
Cuba. Without foreign. financing of his
perestroika, Gorbachev will be under
even greater :pressure to make conces-
sions on arms control in order to
lighten his military burdens. .
.Fortunately, sober observers have
begun to question the wisdom of Presi-
of
rou
t to a
'
p
g
s statemen
dent Reagan
Soviet students that "nothing will For Gorbachev, a dramatic improve- they're reaching out for it," Hugel re-
please my heart more than ... to see ' ment in Soviet economic performance cently told reporters. He and others in
a growing, exporting, exuberant Soviet is not only good politics; it is an im- the world's business and financial com-
Union." Lord Carrington, the depart portant component of his approach to munity have apparently forgotten Len-
ing NATO secretary general, speaking Soviet national security." in's frank admission that cooperation
at the NATO Council's spring meeting, But the West's capitalists are blinded with capitalists is to be pursued only so
warned that "the Soviet ... military by the prospects for huge profits. long as it contributes to their eventual
machine is still, so far, operating at ex- Charles Hugel, the president of Com- destruction. Forgotten, too, is the sim-
actly the same level as it was in the days bustion Engineering-which hopes to ple fact that poorer, backward coun-
before perestroika and glasnost." Col- participate in perhaps $20 billion worth tries are, after all, less dangerous adver-
in Powell, Reagan's national security of chemical plants in Siberia-has be- saries than richer, advanced ones. 0
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adviser, also cautioned the West not to gun to -speak,out for the repeal of-the-
help the USSR modernize its economy Jackson-Vanick amendment. That leg-
until there is hard evidence that it had islation, which ties preferential trade
cut defense expenditures. And Defense status for the Soviet Union to its emi-
Secretary Frank Carlucci, hardly a gration policies, is an increasing source
hard-liner, had this reaction to the sum- of irritation to Gorbachev, and an in-
mit's rosy glow: "If the end result is creasing inconvenience to American
that ... the Soviet Union modernizes firms who want to do business with his
its industrial and technological base, country. Those firms will undoubted-
and if sometime in the 1990s it ... can ly also oppose Senator James Mc-
produce enormous quantities of weap- Clure's effort to make the Soviets pay
ons even more effectively than it does with political concessions for the cash
today, then we will have made an enor- and technology they so badly need.
mous miscalculation." McClure would link trade concessions
Clearly, Gorbachev understands that not only to the Soviet Union's Will-
a stronger Soviet economy means a ingness to let its imprisoned Jewish
stronger military machine. Hewitt is on population emigrate, but to its com-
target when he points out, "Gorbachev pliance with the Helsinki agreement on
knows. full well that military and eco- human rights.
nomic capabilities are intertwined.... "They really need Western help and
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ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY CENTER
HARVARD UNIVERSITY ? JOHN F. KENNEDY SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT
79 JOHN F. KENNEDY STREET ? CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02138
Mr, Robert M. Gates
Deputy Director
Central Intelligence Age
Washington, D.C. 20505
EEPC
FI!1!1!1!k!I.~!~111ti!!I11!#!II!i
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AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
COLLOQUIUM ON SCIENCE, ARMS CONTROL AND NATIONAL SECURITY
14 OCTOBER 1988
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SOVIET UNION AND
IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. SECURITY POLICY
BY ROBERT M. GATES
DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
INTRODUCTION
THE THEME OF CHANGE IN THE SOVIET UNION HAS BEEN MUCH IN
THE MEDIA IN RECENT MONTHS AS WE HAVE WATCHED THE EFFORTS OF
MIKHAIL GORBACHEV TO MODERNIZE THE SOVIET ECONOMY AND
CONSOLIDATE HIS POLITICAL POWER. KNOWLEDGE OF RUSSIAN WORDS
SUCH AS "PERESTROIKA" AND "GLASNOST" HAS BECOME COMMONPLACE IN
THE WEST.. WITHOUT PARALLEL IN A GENERATION, DEVELOPMENTS IN
THE SOVIET UNION HAVE CAPTURED THE INTEREST, AND IN SOME
RESPECTS THE IMAGINATION, OF A WIDE AUDIENCE AROUND THE WORLD.
IT IS TYPICAL THAT WE IN THE WEST, AND PARTICULARLY IN THE
UNITED STATES, WITH OUR FOCUS ON PERSONALITIES IN POLITICS,
SHOULD FOCUS ON GORBACHEV'S PERSONNEL MOVES, WHO IS UP AND WHO
IS DOWN, WHO IS IN AND WHO IS OUT. THUS THE SPECIAL ATTENTION
FOCUSED ON THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE PLENUM AND SUPREME SOVIET
SESSION SOME TWO WEEKS AGO.
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ADMINISTRATIVE - ERNAL USE ONLY
SUBJECT: Payment for Charges Incurred by the
DDCI for Representational Purposes
Payment from U.S. Government funds for representational expenses
incurred by the DDCI for the purpose of conducting official business of
the United States Government is authorized under the policy set forth in
(Official Reception and Representational Expenses) for the
following functions:
88.10.05 Robert M. Gates (host) DDCI
Ambassador Sy Weiss SY Associates
88.10.17 Robert M. Gates (host) DDCI
The Hon. Rich Armitage Asst. Sec. of Def (ISA)
88.10.28 Robert M. Gates (host) DDCI
Ambassador Richard Helms Former DCI
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 /"I
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The Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
November 22, 1988
Mr. Paul Seabury
88-4337/1
I apologize for taking so long to respond to your letter of
early October, with which you enclosed your paper on "Secret
War".
I finally was able to read the paper recently and found it
most interesting and useful. I suppose one of the reasons I
found it so was the degree to which it parallels my own
thinking on some of these issues. At the risk of testing your
patience, I in turn have enclosed the texts of two speeches
germane to your topic. The first, "War By Another Name," I
delivered two years ago in California. The second on current
developments in the Soviet Union I delivered to the American
Association for the Advancement of Science Conference here in
Washington last month. I hope you find them of interest.
I am able to offer you some reassurance and information on
the Agency's analysis on the problem of Soviet proxy
operations. You will be gratified to know that during my watch
as DDI we established a Foreign Subversion and Instability
Center with several dozen analysts that addresses the question
of Soviet and surrogate subversive activities primarily in the
Third World. It also deals with front groups and other similar
types of operations. Best of all, as it is not located in a
regional office, it looks across the globe and is able to
discern patterns both in subversion and instability that I find
insightful and useful. In short, I think we are making good
progress on these kinds of problems.
Again, many thanks for your letter and accompanying paper.
Enclosures:
As Stated
DDCI/RMGates/d
DISTRIBUTION: w incoming)
0 - Addressee
1 - ER
1 - 'DDCI Chrono
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War By Another Name
An Address to the Commonwealth Club of California
by Robert M. Gates, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
November 25, 1986
The most divisive and controversial part of American
foreign policy for nearly four decades has been our effort in
the Third World to preserve and defend pro-Western governments,
to resist Communist aggression and subversion, and to promote
economic development and democracy,
Our continuing difficulty in formulating a coherent and
sustainable bipartisan strategy for the Third World over two
.generations contrasts sharply with the Soviet Union's
relentless effort there to eliminate Western influence,
establish strategically located client Communist states, and to
gain access to strategic resources,
But while we may debate strategy and how to respond, the
facts of Soviet involvement in major Third World conflicts are
undeniable, Consider two very painful memories:
It is clear that the Soviet Union, and Stalin
personally, played a central role in prompting North
Korea's invasion of the South in 1950,the cause of our
1
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AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
COLLOQUIUM ON SCIENCE, ARMS CONTROL AND NATIONAL SECURITY
14 OCTOBER 1988
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SOVIET UNION AND
IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. SECURITY POLICY
BY ROBERT M. GATES
DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
INTRODUCTION
THE THEME OF CHANGE IN THE SOVIET UNION HAS BEEN MUCH IN
THE MEDIA IN RECENT MONTHS AS WE HAVE WATCHED THE EFFORTS OF
MIKHAIL GORBACHEV TO MODERNIZE THE SOVIET ECONOMY AND
CONSOLIDATE HIS POLITICAL POWER. KNOWLEDGE OF RUSSIAN WORDS
SUCH AS "PERESTROIKA" AND "GLASNOST" HAS BECOME COMMONPLACE IN
THE WEST. WITHOUT PARALLEL IN A GENERATION, DEVELOPMENTS IN
THE SOVIET UNION HAVE CAPTURED THE INTEREST, AND IN SOME
RESPECTS THE IMAGINATION, OF A WIDE AUDIENCE AROUND THE WORLD.
IT IS TYPICAL THAT WE IN THE WEST, AND PARTICULARLY IN THE
UNITED STATES, WITH OUR FOCUS ON PERSONALITIES IN POLITICS,
SHOULD FOCUS ON GORBACHEV'S PERSONNEL MOVES, WHO IS UP AND WHO
IS DOWN, WHO IS IN AND WHO IS OUT. THUS THE SPECIAL ATTENTION
FOCUSED ON THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE PLENUM AND SUPREME SOVIET
SESSION SOME TWO WEEKS AGO.
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STAT
PAUL SEABURY
Mr. Robert Gates
Deputy Director
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C.
Dc ar Bob:
am enclosing a paper which I presented last
week in Washington at the U.S. Institute of Peace
for a conference on "secret war".
became intrigued by the problem of Soviet proxy
operations during my time on PFIAB, when I began
to surmise that the Agency was not doing too
good a job of analysis on the subject. I hope that
this defect has been remedied!
hope you find the paper interesting.
Best regards,
88-4337X
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SECRET/PROXY WAR
by Paul Seabury
This meeting, dealing with the nature and future of
"secret war," is timely, coming as it does when, to some
observers, "peace is breaking out all over." A few weeks ago,
the cover of The Economist featured an idyllic beach scene:
paternal, lanky Uncle Sam stretched out in a beach chair in a
state of blissful contentment; in the foreground (or
foresand!) a group of jolly kids besporting themselves with
shovels making little sandcastles: Margaret Thatcher,
Francois Mitterand, Helmut Kohl, Mikhail Gorbachev, Deng-Shao
Peng, and Noburu. The Economist's cover slogan is arresting:
"Oh, what a peaceful world." A picture is better than a
thousand words, as the saying goes, and disputes the currently
fashionable thesis of Professor Kennedy as to America's
imminent decline and fall.
The evidence put forth for this world-view, to be sure,
is comforting to all who are concerned with peace. The Afghan
war, it seems, may be coming to an end, as Soviet forces
continue their slow march home. A cease-fire has brought the
long, murderous war between Iraq and Iran to an end, at least
for the time being. Negotiations over the fate of Cambodia
seem to be making progress. Negotiations over Namibia and
Angola (Castro to the contrary) seem to portend the withdrawal
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ER 88-4452/1
Central Intelligence Agency
STAT
Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski
Center for Strategic & International Studies
1800 K Street, Northwest, Suite 400
Washington, D.C. 20006
I hope it is useful to you.
Dear Zbig:
Attached is the material FBIS had available
from the Soviet press on the Kuropaty massacre.
Robert M. Gates
Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Distribution:
0- Addressee
T
1 - ER
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CIA-RDP89GO072OR000300130001-3 ER 88-4452X
Center for Strategic & International Studies
Washington, DC
November 18, 1988
Could someone on your staff, if it is not too
much trouble, dig up for me all that has been
published in the Soviet Union on the Kuropaty
massacre. This seems to me to be a fascinating
case study in Soviet history, with enormous
implications for the present. I have been
following it marginally, but I am sure much
more on this is available, since the matter
has been described in the Soviet mass media,
although not much on the national level.
With best regards,
Dr. Robert M. Gates
Deputy Director
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C. 20505
1800 K Street Northwest, Suite 400 ? Washington, DC 20006 ? Telephone [phone]
C'ahla Arlrirpcc CFNSTRAT TWX 71092295R3
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 I 1
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SI
Dr-,. Robert M. Gat
D t)uty pig-rector ,--1
' p .. _ ;
Cetrai' Intel 1/ce ce Agency
Wasb,lington, D 0505
`- 1\
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c H FNG\Q0
aPV ?\ i t U.S.POSTAGE
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ROUTING AND RECORD SHEET
SUBJECT: (Optional)
Articles on the Kuropaty Massacre
FROM: EXTENSION NO.
Acting Director, Foreign Broadcast FBIS-0260-88
Information Service DATE
22 November 1988
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
DATE
OFFICER'S
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
RECEIVED
FORWARDED
INITIALS
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
1. Executive Assistant
John:
to the DDCI
7E12 Headquarters
'}3
Attached are the articles on
2.
the Kuropaty massacre we could
find. All articles noted here
were translated or transcribed by
3.
FBIS. In general, we would say
that the Soviets have treated the
story fairly openly, carrying
4.
pieces in several of their major
papers as well as in the popular
English language Moscow News.
5.
As best we know, t e story 'tbroke"
in the USSR with the publication
of an item in the Belorussian
6.
literary magazine Literatura i
Mastatstva
7.
the item was reprinted in a Polish
literary magazine, a translation
of which is included here. Hope
s.
this helps. Questions about this
package or about the story in
general can be raised with
9.
our senior Soviet
analyst, on
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
STAT
STAT
STAT
SIAI
STAT
STAT
STAT
FORM ~1 O USE PREVIOUS
1-79 EDITIONS
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COUNTRY: USSR
SUBJ: TAKE 1 OF 2 -- 'TWO VIEWS' ON MINSK CEMETERY CLASH
TEXT:
((EDITORIAL REPORT)) MOSCOW KOMSOMOLSKAYA PRAVDA IN
RUSSIAN 13 NOVEMBER 1988 CARRIES A FEATURE ON PAGE 4 UNDER THE
HEADING "DAY OF CONFLICT; LESSONS FROM EXTRAORDINARY SITUATION
IN WHICH TRADITION CLASHED WITH ARROGANCE."
THE FEATURE OPENS WITH A LETTER FROM WRITER VIKTOR KOZKO,
LENIN KOMSOMOL PRIZEWINNER UNDER THE SUBTITLE "LETTER TO THE
EDITOR," WHIH READS:
"FOR SOME 2 WEEKS BEFORE 30 OCTOBER -- MEMORIAL DAY -- THE
NEWSPAPERS WERE FULL OF SENSATIONALIST ITEMS. ALAS, THE
INTELLIGENTSIA, CULTURAL WORKERS, AND, MORE SPECIFICALLY, THE THREE
CREATIVE UNIONS (OF WRITERS, ARTISTS, AND CINEMA WORKERS) WHICH
WERE THE FOUNDERS OF THE REPUBLIC'S HISTORICAL EDUCATION SOCIETY IN
MEMORY OF THE VICTIMS OF STALINISM -- THE 'MARTIROLOG BELARUSI' --
WERE REALLY PERSECUTED. IN WORKER AUDITORIUMS AND THE NEWSPAPERS
THEY WERE DESCRIBED AS NOTHING BUT A GROUP OF IMPOSTORS AND SCUM
AND, IN THE BEST TRADITIONS OF THE ERA OF STAGNATION, THE QUESTION
WAS REPEATEDLY ASKED: WHO ARE THEY SPONGING OFF? SO A WEDGE WAS
DRIVEN BETWEEN THE CREATIVE INTELLIGENTSIA AND THE WORKING CLASS.
THUS THE PROVOCATION -- THERE IS NO OTHER WORD I CAN CHOOSE -- WAS
NURTURED AND BROUGHT TO A HEAD.
"IT HAPPENED ON 30 OCTOBER. AT 1340 HOURS THE REPUBLIC'S
CHARMING MINISTER OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS, COMRADE PISKAREV, APPEARED
BEFORE THE PEOPLE OF MINSK ON THEIR TELEVISION SCREENS IN THE
PROGRAM 'MEETING FOR YOU.' THE MINISTER SYMPATHIZED WITH AND
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FELT SORRY FOR V. RASPUTIN: WELL, WHY SHOULD HE SQUANDER HIS
TALENTS ON JOURNALISM RATHER THAN WRITE NOVELS? THEN HE READ A
POEM BY R. GAMZATOV, THE FAMOUS ONE, ABOUT THE ROAD AND THE HORSE
-- WHO SHOULD BE BLAMED IF THE HORSE STUMBLES?
"AT THE SAME TIME, 1340 HOURS, Z. POZNYAK, CHAIRMAN OF THE
SOCIETY MENTIONED ABOVE, WAS ARRESTED BY A GROUP OF CIVILIANS ON
THE WAY TO THE MOSKOVSKOYE CEMETERY. THIS CAUSED A REAL SENSE OF
OUTRAGE AMONG THE OTHERS IN THE PROCESSION BUT DID NOT STOP THEM
FROM CONTINUING ON THEIR WAY TO THE MOSKOVSKOYE CEMETERY. THEY
WERE WALKING ALONG THE SIDEWALK WITH FLOWERS IN THEIR ARMS,
STRICTLY OBSERVING TILE TRAFFIC LIGHTS. ALTHOUGH MEMORIAL DAY --
'DZYADY' -- AND ANY RALLIES IN THIS CONNECTION HAD BEEN CANCELED BY
THE CITY AUTHORITIES, PEOPLE WERE GOING NEVERTHELESS TO LAY FLOWERS
ON THE GRAVES OF THEIR FRIENDS AND RELATIVES AND OF TWO PEOPLE
WHOSE NAMES ARE DEAR TO ALL BELORUSSIANS -- P.M. MASHEROV AND THE
WRITER V. KOROTKEVICH.
"BY 1400 HOURS THERE WERE ALREADY SEVERAL THOUSAND PEOPLE AT THE
MOSKOVSKOYE CEMETERY. THERE WERE ALSO A LOT OF MILITIAMEN.
THERE, AT THE CEMETERY, I FIRST SAW SOVIET WATER CANNONS AND
ENORMOUS BLACK MARIAS WITH BARRED WINDOWS.
"THE ENTRANCE TO THE CEMETERY WAS SEALED OFF BY MILITIA CADETS
AND THEY WERE NOT LETTING ANYONE THROUGH AT ALL. THE SCULPTOR A.
ANIKEYCHIK, THE CREATOR OF THE MEMORIALS TO MASHEROV AND
KOROTKEVICH, WAS NOT ALLOWED THROUGH WITH FLOWERS; LIKE MANY
OTHERS, HE HAD NOT COME TO TAKE PART IN ANY RALLY, HE JUST WANTED
TO VISIT THE GRAVES OF HIS NEAREST AND DEAREST.
"BUT EVERYTHING STILL SEEMED QUITE CALM, EVEN GOOD-HUMORED. THE
LIEUTENANT COLONEL REPRESENTING THE DEPUTY CHIEF OF THE CITY
MILITIA ADMINISTRATION ANNOUNCED THROUGH A MEGAPHONE TO THOSE
PRESENT THAT WE LIVE IN A RULE-OF-LAW STATE. BUT THEN, LINKING
ARMS, THE MILITIA CADETS BORE DOWN ON THE PEOPLE.
"HERE PEOPLE SHOWED SIMPLY AMAZING SELF-RESTRAINT. I DID NOT
HEAR ANY SHOUTED INSULTS, ONLY CRIES OF BEWILDERMENT: 'COMRADES,
WHAT ON EARTH ARE YOU DOING?j YOU WILL FEEL ONLY SHAME TOMORROW'
"A YOUNG MAN WAS LIFTED UP ABOVE PEOPLE'S HEADS. HE SHOUTED:
'TO KUROPATY, COMRADES'
"BROKEN UP, THE CROWD MOVED IN ALL DIRECTIONS. THE MAN IN
MILITIA UNIFORM WITH THE MEGAPHONE ADVISED PEOPLE TO GO ABOUT THEIR
DOMESTIC AFFAIRS OR SIMPLY MOVE A LITTLE FURTHER AWAY FROM THE
CEMETERY -- INTO THE FIELDS AND THE FOREST, TO BREATHE A BIT OF
FRESH AIR.
"I WAS AT THE CEMETERY FOR AROUND 20 MINUTES. THEN, JOINING
THE CONVOY OF MILITIA VEHICLES, I FOLLOWED. THE CAVALCADE CAME TO
A HALT IN KUROPATY. THE KUROPATY HILLS THEMSELVES -- THE PLACE
WHERE THE VICTIMS OF STALIN'S REPRESSIONS WERE SHOT AND BURIED --
WERE CORDONED OFF BY SEVERAL RANKS OF MILITIAMEN READY TO ARREST
ANYONE....
"THERE IS, HOWEVER, ONE LESSON IN THIS STORY THAT WE LEARNED
FROM THIS TERRIBLE DAY, 30 OCTOBER.
"TODAY IT IS NOT POSSIBLE FOR ONE PERSON ALONE TO DECIDE ON
BEHALF OF THE PEOPLE EXACTLY WHAT TRADITIONS THE PEOPLE CAN HAVES
I REMEMBER THE FIRST YEAR AFTER THE WAR. MY FATHER HAD STILL NOT
COME BACK FROM THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR. BUT A MEAL APPEARED AT
MY GRANDMOTHER'S HOUSE -- OATMEAL KISSEL, I THINK. I ASKED HER
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WHAT WE WERE CELEBRATING, WHAT HAD HAPPENED. 'IT IS DZYADY
TODAY,' SHE REPLIED. THAT IS HOW PEOPLE LIVED THEN. BUT HOW DO
WE LIVE NOW? SEVERAL YEARS AGO, BELORUSSIA WAS SHAKEN BY THIS
INFORMATION: IN ONE SETTLEMENT THE LOCAL AUTHORITIES HAD OPENED A
DANCE FLOOR ON THE SITE OF THE FORMER FRATERNAL GRAVE OF SERVICEMEN
WHO HAD DIED IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR....
"NO, REMEMBERING AND PRAYING FOR THOSE WHO GAVE YOU LIFE HAS
ALWAYS BEEN A TRADITION AND A CUSTOM OF THE PEOPLE'S MORAL HEALTH.
THIS WAS PROVEN BY 30 OCTOBER: IT WAS THE POPULATION THAT WENT TO
THE RALLY AND THE PEOPLE THAT LEFT IT. THIS IS THE MAIN LESSON TO
BE LEARNED FROM 30 OCTOBER."
/****** BEGINNING OF TAKE 002 ******/
REF: PM1511142188 MOSCOW KOMSOMOLSKAYA PRAVDA 13 NOV///FROM 30
OCTOBER."
TEXT:
((EDITORIAL REPORT)) THE LETTER IS FOLLOWED BY AN "OFFICIAL
OPINION" FROM MAJOR GENERAL OF MILITIA K.M. PLATONOV,
BELORUSSIAN SSR DEPUTY MINISTER OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS (THE FIRST
PARAGRAPH IS AN EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION):
"OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT ASKED MAJOR GENERAL OF MILITIA K.M.
PLATONOV, BELORUSSIAN SSR DEPUTY INTERNAL AFFAIRS MINISTER, TO
COMMENT ON THE EVENTS OF 30 OCTOBER.
"THE RALLY AT THE MOSCOW CEMETERY ON 30 OCTOBER WAS AGAINST
THE LAW, BECAUSE IT HAD NOT BEEN AUTHORIZED BY THE MINSK
GORISPOLKOM; CITIZENS HAD BEEN INFORMED OF THIS IN ADVANCE THROUGH
THE NEWSPAPER VECHERNIY MINSK. THE LAW IS THE LAW -- IT IS
BINDING ON EVERYONE.
"HOWEVER, WE WERE INFORMED THE DAY BEFORE THE EVENT THAT MEMBERS
OF THE 'TYTEYSHIYA' INFORMAL YOUTH ASSOCIATION WERE MAILING
INVITATIONS AND POSTING UP ANNOUNCEMENTS ABOUT THE RALLY AT THE
CEMETERY. ON 28 OCTOBER WE HAD ARRESTED A STUDENT FROM THE MINSK
THEATER ARTS INSTITUTE WHO HAD BEEN URGING PEOPLE IN THE STREET TO
TAKE PART IN THE UNAUTHORIZED RALLY. ON 29 OCTOBER, WHICH I WOULD
LIKE TO EMPHASIZE IS THE KOMSOMOL'S BIRTHDAY, DURING A MEETING WITH
WRITERS AT THE WRITERS' CENTER, ALL PARENTS PRESENT WERE INVITED TO
COME ALONG TO THE VERY SAME RALLY AND BRING THEIR CHILDREN.
"NATURALLY, IN THIS SITUATION WE WERE FORCED TO TAKE ADVANCE
MEASURES TO PROTECT PUBLIC ORDER. THESE MEASURES WERE TAKEN.
AFTER ALL, A CROWD DID GATHER AT THE MOSKOVSKOYE CEMETERY. AND
THE MILITIA IS OBLIGED TO CONTROL THE SITUATION.
"((CORRESPONDENT)) DID THE PEOPLE PRESENT COMMIT ANY ACTS
AGAINST THE LAW?
"((PLATONOV)) OF COURSE THEY DID. FIRST OF ALL, THEY SHOUTED
ANTI-SOVIET SLOGANS: 'SOVIETS WITHOUT COMMUNISTS(' AND
'BELORUSSIA DESERVES A BETTER FATE THAN TO BE A FEED TROUGH FOR
MOSCOW; AND INSULTS WERE SHOUTED IN OUR DIRECTION -- 'STALINISTS,
MURDERERSI' THE MILITIA WAS PROVOKED INTO USING FORCE, PEOPLE SPAT
IN THEIR FACES, STOOD IN THE WAY OF THEIR VEHICLES, AND CALLED FOR
THE FORMATION OF A NATIONAL FRONT.
"WHAT ARE WE TO UNDERSTAND BY THIS TITLE? IF IT MEANS THE KIND
OF DEMONSTRATIONS THAT TOOK PLACE ON 30 OCTOBER, THEN BELORUSSIA
REALLY DOES NOT NEED A NATIONAL FRONT. ESPECIALLY AS THE SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC SITUATION IN THE REPUBLIC IS STABLE AND THE GOVERNMENT
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IS FOLLOWING A COURSE OF RESTRUCTURING IN A MODERN, EFFICIENT WAY.
"((CORRESPONDENT)) WERE SPECIAL MEANS EMPLOYED TO ARREST
PEOPLE: TRUNCHEONS, TEAR GAS, WATER CANNON?
"((PLATONOV)) NO, THEY WERE NOT. BUT THERE WERE CASES WHERE
PARTICULARLY ACTIVE, AGGRESSIVE PARTICIPANTS IN THIS ILLEGAL ACTION
WERE ARRESTED. A TOTAL OF 72 CRIME REPORTS WERE MADE OUT. WITHIN
3 HOURS, AFTER EACH ONE HAD BEEN INDIVIDUALLY QUESTIONED, ALL WERE
RELEASED. I WILL ALSO ADD THIS: AFTER THESE MEASURES HAD BEEN
TAKEN, NO ONE HAD RECOURSE TO THE COURTS, THE PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE,
OR PUBLIC HEALTH BODIES. THIS SHOWS THAT THE MILITIA CONDUCTED
ITSELF WITHIN THE BOUNDS OF THE LAW...."
FINALLY, THE NEWSPAPER'S OWN CORRESPONDENT 0. YEGOROVA SUMS UP
THE EVENTS IN A REPORT DATELINED MINSK UNDER THE SUBTITLE "OUR
CORRESPONDENT'S COMMENTARY":
"SO, TWO DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THE SAME EVENT.
"WHAT IS THE TRUTH? WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE CITY IN WHICH
THERE IS SUCH A 'STABLE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SITUATION'? TRUE, REAL
DEMOCRACY HAS NOTHING IN COMMON WITH ANARCHY. OUR FREEDOMS MUST
NOT ONLY BE GUARANTEED -- THEY MUST ALSO BE PROTECTED. THAT IS
BEYOND QUESTION. BUT MANY PEOPLE LIVING IN MINSK WERE NOT VERY
CONVINCED BY THE APPARENT MOTIVES FOR THE BAN ON THE REQUIEM
RALLY: 'THE LACK OF A TRADITION IN THE CITY OF MARKING MEMORIAL
DAY AND THE FACT THAT THE GORISPOLKOM IS CURRENTLY STUDYING PUBLIC
OPINION ON THE QUESTION OF ESTABLISHING A DATE FOR AN ANNUAL
MEMORIAL DAY....'
"COULD THE CITY LEADERS HAVE ACTED MORE WISELY? AFTER ALL, THEY
ALSO OFFENDED PEOPLE WHO HAD ABSOLUTELY NO THOUGHT OF GOING TO ANY
RALLY. NOT COULD -- SHOULD. ESPECIALLY AS THEY DID NOT HAVE TO
LOOK FAR FOR AN EXAMPLE. IN NEIGHBORING POLAND, FOR EXAMPLE,
MEMORIAL DAY HAS RECENTLY BEEN CELEBRATED BY THE WHOLE COUNTRY AND
EVEN HERE IN BELORUSSIA, IN GRODNO, FOR EXAMPLE, EVERYONE REACHED A
REASONABLE COMPROMISE, ALTHOUGH EVEN THERE AT FIRST THERE WERE
FEARS ABOUT CROWDS OF PEOPLE GATHERING ON MEMORIAL DAY.
"WE ARE SURE THAT THE CITY AUTHORITIES ARE CERTAINLY NOT OPPOSED
TO THE REVIVAL OF POPULAR TRADITIONS. THERE IS ALWAYS A CERTAIN
DEGREE OF RISK IN ANY MASS MEETING. BUT HOW, ON WHAT BASIS ARE YOU
TO MAKE THE RIGHT DECISION? ONLY BY FOLLOWING THE DICTATES OF
COMMON SENSE AND ON THE BASIS OF A THOROUGH KNOWLEDGE OF THE SOCIAL
CLIMATE AND THE ABILITY TO PREDICT A SITUATION. HASTY BANS MOST
OFTEN OCCUR WHERE THERE IS A GULF BETWEEN OFFICIALS AND ORDINARY
PEOPLE. THAT IS WHEN YOU GET RUMORS, SUSPICION, AND EXCESSIVE
VIGILANCE. THEN, THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE ARE MADE RESPONSIBLE FOR
'ANTI-SOVIETISM' AND ISOLATED EXTREMIST STATEMENTS.
"LEARNING DEMOCRACY TODAY IS NO EASY TASK BUT IT IS A VITAL
NECESSITY -- FOR THOSE WHO ATTEND RALLIES AND THOSE WHO DECIDE
THEIR FATE. WE NEED MUTUAL RESPONSIBILITY AND MUTUAL STANDARDS.
IF WE CAN ATTAIN BOTH TOGETHER, AS ONE, RESTRUCTURING WILL WIN
THROUGH. IF NOT -- WE COULD RUIN ANY IDEA, EVEN THE MOST LOFTY AND
JUST."
ADMIN
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COUNTRY: USSR
SUBJ: 'FRONT' MEMBER WARNS AGAINST ANTI-REFORM FORCES
SOURCE: MOSCOW MOSCOW NEWS IN ENGLISH NO. 45, 6 NOV 88 P 13
TEXT:
//((INTERVIEW WITH WRITER VASIL BYKOV BY LEONID
MILOSLAVSKIY: "BELORUSSIAN INITIATIVE" -- DATE, PLACE NOT
GIVEN; FIRST PARAGRAPH IS EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION))
((TEXT)) SPEAKING ABOUT THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN
BELORUSSIA, WRITER ALES ADAMOVICH RECALLED VENDEE, A
PROVINCE IN FRANCE, WHICH RESISTED THE 1989 REVOLUTION
("OGONEK", NO. 39). THE BELORUSSIAN PRESS RESPONDED WITH AN
ARTICLE CALLING ADAMOVICH INCOMPETENT AND POORLY INFORMED.
A FEW DAYS LATER THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF MARTIROLOG, A
SOCIETY TO COMMEMORATE THE VICTIMS OF STALINISM, DECIDED TO
SET UP AN INITIATIVE GROUP OF BELORUSSIA'S POPULAR FRONT.
THIS STEP BY THE CREATIVE INTELLECTUALS GENERATED NEW
PUBLICATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS. THE IDEOLOGICAL OBSTACLES TO
MARTIROLOG'S INITIATIVE ARE AN ALARMING SUGGESTION THAT
PERESTROIKA IN BELORUSSIA IS BRAKING, SAYS NATIVE WRITER
VASIL BYKOV, MARTIROLOG BOARD MEMBER AND PARTICIPANT IN THE
POPULAR FRONT INITIATIVE GROUP. PUBLISHING THE FOLLOWING
INTERVIEW WITH BYKOV, "MN" STANDS READY TO PRINT OPPOSING
POINTS OF VIEW.
MN: VASIL VLADIMIROVICH, UNTIL NOW THE COUNTRY KNEW VERY
LITTLE ABOUT INFORMAL MOVEMENTS IN BELORUSSIA. FROM
PUBLICATIONS IN "VECHEVNYY MINSK" (EVENING MINSK), WE NOW
KNOW THAT BELORUSSIANS OPPOSE THE "ANTI'POPULAR POPULAR
FRONT". ITS INITIATORS ARE CALLED EXTREMISTS, WHILE THE
BELORUSSIAN YOUTH FROM THE TOLOKA SOCIETY ARE LABELED
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NATIONALISTS. MANY PEOPLE COMPARE THE ARTICLE ABOUT TOLOKA
WITH CRUSHING PREWAR JOURNALISM. BUT THE ARTICLE ALSO
CONTAINS FACTS, DOESN'T IT?
VASIL BYKOV: IF YOU HAVE NOTICED, THERE ARE FEW FACTS AND
EVEN THOSE, IN MY OPINION, ARE DUBIOUS. MAINLY THEY ARE
ARGUMENTS. TOLOKA SUPPORTERS' EFFORTS TO REVIVE THE
BELORUSSIAN COAT-OF-ARMS AND THE FLAG ARE CALLED
NATIONALISTIC ONLY BECAUSE SOMEWHERE ABROAD THESE SYMBOLS
ARE USED TO RALLY BELORUSSIAN EMIGRANTS. SIMILAR
ACCUSATIONS ARE AIMED AT ANY ATTEMPT TO RESTORE BELORUSSIAN
CULTURE WHICH HAS BEEN DEGENERATING FOR DECADES. THESE
TENDENCIES ARE NOT NEW IN THE REPUBLIC. BUT WHEN, IN THE
FOURTH YEAR OF PERESTROIKA, THE PRESS STARTS OPENLY FIGHTING
ETHNIC SELF-AWARENESS...THAT'S SAD. EVEN IF THE TOLOKA
PROGRAMMES COULDN'T DO WITHOUT EXCESSES, THE EXPERIENCE OF
THE BALTIC REPUBLICS SHOWS THAT THE MOST COMPLICATED ISSUES
CAN BE SOLVED REASONABLY AFTER SOBER DISCUSSION. BY THE
WAY, THIS ARTICLE ISN'T JUST A SIGN OF THE PAST. ONE OF ITS
FIVE SIGNERS, A. FILIMONOV, DOCTOR OF SCIENCE (HISTORY), IS
NOTORIOUS FOR THE SUBJECT OF HIS CANDIDATE'S THESIS:
"LAVRENTIY PAVLOVICH BENYA -- LOYAL FRIEND OF THE GREAT
STALIN..."
MN: BUT MANY PEOPLE AGREE WITH THESE AUTHORS AND SEE THE
MAIN DANGER IN THE POPULAR FRONT....
VASIL BYKOV: YOU KNOW HOW THE DISCUSSION ABOUT THE
POPULAR FRONT WAS ORGANIZED WITH THE UNOFFICIAL SOVREMENNIK
CLUB? THE PARTY COMMITTEES OF ENTERPRISES GATHERED ABOUT
900 PEOPLE AT THE POLITICAL EDUCATION CENTRE TO REBUFF THE
"ENEMIES OF PERESTROIKA". AMONG THE ENEMIES WERE THE FAMOUS
BELORUSSIAN WRITER ADAMOVICH AND KOROTICH, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
OF OGONEK, WHO ALLEGEDLY CAME FROM MOSCOW SPECIALLY TO MAKE
TROUBLE. ADAMOVICH WAS DESCRIBED AS TEL-AVIV'S HIRELING,
GETTING DOLLARS FROM THERE TO MAINTAIN TWO FLATS - IN MOSCOW
AND IN MINSK - AND TO BRIBE PARTY AUTHORITIES... "THE
ENEMIES OF PERESTROIKA" DIDN'T COME (AND SHOULD NOT HAVE),
BUT THEY WERE REBUFFED.
I DON'T KNOW WHAT OUR POPULAR FRONT WILL BE LIKE OR
WHETHER IT WILL GET OFF THE GROUND. BUT I THINK THAT SUCH A
RESPONSE FROM OUR "IDEOLOGISTS" TO A PROGRESSIVE IDEA WILL
CONVINCE MANY WAVERERS OF THE NEED TO FIGHT THE PSYCHOLOGY
OF STAGNATION. R. BUZUK, REPRESENTATIVE OF BELORUSSIA'S
COMMUNIST PARTY CENTRAL COMMITTEE, WAS AT THE MARTIROLOG
MEETING. HE TRIED TO UPSET THE VOTING WHEN THE BOARD WAS
BEING ELECTED, DEMANDED THAT HE BE GIVEN THE FLOOR. AFTER
THE VOTING, WHEN BUZUK WAS GIVEN THE FLOOR, IT TURNED OUT HE
HAD NOTHING TO SAY.
MN: I WAS TOLD THAT YOU THEN TOOK THE MICROPHONE AND
SAID, POINTING TO BUZUK: "THIS IS WHAT WE MUST FIGHT"
WHAT, IN YOUR OPINION, IS HOLDING PERESTROIKA BACK IN
BELORUSSIA?
VASIL BYKOV: I WOULDN'T LIKE TO THINK THAT BUZUK'S WORK
METHODS AND POLITICAL VIEWS ARE TYPICAL OF BELORUSSIA'S
CENTRAL COMMITTEE. BUT AMONG THE HIGHER AUTHORITIES THERE
ARE STILL QUITE A FEW PEOPLE WHO THINK PERESTROIKA WILL BE
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HURT BY A REVIVAL OF ETHNIC CULTURE. IN FACT, OUR PEOPLE,
WHO HAVE HALF-FORGOTTEN THEIR PRIDE, HAVE YET ONE MORE
PROBLEM, ONE MORE PAIN - STALINIST REPRESSIONS. IT SEEMS
STRANGE AND HORRIBLE TO ME THAT TODAY THERE ARE SOME WHO
WANT TO CONCEAL FROM THE PEOPLE THEIR PAST WHICH HAS FOR SO
MANY YEARS LAIN IN KUROPATY GRAVES. WHO NEEDS ALL THIS?
WHO NEEDED THE CROWDED MEETING IN MEMORY OF THE KUROPATY
VICTIMS, WHICH INCIDENTALLY WAS ADDRESSED BY PARTY
FUNCTIONARIES, WAS LATER DECLARED ILLEGAL - AND ITS
ORGANIZERS FINED? I RECALL THAT ONE OF THE DELEGATES AT THE
19TH PARTY CONFERENCE SAID: "WE ARE STRUGGLING FOR
PERESTROKA, BUT WHAT ARE THOSE BAWLERS AT THE MEETINGS
STRUGGLING FOR?" MANY PEOPLE CONSIDER THEMSELVES AUTHORS OF
PERESTROIKA WHILE DENYING OTHERS THE RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE.
UNLESS WE UNDERSTAND THAT EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO HIS OWN
VIEW, THAT ALL IDEAS AT MEETINGS, JUST AS THE MEETINGS
THEMSELVES, HAVE BEEN ENGENDERED BY PERESTROIKA, CONFLICTS
ARE INEVITABLE. FOR OUR PEOPLE THE MEMORY OF VICTIMS IS AN
IDEA WHICH CAN UNITE US IN THE STRUGGLE FOR PERESTROIKA, FOR
THE TERROR OF STALINISM NEVER TO BE REPEATED AGAIN. AND THE
FACT THAT SUCH AN ASSOCIATION IN OUR COUNTRY IS DECLARED
ILLEGAL IN ADVANCE IS TANTAMOUNT TO DEFENDING STALINISM
BEHIND PERESTROIKA SLOGANS.
MN: YOU'RE SPEAKING ABOUT A NATIONWIDE ASSOCATION. BUT
THE POPULAR FRONT IS OPPOSED (AT LEAST IN THE PRESS) BY
WORKERS AND ORDINARY CITIZENS.
VASIL BYKOV: UNFORTUNATELY, NOT EVERYONE IN OUR COUNTRY
HAS LEARNED TO THINK INDEPENDENTLY. NOT EVERYONE
UNDERSTANDS THAT IN ORDER TO CRITICIZE SOMETHING, IT IS
NECESSARY TO KNOW WHAT THAT SOMETHING IS ABOUT. FOR TOO
LONG PEOPLE HAVE BEEN TAUGHT TO LIVE ACCORDING TO A GENERAL
PLAN, TO THINK IN TIME WITH SLOGANS, TO TALK AND TO KEEP
SILENT BY TURNS. THEREFORE, MANY PEOPLE TODAY, IN ORDER TO
PROTEST, DO NOT HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THE SITUATION - THE VIEW
OF THE STAFF FUNCTIONARY FROM "THE IDEOLOGICAL COMMISSION OF
THE MICRODISTRICT" IS ENOUGH TO ELIMINATE IN THE SOULS OF
PEOPLE EVERYTHING PUT THERE BY THE BOOKS OF ADAMOVICH AND TO
DECLARE ADAMOVICH AN "ENEMY OF PERESTROIKA"....
THE SITUATION IS ALARMING. WE MUST DO EVERYTHING FOR
BELORUSSIA NOT TO BECOME THE VENDEE OF PERESTROIKA.
ADMIN
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COUNTRY: USSR
SUBJ: WEEKLY WORKING FOR 'FOREIGN FOES,' READER CLAIMS
SOURCE: MOSCOW MOSCOW NEWS IN ENGLISH NO. 45, 6 NOV 88 P 2
TEXT:
//((READER'S LETTER FROM THE "LETTERS TO THE EDITOR"
COLUMN: "ONLY CAPITALIST AGENTS STAND TO GAIN. OPEN LETTER
TO YEGOR YAKOVLEV, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF 'MOSCOW NEWS"'))
((TEXT)) WITH INDIGNATION AND BITTERNESS I HAVE OBSERVED
OVER THE PAST THREE YEARS HOW YOUR NEWSPAPER HAS BEEN
TURNING INCREASINGLY INTO AN ORGAN WORKING NOT FOR SOCIALISM
AND OUR MOTHERLAND, BUT FOR OUR FOREIGN FOES. FROM ISSUE TO
ISSUE YOUR NEWSPAPER PRINTS MATERIAL ABUSING AND SPITTING
UPON OUR COUNTRY, ITS HISTORY AND PAST. BRANDISHING THE
FLAG OF REPRESSIONS, YOU HAVE. BEEN TRYING TO USE THEM TO
OVERSHADOW THE ENTIRE HEROIC PAST OF OUR COUNTRY, PORTRAYING
THEM AS THE MAIN ASPECT OF THE PREWAR AND POSTWAR PERIODS.
OUR PEOPLE'S HEROISM IN BUILDING THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIALISM (I EMPHASIZE: SOCIALISM) IN OUR
COUNTRY IS BEING OBSCURED. OF COURSE, THE REPRESSSIONS
AGAINST INNOCENT PEOPLE WHICH TOOK PLACE IN THE PREWAR AND
POSTWAR YEARS ARE A GREAT TRAGEDY AND PAIN FOR OUR WHOLE
PEOPLE AND COUNTRY. THEY WERE CARRIED OUT ON ORDERS FROM
THE TOP ECHEOLONS OF THE RULING BODY, NOT CONTROLLED BY THE
PEOPLE. BUT THE SHADOW OF THE REPRESSIONS FELL UPON ALL
OUR PEOPLE, UPON OUR ENTIRE SYSTEM AND UPON THE WHOLE
COUNTRY. THE INNOCENT VICTIMS OF REPRESSIONS HAVE TO BE
REHABILITATED. BUT, TO RAISE SUCH A HULLABALOO AROUND THE
REPRESSIONS, TO PUT OUR TRAGEDY ON DISPLAY FOR OUR FOES TO
SEE AND ENJOY IS BOTH UNSEEMLY AND CRIMINAL. WHATEVER
LITTLE BITS BOURGEOIS AGENTS PROCURED BEFORE TO DENIGRATE
OUR MOTHERLAND IN THE EYES OF THEIR PEOPLE, YOU TREATY THEM
TO WHOLESALE THROUGH YOUR PAPER. HOW WOULD YOU, YEGOR
YAKOVLEV, FEEL IF YOUR FAMILY AFFAIRS AND SECRETS WERE READ
OUT FOR YOUR NEIGHBOURS AND OTHER STRANGERS TO ENJOY? EVEN
THOUGH IT MIGHT BE THE TRUTH ABOUT YOUR FAMILY AFFAIRS, YOU
WOULD NOT REJOICE AT IT. YOU, YEGOR YAKOVLEV, ARE BY FAR
NOT A FIRST-CLASS JOURNALIST, BUT YOU ARE A BRILLIANT
MEDIOCRITY, AND YOU ARE SUPPOSED TO POSSESS AN INTELLECT
ENABLING YOU TO UNDERSTAND THAT DENIGRATING OUR COUNTRY'S
PAST IN A NEWSPAPER BY PARADING BEFORE THE ENEMIES DATA
DETRIMENTAL TO THE COUNTRY'S PRESTIGE IS UNWORTHY BOTH OF A
SOVIET NEWSPAPER AND OF A SOVIET JOURNALIST. IT WAS WITH A
FEELING OF DISGUST THAT I READ IN YOUR PAPER OF OCTOBER 9,
1988, THE ARTICLE ENTITLED "KUROPATY". WITH WHAT DELIGHT
YOU RELISH THE DETAILS OF OUR PEOPLE'S EXECUTION NEAR MINSK:
HOW PEOPLE WERE SHOT THROUGH THE BACK OF THEIR HEAD, FROM
UNDER THE SKULL OR THROUGH THE SIDE. WHO NEEDS THESE
DETAILS? AFTER ALL, YOU PROVIDE THE FOES WITH MATERIAL FOR
EDUCATING THEIR PEOPLE IN THE FEELING OF DISGUST FOR OUR
COUNTRY AND HOSTILITY FOR SOCIALISM AS A SYSTEM. I FEEL
ASHAMED AND HURT BY YOUR NEWSPAPER AND BY YOU, YEGOR
YAKOVLEV, AS EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF THIS NEWSPAPER.
RESPECTFULLY,.BUTIVCHENKO ALEKSEY FEDOROVICH, VETERAN OF
THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR, D.SC. (MILITARY SCIENCES),
PROFESSOR
ADMTN
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COUNTRY: USSR
SUBJ: TAKE 1 OF 3 -- YEVTUSHENKO ON COMMEMORATING PURGES
SOURCE: MOSCOW LITERATURNAYA GAZETA IN RUSSIAN 2 NOV 88 P 2
TEXT:
//((YEVGENIY YEVTUSHENKO LETTER CARRIED AS PART OF "PULSE-88"
FEATURE: "HELP 'MEMORIAL'" -- FIRST FIVE PARAGRAPHS ARE
INTRODUCTION))
((TEXT)) WHAT HAPPENED OVER THE 2 DAYS OF 29-30 OCTOBER IN
MOSCOW'S CENTRAL HOUSE OF CINEMATOGRAPHY WORKERS WAS IN ITSELF
YET ANOTHER INCONTROVERTIBLE PROOF OF THE CHANGES -- IN DEED AND NOT
JUST IN WORDS -- THAT ARE NOW UNDER WAY IN THE COUNTRY'S SOCIAL
LIFE. WE RECALL -- AND IT SEEMS ONLY A SHORT WHILE AGO -- HOW
SIGNATURES WERE COLLECTED IN STREETS AND SQUARES IN SUPPORT OF THE
IDEA OF CREATING A MEMORIAL PERPETUATING THE MEMORY OF THE VICTIMS
OF STALIN'S REPRESSIONS.
THE MOVEMENT TO ERECT A MONUMENT GAINED SUPPORT AT THE 19TH
PARTY CONFERENCE. ACCOUNT NO. 700454 WAS OPENED, AND IT
IMMEDIATELY STARTED RECEIVING VOLUNTARY DONATIONS FROM CITIZENS,
INSTITUTIONS, AND ORGANIZATIONS.
THE "MEMORIAL" PUBLIC COUNCIL WAS FORMED, AND ACADEMICIAN
A. SAKHAROV WAS ELECTED ITS HONORARY CHAIRMAN. THE ACTION GROUP
WAS JOINED BY THE PUBLIC COUNCIL AND THE FOUNDER MEMBERS OF THE NEW
ALL-UNION VOLUNTARY HISTORICAL EDUCATION SOCIETY -- THE
CREATIVE UNIONS OF CINEMATOGRAPHY WORKERS, ARCHITECTS, THEATER
WORKERS, ARTISTS, AND DESIGNERS, LITERATURNAYA GAZETA, AND
OGONEK -- AND THEY EMBARKED ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS NOBLE
IDEA. MEANWHILE PREPARATORY WORK WAS BEING DONE TO ORGANIZE A
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COMPETITION FOR THE CONCEPT AND PLAN OF THE FUTURE MEMORIAL COMPLEX,
AND ALSO TO COLLECT DOCUMENTS AND MEMOIRS. AND NOW A MEETING HAS
BEEN HELD TO PREPARE FOR THE CONSTITUENT CONFERENCE OF THE
"MEMORIAL" SOCIETY.
WHAT SHOULD "MEMORIAL" BE LIKE? WHAT SORT OF MEMORIAL COMPLEX
SHOULD BE ERECTED? HOW TO PROVIDE SWIFTER AND MORE EFFECTIVE
ASSISTANCE TO FORMER PRISONERS AND THEIR RELATIVES, WHO NEED IT SO
URGENTLY? THESE AND MANY OTHER QUESTIONS WERE DISCUSSED AT THE
MEETING. ITS PARTICIPANTS TOOK A FIRM STANCE AGAINST ATTEMPTS BY
SOME INDIVIDUALS CONNECTED WITH THE NOTORIOUS "DEMOCRATIC UNION" TO
TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE SACRED CAUSE OF "MEMORIAL" IN PURSUIT OF
THEIR OWN UNSEEMLY GOALS.
IT WAS DECIDED TO CONVENE THE CONSTITUENT CONFERENCE OF THE
"MEMORIAL" ALL-UNION VOLUNTARY HISTORICAL EDUCATION SOCIETY IN
MOSCOW 17-18 DECEMBER. IT WILL FINALLY DETERMINE THE FUTURE
PUBLIC ORGANIZATION'S TASKS AND FORMS OF WORK.
ALMOST EVERY FAMILY IN OUR COUNTRY HAD AT LEAST ONE OF ITS
MEMBERS KILLED OR WOUNDED DURING THE WAR AGAINST THE FASCISTS.
ALMOST EVERY FAMILY IN OUR COUNTRY HAD AT LEAST ONE OF ITS MEMBERS
KILLED, ARRESTED, EXILED, OR WOUNDED THROUGH ALL SORTS OF
HUMILIATIONS DURING THE WAR WAGED AGAINST OUR OWN PEOPLE BY THOSE
WHO SPOKE IN THE NAME OF THE PEOPLE.
AND EVEN IF THERE ARE SOME FAMILIES UNAFFECTED BY EITHER OF
THESE TWO WARS, SURELY OUR MULTINATIONAL PEOPLE ARE A UNITED
FAMILY, AND SURELY OUR MEMORY SHOULD MOURN OUR SHARED FAMILY
LOSSES? TO MOURN THE VICTIMS OF JUST ONE OF THESE ACCURSED WARS
WOULD BE AS CRIMINALLY UNNATURAL AS IT WOULD BE TO ALLOW COMPASSION
TO BE FELT BY JUST ONE-HALF OF ONE'S HEART WHILE FORCIBLY CLAMPING
THE ARTERY FEEDING THE OTHER HALF.
OUR PEOPLE'S WAR AGAINST THE FASCISTS LASTED 4 YEARS AND,
ACCORDING TO OFFICIAL DATA, WE LOST 20 MILLION LIVES, THE
UNOFFICIAL FIGURE BEING EVEN HIGHER.
THE WAR WAGED AGAINST THE PEOPLE BY THOSE WHO SPOKE IN THE NAME
OF THE PEOPLE LASTED FOR DECADES, AND NOBODY HAS YET ACCURATELY
CALCULATED HOW MANY MILLIONS OF LIVES WE LOST.
/3c***** BEGINNING OF TAKE 002 ******/
REF: PM1011163188 MOSCOW LITERATURNAYA GAZETA RUSSIAN 2
NOV///LIVES WE LOST.
TEXT:
((TEXT)) THERE IS A THEORY THAT THE REPRESSIONS WERE SUPPOSEDLY
A HARSH NECESSITY AND THAT OTHERWISE WE WOULD NOT HAVE WITHSTOOD
THE CLASH WITH FASCISM. BUT THIS THEORY IS BASED EITHER ON
HISTORICAL IGNORANCE OR ON HISTORICAL CYNICISM. HOW CAN ANYONE
PERCEIVE THE PREWAR DESTRUCTION OF THE PEOPLE AS PREPARATION TO
PROTECT THE PEOPLE FROM DESTRUCTION?
HERE ARE FIGURES FROM LIEUTENANT GENERAL TODORSKIY ABOUT THE
BLOODLETTING AMONG RED ARMY COMMAND CADRES BEFORE THE WAR: THE
REPRESSIONS ACCOUNTED FOR 3 OUT OF 5 MARSHALS, 3 OUT OF 5 ARMY
COMMANDERS FIRST RANK, ALL 10 ARMY COMMANDERS SECOND RANK, 50 OUT
OF 57 CORPS COMMANDERS, 154 OUT OF 186 DIVISION COMMANDERS, ALL 16
ARMY COMMISSARS FIRST AND SECOND RANK, 25 OUT
COMMISSARS, 58 OUT OF 64 DIVISION COMMISSARS,
OF
AND
28 CORPS
401 OUT OF
456
COLONELS.
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THERE WERE ALSO LIEUTENANTS AND PRIVATES WHO WERE INTERNED FIRST
IN HITLER'S CONCENTRATION CAMPS, AND THEN IN STALIN'S. EVEN WHEN
THEY ESCAPED FROM HITLER'S CONCENTRATION CAMPS AND FOUGHT AGAINST
FASCISM WITH THE ITALIAN OR FRENCH PARTISANS, THIS DID NOT PREVENT
THEM FROM BEING CLASSED AS "TRAITORS." WE ARE AWKWARDLY AND
HALTINGLY LEARNING THE BASIC TRUTHS OF HISTORICAL MEMORY, LEAVING
BLEEDING OPEN WOUNDS WHERE WE HAVE TORN OFF THE BRAIN-CONSTRAINING
CAMELSKIN BELTS OF MANKURTY ((ALLUSION TO PEOPLE IN AYTMATOV NOVEL
WHO ARE DEPRIVED OF THEIR MEMORY BY INVADERS WHO TIE BELTS AROUND
THEIR HEADS -- FBIS)).
WE ARE BEGINNING TO HONOR THE MEMORY OF OUTSTANDING
REVOLUTIONARIES, MILITARY LEADERS, SCIENTISTS, AND WRITERS WHO
PERISHED IN PRISON CELLARS OR BEHIND BARBED WIRE. NAMES THAT WERE
FAMOUS IN THE PAST AND WERE ONLY WHISPERED FOR SO MANY YEARS, CAN
AGAIN BE HEARD ALOUD. BUT THE PEOPLE'S CONSCIENCE AND THE PEOPLE'S
TALENT ARE NOT THE EXCLUSIVE PRIVILEGE OF THE FAMOUS. IT IS OUR
DUTY TO HONOR THE MEMORY OF THE DEAD INNOCENT GRAIN GROWERS,
WORKERS, ENGINEERS, PHYSICIANS, TEACHERS, AND PEOPLE OF ALL
PROFESSIONS, NATIONALITIES, AND RELIGIONS, EACH OF WHOM REPRESENTS
A FRAGMENT OF THE ASSASSINATED PEOPLE'S CONSCIENCE AND PEOPLE'S
TALENT.
IN ALL CORNERS OF THE COUNTRY THERE ARE FLICKERING ETERNAL
FLAMES WHICH WERE LIT IN MEMORY OF THOSE WHO DIED IN THE WAR
AGAINST FASCISM.
IN ALL CORNERS OF THE COUNTRY, BY THE PEOPLE'S WILL, THERE MUST
BE MEMORIALS COMMEMORATING THE VICTIMS OF REPRESSIONS, LIKE ETERNAL
FLAMES CAST IN STONE. HALFHEARTED REMEMBRANCE LEADS TO HALFHEARTED
CONSCIENCE.
THERE CAN BE NO RESTRUCTURING WITHOUT THE RESTRUCTURING OF
MEMORY.
THEREFORE HELP "MEMORIAL"I
TO THIS DAY, CHILDREN ON THE BANKS OF KOLYMA RIVER SOMETIMES
CARRY BERRIES INSIDE HUMAN SKULLS THEY HAVE FOUND, AND SMILE IN
THEIR INNOCENT IGNORANCE.
HOW ARE WE NOW TO DECIPHER THE CODE SIGNS "B-13," "V-41," AND
"YA-178" ON THE NAMELESS RICKETY PEGS AND SMALL BOARDS IN THE
TAYGA? HOW ARE WE TO MAKE OUT THE SIGN WRITTEN IN INDELIBLE PENCIL
ON SOME PLYWOOD TAG TIED TO AN EMACIATED BARE FOOT WHEN THE
TUNDRA'S PERMAFROST YIELDS ONE MORE OF ITS TERRIBLE SECRETS IN
SPRINGTIME?
BELORUSSIAN PEASANTS IN KUROPATY LOOK IN TERROR AT THE DITCH
FILLED WITH HUMAN SKELETONS AS WITNESSES FOR THE PROSECUTION IN THE
TRIAL OF HISTORY.
MUSCOVITES SHUDDER ON LEARNING THAT THE KALITNIKOVSKOYE
CEMETERY IN THE VERY HEART OF MOSCOW HAS ITS OWN TERRIBLE SECRET
DITCH, MOSCOW'S BABIY YAR, WHERE NAKED BODIES WERE BROUGHT IN
CARTS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT DURING THE THIRTIES, WITH RAGS
STOPPING THE TWO BULLET HOLES IN THEIR HEADS.
OUR MORAL LAW -- "NOBODY HAS BEEN FORGOTTEN AND NOTHING HAS BEEN
FORGOTTEN" -- MUST APPLY TO BOTH OF THESE TERRIBLE WARS, THE GREAT
PATRIOTIC WAR AND THE WAR AGAINST OUR OWN PEOPLE.
THE MEMORY WE POSSESS TODAY ACCOMMODATES NEITHER THE TEARS, NOR
THE BLOOD, NOR THE HOPES. NOT BEING ARMED WITH THE KNOWLEDGE OF
HISTORY, WE MAY FIND OURSELVES DISARMED WHEN WE FACE UP TO HISTORY.
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HISTORY CANNOT BE ESCAPED BY MEANS OF MONUMENTS, NOT EVEN THE
MOST BEAUTIFUL ONES. THE BEST MONUMENT IS MEMORY. WE TAKE THE
TERM "MEMORIAL" TO INCLUDE THE AIR OF HISTORICAL MEMORY AROUND THE
MONUMENTS THEMSELVES. THE MEMORIALS ARE CONCEIVED BY US NOT ONLY
AS ARCHITECTURAL COMPLEXES BUT ALSO AS SPIRITUAL COMPLEXES, AS
LIBRARIES OF FACTS AND TRIBUNES OF PUBLIC THOUGHT.
THE "MEMORIAL" SOCIETY MUST BECOME THE ORGANIZER OF THE
RESTRUCTURING OF MEMORY, A CAUSE OF THE WHOLE PEOPLE, A UNIVERSAL
CAUSE. THE RECREATION OF THE PEOPLE'S MEMORY IS IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT
THE PEOPLE'S HELP.
/****** BEGINNING OF TAKE 003 ******/
REF: PM1011163188 MOSCOW LITERATURNAYA GAZETA RUSSIAN 2
NOV///THE PEOPLE'S HELP.
TEXT:
((TEXT)) THEREFORE HELP "MEMORIAL"I
THE RUSTY BARBED WIRE OF THE FORMER CAMPS, LYING IN WAIT IN THE
BRUSHWOOD, IS A VIPER THAN CAN STILL CAUSE A DEADLY BITE. THE
POISON CONTAINED IN THE BARBS OF THE CAMP WIRE HAS CONTAMINATED
THOSE WHO PERCEIVE THE PATH INTO THE FUTURE AS LEADING NOT THROUGH
DEMOCRACY BUT THROUGH FORCIBLE SUBORDINATION, NOT THROUGH PLURALISM
BUT THROUGH CONVEYER-BELT UNIFORMITY. THIS CAMP WIRE ENTANGLED SO
MANY TALENTED SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF ALL NATIONALITIES IN OUR
MOTHERLAND -- PEASANTS, PROLETARIANS, MEMBERS OF THE
INTELLIGENTSIA, PARTY MEMBERS, NONPARTY PEOPLE, CLERICS, AND SIMPLE
BELIEVERS. WHO KNOWS, HAD THEY REMAINED ALIVE MAYBE DEMOCRACY AND
GLASNOST WOULD HAVE DEVELOPED NATURALLY AS FAR BACK AS THE
TWENTIES, AND THEN THERE WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN SO MANY CRIMES, THE
WAR AGAINST FASCISM WOULD HAVE BEEN WON MUCH EARLIER, AND MAYBE THE
FASCISTS WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ABLE TO CAPTURE POWER BY REFERENCE TO
WORLDWIDE "RED TERROR" AND THE ENTIRE POLITICAL ATMOSPHERE IN THE
WORLD COULD HAVE BEEN DIFFERENT. OUR FUTURE WAS STOLEN FOR SEVERAL
DECADES. WE MUST KNOW HOW THIS HAPPENED SO THAT OUR FUTURE CAN
NEVER AGAIN BE STOLEN. THE STUDY OF THE PAST IS THE SALVATION OF
THE FUTURE, THE GUARANTEE OF THE FUTURE. THE TASK OF "MEMORIAL" IS
TO STUDY THE PAST NOT FOR THE SAKE OF ACCURATE RECORDS BUT FOR THE
SAKE OF ACCURACY IN MAPPING OUT FUTURE PROSPECTS, FOR THE SAKE OF
ENSURING THAT THE TRAGEDY THAT BEFELL OUR RECENT FOREBEARS DOES NOT
RECUR TO BEFALL OUR IMMEDIATE OR DISTANT OFFSPRING.
THEREFORE HELP "MEMORIAL"I
FOLLOWING THE TRAGIC YEARS WHEN CONSCIENCE, JUSTICE, AND TRUTH
WERE LOCKED BEHIND BARS, IT IS NECESSARY TO MORALLY SENTENCE
STALINISM TO LIFE IMPRISONMENT AS AN ANTI-PEOPLE PHENOMENON. THIS
IS NOT SO MUCH A MATTER OF STALIN'S ACTUAL PERSONALITY OR HIS CLOSE
ASSOCIATES, IT IT A MATTER OF STALINISM. ITS RESULT HAS BEEN
PARADOXICALLY TRAGIC -- THE STATE AND MAN, CLASS INTERESTS AND
UNIVERSAL INTERESTS HAVE ALL SUFFERED THROUGH IT. AN ANALYSIS OF
THE TRAMPLING OF DEMOCRACY IN THE PAST MEANS ENSURING THE
PROTECTION OF DEMOCRACY IN THE FUTURE. THE MEMORIAL IN MOSCOW MUST
BE AN ALL-UNION LECTURE AND RESEARCH CENTER WHERE THE MORALITY OF
THE PRESENT IS ELABORATED AS THE FOUNDATION OF THE FUTURE ON THE
BASIS OF VERIFIED FACTS OF THE PAST. RESEARCH ACTIVITY MUST NOT
FOLLOW THE BIASED LINE OF BRINGING ONLY NEGATIVE FACTS TO LIGHT AND
DELIBERATELY SENSATIONALIZING THE HORRORS. WE MUST MAKE PUBLIC NOT
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ONLY THE CRIMES AND BETRAYALS BUT ALSO THE COURAGE OF RESISTANCE,
THE FEAT OF MERCY, AND THE SPIRITUAL HYGIENE OF NONPARTICIPATION.
IT WAS IN THOSE TERRIBLE YEARS THAT MANY GREAT BOOKS WERE WRITTEN
AND MANY REMARKABLE TECHNICAL IDEAS WERE PUT FORWARD. BUT AT THE
SAME TIME WE MUST NOT USE THE TALENTED AND HONEST WORK OF MANY
PEOPLE IN THOSE YEARS TO JUSTIFY THE SELF-GENOCIDE THAT WAS BEING
SIMULTANEOUSLY CONDUCTED.
THE TASKS OF THE "MEMORIAL" SOCIETY LACK ALL VENGEFULNESS. WE
ARE NOT ADVOCATING THE PHYSICAL PERSECUTION OF THOSE WHO WERE IN
SOME WAY OR ANOTHER INVOLVED IN STALINISM'S BLOODY CRIMES. WE DEEM
IT PROFOUNDLY IMMORAL TO GROUNDLESSLY ACCUSE PEOPLE WHO ARE STILL
ALIVE OR ARE ALREADY DEAD. BUT IF THERE IS IRREFUTABLE EVIDENCE OF
GUILT BEFORE THE TRIAL OF HISTORY, THEN LET THE SOCIAL PUNISHMENT
TAKE THE FORM OF PUBLISHING THE TRUTH ABOUT SPECIFIC CRIMES
COMMITTED BY SPECIFIC PEOPLE, ACCOMPLICES IN THE WAR WAGED AGAINST
OUR OWN PEOPLE. THE COVERUP OF THE TRUTH ABOUT CRIMES CONTAINS A
POTENTIAL DANGER THAT THEY MIGHT RECUR.
THE "MEMORIAL" SOCIETY MUST BECOME ONE OF THE CENTERS FOR MOST
ACTIVE ASSISTANCE TO RESTRUCTURING, GLASNOST, NEW THINKING, AND
DEMOCRACY.
THE "MEMORIAL" SOCIETY WILL STRENGTHEN INTERETHNIC TIES BETWEEN
OUR COUNTRY'S FRATERNAL PEOPLES, BECAUSE NOTHING BONDS AS FIRMLY AS
SHARED SUFFERING.
THE "MEMORIAL" SOCIETY HOPES THAT IT WILL RECEIVE INTERNATIONAL
SUPPORT BECAUSE OUR SOCIETY'S DEMOCRATIZATION AND COMPLETE
DE-STALINIZATION OFFER ONE OF THE MAIN HISTORICAL ARGUMENTS FOR THE
SAKE OF NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT AND MUTUAL TRUST BETWEEN PEOPLES.
THEREFORE HELP "MEMORIAL"I
THE "MEMORIAL" SOCIETY GRATEFULLY ACCEPTS DONATIONS FOR THE
ERECTION OF A MEMORIAL COMPLEX TO THE VICTIMS OF REPRESSIONS
(ACCOUNT NO. 700454).
THE "MEMORIAL" SOCIETY AWAITS ANY DOCUMENTARY MATERIAL AND
SUGGESTIONS FROM YOU, ADDRESSED TO: 125319 MOSCOW, NO. 2
CHERNYAKHOVSKIY STREET.
ON INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE PUBLIC COUNCIL,
((SIGNED)) YEVG. YEVTUSHENKO
ADMIN
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COUNTRY: USSR
SUBJ: TAKE 1 OF 3 -- STALIN SLANDER SUIT REJECTED
REF: PM1805152688 AND ADD MOSCOW SOVETSKAYA KULTURA
RUSSIAN 19 MAY -- ADAMOVICH WARNS OF ANTIRESTRUCTURING
SOURCE: MOSCOW IZVESTIYA IN RUSSIAN 23 SEP 88 MORNING
EDITION P 6
TEXT:
//((PAVEL GUTIONTOV ARTICLE: "ACTION NO. 17 IN DEFENSE OF
COMRADE STALIN DISMISSED BY THE RAYON COURT" -- WORDS WITHIN
SLANTLINES PRINTED IN BOLDFACE))
((TEXT)) THE ACTION WAS FILED BY IVAN TIMOFEYEVICH
SHEKHOVTSOV, FORMER PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE OFFICIAL NOW RETIRED ON
PENSION AND RESIDENT OF KHARKOV. HE TOOK WRITER ALES ADAMOVICH
TO COURT, ACCUSING HIM OF INSULTING I.V. STALIN'S HONOR AND
DIGNITY AND ALSO HIS, I.T. SHEKHOVTSOV'S, HONOR AND DIGNITY.
THAT WAS THE 17TH ACTION FILED BY SHEKHOVTSOV AGAINST A WIDE RANGE
OF PRESS ORGANS AND THEIR WRITERS. THE PREVIOUS 16 WERE NOT
REFERRED FOR TRIAL SINCE THEY EXCLUSIVELY CONCERNED ONLY STALIN
(SOMEONE WHO, IN SHEKHOVTSOV'S WORDS, "CANNOT PERSONALLY EXPLAIN
AND JUSTIFY HIMSELF"), BUT THE FORMER PROSECUTOR PERCEIVED ELEMENTS
OF PERSONAL INSULT IN ADAMOVICH'S ARTICLE PUBLISHED BY SOVETSKAYA
KULTURA 19 MAY THIS YEAR.
THE POINT IS THAT THE WRITER CITED HIS LETTER TO VASIL BYKOV,
WHOM SHEKHOVTSOV HAD TAKEN TO TASK FOR AN ARTICLE IN IZVESTIYA
WHICH, IN HIS OPINION, CONTAINED INSULTING ATTACKS AGAINST THE
LEADER ((STALIN -- FBIS)), ADVISING HIM TO IMMEDIATELY SEND TO
IZVESTIYA A LETTER SAYING THAT HE HAD "REVISED HIS POSITIONS."
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BYKOV FAILED TO REVISE HIS POSITIONS, BUT THE LETTER WAS READ BY
ADAMOVICH, WHO, WITHOUT ACTUALLY NAMING THE WRITER, DEEMED IT
PERMISSIBLE TO QUOTE THE FOLLOWING LINES FROM IT:
"A STALWART JURIST FROM STALIN'S TIME WRITES: 'YOU SAY:
"VAVILOV WAS TORTURED..." BUT THE POINT IS THAT, UNDER THE LAW,
THE USE OF TORTURE AND OTHER ILLEGAL METHODS CAN BE CONSIDERED
GROUNDS FOR QUASHING A SENTENCE ONLY IF THE PERSONS WHO USED THESE
METHODS HAVE THEMSELVES BEEN SENTENCED. SO, WAS INVESTIGATOR
KHVAT, WHO IS ALLEGED TO HAVE TORTURED VAVILOV, INVESTIGATED?.."
"DO YOU HEAR," ADAMOVICH COMMENTED, "THE TRIUMPHANT DEFENDER OF
BUTCHERS, GLOATING OVER WHAT IS, FRANKLY, OUR LIBERALISM? AHA, IN
THE SIXTIES THEY LET THE BUTCHERS EVADE THE COURTS AND HIDE BEHIND
THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS... WELL, TOUGHI IT IS NOT YOUR
VERDICTS, BUT OURS THAT REMAIN IN FORCE.. WHEN YOU READ THINGS
LIKE THAT, YOU GROAN AS IF YOU HAD TOOTHACHE, BUT WHAT THEN, HOW
CAN YOU REPLY IF IT IS NOT A PERSON FACING YOU, BUT A BRICK WALL..."
SHEKHOVTSOV HAD NO OBJECTIONS TO HIS OWN LETTER BEING QUOTED.
BUT HE COMPLAINED ABOUT THE TERM "TRIUMPHANT DEFENDER OF BUTCHERS"
AND DEMANDED PROOF THAT THOSE WHOSE DEFENSE HE HAS UNDERTAKEN WERE
INDEED BUTCHERS. AND, AS YOU CAN EASILY UNDERSTAND, LIEUTENANT
KHVAT WAS NO MORE THAN AN EXCUSE FOR A CONVERSATION ON A MUCH
BROADER TOPIC.
IN ESSENCE, IT CONCERNED THE JUDICIAL ACQUITTAL OF STALINISM.
I WAS INVITED TO ATTEND THE TRIAL BY DANIIL GRANIN, WHO HAD
COME TO MOSCOW ON BUSINESS OF HIS OWN AND HAD PUT SOME OF IT OFF SO
AS TO BE ABLE TO ATTEND THIS TRIAL. THE HALL WAS CHOCKABLOCK, THERE
WERE NO EMPTY SEATS AND SOME PEOPLE WERE EVEN STANDING. TELEVISION
AND MOVIE CAMERAS WERE SHOOTING AWAY, AND DOCTORS OF SCIENCES V.
POLIKARPOV, A. MISHIN, AND S. SHEBOLDAYEV AND CURRENT AFFAIRS
WRITER YU. KARYAKIN WERE AMONG THE WITNESSES SUMMONED...
WHAT POSITIONS WERE TAKEN BY THE SIDES IN THIS TRIAL?
SHEKHOVTSOV DEMANDED AN END TO THE PRESS CENSURING OF THE
"PERIOD IN OUR HISTORY WHEN THE PARTY AND STATE WERE HEADED BY
COMRADE I.V. STALIN." ALSO THAT MATERIAL ON TOPICS CONCERNING
REHABILITATION BE WRITTEN ONLY BY "PERSONS VESTED-WITH THE
NECESSARY POWERS."
/***** BEGINNING OF TAKE 002 ******/
REF: PM2709080188 MOSCOW IZVESTIYA RUSSIAN 23 SEP///THE
NECESSARY POWERS."
TEXT:
((TEXT)) ADAMOVICH DECLARED THAT "WE WILL NOT WAIT FOR JURISTS
FROM THE STALIN SCHOOL TO GIVE US PERMISSION TO EXAMINE THESE
THINGS IN THE WAY OUR MORAL SENSE DICTATES."
BY WAY OF EVIDENCE, SHEKHOVTSOV CITED NEWSPAPERS "FROM THE
PERIOD 1935-1948." THE RESPONDENTS (THE SOVETSKAYA KULTURA
EDITORIAL BOARD IN ADDITION TO ADAMOVICH) CITED THE ASSESSMENTS
MADE IN THE REPORT TO THE FESTIVE SESSION DEVOTED TO THE 70TH
ANNIVERSARY OF SOVIET POWER AND A RECENT INTERVIEW GIVEN TO PRAVDA
BY M.S. SOLOMENTSEV, MEMBER OF THE CPSU CENTRAL COMMITTEE
POLITBURO.
SHEKHOVTSOV CLAIMED THAT SINCE THERE HAD BEEN NO TRIAL OF THOSE
WHO INSPIRED THE TERROR, IT IS ILLEGAL TO CALL THEM BUTCHERS AND
EVEN TO ACCUSE THEM OF CRIMES. THE RESPONDENTS COUNTERCLAIMED:
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SURELY WE ARE ENTITLED TO DESCRIBE MALYUTA SKURATOV ((CHIEF OF
SECRET POLICE UNDER IVAN THE TERRIBLE -- FBIS)) AS A BUTCHER AND
TAMERLANE AS A BLOODY TYRANT. YET NO COURT PASSED A VERDICT ON
EITHER OF THEM, AND NOW IT IS HARDLY FEASIBLE TO GIVE EACH ONE OF
THEM THE FLOOR TO JUSTIFY THEMSELVES...
ALL THIS COULD EASILY BE LAUGHED OFF: "COME ON, YOU GUYS, WE'RE
GETTING READY TO CELEBRATE OUR MILLENNIUMI" BUT BEHIND THIS ACTION
STANDS A TERRIBLE PHENOMENON WHICH IS BY NO MEANS BURIED IN THE
PAST. STALINISM IS STILL ALIVE, AND SWEEPING IT OUT OF OUR PRESENT
MEANS MORE THAN JUST TAKING THE GENERALISSIMO'S PHOTOGRAPH OFF A
BUS WINDSHIELD. STALINISM IS A WAY OF THINKING WHICH SPARES NO
THOUGHT FOR MAN...
BUT WHY "RAKE UP THE PAST"? WHY NOT FORGET IT LIKE A BAD
NIGHTMARE? WHY REOPEN OLD WOUNDS?
IN ORDER TO PREVENT THESE WOUNDS GOING SEPTIC. IN ORDER TO
REALLY CONSIGN THE PAST TO /THE PAST./ IN ORDER TO RESTORE THE
SOLE PROPER MEANING OF THE TERMS "GOOD" AND "EVIL" -- BECAUSE,
INCIDENTALLY, THE DISTORTION OF THEIR ACTUAL MEANING UNDER STALIN
PLAYED BY NO MEANS THE LEAST ROLE IN THE SPROUTING OF DUPLICITY IN
BREZHNEV'S ERA.
THE TRAGEDY OF STALINSHCHINA CONCERNS MORE THAN THE PURPOSEFUL
DESTRUCTION OF THE PICK AND PRIDE OF THE COUNTRY -- IT MERCILESSLY
PERVERTED THE MINDS OF THE SURVIVORS. DURING A BREAK BETWEEN COURT
SESSIONS, SOMEONE ASKED SHEKHOVTSOV: "TELL US THEN, DID STALIN DO
ANYTHING GOOD FOR YOU PERSONALLY?" IVAN TIMOFEYEVICH REPLIED:
"HE DID" AND HE NARRATED THE FOLLOWING STORY VERBATIM.
BACK IN 1929, HIS FAMILY WAS DEKULAKIZED BY VIRTUE OF A RURAL
SOVIET DECISION. AT 3 YEARS OF AGE, HE WAS THE OLDEST OF THREE
CHILDREN. WHILE ON BOARD THE SPECIAL TRAIN, HIS MOTHER USED TO
WRAP THE WET DIAPERS AROUND HER OWN BODY TO DRY THEM... THE
YOUNGEST DIED... BUT RIGHT AFTER STALIN'S ARTICLE "GIDDY WITH
SUCCESS" HIS FAMILY WAS BROUGHT BACK...
PRECISELY SO: THE RURAL SOVIET SENT THEM TO EXILE, STALIN
BROUGHT THEM BACK...
IVAN TIMOFEYEVICH SHOULD BE PITIED. BUT HE PERSONALLY HAS NO
PITY FOR ANYONE. FOLLOWING THE ARTICLE ABOUT RASKOLNIKOV PUBLISHED
BY OGONEK LAST YEAR, SHEKHOVTSOV ASKED THE MOSCOW PROSECUTOR TO
INSTITUTE CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AGAINST ITS AUTHOR, V. POLIKARPOV,
"FOR DISSEMINATING IN PRINT DELIBERATELY FALSE FABRICATIONS
DEFAMING THE SOVIET STATE AND SOCIAL SYSTEM..." THE JUSTIFICATION
OF HIS REQUEST TOOK SIX WRITTEN PAGES. AS IN THE GOOD OLD DAYS...
NOW HE DEMANDS INCONTROVERTIBLE PROOF THAT REPRESSIONS ACTUALLY
TOOK PLACE AND THAT STALIN WAS ACTUALLY GUILTY OF THEM. FINE,
FACTS WERE ALSO CITED AT THE TRIAL.
THERE WAS MENTION OF A RECENT ARTICLE IN IZVESTIYA ABOUT THE
TRAGEDY OF KUROPATY, AN OBSCURE AND TINY PLACE NEAR MINSK WHERE
REPRESSED PEOPLE WERE SHOT EN MASSE IN THE LATE THIRTIES. THE
BELORUSSIAN PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE HAS LAUNCHED AN INVESTIGATION OF
THIS CASE, AND THE NEWSPAPER CITED EXCERPTS FROM EYEWITNESS
TESTIMONIES BY LOCAL RESIDENTS...
"HAVE YOU READ ABOUT KUROPATY?", SHEKHOVTSOV WAS ASKED IN
COURT.
"AND DID YOU KNOW THAT THIS IZVESTIYA ARTICLE WAS IMMEDIATELY
REPORTED BY VOA?", SHEKHOVTSOV ANSWERED THE QUESTION BY ANOTHER
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QUESTION...
ORIGINALS OF THE SO-CALLED "SHOW TRIALS" HAVE BEEN PRESERVED,
WITH EVERY PAGE LISTING BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS OF THE EXPOSED "ENEMY
OF THE PEOPLE" FOLLOWED BY A "SUMMARY OF THE CASE" OUTLINED IN A
FEW LINES. THERE ARE THREE SIGNATURES UNDERNEATH: VYSHINSKIY,
ULRIKH, AND YEZHOV. ALL THAT WAS LEFT FOR STALIN TO DO WAS TO
PUT A FIGURE IN THE CORNER OF THE PAGE -- "1" (EXECUTION BY FIRING
SQUAD) OR "2" (10 YEARS IN CAMP). THE DESTINY OF THOSE LEFT
UNTOUCHED BY STALIN'S PENCIL WAS INDEED DECIDED WITHOUT HIS
KNOWLEDGE, BUT ALONG VERY SIMILAR LINES...
/****** BEGINNING OF TAKE 003 ******/
REF: PM2709080188 MOSCOW IZVESTIYA RUSSIAN 23 SEP///VERY
SIMILAR LINES...
TEXT:
((TEXT)) DOCTOR OF HISTORICAL SCIENCES V. POLIKARPOV,
TESTIFYING AS WITNESS BEFORE THE COURT, CITED A FIGURE: IN
1937-1938 ALONE STALIN SIGNED 393 LISTS CONTAINING THE NAMES OF
HUNDREDS UPON HUNDREDS OF INNOCENT PEOPLE. AND THEN HE SAID,
TURNING TO SHEKHOVTSOV: "IF YOU REALLY WERE A HISTORIAN, AS YOU
CLAIM, YOU MUST KNOW THAT THE EXPERT STUDY WHICH YOU AS A JURIST
DEMAND BE CONDUCTED WAS CONDUCTED EVEN BEFORE THE 20TH CONGRESS,
AND ITS DEDUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS -- BASED ON A MOST THOROUGH
STUDY OF DOCUMENTS -- ARE KNOWN ALL OVER THE WORLD..."
"ARE YOU NOW IN A POSITION TO SHOW ME THE ORIGINALS OF THESE
DOCUMENTS?", SHEKHOVTSOV ASKED...
OF COURSE, IVAN TIMOFEYEVICH SHEKHOVTSOV, A JURIST AND
UPHOLDER OF THE LAW, KNOWS AND INSISTS THAT NO CITIZEN CAN BE CALLED
A CRIMINAL UNLESS HE HAS BEEN TRIED. BUT HE NONETHELESS DEMANDS:
"LET THEM NAME A SPECIFIC IVANOV, PETROV, OR SIDOROV WHO WAS
PERSONALLY EXTERMINATED BY STALIN"
INDEED, HE IS RIGHT HERE. LET US NAME (AND WE NOT ONLY CAN BUT
MUST DO THIS) INDIVIDUALLY ALL THE VICTIMS OF THE TERROR AND THE
ORGANIZERS OF THE TERROR -- THOSE WHO PREPARED AND THOSE WHO SIGNED
THE "EXTERMINATION LISTS," AND THOSE WHO CARRIED OUT THE UNLAWFUL
"SENTENCES." WE MUST DO THIS NOW, EVEN THOUGH IT MIGHT BE LATE.
AND IT IS MORE THAN JUST A MATTER OF RESTORING SIMPLE HISTORICAL
JUSTICE, EVEN THOUGH THIS IS, OF COURSE, HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT.
I WOULD LIKE TO CITE -- MAINLY VERBATIM -- PART OF THE COURT
SPEECH BY WRITER ALES ADAMOVICH, RESPONDENT IN THE ACTION ABOUT
INSULTING THE HONOR AND DIGNITY OF STALIN AND A STALINIST:
"NEITHER I NOR MY FAMILY (MOTHER, FATHER, AND BROTHER) SUFFERED
DIRECTLY IN STALIN'S REPRESSIONS, THERE IS NO PERSONAL INJURY
INVOLVED. NONETHELESS, I CONSIDER MYSELF ONE OF THE VICTIMS AND AM
PREPARED TO FILE MY OWN 'ACTION' AGAINST STALIN AND HIS DEFENDERS.
"IT WAS HE, STALIN, WHO RUINED MY COUNTRY'S AGRICULTURE BY
'DEPEASANTIZING' IT AND I, INHABITANT OF AN AREA ACCOUNTING FOR
ONE-SIXTH OF THE PLANET, AM INCAPABLE OF FEEDING MYSELF. NOT ONLY
DID HE 'DEPEASANTIZE' THE COUNTRY, HE ALSO DEPRIVED IT OF FOOD
SCIENTISTS LIKE NIKOLAY VAVILOV, KILLING THEM THROUGH THE AGENCY OF
BUTCHER-INVESTIGATORS AND BUTCHER-PROSECUTORS LIKE KHVAT AND
VYSHINSKIY.
"IT WAS HE, STALIN, WHO KILLED OFF A SIZABLE PROPORTION OF MY
PEOPLE.
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"IT WAS HE WHO MADE PEOPLE LOOK SUSPICIOUSLY AT THEIR FELLOW
CITIZENS FOR DECADES ON END: COULD HE BE AN INFORMER?.. HE THUS
FRAGMENTED US, DEPRIVED US OF THE SENSE OF RESPECT FOR ONE ANOTHER,
AND THUS OF OUR OWN SELF-RESPECT.
"IT WAS STALIN WHO, THROUGH HIS POLICY OF REPRESSIONS, ALMOST
LEFT ME TO THE MERCY OF FASCISM (AND IN FACT DID LEAVE 80 MILLION)
AND AFTERWARD TREATED US (INCLUDING PARTISANS AND UNDERGROUND
FIGHTERS) AS TRAITORS: THEY LIVED IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY
"AND FINALLY IT WAS HE, STALIN, WHO DISCREDITED SOCIALISM...
"THERE IT IS, MY FAR FROM COMPLETE CASE AGAINST STALIN, AND
THEREFORE AGAINST HIS DEFENDERS..."
...MOSCOW'S SVERDLOVSKIY RAYON PEOPLE'S COURT DECIDED TO
DISMISS I.T. SHEKHOVTSOV'S ACTION. THIS IS AN IMPORTANT AND
PRINCIPLED DECISION, THOUGH THE FORMER DEPUTY PROSECUTOR IS, OF
COURSE, ENTITLED TO APPEAL AGAINST IT. BUT NO MATTER WHAT HE AND
HIS ASSOCIATES MIGHT DO, STALIN AND STALINISM HAVE ALREADY BEEN
SENTENCED BY A /SUPREME/ COURT WHOSE SENTENCE IS FINAL AND NOT
SUBJECT TO APPEAL. THIS IS THE SENTENCE BY HISTORY, AND THIS
SENTENCE IS ALREADY LEGALLY IN FORCE.
ADMIN
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/08/10: CIA-RDP89GO072OR000300130001-3
COUNTRY: USSR
SUBJ: BELORUSSIAN THIRTIES' SHOOTINGS INVESTIGATED
SOURCE: MOSCOW IZVESTIYA IN RUSSIAN 12 SEP 88 MORNING
EDITION P 4
TEXT:
//((REPORT BY M. SHIMANSKIY: "TRAGEDY IN KUROPATY: WHO
WAS SHOT HERE?"))
((TEXT)) AS WE HAVE ALREADY REPORTED (IZVESTIYA NO. 241) THE
BELORUSSIAN COUNCIL OF MINISTERS HAS CREATED A GOVERNMENT
COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE DEATHS OF THE
PEOPLE WHOSE REMAINS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED IN THE KUROPATY FOREST
NEAR MINSK. THE INVESTIGATION GROUP OF THE REPUBLIC'S PROSECUTOR'S
OFFICE HAS MADE AVAILABLE TO THE COMMISSION THE RESULTS OF THE
INTERROGATION OF WITNESSES.
V. SOBOLEV, CHIEF OF THE INVESTIGATION SECTION, AND YA.
BROLISHS, INVESTIGATOR FOR ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT CASES, TOLD YOUR
IZVESTIYA CORRESPONDENT THAT 80 INHABITANTS OF THE VILLAGES OF
TSNA, ZABOLOTYE, DROZDOVO, AND OTHERS WERE QUESTIONED.
N. KARZHVICH, BORN 1919: "IN 1937 THEY BEGAN TO ERECT A FENCE
IN THIS FOREST. THE FENCE WAS ABOUT 3 METERS HIGH. THE APPROACH
ROAD WAS FROM THE DIRECTION OF MINSK. THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARIAT
OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS KEPT CONSTANT GUARD OVER THE TERRITORY. THEY
USUALLY BROUGHT PEOPLE HERE IN THE EVENING, AFTER 1700-1800 HOURS.
THEY SHOT THEM IMMEDIATELY. I DID NOT GO THERE OFTEN, MY PARENTS
WOULD NOT LET ME. WHEN I DID APPROACH I LOOKED THROUGH A HOLE IN
THE FENCE. PEOPLE WERE PUT IN A LINE ABOVE SOME HOLES. ON ONE
OCCASION MY FATHER AND I DROVE BY THIS PLACE IN A CART. A HOLE
ABOUT 5 METERS LONG WAS FULL OF BODIES. THEY WERE COVERED ONLY
WITH BRANCHES.
0. BOROVSKAYA, BORN 1927: "OF THE EVENTS WHICH TOOK PLACE IN
THAT FOREST I CAN SAY THE FOLLOWING: SHOUTS AND GROANS COULD BE
HEARD FROM THE FOREST. PEOPLE SHOUTED: 'WHY US?' AND SHOTS WERE
ALSO HEARD. AT FIRST THE SHOOTING WAS DURING THE DAY AND AT
NIGHT. THIS ALL HAPPENED IN 1937-1938 AND THEN CONTINUED RIGHT UP
TO THE WAR ITSELF. LATER IT WAS USUALLY EVERY COUPLE OF DAYS OR
SO. WOMEN'S VOICES WERE ALSO HEARD.
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"IN THE SUMMER OF 1938 WE CHILDREN WERE ONCE OUT PICKING
BERRIES. WE CREPT IN THROUGH A TRENCH UNDER THE FENCE. THE TRUCKS
BEGAN TO ARRIVE. THERE WAS NOWHERE TO GO SO I HID UNDER A FIR
TREE. A COVERED TRUCK FOLLOWED A PASSENGER CAR. THERE WERE BARS
ON THE BODY OF THE TRUCK. MEN DRESSED IN GRAY CIVILIAN SUITS AND
BAREHEADED GOT OUT OF THE PASSENGER CAR. THE MEN LED PEOPLE OUT OF
THE TRUCK. THEIR HANDS WERE TIED BEHIND THEIR BACKS. THEY BEGAN
TO SHOOT THEM. THE PEOPLE CRIED: "OH, GOD, WHY US?"
D. TOVSTIK, BORN 1911: "IT WAS A YEAR OR TWO BEFORE THE WAR,
THAT IS IN 1939 OR 1940. ONE SUMMER'S DAY WE WERE REAPING CORN
NEAR THIS FOREST. A TRUCK WITH AN OPEN CHASSIS APPROACHED US ALONG
THE ROAD. MEN IN CIVILIAN CLOTHING WERE SITTING IN IT. THE TRUCK
WENT INSIDE THE FENCE. WE DECIDED TO TAKE A LOOK AND APPROACHED
THE FENCE, REMOVED THE BOARDS, AND SAW THE MEN DIGGING A HOLE.
THEN THEY LEFT. SOON AFTER THAT A TRUCK WITH A BLACK CABIN PASSED
THROUGH THE FENCE INTO THE FOREST. AND SHOTS AND SHOUTING WERE
HEARD IMMEDIATELY. THEN THE TRUCK LEFT. WE WENT TO LOOK. WHEN
WE HAD CRAWLED UNDER THE FENCE WE SAW THE HOLE HAD BEEN COVERED WITH
FRESH SAND, WHICH WAS MOVING."
N. POTERSHUK, BORN 1929: "EVERYONE IN OUR VILLAGE AT THE TIME
KNEW ABOUT THE SHOOTINGS BECAUSE SHOTS WERE HEARD FROM THE FOREST
ALMOST EVERY DAY. NONE OF THE LOCAL INHABITANTS KNEW WHO WAS BEING
SHOT -- THEY WERE FRIGHTENED TO TALK ABOUT IT, EVEN AMONG
THEMSELVES. I REMEMBER HOW ONCE A FRIEND AND I NONETHELESS DECIDED
TO TAKE A LOOK AT WHAT WAS HAPPENING THERE ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE
FENCE. THIS WAS IN APPROXIMATELY 1939. WE APPROACHED THE FENCE
TOWARD EVENING. I SAW AND WELL REMEMBER HOW SOME 40 METERS FROM
WHERE WE WERE SITTING ABOUT 8 MEN WERE DIGGING A HOLE. WHEN THEY
HAD DUG THE HOLE THEY WERE PUT IN A TRUCK AND DRIVEN AWAY. WE RAN
TO THE GRAVEL ROAD AND WAITED. SOON TRUCKS APPEARED, ONE COVERED,
THE OTHERS ORDINARY TRUCKS WITH HIGH SIDES. THESE TRUCKS CONTAINED
ONLY MEN, THEY WERE DRIVEN FROM THE TRUCKS BY MEN IN MILITARY
UNIFORM AND PUSHED TOWARD THE HOLE. THEN SHOTS WERE HEARD."
"WE ARE CONTINUING THE QUESTIONING OF WITNESSES," YA. BROLISHS
SAID. "WE ARE ALSO TO CARRY OUT AND TO OBTAIN CONCLUSIONS FROM THE
FORENSIC, CRIMINAL, AND OTHER EXPERT REPORTS WHICH HAVE ALREADY
BEEN COMMISSIONED. WHEN WE HAVE ALL THE CONCLUSIONS, WE WILL
ANALYZE THEM CAREFULLY AND COMPARE THEM WITH THE WITNESSES'
EVIDENCE AND ONLY AFTER THAT WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO DRAW OBJECTIVE
AND RELIABLE CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE EVENTS IN KUROPATY.
V. KONDRATYEV, FIRST DEPUTY PROSECUTOR OF THE BELORUSSIAN
SSR, IS DIRECTLY SUPERVISING THE INVESTIGATION.
"I WANT TO APPEAL THROUGH IZVESTIYA," HE SAID, "TO ALL THOSE
WHO KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT THE EVENTS IN KUROPATY TO TELL THIS TO THE
BELORUSSIAN PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE."
ADMIN
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COUNTRY: USSR
SUBJ: COMMISSION PROBES ORIGINS OF UNMARKED GRAVES
SOURCE: MOSCOW IZVESTIYA IN RUSSIAN 28 AUG 88 MORNING
EDITION P 2
TEXT:
//((REPORT BY IZVESTIYA OWN CORRESPONDENT M. SHIMANSKIY
UNDER THE RUBRIC "GLASNOST VERSUS RUMORS": "WHOSE REMAINS LIE
IN THE FOREST NEAR MINSK"))
((TEXT)) MINSK -- TODAY THE NAME KUROPATY IS OFTEN HEARD IN
BELORUSSIA, AND IS BECOMING SURROUNDED BY DIVERSE RUMORS. MANY
ANONYMOUS GRAVES HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED HERE.
KUROPATY IS A FOREST TRACT ON THE NORTHERN OUTSKIRTS OF MINSK.
THE "ZELENYY LUG" RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT HAS SPREAD RIGHT UP TO IT.
OLD-TIMERS CONFIRM THAT FROM 1937 TO 1941 SHOTS WERE HEARD EVERY
DAY AND EVERY NIGHT IN THE WOOD.
RECENTLY WHEN A GAS LINE TRENCH WAS LAID ONE OF THE GRAVES WAS
DISTURBED. BONES, 15 BULLET-RIDDEN HUMAN SKULLS AND THE REMAINS OF
20 PAIRS OF SHOES WERE FOUND IN IT. THE SUPPOSITION WAS VOICED
THAT DURING STALIN'S TIME MASS EXECUTIONS TOOK PLACE IN THE
KUROPATY WOOD.
THE BELORUSSIAN SSR COUNCIL OF MINISTERS SET UP A
GOVERNMENTAL COMMISSION WHICH WAS INSTRUCTED TO FIND OUT WHOSE
REMAINS LIE IN KUROPATY AND WHAT HAPPENED HERE AT THE END OF THE
1930'S AND THE BEGINNING OF THE 1940'S. I MET WITH G.
TARNAVSKIY, DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMISSION AND BELORUSSIAN
SSR PROSECUTOR.
"WE CAN WELL UNDERSTAND PUBLIC CONCERN IN CONNECTION WITH THE
MASS GRAVES DISCOVERED IN KUROPATY," HE SAID. "OUR COMMISSION HAS
STARTED WORK. IT IS HEADED BY N. MAZAY, DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE
REPUBLIC'S COUNCIL OF MINISTERS. IT INCLUDES REPRESENTATIVES OF
THE LAW ENFORCEMENT, PARTY, AND SOVIET ORGANS AND THE PUBLIC. HERO
OF SOCIALIST LABOR AND WRITER VASIL BYKOV, USSR PEOPLE'S
ARTIST MIKHAIL SAVITSKIY, AND HERO OF THE SOVIET UNION MARIYA
OSIPOVA ARE AMONG THEM. SPECIALISTS BEGAN TO WORK IN THE ARCHIVES
BUT MANY DOCUMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH BELORUSSIA'S OCCUPATION
DURING THE WAR YEARS WERE NOT KEPT.
EXCAVATIONS ARE ALSO UNDER WAY. HUMAN REMAINS AND VARIOUS
OBJECTS HAVE ALSO BEEN DISCOVERED: CLOTHING, FOOTWEAR, COMBS AND
EYEGLASSES... ALL THESE ARE BEING HANDED OVER TO THE INSTITUTE OF
FORENSIC EXAMINATION FOR INVESTIGATION. THERE ARE HOLES IN SOME
SKULLS WHICH ARE SIMILAR TO BULLET HOLES. BUT THE EXPERT
EXAMINATION WILL ANSWER THIS QUESTION PRECISELY."
"HAS IT BEEN ESTABLISHED WHEN THESE PEOPLE WERE BURIED IN
KUROPATY?"
"IT IS STILL IMPOSSIBLE TO ANSWER THIS PRECISELY. ACCORDING TO
WITNESSES' STORIES, THIS WAS AT THE END OF THE 1930'S AND THE
BEGINNING OF THE 1940'S. BUT THE FINAL CONCLUSION CAN ONLY BE MADE
AFTER THE INVESTIGATION IS COMPLETED. EXPERT EXAMINATION WILL
DETERMINE WHAT HAPPENED IN KUROPATY AND WHEN, WHO IS BURIED HERE
AND WHAT AGE AND SEX THESE PEOPLE WERE. THE TRUTH ABOUT THE EVENTS
IN KUROPATY MUST BE TOLD.
BUT THE DIFFICULTY OF OUR INVESTIGATION LIES IN THE FACT THAT
DURING THE LAST WAR THE NAZIS CARRIED OUT MASS EXECUTIONS OF THE
PEACEFUL POPULATION THROUGHOUT BELORUSSIAN TERRITORY, AND KILLED
POWS IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS, INCLUDING IN THE MINSK VICINITY.
CITIZENS FROM OTHER OCCUPIED STATES WERE ALSO BROUGHT HERE TO BE
EXECUTED. FOR THIS REASON HASTY CONCLUSIONS SHOULD NOT BE MADE.
HASTY CONCLUSIONS NOT FOUNDED ON TRUSTWORTHY INFORMATION ONLY GIVE
RISE TO RUMORS AND CONJECTURES, AND ROUSE EMOTIONS. AS SOON AS THE
COMMISSION HAS PRECISE, VERIFIED DATA AT ITS DISPOSAL, THESE WILL
ALL BE MADE AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC.
THE GOVERNMENT COMMISSION CONTINUES ITS WORK.
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rZI
23 November 1988
MEMORANDUM FOR: Director, Intelligence Community Staff
FROM: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
SUBJECT: Attached IC Staff Paper: Promulgation of A
Consumers Guide to Intelligence
1. The DCI and I have several problems with the attached
Consumer's Guide:
-- Who is it for? It is far too long to be read by
any policymaker at the Deputy Assistant Secretary
level or above.
-- It is so replete with different organizations,
kinds of publications and names that it would be
more confusing than helpful to someone who is
completely new. At the end, the policymaker would
not know whether he needed all of the documents
listed or which of all the different organizations
listed he should contact for help.
2. More specifically:
-- On page 3, it refers to the Senior Interagency
Group on Intelligence (SIG-I). There is a high
likelihood that this group will go out of existence
and be replaced by a similar structure but with a
different name. The interagency organization
-structure under the NSC has changed with virtually
every change of Presidents and a guide to a
structure that existed to the previous
administration seems almost certain to be out of
date very soon.
-- On page 9, paragraph 4, the section on "Research
Intelligence" talks about INR but no other element
of the Community. Why was INR selected and why do
we treat only the State Department in this respect
and not the Defense Department, CIA or other
agencies.
CL BY SIGNER
DECL OADR
ET
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SECRET
Page 24, paragraph 1 on "Strategic Warning Notice,"
states "When time is of the essence, the NIO for
Warning may issue such notices directly to the
President and the NSC, with concurrent (my
emphasis) dissemination to the DCI and the
Principals of the National Foreign Intelligence
Board." This is news to us and the idea of the NIO
for Warning issuing notices directly to the
President and the NSC is not acceptable. This must
be changed.
25X1
The "directory" listed in Section VII, beginning on
page 27, lists in detail a number of CIA people and
their telephone numbers while listing only a single
individual for virtually every other intelligence
organization. More to the point, neither the DCI
nor DDCI are mentioned anywhere. This is an open
invitation for tasking directly into the offices of
the DDI without the DDI, the DCI or DDCI having the
faintest idea what is going on. If the pattern of
the other agencies is followed, only Kerr's office
number would be listed. minimum, I think this
change should be made.
3. Again, it is not clear who the audience is and what
makes us think that the exhaustive listing of major products
will be anything other than confusing or that the directo" ry is
~~
anything other than an invitation to chaos in tasking.
4. If we are going to do something like this, it seems to
us that the main text should be no more than 5-10 pages long
with perhaps some annexes on major consumers, definitions of
classifications, products of each agency and a directory of
principal contact points. However, the text should be built
around the notion that the DCI is the President's principal
intelligence advisor and that all intelligence contributions to
the National Security Council structure -- meaning the
statutory members of the NSC, its staff and the President and
Vice President -- are the responsibility of the DCI. Then we
should focus on the role of the National Intelligence Council
for longer range studies or estimates and Community views, and
CIA's responsibilities for current intelligence and those whom
the DCI designates to represent him in policy meetings as the
focal point for tasking. In short, in carrying out DCI
responsibilities, all agencies are not equal; CIA is central
for the current intelligence and policy support role and the
National Intelligence Council is his principal arm for longer
range issues and estimates. This is where policymakers should
be sent in this document for tasking so that we keep control of
the process. The handbook can tell them that the other
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~rLxr l
25X1
25X1
agencies exist and that these agencies will support
departmental intelligence requirements whether in DoD, State or
elsewhere. However, we should convey that the tasking and
requirements process is much leaner and better focused for
national level intelligence support than this paper would
suggest. This paper is an organizational variant of the old
Chinese slogan "Let a thousand flowers bloom.'' That's not
appropriate.
Robert(. Gates
Attachment:
As stated
0-D/ICS
1-Chmn/IPC
DDCI
1-ER
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/08/10: CIA-RDP89GO072OR000300130001-3
NOTE TO: Director of Central Intelligence
FROM: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
SUBJECT: Attached IC Staff Paper: Promulgation of
A Consumer's Guide to Intelligence
1. I have several problems with the attached Consumer's
Guide:
-- Who is it for? I believe it is far too long to be read
by any policymaker at the Deputy Assistant Secretary
level or above.
-- It is so replete with different organizations, kinds of
publications and names that I think it would be more
confusing than helpful to someone who is completely
new. At the end, the policymaker would not know
whether he needed all of the documents listed or which
of all the different organizations listed he should
contact for help.
2. More specifically:
On page 3, it refers to the Senior Interagency Group on
Intelligence (SIG-I). There is a high likelihood that
this group will go out of existence and be replaced by
a similar structure but with a different name. The
interagency organization structure under the NSC has
changed with virtually every change of Presidents and a
guide to a structure that existed to the previous
administration seems almost certain to be out of date
very soon.
On page 9, paragraph 4, the section on "Research
Intelligence" talks about INR but no other element of
the Community. I'm curious why INR was selected and
why we treat only the State Department in this respect
and not the Defense Department, CIA or other agencies.
SECRET CL By Signer
DECL OADR
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/08/10: CIA-RDP89GO072OR000300130001-3
Page 24, paragraph 1 on "Strategic Warning Notice,"
states When time is of the essence, the NIO for
Warning may issue such notices directly to the
President and the NSC, with concurrent (my emphasis)
dissemination to the DCI and the principals of the
National Foreign Intelligence Board." This is news to
me and the idea of the NIO for Warning being able to
issue notices directly to the President and the NSC
strikes me as wholly unacceptable. In my view, this
must be changed.
25X1
The ''directory" listed in Section VII, beginning on
page 27, lists in detail a number of CIA people and
their telephone numbers while listing only a single
individual for virtually every other intelligence
organization. More to the point, neither you nor I are
mentioned anywhere. This strikes me as an open
invitation for tasking directly into the offices of the
DDI without the DDI, the DCI or DDCI having the
faintest idea what is going on. If the pattern of the
other agencies is followed, only Kerr's office number
would be listed. At a minimum, I think this change
should be made.
3. All in all, with the exception of the above points, I
have no specific complaints with this paper. Again, however,
it is not clear to me who the audience is and what makes us
think that the exhaustive listing of major products will be
anything other than confusing or that the directs is anything
4. If we are going to do something like this, it seems to
me that the main text should be no more than 5-10 pages long
with perhaps some annexes on major consumers, definitions of
national classifications, products of each agency and a
directory of principal contact points. However, I believe that
somehow the text should be built around the notion that the DCI
is the President's principal intelligence advisor and that all
intelligence contributions to the National Security Council
structure -- meaning the statutory members of the NSC, its
staff and the President and Vice President -- are the
responsibility of the DCI. I would then focus on the role of
the National Intelligence Council for longer range studies,
CIA's responsibilities for current intelligence in the NID and
PDB and those whom you designate to represent you in policy
meetings as the focal point for tasking. In short, in carrying
out your responsibilities, all agencies are not equal; CIA is
central for the current intelligence and policy support role
and the National Intelligence Council is your arm for longer
range issues. This is where policymakers should be sent in
this document for tasking so that you keep control of the
other than an invitation to chaos in tasking.
2
SECRET
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25X1
25X1
process. The handbook can tell them that the other agencies
exist and that these agencies will support departmental
intelligence requirements whether in DoD, State or elsewhere.
However, we should convey that the tasking and requirements
process is much leaner and better focused for national level
intelligence support than this paper would suggest. This paper
is an organizational variant of the the old Chinese to an ''Let
a thousand flowers bloom." That's not appropriate.
3
SECRET
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 25_ Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/08/10: CIA-RDP89G00720R000300130001-3
DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence Producers Council
Washington, D.C. 20505
IPC 7916/88
9 November 1988
MEMORANDUM FOR: Director of Central Intelligence
VIA: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Chairman, Intelligence Producers Council (IPC)
Chief, Intelligence Producers Council .Staff (IPCS)
SUBJECT: Promulgation of A Consumer's Guide to Intelligence
1. Action Requested: That you sign the "Forew of A Consumer's Guide
25X1 to Intelligence: What It Is and Where to Find It).
2. Background. Over the years, senior consumers of intelligence have
complained about not knowing how to make contact with appropriate elements
within the Intelligence Community in order to lay on requirements or to obtain
answers to particular questions. Many of those policymakers who participated
in the 1988 Consumers Survey confirmed the fact that consumer access to the
Intelligence Community is still hampered by a lack of knowledge about how the
Comm" is organized and how to get in touch with the right people within
25X1 i t.
3. In recognition of these problems, the Intelligence Producers Council
(IPC) Staff has prepared the attached Consumer's Guide. This document,
already circulated in draft form to the members of the IPC and to other
elements within the Intelligence Community_ note incorporates the changes
25X1 recommended by the reviewing officials.
4. In addition to its primary purpose, the document has been designed to
be included with the materials that may be passed to the Transition Team.
Moreover, you may also wish to make copies available to newly appointed
policymakers within the Bush administration. We also see utility in this
document as an introductory guide for new professionals within the
Intelligence Community, and we have al received numerous requests for
25X1 copies from within the Community.
CL BY: SIGNER
DECL: OADR
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 25 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/08/10: CIA-RDP89GO072OR000300130001-3
IPC 7916/88
25X1
25X1
SUBJECT: Promulgation of A Consumer's Guide to Intelligence
5. Recommendation: That you sign the attached Foreword, the h
permitting us to publish and promulgate the new Consumer's Guide.
Attachment:
Consumers Guide
i
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/08/10 :
CIA- R D P 89 G 00 72 0 R 000300130001 3 7
' TRANSMITTAL SLIP DAIS
ROOM NO.
AT BW09
ST
TO: DDCI
ROOM NO.
BUILDING
REMARKS:
FROM: Chief, IPC Staff
9
1111 DING
EXTENSION
FO_R_M_ NO. , , , REPLACES FORM 36-8 (47)
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 25X1
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25X1 ~ET
(What It Is and Where to Find It)
Prepared by the Intelligence Producers Council
for the Director of Central Intelligence
25X1 S ET
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 25X1
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25X1
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Intelligence Community Staff
Deputy Director for
Requirements and
Evaluation
National Intelligence
Council '
DIRECTOR, ICS
DEPUTY DIRECTOR, ICS
Executive Officer Special Assistant
Military Assistants for
Administrative Staff Emergency Planning
Legislative Liaison
Staff
DCI Advisory Bodies L
(Production)'
Intelligence
Producers Council
Staff
Requirements &
C
I
Evaluation Office
P
FIPC
C
COMIREX Staff I MASINT I I SIGINT
Committee Staff Committee Staff
' Provides substantive advice and support
' Secretariat Staff
Planning &
Policy Office
HUMINT
Committee Staff
Program &
Budget Office
R&D
Coordination
Office
Community Cl &
Security CM
Office
Information
Handling
Committee Staff
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SECRET
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COUNCIL
CHAIRMAN Fritz W. Ermarth
VICE CHAIRMAN David D. Gries
MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL
Dr. Walter L. Barrows
National Intelligence Officer for Africa
MGEN David W. Einsel, Jr.; USA RET
National Intelligence Officer at Large
William R. Kotapish
National Intelligence Officer
Andre J. LeGallo
National Intelligence Officer
Carl W. Ford, Jr.
National Intelligence Officer
Deane E. Hoffmann
National Intelligence Officer
Marten H. A. Van Heuven
National Intelligence Officer
Murat Natirboff
National Intelligence Officer
and Intelligence Activities
for Counternarcotics
for Counterterrorism
for East Asia
for Economics
for Europe
for Foreign Denial
MGEN Larry D. Budge, USA
National Intelligence Officer for General Purpose
Forces
Martin W. Roeber
National Intelligence Officer for Latin America
John O'Donnell
National Intelligence Officer for Near East and
South Asia
Dr. Julian C. Nall
National Intelligence Officer for Science and
Technology
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SECRET
Dr. Lawrence K. Gershwin
National Intelligence Officer for Strategic Programs
Robert E. Blackwell
National Intelligence Officer for USSR
Charles E. Allen
National Intelligence Officer for Warning
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SECRET 25X1
INTELLIGENCE PRODUCERS COUNCIL
CHAIRMAN
STAFF CHIEF
MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL
Mr. Mark M. Lowenthal
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Functional
Analysis and Research/INR
Department of State
Major General Frank B. Horton III, USAF
Deputy Director for Foreign Intelligence
Defense Intelligence Agency
RADM Charles F. Clark, USN
Deputy Director for Operations
National Security Agency
RADM Thomas A. Brooks, USN
Director of Naval Intelligence
Department of the Navy
BGEN James D. Beans, USMC
Director of Intelligence
Commandant of the Marine Corps
LTG Sidney T. Weinstein, USA
Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence
Department of the Army
MGEN C. Norman Wood, USAF
Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence
Department of the Air Force
Mr. E. Raymond Platig
Director, INR/LAR
Department of State
25X1 1
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SECRET 2-5/0
Dr. Fritz Errnarth
Chairman, National Intelligence Council
Central Intelligence Agency
Deputy Director, intelligence Community Staff
Deputy Director, Requirements and Evaluation
Intelligence Community Staff
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SECRET
DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE OFFICERS
European and Soviet
Political /Military Affairs
Dr. Wynfred Joshua
695-0074
Strategic Programs
Research and Development
Joseph C. Ardinger
695-0243
At-Large
Dr. John J. Dziak
695-0256
General Purpose Forces
James P. Peak
697-3107
East Asia and Pacific
John J. Sloan
695-0257
Middle East and
South Asia
Walter P. Lang
695-0198
Africa
William G. Thom
695-0279
Latin America
COL James V. Coniglio, USA
695-0246
Global Affairs
Staff Officer
Robert F. Dorr
Gertrude M. Hall
695-7837
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ANNEX 8
DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
ODD)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
OED)
SENIOR ENLISTED ADVISOR
(SEA)
DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE
COLLEGE
IRK)
COMPTROLLER
IOC
SECRETARIAT
CENTRAL ACTIONS
OFFICE (CAD)
EXECUTIVE SUPPORT
OFFICE (X50)
PROTOCOL OFFICE
(PRO)
ASSISTANT DEPUTY
DIRECTOR FOR SECURITY
AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
as)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR
OPERATIONS, PLANS
AND TRAINING
ASSISTANT DEPUTY DIRECTOR
FOR COLLECTION MANAGEMENT
IOC)
ASSISTANT DEPUTY DIRECTOR
FOR COMMAND SUPPORT AND
PLANS ICSPI
SCIENTIFIC
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
(SAC)
ASSISTANT DEPUTY DIRECTOR
FOR TRAINING
(Or)
INSPECTOR GENERAL
UG)
ASSISTANT DEPUTY DIRECTOR
FOR ESTIMATES
ODE)
ASSISTANT DEPUTY DIRECTOR
FOR SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL
INTELLIGENCE
Nn
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
FOR
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
(DSI
DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR
RESOURCES
IRS)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR
EXTERNAL RELATIONS
(DI)
DEFENSE
INTELLIGENCE OFFICERS
NIOI
Leonard H. Perroots
Lieutenant General, USAF
Director
GENERAL COUNSEL
(GC)
r----1--1
GENERAL DEFENSE
I INTELLIGENCE PROGRAMS
STAFF
(D; GDIP)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR
FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE
nn
ASSISTANT DEPUTY
DIRECTOR FOR
IMAGERY EXPLOITATION
(DU)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR
ICS SUPPORT
(IS)
ASSISTANT DEPUTY DIRECTOR
FOR RESEARCH
(De)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
FOR
ATTACHES AND OPERATIONS
(DA)
DEFENSE
ATTACHE
OFFICES
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23 November 1988
RE: Speaking Invitation
Institute of Interamerican Studies
University of Miami
Coral Gables, Florida
17 February 1989
The Director of the University of Miami Institute of Interamerican
Studies, Jaime Suchlicki, has invited you to be the luncheon keynote speaker
at a seminar on "The Role of Intelligence in National Security " in Coral
STAT Gables on 17 February 1989. Academic Coordinator will be one
of the speakers at the seminar, along with the Senior Staff Mem er of the
House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Thomas Lattimer, and members
of the Miami Graduate School faculty.
According to your notation on the letter, you would like to decline this
invitation. Attached is a letter of regret for your signature.
STAT
STAT
DCI/PAO/j3
Distribution
Orig. - Addressee AP
1-ER
STAT
1 - LDS PAa
1 - PAO Registry
1 - PAO Ames
1 - MED(Subject)
1 - Jean
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Central Intelligence Agency
STAT
STAT
Dr. Jaime Suchlicki
Director
Institute of Interamerican Studies
Graduate School of International Studies
University of Miami
P.O. Box 248123
Coral Gables, Florida 33124
Thank you for your invitation to be the luncheon keynote speaker at Miami
University's seminar on "The Role of Intelligence in National Security" in
February. As much as I would like to be with your group, I cannot make a
commitment at this time and must decline. However, the Agency will be well
represented by as one of the participants.
I wish you a very successful program.
,Robert M. es
Deputy Di actor of Cen al Intelligence
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/". 4 1 T _ C -c _ -
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1
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~eIlce u c national sec
Tr o join l) ho 1Ci1'ed your presence.
Institute of Interamerican Studies
Graduate School of International Studies
P.O. Box 248123 [phone]
Coral Gables, Florida 33124
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: CIA-RDP89G00720R000300130001 3
..~,..., 11 ... U._.CRETARIAT
ACTION
INFO
DATE
INITIAL
1
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X
2
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X
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4
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5
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6
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FAIpC
18
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Date
STAT
Remarks To # 7: Your recommendations
please.
Executive Secretary
30 Nov 88
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MEMORANDUM FOR: Deputy Director for Operations
FROM: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
SUBJECT: Support for the DCI
1. In meetings with the DO divisions and most recently
with two representatives from NE, I have described several ways
in which the DO could provide better support for the DCI in his
capacity as senior intelligence advisor to the President. One
such way would be current, timely information from the field,
both substantive views and atmospherics. I believe it would be
useful for the DCI to have the option of beginning his
briefings of the President or at NSC meetings by noting that he
has been in touch with our Chief of Station in a country (or
our COSs in a region) and reporting not only the latest
information but also local atmospherics. Too often the DCI has
many facts but lacks in his briefing materials a sense of
urgency and of current information from the field.
2. What is the point of having secure communications
equipment (both telephone and cable) and not using it to
support the DCI at these meetings? The DCI ought to be armed
with the latest views or report from our Chiefs of Station when
he walks in to a meeting or to see the President. This will
require the closest coordination between the Executive
Secretary, the EA/DCI and the Office of the DDO. The reports
from the field, whether in an ops format or as an
need not be long -- just up to the minute, anecdotal and
atmospheric, and with whatever insights or thoughts the COS
has. It also is an opportunity for greater exposure f
COSs and their unique contributions in these forums.
Rober M. Gates
Q-17 -
SE T Cl By Signer
DECL OADR
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ROUTING SLIP
ST
To 5 & 9: (Para 5 suggests conference
for late Feb or early March 1989).
xecutrve Secretory
30 Nov 88
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ACTION
INFO
DATE
INITIAL
DCI
X
2
DDCI
X
3
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4
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5
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X
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9
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X
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11
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13
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D/OGI
X
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NIO/USS
X
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: CIA-RDP89GO072OR000300130001-3 G
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lJ L]C.1W 1
MEMORANDUM FOR: Deputy Director for Intelligence
Chairman, National Intelligence Council
FROM: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
1. A problem we have acknowledged is how often Gorbachev
has surprised us with the range and scope of his proposals for
change in the Soviet system. With respect to perestroika, at
least in terms of pronouncements, we have often been behind the
power curve and reacted to events.
2. I think we need to take an initiative to get in front
of what Gorbachev is doing. This will involve imagination,
creativity and speculation but only by trying to look down the
road some distance can we then work our way back to develop
criteria or indicators of the future direction of events.
3. I think that we should sponsor a conference on the
Soviet Future that would involve commissioning perhaps eight,
ten or even a dozen papers by diverse scholars on the outside
that would spin out alternative futures for the Soviet Union.
For example, one might describe how the Soviet Union would
unravel as a result of ethnic disputes and conflict and trouble
from the periphery inward. Another might spin out how a
successful perestroika program might develop over time and how
the country might move in that direction. There are other
scenarios that one could identify as one looked ahead anywhere
from five to fe'n or twenty years. The focus would not be
on the likelihood of such a scenario coming to pass but to
consider how it might happen.
4. The events in the Soviet Union already so far surpass
what we would have imagined in 1985 and our responses have been
so reactive, I am convinced it is essential for us to undertake
a new effort that could result in a stimulating conference.
More importantly, it could provide us with papers of
T Cl By Signer
DECL OADR
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a.. - .7Ll.iCL, 1
alternative futures that would allow us to backtrack,
developing what looked to be plausible indicators or criteria
for determining whether the Soviet Union is moving down one or
another of these paths. You also should involve OGI to ensure
exploitation of its work on instability, associated indicators,
methodologies, and also a fresh non-expert perspective.
Further, I think we should try to involve people other than the
usual outside suspects -- people we know well. How about Nick
Eberstadt at AEI, Janos KQrnai at Harvard, Bela Balassa of
25X1 Johns Hopkins, etc.?
5. I think we should do this soon. I would like to have
you jointly undertake this project with a view to holding the
conference in late February or early March. I think the first
task is to identify, in consultation perhaps with outsiders,
the alternative scenarios to be written and then seeing if we
can get those commissioned and completed.
6. If you would like to discuss this further or have any
concerns or suggestions, let's get together. OtherwI
would hope we could proceed as quickly as possible.
DCI
cc: D/SOVA
D/OGI
RIO/USSR
Ro er . Gates
2
SECRET
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CIA-RDP89GO072OR00
z,x 0 3001 10001- ~'3rCRE'I'ARIA'I
ACTION
INFO
DATE
INITIAL
1
DCI
X
DDCI
X
3
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4
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STAT
15 Dec 8R
Dote
DCI 30 Nov 8R
EXEC Date
3637 (10-81) REG
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!R 88-4478
MEMORANDUM FOR: Deputy Director for Operations
FROM: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
SUBJECT: COS Political Intelligence
1. As I have mentioned before, there is a need to develop
in the DO incentives that will prompt COS's periodically to
send to Headquarters the political atmospherics in their host
country. Just as most political reporting in this country is
based on gossip, rumor and inside knowledge -- usually not
documents -- so too our COS's develop a goldmine of information
almost inadvertently through their contact with sources other
than those normally touched by the US Embassy, the insights of
their agents (apart from whatever specific information they may
be reporting), and the gossip and rumor that float freely
virtually through every capital in the world.
2. There may be a way for COS's or their officers to be
encouraged every few weeks to pull such anecdotal and
atmospheric information together and send it to Headquarters
for DI and DO use. The reliability of the information is far
less important than the fact it is circulating and is
heard/believed by the locals. I know this makes COS's uneasy,
but the risks would be minimized by clearly identifying rumor
and gossip. Such information is the bread and butter of
political reporting ---just like political jokes; without it,
we in Headquarters have only the notes, not the rhythm of what
is going on. State once did this in Airgrams, but rarely now
-- and, anyway, ou usually have a better and broader
array of contacts.
3. As past experience demonstrates, this will never happen
without some incentive -- without such reports counting as
disseminated reports or some other mechanism that makes it
worth the while of COS's or case officers to take the t;mc to
do this. We've talked about this for several years.
sent me, several weeks ago, some reporting along these lines
but compared to the overall efforts of the DO it was not even a
trickle. I would like to see this kind of reporting done with
some regul d for a system of incentives to be
developed.
4. I would like to have from you by 15 December a proposed
cable or cables to the field implementing the above and laying
out for the stations what incentives there will be for them in
being responsive.
Cl By Signer
DECL OADR
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Q
CIA-RDP89G00720R000300130001-3
I AI L u i i v E SECRETARIAT
ROUTING SLIP
ACTION
INFO
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3637 (10.81) 1
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