LABOR HYGIENE AND THE BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF RADIO-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

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LABOR HYGIENE AND THE BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF RADIO-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
Moscow GIGIYENA TRUDA I BIOLOGICHESKOYE DEYSTVIYE ELEKTROMAGNITNYKH VOLN
RADIOCHASTOT [Labor Hygiene and the Biological Action of Radio-Frequency
Electromagnetic Waves] in Russian 1972 pp 1-112
[Pages 65-112 from the book "Labor Hygiene and the Biological Action of
Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Waves", Institute of Labor Hygiene and
Occupational Diseases, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, signed to press
31 August 1972, 500 copies, 112 pages]
Table of Contents: See p 43
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[Excerpt] ONE MECHANISM OF THE NONTHERMAL ACTION OF HIGH-INTENSITY SHF
RADIATION ON BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS, A. T. Polukhin,
Moscow, p 65
We know that intense changes occur in time in molecular compounds due to
fluctuating breakage of molecular bonds. This paper derives formulas per-
mitting computation of the life span of molecular compounds as limited by the
processes of their decomposition associated with thermal fluctuations. It
is shown that high-intensity SHF [superhigh-frequency] radiation can signi-
ficantly reduce this life span of molecular compounds by its action. Evalu-
ations are presented using substances containing bound water molecules as
an example.
THE PROBLEM OF THE EFFECT OF LOW-INTENSITY MILLIMETER SHF RADIATION ON HEMO-
GLOBIN, S. A. Il'ina, V. A. Kudryashova, and A. T. Polukhin, Moscow, pp 65-66
This paper analyzes experimental data on the effect of low intensity milli-
meter SHF on hemoglobin. The principal experimentally detected properties
of this effect are presented, to include:
a) Its resonant nature (the maximum effect is achieved when the wavelength
of the SHF radiation is on the order of 7 mm);
b) the need for prolonged irradiation to make the effect noticeable;
c) persistence of the effect of SHF radiation on hemoglobin over a long
period of time after irradiation is terminated.
It is demonstrated that these properties can be explained if we consider the
action of ionic-electrostatic forces of repulsion on some semifree molecular
dipole groups in the hemoglobin molecule (His. E7).
GAS AND ENERGY METABOLISM IN RABBITS IN RESPONSE TO THE EFFECT OF MICROWAVES
ON REGIONS OF THE RABBIT BRAIN, A. Sh. Ismailov, A. A. Aliverdiyev, and
O. A. Krylov, Makhachkala, pp 66-67
Research was conducted on developing rabbits aged 2-4.5 months. Microwaves
in the 852-283 MHz ran9e with an intensity of l(X) mw/an2 were used for local
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irradiation of regions of the brain (the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum
thehead irradiation area was 3 cm2). In order to separately evaluate the
thermal and specific action of microwaves, some of the experimental animals
were subjected to the thermal effect using a special thermocouple.
The rabbits were irradiated for 30 minutes once every 2 days for 2 months.
After each half month the weight of the animals, the pulse, respiration rate,
lung ventilation, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide gas elimination were
recorded.
The data obtained demonstrate that irradiation of parts of the central ner-
vous system in young developing rabbits noticeably retards their growth and
development as compared to control animals (A. Sh. Ismailov, 1970), which
agrees with the data of M. S. Tolgskaya and Z. V. Gordon (1971), who also
observed a reduction in animal body weight during chronic SHF irradiation.
An equivalent thermal effect on the corresponding rabbit brain regions
(the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum) also produces the same effect, but
it is not as pronounced.
(-)th the action of heat and microwaves on brain regions causes the pulse to
drop. Respiration frequency dropped only when the region of the cerebral
hemispheres is irradiated for 2 months. Oxygen consumption by the animals
increases upon irradiation of the cerebellum, and it decreases upon irra-
diation of the cerebral hemispheres.
Heating and irradiation of brain regions leads to differently pronounced
reduction of carbon dioxide gas liberation. First the energy expenditures
of rabbits per unit weight are lower than normal upon irradiation of parti-
cular brain regions and higher than normal upon heating. Later the energy
expenditures approach the normal values.
Half a month after heating of brain regions is stopped, all studied indices
of rabbits returned to normal, while among animals subjected to microwave
irradiation many indices (pulse, carbon dioxide gas liberation, respiratory
coefficient, and energy expenditures) continued to differ from normal.
The observed changes in indices of gas and energy metabolism upon irradiation
of various regions of the rabbit brain by microwaves can be explained, from
our point of view, as a direct action of microwaves on brain structures (due
to significant penetration of decimeter waves), and by their effect on
receptor fields of sections of skin on the head subjected to irradiation.
THE PROBLEM OF THE NATURE OF THE COURSE OF ALLERGIC PROCESSES ON THE BACK-
GROUND OF SHF ENERGY EFFECTS, G. I. Vinogradov, I. M. Karandakova, and
Ye. M. Makarenko, Kiev, pp 67-68
The study presented in this communication was directed at revealing the
nature and intensity of allergic reactions to the effect of two harmful
factors -- a chemic JI allergen and SHE energy.
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Experimental research was conducted on guinea pigs. Sensitization was con-
ducted with a well-known allergen -- phthaline anhydride -- daily, intra-
peritoneally at a dose of 0.15 mg for 14 days. A Luch 58 apparatus (con-
stant magnetic field, SO mw/cm2) was used as a source of SHF radiation for
14 days, 5 hours a day.
All guinea pigs were separated into four groups. Animals of the first group
were subjected first to sensitization and then to irradiation, the second
group was subjected to irradiation followed by sensitization, and the third
group was subjected to simultaneous sensitization and irradiation. Guinea
Figs of the fourth group served as a control. The presence of antibodies
in serum was determined in dynamics by the cold complement fixation reaction.
A suspension of brain tissue from irradiated and nonirradiated animals as
well as brain tissue from animals subjected to the action of phthaline anhydride
were used as the antigen.
The research results demonstrated that injection of phthaline anhydride causes
formation of antibodies in a titer of 1:80-1:160 in brain tissue of animals
sensitized with this allergen. After irradiation of these animals we were
unable to detect antibodies for the antigen made of brain tissue. Subsequent
serological research on brain antibodies in this group of animals also failed
to produce positive results -- that is, SHF irradiation led to inhibition of
antibody formation in this case. An analysis of the complement fixation
reaction data for the second group demonstrated the presence of autoanti-
bodies in a titer of 1:160-1:320 against antigen from irradiated brain
tissue immediately after termination of the SHF energy effect. Subsequent
injection of phthaline anhydride did not change the titer of brain anti-
bodies. The antibody titer began to drop only 2 and 4 weeks after termina-
tim of the sensitization cycle. However, in this group we were unable to
reveal antibodies against brain tissue altered in response to phthaline
anhydride in any of the stages.
Simultaneous sensitization of guniea pigs with phthaline anhydride and
exposure to an SHE field inhibited synthesis of antibodies against brain
tissue altered by phthaline anhydride and, on the other hand, to some
extent it promoted formation of specific antibodies against irradiated
tissue.
Summarizing the results obtained, we can conclude that SHF energy has a
sensitizing action, causing autoantibody formation in the irradiated body.
At the same time, combined allergenic action of SHF energy and a chemical
promotes, under the particular experimental conditions, inhibition of the
allergic reaction to one of the sensitizing agents.
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EFFECT OF DECIMETER WAVES ON LIVER MITOCHONDRIA OF RABBITS WITH ADJUVANT
POLYARTHRITIS AND NORMAL RABBITS, S. M. Zubkova, A. I. Zhuravlev, V. D.
Grigor'yeva, and A. I. Zol'nikova, Moscow, pp 68-69
The task of the present study was to reveal the possibilities for a directed
effect of decimeter waves on redox processes occurring in mitochondria under
normal conditions and when the body is in a pathological state, particularly
upon development of experimental adjuvant polyarthritis.
Experiments were conducted with 49 male rabbits weighing an average of 3 kg.
A Volna-1 apparatus was used to irradiate the rabbits with decimeter waves
(A =65 cm) by the contact method (using a ceramic emitter 40 mm in diameter)
in the area of the adrenal glands. The irradiation intensity was 110 mw/cm2,
the irradiation time was 10 minutes, and the treatment duration was 12 days.
Experimental polyarthritis was produced in rabbits using a single injection
of Freund's adjuvant. Mitochondria were isolated from the liver of studied
animals by separation centrifugation. A polarographic method was used to
determine the intensity of mitochrondial respiration in both phosporylational
(addition of ADP) and free oxidation (addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol).
It wa!: demonstrated that exposure of the adrenal region of healthy rabbits
to decimeter waves affects the metabolic state of liver mitochondria as a
very mild, weak, stimulant, having only a moderate uncoupling action accom-
panied by activation of oxidative processes. This effect persists 20 days
after the course of decimeter wave treatment.
An opposite pattern holds in response to pathogenic Freund's adjuvant: Stress-
type changes occur, and oxidation of the substrate (succinate)is restricted
and inhibited. In this case these changes are most clearly pronounced when
experimental polyarthritis is induced later (48-52 days).
Decimeter wave treatment has a partially normalizing action on energy meta-
bolism in liver mitochondria of rabbits impaired by polyarthritis. This
normalizing action is more clearly pronounced when experimental polyarthritis
is induced earlier (30-32 days), as compared to later (48-52 days).
INTERPRETATION OF -2.CG CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO THE ACTION OF A HIGH-FREQUENCY
ELECTRIC FIELD, I. M. Gorpinchenko, Moscow, pp 69-70
An isolated frog heart was subjected to the action of a 300 MHz electric
field with an intensity range of 2.1-11.5 volts/cm for 40 seconds to 2.5
minutes. The ECG was recorded. In all cases the amplitude of the R-wave
was reduced, and the width and amplitude of the T-wave increased. Treat-
ment of results describing the behavior of the T-wave demonstrated that
after the exposure is terminated its parameters return practically to normal.
The increase in T-wave parameters occurs at a rate much higher than that
with which the heart rhythm frequency rises, reflecting primarily the
growth in the object's temperature as a result of absorption of the field's
energy. The difference jilrates of these effects characterizes the speci-
ficity of the field's action.
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An interpretation of the ECG changes can be given at the physioochemical level.
It is based on the ferroelectric (FE) properties of tissue electrolytes dis-
covered by the author. As we know, there is a hysteresis dependence between
polarization and the electric field in FE materials. This means a dielectric
hysteresis loop exists in both the cell and the medium. When the field
reaches a critical (threshold) value an action potential (PD) arises repre-
senting the SE repolarization current. Thus as a result of electrostatic
induction both of these processes occur in both the cell and the medium,
such that the ECG represents the results of the summation of biphasic PD
of the cell and the PD of the medium. In this (-ase the first half-wave
(phase) of the PD is the depolarization phase, while the second half-wave
is the repolarization phase. The T-wave is the result of summation of the
trailing edges of the depolarization phases of both PD.
When a high-frequency electric field affects an FE material in a low-fre-
quency electric field, the hysteresis loops are rectified and increased
in size. The FE repolarization current rises and becomes shorter due to
this. This signifies constriction and growth of the PD in relation to the
dielectric hysteresis loops of the cell and medium (the low frequency in the
examined case corresponds to the heart rhythm frequency, while the high fre-
quency corresponds to the frequency of the acting fields). However, the
rate at which the leading and trailing edges of the cell PD and medium PD
grows differs in this case. The PD leading edges depend upon protrusion of
the ferromagnetic domain through the space, while the trailing edges depend
on formation of embryonic domains. Moreover, a reduction in viscosity
brings the origins of the cell PD and medium PD closer together. This can
be assumed to be the primary cause for reduction of the R-wave when the
leading depolarization edges of both PD are summated.
We know that embryonic domains are formed predominately at interfaces: There-
fore there are more of them in a cell, which is a heterogenic system, than
In the medium. Thus we can hypothesize that the trailing edge of the depolar-
ization phase of the cell PD increases in response to a field more quickly
then does that of the medium PD. Summation of these fronts causes a larger
T-wave.
The proposed interpretation of the ECG matches existing interpretations of
the ECG as a result of summation of 2 PD. The essential difference is that
biphasic cell PD and medium PD are summated, rather than uniphasic PD from
different parts of the heart. This interpretation of ECG changes in response
to the effect of a high-frequency field on an object permits and necessitates
additional experiments, and it presupposes a certain contribution to the
study of the physicochemical mechanism underlying biological action of
electromagnetic fields.
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SOME NONPROPORTIONAL DEPENDENCIES IN THE ACTION OF LOW- AND RADIO-FREQUENCY
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AT THE CELLULAR AND ORGANISMIC LEVELS, Ye. T. Kuhn,
Minsk, pp 70-71
Using phagocytosis in urcellular animals (Paramecium) as an example, it is
shown that in some cells this function changes nonproportionally in regard
to linear changes in the frequency, intensity, and exposure time to an electro-
magnetic field in the 106-6.108Hz range. This was expressed in appearance
of cytophysiological changes within restricted zones of change of the indi-
cated parameters when the intensity of the field was small. The effects are
clearly revealed cumulatively in suspensions of Paramecium when the suspen-
sion is dominated by cells that change their function identically in response
to changes in a particular parameter of the electromagnetic field.
Nonproportional changes were demonstrated in multicellular organisms -- some
species of arthropods -- in their motor activity in the presence of linear
changes in the frequency, intensity, and exposure time to the field. This
was expressed in sharp accelerations or decelerations of their movements
within specific narrow frequency bands typical of each species (10 kHz,
100 kHz, 160 kHz, 1 MHz, and 400 MHz) while the remaining parameters of the
field were kept constant, and in the presence of threshold values for field
intensity and exposure time, above which the magnitude of the effect did
not change significantly.
It was demonstrated by exposing Drosophila and barley sprouts to 106-6.108 Hz
fields that the yield of mutants in Drosophila and of chromosome aberrations
in sprout cells varied nonproportionally with respect to linear changes in
field frequency and intensity. In particular, two frequencies were effective
for Drosophila -- 300 and 400 MHz, while six were effective for barley --
340, 360, 400, 410, 440, and 540 MHz. In this case the total heating of the
seeds did not correlate with the observed effects.
Considering that the described nonproportional changes in function were
observed in different organisms, this nonproportional dependence of the
reactions of a living system to a field can be interpreted as a manifesta-
tion of one of the laws of the biological action of low- and radio-frequency
electromagnetic fields.
The presence of a nonproportional dependence between changes in physiological
and genetic functions and linear changes in the parameters of an electro-
magnetic field permits us to hypothesize that some living organisms have
regulatory systems that are able to respond to a particular combination
of field parameters and have an effect on the course of vital processes.
THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE PROBLEM OF INTERACTION BETWEEN RADIO-FREQUENCY
FIELDS IN CIVIL AVIATION, I. Ya. Loshak, Moscow, pp 71-73
The development of radioelectronic equipment and the role it must play in
insuring flight safety promote continual growth in the amount of different
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types of radio apparatus at airports. One peculiarity of this process is that
it is accompanied by a relatively small increase in the numbers of personnel
at radio engineering facilities, since automation, remote control, and so on
are employed, while the number of individuals subjected to radiation outside
of their occupations increases.
The radio wave background of airports consists primarily of SHF radiation
from ground radar stations and, to a lesser degree, of high-frequency fields
created by radio navigation and radio communication resources. Antennas of
ground radio facilities are the principal source of occupational and non-
occupational radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation. Such radiation is
complex, predominantly discrete and intermittent. Exposure is variable in
duration, it is aperiodic, but it is sufficiently regular.
The irradiation levels are quite variable. However while we can generally
note a certain reduction in its average value at radio facilities owing
to better shielding of transmitting apparatus and wave guide channel ele-
ments, as well as owing to other protection methods employed, the intensity
of nonoccupational exposure has risen. This pertains primarily to techni-
cians of the ground services, who must work constantly in the airport area
for a long time. In a number of airports the magnitude and duration of
irradiation of such individuals is higher than for personnel of radio fa-
cilities. In this case growth in the proportion of emissions from aircraft
radar due to the present requirements for testing the operability of the
system is presently typical of the structure of such irradiation. It is
very difficult to deal with radar emissions.
The results of dynamic observations on the state of health of specialists in
the communications and radio navigation services indicate that the number
and extent of changes that would be pathognomonic in relation to chronic
exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields is decreasing somewhat
However, the percentage of such diagnoses as "autonomic dystonia," "auto-
nomic dysfunction," "an asthenic condition," and so on continues to be
rather high.
A comparative analysis of morbidity involving temporary incapacitation among
individuals subjected to occupational and nonoccupation irradiation by
radio-frequency electromagnetic fields demonstrated that the number of
cases and number of days lost were 1.5 and 7_6 times higher in the former
as compared to a control group, and 1.2 and 1.5 times higher in the latter.
The average duration of a single case of illness is also higher. These
differences are especially noticeable in regard to diseases of respiratory
organs, and less so in relation to diseases of the heart, nervous system,
and gastrointestinal tract (growth in the number of the latter is symptomatic
for morbidity of the group being studied).
Under the conditions of a modern airport, where workers are subjected to the
influence of an entire complex of unfavorable industrial factors, radio-
frequency radiation is becoming primary from the quantitative standpoint.
In addition to the "traditional" radio wavelengths, we are making continually
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broader use of millimeter waves and of new areas of the centimeter spectrum.
Optic quantum generators are also being introduced. At the same time insuf-
ficient knowledge of some biological laws governing the effects of this factor,
primarily those associated with features of the radiation, makes it difficult
to enact appropriate preventive measures.
ASSESSMENT OF THE DANGER OF SHF RADIATION WHEN OPERATING METEOROLOGICAL
RADAR STATIONS, N. D. Khramova, V. I. Timoshin, V. I. Belov, and V. A.
Miroyedov, Moscow, pp 73-74
Radar systems operating in the millimeter and centimeter wave bands have
achieved broad application today in the hydrometeorological service to detect,
observe, and determine the location of cloud systems, thunderstorm centers,
and heavy showers.
The highly strict methods for quantitatively assessing an electromagnetic
field in which a cumulative polar diagram is obtained for antennas with a
circular sweep, with which these stations are equipped, and the approximate
computations of the lateral field of an antenna using maximum envelopes
require complex mathematical computations, they do not consider the insta-
bility of emitter parameters, and they do not guarantee against errors due
to the inadequacy of the theory with respect to the real conditions under
which SHF energy propagates and spreads locally. Therefore the chief method
for quantitatively determining the danger of SHF radiation at places of
work and in population centers is the method of instrument measurements.
The existing apparatus for measuring the PPM [expansion unknown] of an
electromagnetic field in the SHF range permits us to make measurements with
sufficiently high accuracy, and the existing procedures of instrument mea-
surements and of their treatment permit us not only to obtain data on the
intensity of radiation from radar stations at a particular point, but also
to reveal the laws governing the distribution of PPM, which are common to
a given type of station located anywhere.
In this paper instrument measurements made locally are correlated with the
axis of the main lobe of the antenna's emission diagram. The main lobe
presents the greatest danger in radiation, and the measurements themselves
are made according to a strictly determined system in which PPM levels are
measured at different tilt angles with respect to the axis of the main lobe,
at different heights above the ground and at different distances from the
radiation source. The data were processed employing the methods of mathe-
matical statistics. The average field intensity of the station was deter-
mined as the mathematical expectation of a random variable employing PPM
level values obtained at identical distances in all studied directions and
elevations. The graphs plotted from statistically treated measurements
can be used to determine the PPM of fields generated by meteorological
radar systems at different distances from the station for altitudes from
1 meter to 16 meters and at different antenna elevations, taking account of
local relief.
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The measurements were used to determine the dangerous zones of meteorological
radar systems. They can be used to define and conduct measures by which to
provide collective protection to maintenance personnel and the surrounding
population having the purpose to reduce the degree of irradiation experienced
from SHF fields produced by meteorological radar systems.
A HYGIENIC DESCRIPTION OF HIGH- AND SUPERHIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION ON SEAGOING VESSELS, L. M. Matsevich, Yu. i. Rezina, and A. P.
Ierusalimskiy, Moscow, pp 74-75
intensive use of radio navigation apparatus in the modern marine fleet means
that high-frequency and SHF electromagnetic radiation arises on ships.
Radio transmitters (middle-wave, shortwave, and ultrashortwave) are the
sources of high-frequency energy.
SHF energy is emitted when radar stations operate. Research conducted on
seagoing transporters and icebreakers demonstrated the following.
The intensities of high-frequency fields arising at the radio operator's
working place exceed the maximum norms for electromagnetic radiation on
ships. This is the case when ship radio stations operate on steamships of
the Omsk, Volgoles, Andizhan, and other classes.
Exposed feeder channels and antenna switches are the principal sources of
electromagnetic radiation.
In some cases the absence of shielding about radio rooms causes electromag-
netic fields to penetrate into adjacent spaces. As a rule the transmitters
and blocks of radar stations are located in special shielded rooms, preclud-
ing propagation of SHF energy into living and service quarters.
Not only radio operators but also all members of the crew are subjected to
the unfavorable effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields on ships
when they are on exposed decks.
When the radio station is operating, high-frequency radiation from trans-
mitting antenna is recorded along the entire length of the ship. The greatest
intensity of the high-frequency electromagnetic field is noted at the down
leads of the antennas (over 1,000 volts/meter).
The intensity of SHF radiation on ship decks depends on the height of the
antenna and the architectural features of the ship. When the antenna is
less than 5 meters above the nagivation bridge, the field intensity reaches
8-20 ow/cm2.
When escorting a caravan, icebreakers may find themselves in the emission
zone of the radar stations of ships being escorted. In such cases the
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intensities of the SHF fields on exposed decks exceed the maximum norms for
Individuals not occupationally involved with the radiation.
Combination of the effects of climatic (low and high ambient air temperatures)
and ship factors (noise, vibration, microclimate, and so on) on long cruises
aggravates the unfavorable effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields
on the bodies of seamen.
The conducted research made it possible to develop a number of hygienic recom-
mendations on protecting ship crew members tcom the effects of intense high-
frequency and SHF electromagnetic fields.
HYGIENIC PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATION OF LABOR AT RADIO TRANS-
MITTING AND TELEVISION STATIONS,P.P.Fukalova, Moscow, pp 75-76
One consequence of scientific-technical progress in our country is expansion
of the network of radio broadcasting and television stations, and use of
artificial earth satellites to transmit television programs and organize
communications over great distances.
One of the main conditions for successfully completing the task of developing
radio communication resources and increasing the effectiveness of the work
of radio communication enterprises is creating favorable sanitary-hygienic
conditions and improving the organization of labor such as to insure that the
working ability of personnel is high.
The fundamental principles and standard concepts we had recommended earlier
could not be implemented immediately at radio communication enterprises
employing equipment that is imperfect from a hygienic standpoint and obso-
lete forms of labor organization. In a number of cases old equipment had to
be replanned and replaced by new equipment, and the principal requirements
of scientific organization of labor at reconstructed and newly planned enter-
prises had to be considered so that these recommendations could be incorpor-
ated into the plan for scientific organization of labor and implemented
integrally with other organizational, technical-aesthetic, ergonomic, and
hygienic measures.
Replacement of multistaged unshielded cascades and circuits of superhigh-fre-
quency transmitting devices by transmitters having new designs, replanning
of the multiple-row disposition of shortwave transmitters as one- and two-row
systems, replacement of manual switching by automatic switching, shielding
the high-frequency underground cable routes, and so on produced a good
hygienic impact expressed as a reduction in field intensity to a level of
maximally permissible values and below.
Efficient solutions concerning apparatus position excluded the need for per-
forming numerous, uncomfortable operations when managing radio transmission.
The need was created for free access to the apparatus and for organizing
clearly defined scheduled maintenance.
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The methods of protection are defined by the specific production situation at
radio communication and broadcasting stations with different layouts of pro-
duction buildings and employing apparatus differing in quantity and location
and working in different ranges.
Personnel are protected from radiation by the organization of remote control
over transmitters from a separate building at television-radio stations
employing, as a rule, standard building and apparatus layouts depending on
the transmission schedule.
The unfavorable consequences of other environmental factors (heightened air
temperature, noise) are eliminated integrally with the indicated measures
for improving organization of labor and with various solutions of a sanitary
engineering and hygienic nature.
Replanning, reconstruction, and new construction with a consideration of the
requirements of technical aesthetics promotes comfort in working buildings
in terms of color and light.
PREVENTIVE ASPECTS OF HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN RADIO
STATION'S AND TELEVISION STATIONS, G. Mikolayehik, Lodz', Poland, pp 76-77
Until recently, hygienic assessments of working conditions in radio and
television stations had concentrated almost exclusively on electromagnetic
fields, the intensity of which with respect to the electric component fluc-
tuated at working places from 10 to several tenths of a volt per meter. In
recent years we have been able to reduce the field intensity with technical
resources to lower values (from a tenth to several volts/meter). Despite
the fact that the field intensity has been reduced significantly, the number
of complaints being submitted by workers at radio and television stations
is not diminishing. This forced us to turn our attention to other environ-
mental factors.
Research and measurements demonstrated that there is a special microclimate
in the transmitter buildings of radio and television stations, and that the
transmitters produce noise when they work. In these buildings the micro-
climate is typified by temperature, reaching 35?C, and comparatively low
relative humidity (below 40 percent). Thus the main parameters of the micro-
clinate differ from optimum values in relation to effects on the human body.
The acoustic pressure fluctuates within 70-85 db with an N [expansion unknown]
index of 69-78. Such noise levels are unfavorable at the working places,
requiring significant concentration of attention, as is the case when radio
and television transmitters must be serviced.
Special attention should be turned to the work and rest schedule. Workers
work in two 12-hour shifts at the radio and television monitoring locations.
In this case the day shift is followed by a 24-hour break, while the night
shift is followed by a 48-hour break. Thus the work schedule is nonregular,
and as a consequence the eating and sleeping schedule is arrhythmic.
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Moreover, the radio and television station workers often use their free days
for additional jobs, which leads to a deeper deficit in the amount of rest
required by the body.
We can suggest that in addition to the significant progress that has occurred
in reducing field intensity at working places and transmitter buildings of
radio and television stations by means of technical resources, we are still
far behind in optimizing the parameters of other environmental factors (air
temperature and humidity, noise). Also, there are significant deviations
from the norm in the organization and schedule of labor. Until optimum
microclimate conditions, acoustic pressure levels, and labor organization
are created, it would not be possible to answer the question as to whether
or not electromagnetic fields lying within permissible hygienic norms have
a harmful effect on the bodies of workers servicing radio and television trans-
mitter.
RESULTS OF RESEARCH ON PROTECTING WORKERS FROM ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AT
RADIO AND TELEVISION TRANSMITTING STATIONS, N. V. Maksimenko, Khar'kov, p 78
The research conducted on 19 radio and television transmitting stations
demonstrated that the intensity of electromagnetic fields at working places
of maintenance personnel exceeds the maximum permissible value (5 volts/meter).
For this reason the need arises for protecting workers from electromagnetic
radiation. However, the problems involved (designing and building protec-
tive shields) pertaining to the meter-waveband have not been discussed ade-
quately in the literature.
In this connection we conducted theoretical and experimental research (under
laboratory and production conditions) on reticular shields and slotted shield-
ing devices effective against the meter-waveband and which ceuldbe used to pro-
tect individuals from electromagnetic radiation.
The research produced formulas for computing the effectiveness of these
shields.
An analysis demonstrated that the amount of electromagnetic attenuation by
reticular shields located in direct proximity to the field sources depends
significantly on the net parameter (mesh size), the shield dimensions, and
the electromagnetic field wavelength, and insignificantly on the electric
properties of the material and the distance to the field source (except for
the center of a sphere, where it does not depend on distance). As far as
slotted shields are concerned, attenuation depends on the nature of the
field source (in the proximal zone), the number and parameters of the
slots (lengths, widths), the field wavelength, the distance from the working
place to the screen, and the screen's geometric dimensions. Sufficiently
good agreement is noted between computed and experimental data.
The results of research described above made it possible to provide addi-
i '01 ? I
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r.ele\ris
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GOVERNMENT USE ONLY
Procedures were worked out on the basis of the theoretical and experimental
research to design protective shields for the meter-wave range. Engineering
recommendations on protecting workers from electromagnetic radiation at
transmitting and radio and television stations were also made.
THE PROBLEM OF RADIATION INTENSITY AT POPULATED POINTS NEAR TELEVISION
CENTERS, N. D. Khramova, V. A. Miroyedov, V. V. Yur'yev, Moscow, pp 79-80
The swift growth in municipal construction, the increase in area of cities
and villages coupled with simultaneous expansion of radio broadcasting,
communications, and television transmitting station networks, and the in-
crease in their output capacities can lead to irradiation of the population
by high- and ultrahigh-frequency radio waves that are undesirable and are not
without an affect on health. Therefore the need arises for establishing
medical protective zones. To define ruch zones we must do the following:
1. Reveal the existing levels of electromagnetic radiation in populated points
generated by emitting antennas of high-power radio facilities.
2. Determine the dependence of field intensity on specific conditions (the
type of emitting antenna, the topography of the populated point, and so on).
During 1970-1971 we made instrument measurements of the intensities of
electromagnetic fields in the ultrashort-wave range near nine of the coun-
try's television centerr located in the central belt and near the Baltic.
The height at which antennas are erected is standard. The exceptions are
the Vinnitsa television center which has an antenna support 350 meters high,
and the Riga television center in the Latvian SSR which has its antenna
100 meters above the ground.
A PZ-2 electromagnetic field intensity meter coupled with an acEitiona1 inter-
changeable antenna used to increase the instrument's sensitivity was used
zo make local measurements. The instrument was calibrated with both the
standard and the additional antenna on a test bench of the Leningrad Tekhni-
kum of Aviation Instrument Making and Automation.
The television centers of Tallin, Tartu, and Riga were studied in the greatest
jetail.
Research was conducted in three or four directions at a radius of up to 3 km.
Measuring points were selected every 50-100 meters in each direction.
One- and two-story private structures (cottages, garden plots) are typical
research near
te.1(.2vion cr Trov.aes tnE'
trA-)atir'n. The Tallin television ?'ert(-A 1,),%itcd wIthin a populated
,
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GOVERNMENT USE ONLY
distribution in the proximal zone more complex and reduces the average field
intensity. A self-propelled lift was used to make measurements in Tallin.
Thus the field intensity distribution pattern could be studied with respect
to height (at 4, 8, and 12 meters).
According to our measurements the maximum electromagnetic field intensity
is 2.3-2.7 volts/meter 100-150 meters from the emitting antennas.
The radiation level decreased to the value presently recommended as the maxi-
mum (1 volt/meter) at 250-400 meters.
At a range of up to 2.6-2.8 km from the radiation source the field intensity
drops to 0.1 volts/meter.
The nature of electromagnetic field distribution in populated points as
described by the envelope of the maximums agrees well with the computed
graph of field intensity.
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR DEIERMINING ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY IN POPULATED
POINTS, I. P. Los', Yu. D. Dumanskiy, V. M. Popovich, and A. M. Serdyuk,
Kiev, pp 80-82
The continual growth in the number of radio transmitting stations is causing
a significant rise in the intensity of radio-frequency electromagnetic energy
in populated points. Doubtlessly the population is concerned. In this con-
nection the question of rating the amount of radio-frequency electromagnetic
energy in populated points and of developing measures to protect the popula-
tion from the affect of this factor has become acute.
Considering this fact, medical preventive surveillance, which employs a
method of determining the expected value of electromagnetic energy at a
given distance from a radiation source, is presently acquiring especially
great significance.
As a rule the methods presented in the literature for computing field inten-
sity are applicable to great distances. Only some of the formulas can be
used in medical preventive surveillance. They include Vvedenskiy's well-
known formula:
2,10 V H
111 i12
where E is the expected field intensity, P is the transmitter power, D is
the directivity factor, d is the distance from the antenna to the point at
which E is determined, Z is the wavelength, and hl and h2 are the heights
of the transmitter and of the point at which E is determined.
But this formula has a very narrow range of application defined by the con-
dition h1h2< (dl/18) -- that is, it can be applied only in the meter-wave
range at commensurate heights hl and h2.
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GMERNMENT USE ?NIX
Using as a basis an analysis of the existing methods for determing field
intensity and the results of real measurements accumulated over a number of
years, we developed a method for determining electromagnetic energy at close
distances (hundreds and thousands of meters) satisfying the requirements of
medical preventive surveillance.
The expected field intensity at a given point in the direction of maximum
emission is determined with the expression:
F 1',?F,F('').KHN2
where E0 is the intensity of a field propagating in free space, F is an atten-
uation factor taking account of reflection of radio waves from the earth's
surface, F(A") is a factor taking account of the antenna's polar diagram in
the vertical plane, K1 is a coefficient taking account of nonuniformity in
radiation in the horizontal plane of a circular polar diagram, and 1