LETTER TO WILLIAM J. CASEY FROM ANTHONY WAYNE SMITH

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP88B00443R000502210001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 50
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 22, 2010
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 3, 1986
• Content Type: LETTER

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ANTHONY WAYNE SMITH
ATTORNEY AT LAW
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
NEW YORK
013 FEB 1985
1101 Fourteenth St., NW - Suite 1000
Washington, DC 20005 - [phone]
STAT
February 3, 1986
Hon. William J. Casey, Director
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C. 20505
Dear Director Casey:
mine.
mental educational materials for grade and high school stu-
dents. We publish some 35 magazines and reach an audience of
about ten million students and teachers. Your interview will
appear in Scholastic Update which is our magazine for high
school seniors, with an audience of about 1,200,000 twice a
month during the academic year.
I am a New York and Washington attorney, specializing
in cabinet-level federal government contacts. I was one of
Bill Donovan's first legal associates when he opened his prac-
tice in Broad Street, later Wall Street, as Donovan, Leisure,
Newton and (then) Lumbard. I am special consultant to Scholas-
tic, Inc., with respect to top-level government matters in
Washington. is another old and very good friend of
STAT
Scholastic is the world's largest publisher of supple-
by a senior editor of Scholastic Magazines.
It was fine to hear from our mutual friend,
that yo re willing to be i nteryi PwPd for half an
The subject of the interview is to be the intelligence
gathering machinery of the United States Government, particu-
larly the CIA. The editor of Update, Eric Oatman, will be
sending your very able and courteous secretary, a
general description of the questions we would like to cover;
such as, why do we have a CIA? How does the CIA relate to the
other information-gathering agencies such as DIA? What is the
place of the information agencies in the government? What
other functions do they serve in addition to information? The
idea is to give our school children an accurate idea of the
intelligence gathering needs of the country and how we meet
them.
STAT
STAT
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nWayne Smith= Sp cial;Consultent,'ScholAstic
A
th
n
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o
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-Update,~.telephoned following up n'
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g-iae students an update on intet gence =- world's'largest
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graft., schools ana m gn scnoo ~s ~cnu r as ~, ~rwa ~~: yv~.~,
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4) What-are the other " activities. in addition to gathering
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Editor, i n Chief in New York, i n ch r j e i s Er
5675 101 EDItioNS'OUS
Anthony Wayne Smith
STAT
STAT
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ANTHONY WAYNE SMITH
Attoni.y at Law
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND NEW YORK
1101 FOURTEENTH STREET. N.W
WASHINGTON. DC 20006
(20?) 269'6000
10.1 AN
IS=:
STAT
`'ecretary to Director Casey
Central Inteiiigence Agency
Lang/sly, VA %
suggested that I send you
material about Scholastic Magazines in
connection with the ingerview between
Mr. Casey and a senior editor of Scholastic
Update.
I am dashing this off to send to yo
with a copy of the Magazine, bec#e I will
not be in my office tomorrow and your
just reached me by phone a Aw minutes ago.
I can give you much more information by
telephone, and will probably talk with )yu
before this note reaches you.
Looking forward to makinyour acquaintance
on the phone, and wit}?~%thuch appreciation,
Anthot3IWaynV(Tony) Smith
idea ly,~~
STAT
STAT
STAT
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AT WORK
Viewed from the perspectives of American History ?
U.S. Government ? Economics ? Sociology ? World Cultures
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MAY 10, 1985 ? VOL. 117, NO. 18 (ISSN 0745-7065)
THIS ISSUE ENDS UPDATE's 1984-85 publishing year. Please don't sign off without letting us hear from
you on next year's program. We tried to streamline the questionnaire dropped into your magazine bundle.
Just check the applicable boxes, fold and tape the form leaving the postpaid indicia showing, and mail it.
We're especially eager to hear your views of next year's lineup of topics. We think our preliminary list is
an exciting one. It includes explorations of some pressing domestic and foreign issues: Immigration,
Health Care, Nuclear Arms Talks, Labor at the Crossroads, the Farm
Crisis, Growing Old in America, and Street Crime. We also plan
special issues on the Soviet Union, Mexico, India, and South Africa,
and of course an updated World Affairs Annual. Early in the year,
we'll explore the Executive Branch and evaluate the role of the
United Nations on its 40th birthday.
Several teachers have written suggesting an issue on America's
Cities. Others wrote to say next year's list would benefit from cover-
age of the Enviroment in the 80s. "I urge you to adopt raising our
students' awareness of environmental issues," wrote David Weber of
Phillips Exeter Academy.
If you agree-or have other recommendations to make-please let
us know. We count on your advice to make UPDATE fit your needs.
And won't you take an extra moment to reserve your copies of
UPDATE for the next year? You can change your order-or even
cancel, without charge-once you count heads in the fall. Reserving
copies now will ensure that UPDATE will be waiting for you when
you return from your much-deserved vacation. -The Editors
IN THIS ISSUE
Cover of Student Edition:
The Drug Trade"
ISSUE DATES
FOR THIS YEAR
Sept. 7
Sept., 21
Oct. $
Oct. 19
Nov.2
Nov. 16
Nov. 30
Dec. 14
1416 4
Ion. 18
Feb.1
Feb. 1s
Maur.1
Mar. 15
Mar. "29
Apr. 12
Apr. 26
May 10
"The Challenge to an Open, Affluent Society" (Overview): Are drugs
the "price of success? ............................................ 4
"Where Drug Trading Begins, How It Must End" (World): The source
of the problem is abroad ........................................ 6
"How the U.S. Battles Drugs on Three Fronts" (Government): The
U.S. defense in the drug war .................................... 9
"An Insider's Look at Drug-Law Enforcement" (Interview): DEA
head John Lawn tells about his agency's goals .................. 10
"For Some, Money Is the Most Dangerous Drug" (Economics): Dol-
lars and cents of the drug trade ................................ 12
" A'Rite of Passage' More Young People Avoid" (Sociology): Who
takes drugs and why .......................................... 14
"Ten Who Take a Stand in the War Against Drugs" (Shapers): Drug
traders and anti-drug crusaders ................................ 16
"Drug Abuse Scoreboard" (DataBank): Charts, graphs size up the
problem ....................................................... 18
"The Sorry History of Drug Abuse in the U.S." (U.S. History): Ameri-
ca has always had a "drug problem" ........................... 19
Wordpower (p. 25), Puzzle Page (p. 26), Pre-Test (p. T-2), Post-Test
(p. T-5)
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PRE-TEST
General Directions: On the line to the left
of each number, write the letter of the
choice that best completes the statement
or answers the question.
A. MATCH-UP!
Column A
a. Addict
b. Turkey
c. Burma
d. Narcotic
e. Certain flowers, shrubs, weeds
f. cocaine, marijuana
Column B
- 1. World's top producer of opium
2. Sources of most illegal drugs
- 3. One who is dependent on drugs
- 4. Most widely used illegal drugs
- 5. U.S. money helped end its poppy
farming
B. TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F)?
1. Narcotics abuse first became a prob-
lem in America after World War II.
- 2. Addiction often resulted from doc-
tors' drug prescriptions in the early 20th
century.
- 3. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
did much to end the sale of habit-forming
drugs in the U.S.
4. Young unemployed males were the
dominant group of early drug abusers in
the U.S.
5. Until recent years, very few women
were drug addicts.
- 6. The U.S. Congress did not touch
drug regulation until after the 1950s.
C. ODD ONE OUT!
Check (/) the methods used by the
U.S. government to fight illegal drug use.
- 1. Education about risks of drug use
- 2. Assisting local police fighting drug
trade in other countries
- 3. Request to U.N. for anti-drug inter-
national police team
- 4. Instituting "stop-and-frisk" laws
- 5. Guarding U.S. borders against drug
traffic
- 6. Prosecuting drug traders in the U.S.
D. MAKE A CHOICE
-1. The one who gets the best financial
deal in a drug sale is the (a) grower; (b)
middle man; (c) user.
2. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Admin-
istration is part of the U.S. (a) C.I.A. (b)
Commerce Department; (c) Department of
Justice.
- 3. It is estimated that people who use
drugs at work perform at only (a) 92%; (b)
75%; (c) 67% of their ability.
- 4. The U.S. will spend about (a) $1
million; (b) $100 million; (c) $1 billion on
world-wide drug control programs in 1985.
- 5. Estimates of the money spent annu-
ally on illegal drugs in the U.S. range be-
tween (a) $20-25 billion; (b) $40-60 billion;
(c) $80-110 billion.
E. FACT (F) OR OPINION (0)?
-1. Illegal drug trade is the most serious
world problem today.
- 2. The U.S. government should do
more to control drug traffic.
- 3. Colombia is one of the world's larg-
est sources of illegal drugs.
- 4. Many U.S. companies pay counsel-
ing fees for drug-addicted employees.
F. PICK A DEBATE!
Read the following two (contradictory)
statements. Select the one with which you
agiee most. Write a paragraph defending
your point of view.
1. "We must end the illegal drug trade
before we can expect drug abuse to stop."
2. "We must educate people to stop abus-
ing drugs; then the illegal drug trade will
die out."
Scholastic Inc. grants teacher-subscribers of Scholastic UPDATE permission to reproduce this page for use in their classrooms. ;c 1985 by Scholastic Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thb Teachers Edition of Scholastic Update (ISSN 0745-7065; in Canada, 2-c no. 92261 is published biweekly during the school year, 18 issues, by Scholastic Inc., 730 Broadway, New York, NY !0003-9538 for $19.00 per
year Second class postage paid at Monroe, OH 45050-9998 and at additional mailing offices. POBTMABTERS: Bond offs. 04 address ohmgoo to Office of Pubtloatlo . BCHOLABTIC UPDATE, Box 2700, 351
Oarrer Rd., Moores, OR 40000.2700. Each Teachers' Edition includes a copy of the student edition and is supplied at no extra cost to each teacher subscribing as follows: 10-39 subscriptions. I copy; 40-69. 2 copies;
99. 3 copies; 100-129. 4 copies; I extra copy for each 30 additional subscriptions. Communications relating to subscriptions should be addressed to SCHOLASTIC UPDATE, P.O. Box 644. Lyndhurst. NJ 07071-9985.
C70anadian address Scholastic-TAB Publications, Ltd., Richmond Hill, Ontario L4C 3G5. Listed in Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature. Available on microfilm through Xerox University Microfilms, Inc.. 300 N. Zeeb
Rd. Ann Arbor. MI 48106. Also available on microfiche through Bell & Howell Micro Photo Division, Old Mansfield Rd., Wooster, OH 44691. Printed in U.S.A. Copyright C: 1985 by Scholastic Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Material in this loan* may not be reproduood in -hole ar I. Part In aa7 farm ar formal without spsalal permission from the pubtlsbor.
2/Teachers' Edition ? May 10, 1985
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LESSON #1
WHERE DRUG
TRADING BEGINS,
HOW IT MUST END
:ontent (World, pages 6-8)
International trade in illegal drugs: a "shadow
war" that costs the U.S. billions every year
objectives
Students will be able to
? identify major international sources of the ille-
gal drug trade
? summarize current U.S. efforts to stem the flow
of illicit drugs into the country
Introduction
Making connections. Remind students who
used UPDATE's January 4, 1985 issue on the Third
World of the opening paragraphs in that issue's
Economics feature. There it was stated that be-
tween 1980 and 1983 "Third World nations simply
couldn't boost their output of goods and services
and create new jobs."
Ask students: If a farmer in such a country
could get five times his or her normal income by
raising coca plants, poppies, or marijuana for
export, what incentives might there be NOT to
raise these crops - the sources of America's
three most widely abused illegal drugs?
UPDATE does not suggest that Third World
farmers are the criminals of the illegal drug
trade. They may be just as much victims as those
who become drug abusers. In part, our World
feature examines how both the U.S. and certain
Third World governments seek to end the "victim-
ization" of such farmers. It's part of the U.S. anti-
drug-abuse policy to stem the illegal drug trade
at the source.
Questions to Guide and Review Reading
1. Why is such a large supply of illegal drugs
available in the U.S.?
2. What strategies does the U.S. government
have for dealing with drug-source countries?
Activities
1. Taking a Pre-test. See the Skills Master on the
opposite page for this week's Pre-test. You may
want to discuss students' answers to Question
F - a question that is raised in several places in
this issue.
2. Following the trail. If you have an opaque
projector, have one student display the UPDATE
map of world drug traffic on pages 4 and 5 while
others skim the World feature for reference to
countries identified as illegal drug sources. In
what world regions is drug production concen-
trated? Can students hazard a guess as to why
certain regions are (and others are not) involved
in this trade?
Evaluation
Examining the trail. Ask students to select one
major drug-producing nation with which the U.S.
is collaborating on the reduction of its illegal
drug supply. Have students prepare ONE argu-
ment for and ONE argument against the value of
the current U.S. policy in this matter. Discuss
opinions in preparation for the Government and
Special Interview features in this week's UP-
DATE. (Both features go into U.S. anti-drug policy
in more detail.)
LESSON #2
HOW THE U.S.
BATTLES DRUGS ON
THREE FRONTS
Content (Government, page 9)
A three-pronged U.S. policy against illegal drug
traffic
Objectives
Students will be able to
? identify three major thrusts of U.S. policy
against illegal drug traffic
? evaluate factors that account for increased
illegal drug use
Introduction
Getting the large picture. Read for students'
evaluation and discussion this account by Robert
Wiebe of the context within which the American
"drug culture" emerged in the second half of the
20th century:
"The most general expression of the individ-
ual's modern quest was a nationwide fascination
with personal power. Human manipulations that
had once been considered ethically questionable
became matters of public pride in the fifties and
sixties. Experts explained how they had "sold"
political candidates to the voters. Books coached
Americans on games of "one-upmanship" in their
everyday relations with friends and acquaintan-
ces ...Promises of power saturated the advertis-
ing of everything from perfumes to breakfast
foods. Its values saturated the movies and televi-
sion. . .According to some experts, the most com-
mon cause of alcoholism, the nation's greatest
addiction, was a compensation for the feeling of
powerlessness."
Questions to Guide and Review Reading
1. Is the U.S. Government's policy against illegal
drugs effective?
2. Can people be educated to avoid drug abuse?
Activities
1. Assessing the policy. As a follow-up to this
Government feature, suggest that students read
UPDATE's interview with DEA chief John C. Lawn
(pages 10-11). Ask them to identify and evaluate
Lawn's priorities (combating drug production in
source countries; guarding U.S. borders and
fighting drug traffic within the U.S.; educating
people so that they will not turn to drugs). Con-
clude with a "vote" to reaffirm or reorder Lawn's
priorities - or perhaps, to add to them.
May 10 1985 ? Teachers' Edition/3
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2. Preparing for a "White House Conference" on
Drug Abuse and Drug Traffic. Ask students to
assume there is such a conference and that they
have been asked to attend. In preparation,
? One group (three or four students?) become
experts on the symptoms and personal effects of
drug addiction. (See this week's Teachers' Edition
Poster, pages T6-T7.)
? Another committee studies the economic impact
of illegal drug use in this country (see the Eco-
nomics feature, pages 12-13; and the DataBank,
page 18).
? A third committee might serve as advisers on
the social and psychological evidence of drug
abuse in our nation (see Sociology, pages 14-15;
Databank, page 18; History feature, pages 20-21).
? A fourth group should probably represent the
government's anti-drug policymakers.
(See also the World feature for data on interna-
tional trafficking.)
Ask each group to (a) summarize its "findings,"
and (b) present arguments for federal, local, and
privately sponsored efforts to reduce drug abuse
in this country. Key questions: How important is
one-on-one education? How important, anti-crime
efforts?
Evaluation
1. Taking a Post-Test.Administer the Post-Test on
page T5 of this Teacher's Edition.
2. Making a personal response. Invite students to
draw a cartoon, prepare an editorial, prepare a
collage, write a poem, or express their response
to this topic in some other personal manner.
ANSWERS
Pre-Test, page T2
A. 1-c; 2-e; 3-a; 4-f; 5-b. B. 1-F; 2-T; 3-F; 4-F; 5-F; 6-F. C. Check
numbers 1, 2, 5, and 6. D. 1-b; 2-c; 3-c; 4-b; 5-c. E. 1-0; 2-0; 3-F; 4-
F. F. Answers will vary.
Post-Test, page T5
A. 1-a; 2-c; 3-a; 4-b. B. 1-b; 2-c; 3-c; 4-a. C. 1-a; 2-d; 3-g; 4-c; 5-b.
D. 1-N(o); 2-Y(es); 3-Y(es); 4-N(o); 5-Y(es).
Crossword, p. 26
Across: 1. junkie; 4. marks: 8. o.d.'s; 9. methadone; 13. To; 14.
P.G.; 15. thr.; 16. gala; 19. inject; 21. coca; 22. hemp; 24. hooked;
27. dose; 29. arr.; 30. Np.; 32. be; 33. narcotics; 37. D.E.S.; 38.
track; 39. addict.
Down: 1. jump; 2. nut; 3. end; 4. Mon.; 5. ade; 6. r.s.; 7. snort; 10.
egg; 11. halo; 12. obi; 13. T.H.C.; 15. temps; 17. actor; 18. acre; 20.
need; 23. most; 24. habit; 25. ore; 26. D.A.R.; 28. enc.; 31.
P.S.A.T.; 33. nec.; 34. ask; 35. C.I.A.; 36. III: 37. D.A.
Wordsearch, p. 26
Horizontal: Rx; Tolerance; Dealer; Downs; Deaths; Relax;
Abuse; L.S.D.; Prescription; Powder; P.C.P.
Vertical: Abcess; Shoot; Pain; Parole; Opium; A.I.D.S.; Needle;
Alcohol; Cocaine; Intoxicant.
Diagonal: Shot; Hash; Den; Freebase; Beer; Pills; Crave; With-
draw; Brain; Mood; Tissue; Fix; Cut; Up.
Scrambler, p. 26
Authors: Irving; Cather; Cooper; Dickey.
Riddle: "Dopey 'n' vein!"
4/Teachers' Edition ? May 10 1985
TEACHER RESOURCES FOR
FURTHER
DRUG EDUCATION EFFORTS
The following agencies have indicated to UP-
DATE editors that drug education materials and
services are available, as described, to parents,
teachers, schools, local organizations, and (or) stu-
dents.
MATERIALS
? "Unlocking Your Potential": Distributed by Edge
Learning Institute, 7121 27th Street West, Tacoma,
WA 98466 (Attn: Debbie Roberts). Four video cas-
settes, teacher's guide, and reproducible student
guide. Designed for students in grades 7-12, the
cassette program features ELI Chairman Bob
Moawad in motivational, attitudinal training ses-
sions with high school students.
? "Get It Straight": 20-minute drug-prevention film
featuring Tim Kazurinsky (formerly of "Saturday
Night Live") in alternate sketches and discussions
(with teenagers) on feelings and situations that
might lead a person to drug use. Sponsored by the
Ronald McDonald Children's Charities, "Get It
Straight" is available for purchase, rental, or one-
day free preview. For information contact McDon-
ald's Corporation, McDonald's Plaza, Oak Brook,
IL 60521. [phone].
? "JUST SAY NO!": 20-page, 4-color pamphlet di-
rected to teens and preteens. Suggestions on how
to say no to drug use under different circum-
stances. (See next entry for free offer.)
? The National Clearing House for Drug Abuse
Information Provides LISTS of Available Materials:
Education and Prevention Materials (see "Just Say
No!" above), Posters, Reports on General and Spe-
cial Research Topics, Sources of films, etc. THE
LIST ITSELF CAN BE USED AS AN ORDER FORM
FOR ONE FREE COPY OF EACH ITEM MEN-
TIONED. (The March-April 1985 list contains close
to 200 items.) Send for the current "Publications
Listing" to NCDAI, Box 416, Kensington, MD 20795.
? "Marijuana Today": Published by the Phoenix
House Foundation, Inc., 164 West 74th St., NYC, NY
10023. (Attn: Drug Education Unit). $5.00 a copy.
? (Materials not described): PRIDE (Parent Re-
sources Institute on Drug Education) Robert W.
Woodruff Building, Volunteer Service Center, Suite
1216, 100 Edgewood Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30303.
? Your own State Drug Prevention Authority may
be under the auspices of the State Department of
Addiction Control, Department of Health, Depart-
ment of Human Services, Department of Substance
Abuse, Department of Mental Health, Division of
Alcohol and Drug Abuse, etc.
SERVICES
? School Presentations by Representatives of the
Phoenix House Drug Education and Prevention
Division: Up to three sessions for students, teach-
ers, parents, on facts about drugs, reasons for their
abuse, personal values. Conducted by Phoenix
staff. Fees on sliding scale. Contact Liliane Tawil,
Project Manager, Phoenix House, 164 West 74th
Street, NYC, NY 10023: [phone].
? National Cocaine Hotline (based in New Jer-
sey): 1-800-COCAINE.
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L
CO
m
C.,
CONTROLLED DRUGS ANE
DRUG
- ti 'ar a it
yciid s
1 h~xacatt ab
Hash.:
Physical
a
ependenef
Dover's Powder, Paregoric,
_
Parepectolin
High
Morphine, Pectoral Syrup
Codei
E
i
in
ne,
mp
r
Compound
with Codeine, Robitussin A-C
Analgesic, antitussive
Moderate
Diacetylmorphine, Horse, Smack
Under investigation
Dilaudid
Analgesic
Demerol, Pethadol
Analgesic
High
olophine, Methadone,
Analgesic
,heroin
Methadose
,
substitute
LAAM, Leritrine, Levo-Dro-
moran, Percodan, Tussionex,
Analgesic, anti-diarrheal
Fentanyl, Darvon2,
2
,
antitussive
Talwin
, Lomotil
Noctec, Somnos
Amobarbital, Phenobarbital,
Butisol, Phenoxbarbital,
Secobarbital, Tuinal
Anesthetic, anticonvulsant,
sedative, hypnotic
High-Moderate
Optimil, Parest, Quaalude,
Somnafac, Sopor
Ativan, Azene, Clonopin, Dal.
mane, Diazepam, Librium, Serax,
Tranxene, Valium, Verstran
Equanil, Miltown, Noludar,
Placidyl, Valmid
Coke, Flake, Snow
Biphetamine, Delcobese,
Desoxyn, Dexedrine, Mediatric
Adipex, Bacarate, Cylert, Di-
drex, lonamin, Plegine, Pre-
Sate, Sanorex, Tenuate,
Tepanil, Voranil
Sedative, hypnotic
Anti-anxiety,
anticonvulsant, sedative,
hypnotic
Anti-anxiety, sedative,
hypnotic
Hyperkinesis,
narcolepsy,
weight control
Possible
Mesc, Buttons, Cactus
2, 5-DMA, PMA, STP, MDA,
MMDA, TMA, DOM, DOB
PCP, Angel Dust, Hog
Bufotenine, Ibogaine, DMT,
DET, Psilocybin, Psilocyn
Pot, Acapulco Gold, Grass,
Reefer, Sinsemilla, Thai Sticks
Under investigation
'Designated a narcotic under the Controlled Substances Act 2Not designated a narcotic under the Controlled Substances Act
Degree
unknown
Moderate
Degree
unknown
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POST-TEST
ILLEGAL DRUG CONSUMPTION IN THE U.S.
(in metric tons*)
1981
1982
1983
Cocaine
34-35
45-54
50-61
Heroin
3.89
4.08
4.12
Marijuana
9,600-13,900
12,300-14,100
13,600-14,000
General Directions: On the line to the
left of each statement write the letter of
the choice that best completes the state-
ment or answers the question.
A. A GROWING PROBLEM?
Base your answers on the table
above.
1. The illegal drug least widely used
in the U.S. is (a) heroin; (b) marijuana;
(c) cocaine.
2. Illegal drug consumption rose faster
between which years? (a) 1982 and 1983;
(b) not enough information; (c) 1981 and
1982.
3. The illegal drug with the largest
increase in use in the U.S. between
1981 and 1983 is (a) marijuana; (b) her-
oin; (c) cocaine.
4. The illegal drug with the highest
rate of increase in the U.S. between
1981 and 1983 is (a) heroin; (b) cocaine;
(c) marijuana.
B. WHAT'S THE PRICE?
1. Among estimated costs of drug
abuse in the U.S., the highest is in (a)
crime; (b) loss of job productivity; (c)
costs of health care.
- 2. In 1984, U.S. Customs agents
seized marijuana, heroin, and cocaine
with a street value of (a) $100 million; (b)
$1 billion; (c) $10 billion.
- 3. The increase between the price
paid Asian farmers for opium gum and
the wholesale value of its derivative, her-
oin, is about (a) 50-100%; (b) 100-500%;
(c) 10,000-50,000%.
4. To combat the illegal drug trade
this year, the U.S. government will
spend over (a) $1 billion; (b) $10 billion;
(c) $50 billion.
C. MATCH-UP
Column A
a. Opium
b. Morphine
c. Amphetamines
d. 1920s
e. Post-world War II
f. Harrison Anti-Narcotic Act, 1914
g. Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906
Column B
1. Drug widely prescribed by early
19th century doctors in the U.S
_ 2. Prohibition Era
- 3. Banned the sale of fraudulently
labeled medicines
4. Issued to GIs during World War II
- 5. Introduced to Americans just be-
fore the Civil War
D. YES (Y) OR NO (N)?
Read the following excerpt from UP-
DATE's interview of DEA head John C.
Lawn. Then answer the questions be-
low.
Our predominant effect (in combating
the drug traffic) will be obtained by ef-
forts at the source country. (To intercept
drugs) at the borders is an impossible
task. Our fall-back position is attacking
the major international trafficking cartels
within the U. S.
It is probable that John Lawn
1. feels that his #1 priority is inter-
cepting drugs at U.S. borders?
2. supports paying Peruvian farmers
not to grow coca plants?
3. feels that his #2 priority is fighting
illegal drug trade in the U.S.?
4. is chiefly concerned with the occa-
sional "small purchaser" of drugs?
- 5. favors negotiating with leaders of
countries that produce drugs?
Scholastic Inc grants teacher-subscribers of Scholastic UPDATE permission to reproduce this page for use in their classrooms. ? 1985 by Scholastic Inc. All Rights Reserved.
May 10 1985 ? Teachers' Edition/5
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SCHOLASTIC
Incorporating Senior Scholastic
ITS SOURCES
ITS TARGETS
THE BBATTLE TO CONTROL IT
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 s~w
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? ? Wearing
Maybelline"' keeps your nails looking their best longer.,,.'
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? Colors ?e ? e? to last. And last!
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Wear it Light
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U 1: 4 )A 17 EA 0
May 10, 1985 a Vol. 117. No. 18
The
Drug
Trade
4 The Challenge to an Open, Affluent Society
The nation's drug problem may be a price we pay for our liberties
and economic success. Has the price become too large?
6 Where Drug Trading Begins. How It Must End
With worldwide production of drugs rising steadily, drug enforce-
ment agents need to know who's producing drugs-and where.
9 How the U.S. Battles Drugs on Three Fronts
In foreign lands, within U.S. borders, and in the attitudes of Ameri-
can drug users, the U.S. is making a difference.
10 An Insider's Look at Drug-Law Enforcement
A former high school coach, John Lawn, reveals his plans for the
U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, which he now heads.
12 For Some. Money Is the Most Dangerous Drug
Enormous drug wealth lures traffickers, but we pay equally high
costs-in medical fees, crime, and low worker output.
14 A "Rite of Passage" More Young People Avoid
In increasing numbers, young people are saying "no thanks" to
drugs as they understand the threat to health.
16 Ten Who Take a Stand in the War Against Drugs
Profiles of people on both sides, from Colombia's drug trader Pablo
Escobar to Nancy Reagan, an anti-drug crusader.
18 DataBank: Drug Abuse Scoreboard
Charts and graphs help you keep track of where drugs are coming
from, what drugs are being seized, and who's being hurt.
19 The Sorry History of Drug Abuse in the U.S.
Not too long ago, children could buy morphine over a drugstore
counter. The U.S. has come a long way since then.
25 Wordpower
If you think drug smugglers mean washing clothes when they say
"laundering," this glossary will set you straight.
26 Puzzle Page
Poppies might look harmless. But small Spend time with a Wordsearch, Crossword, and Scrambler geared
plants, such as these, help to fuel a to the drug trade. Warning: the riddle's solution is addictive.
worldwide, criminal drug trade worth
billions of dollars. An extract from the
poppy's seed pod is the basis of heroin. Cover photo: Jean-Bernard Dietrich/Time Magazine
SEE YOU NEXT YEAR: With this issue, UPDATE ends its
1984-85 publishing year. See you in the fall, when we will
explore U.S. Immigration, the Executive Branch Under Rea-
gan, the Nuclear Arms Talks, the U.N. at 40, and much,
much more. Have a wonderful, productive summer.
Maurice R. Robin" a, founder of Scholastic Inc., 18Y5-1882
EDITORIAL ? Eric Oatman, Editor a Peter M. Josh, David Goddy, Manna Christopher, Associate Editors a Patricia Isms, Art Editor ? Richard Walsh. Production Editor a Elora
So", Chief Photo Editor a Deborah Thompson, Photo Researcher ? Anthony Wayne Smith, Special Consultant . Patricia Conniff., Teaching Guide Editor a ADMINISTRATION .
J.G. Srowsetl, Editorial Director, Administration a Dale Moyer, Editorial Design Director a Jane Flieyel. Production Director a Lacy Eeankorr, Chief Librarian. Dies. MoU.wa,
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4 ? Scholastic UPDATE
THE CHALLENGE TO AN
OPEN, AFFLUENT SOCIETY
o ancient civilization
Never matched Rome's
achievements. Rome
grew from a tiny farm-
ing settlement on the east bank
of the Tiber River into the con-
trolling force of the known
world. The Roman Empire over-
extended itself and began to fall
apart around the year 200. Out-
siders-"barbarians" to the Ro-
mans-invaded the empire dur-
ing the 300s and 400s and
hastened its decline. Eventual-
ly, two barbarian groups-the
Visigoths and the Vandals-en-
tered the city of Rome itself and
wrecked it.
Today, the U.S. is facing an
invasion-one that some believe
could be as deadly to our way of
Our strong economy acts as
a magnet to smuggled drugs,
while our tradition of individ-
ual liberty hampers the fight
against drugs at home.
life as the one that ensured
Rome's downfall. This time the
foe is drugs: cocaine, marijuana,
and heroin. Like Rome 1,800
years ago, the U.S. is the world's
most powerful and productive
force. But many see the nation's
might threatened by drugs that,
in increasing amounts, are be-
ing ferried across our borders
from Latin America and Asia.
(See map, below.)
Y Atlantic
colom~
Ecuador
SOUTH
Bolivia
AMERICA
This traffic is having some
troubling results. Forty years
ago, Americans abusing opium,
heroin, morphine, and cocaine
numbered about 10,000. Today,
in a given month, as many as 10
million Americans use cocaine,
and another 20 million use mari-
juana.
The harmful effect drug abuse
has on American society is
plainly visible. Drugs are in-
volved in anywhere from a third
to a half of all crime in the U.S.
Drug-related crime cost the na-
tion about $7 billion in 1983-
plus immeasurable amounts of
fear and pain among crime's vic-
tims. Employees who took drugs
cost businesses an estimated
$16.7 billion. Medical treatment
EUROPE
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for drug abusers cost more than
$2 billion. (See Economics, pp.
12-13.) The shattering impact of
narcotics on drug abusers' fam-
ilies, on their communities, and
on the abusers themselves is in-
calculable.
What is the U.S. doing to de-
fend itself against the invasion
of illicit drugs? An article on
page 9 provides some answers,
as does an exclusive interview
with John Lawn, the chief enforc-
er of the nation's drug laws.
TOO HIGH A PRICE?
In a sense, a flourishing trade
in illegal drugs is part of the
price we pay for a free and afflu-
ent society. The U. S. is an open
society. This openness-one of
the nation's most attractive
qualities-turns out to be a ma-
jor "flaw" in the nation's defense
against drugs. A country where
individual rights and freedoms
were not guaranteed could no
doubt control the drug trade
A helicopter used by the U.S. Customs Service has scored some successes. The green
leaves stand for marijuana hauls, the white ones for cocaine. Numbers note the pounds
of each haul. Still, the U.S. intercepts less than 15 percent of smuggled drugs.
more easily. But few Americans
would want to live in a nation
that has police on every street
corner and in every corner of
their lives.
Many teenagers have begun
to create internal defenses
against drugs. A nationwide
study of high school seniors,
conducted last year, showed il-
licit drug use continuing the
gradual decline that began in
1980. For the nation, that's good
news. In the end, an economi-
cally strong, open society's best
defense against drugs is a refus-
al on the part of its members to
put up with abuse.
TRACKING THE
INTERNATIONAL
DRUG TRADE
MARIJUANA
Cannabis growing countries
Illegal routes of marijuana and
hashish traffic
APPROX. NATIONAL
OUTPUTS (1984):
Colombia: 8,500 metric tons
Mexico: 5,800 metric tons
Jamaica: 2,800 metric tons
Belize: 1,050 metric tons
U. S.: 1,600 metric tons
HEROIN
APPROX. NATIONAL
OUTPUTS (1984):
Opium poppy growing countries
Burma:
600 metric tons
Iran:
500 metric tons
Afghanistan:
180 metric t
Illegal routes for opium and its
Pakistan:
ons
50 metric tons
derivative, heroin
Thailand:
40 metric tons
Laos:
30 metric tons
Mexico:
20 metric tons
COCAINE
APPROX. NATIONAL
OUTPUTS (1984):
Coca leaf growing countries
Peru:
60,000 metric tons
Colombia:
11,700 metric tons
Illegal routes of the cocaine
Bolivia:
50,000 metric tons
trade
Ecuador:
900 metric tons
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6 ? Scholastic UPDATE
WHERE DRUG TRADING
BEGINS, HOW IT MUST END
In the back alleys of big cit-
ies, on lonely islands, in
steaming jungles, along re-
mote mountain pas-
ses ... a war is raging. It's a
fierce, never-ending, shadow
war-the ongoing struggle
against the international traffic
in illegal drugs.
Some people view the struggle
as a contest between the forces
of good and evil. If that's true,
it's also true, unfortunately, that
the forces of evil appear to be
winning right now. For several
years, the production of illegal
drugs has increased sharply. So
has the smuggling of these
drugs into North America and
Western Europe.
Each surge in the flow of
drugs into the Western world
means more addicts, more shat-
tered lives and suffering, more
wasted talents, and more crime.
The Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion estimates that about half of
all crimes committed in the U.S.
are directly linked to drug use.
(See DataBank, p. 18.) Viewed
this way, it's easy to believe the
claim that each kilogram of her-
oin or cocaine that enters the
U.S. is a lethal weapon-a bomb
capable of destroying part of the
nation's social fabric.
Worldwide output of cocaine,
heroin, and marijuana has
risen alarmingly, convincing
nations where the drugs are
produced to take action.
The demand for illegal drugs
is high in the U.S., as are the
prices Americans are willing to
pay for them. For these reasons,
the U.S. stands at the top of any
international drug trader's list of
targets. These reasons are also
why U.S. law enforcement agen-
cies are in the forefront of the
worldwide fight against the
drug traffic.
STRIKE AT THE SOURCE
Opium poppies, coca shrubs,
and cannabis weeds are the
sources of today's most widely-
used illegal drugs-heroin, co-
caine, and marijuana. So it
would seem that the easiest way
to stop the drug trade would be
to keep people from growing
these crops.
In the 1970s, the U.S. encour-
aged Turkey, our ally in the
North Atlantic Treaty Organiza-
tion, to clamp down on illegal
poppy cultivation. Turkey at the
time was the world's leading
source of opium and its deriva-
tive, heroin. With tough laws
and $20 million in U.S. aid,
Turkish authorities paid farmers
to switch from poppies to alter-
native crops.
The plan worked well. Pinch-
ing off the flow of drugs at its
source in Turkey was a major
victory in the war against the
international drug trade.
Unfortunately, that lone vic-
tory didn't slow the heroin traffic
for long. Other poppy growing
regions rushed to take Turkey's
place in the heroin trade. Since
1980, the worldwide production
of heroin has increased by more
than 50 percent.
ASIAN DIFFICULTIES
Today, the world's major opi-
um poppy growing regions are
in Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan,
Burma, Laos, and Thailand. Of
these, Thailand is the only one
that the U.S. has much influence
with. Diplomatically, the U.S.
has low-level ties with Laos and
is not even on speaking terms
with Iran and Afghanistan.
Prodded by the U.S., the Thai
government strikes out at opium
traders every now and then.
However, Thai government
In California. where marijuana is a ma-
jor crop, a state trooper confiscates a
marijuana plant during a raid.
A jungle cocaine factory in Colombia.
Making cocaine from coca leaves is a
long process involving many chemicals.
In Thailand, a peasant "bleeds" the sap
from an opium poppy. Sap will be turned
into a gum and then converted to heroin.
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MAY 10 1985 e 7
forces do not control all of Thai-
land all of the time. Sweeping
into remote regions, police and
troops may destroy poppy crops,
smash heroin processing labs,
and make arrests. But the police
and troops don't stay in the re-
mote regions. As soon as they
depart, the opium growers go
back into business.
Lack of central government
control is an even bigger prob-
lem in Burma-the world's top
producer of opium. In Burma's
hill country, where the poppies
grow, private armies, local war-
lords, Communist rebels, and
primitive tribes are in control.
Opium is a major source of
wealth for these groups. There-
fore, they are ready to fight, kill,
or torture anyone who might in-
terfere with their trade.
PAKISTAN'S PROBLEM
Pakistan, a major grower of
opium poppies, produces about
50 metric tons (50,000 kilos) of
opium and heroin each year. It
is also a center for processing
the opium gum that is produced
in neighboring Afghanistan.
Opium gum comes from sap
squeezed out of poppy seed
pods. Hundreds of thousands of
poppies are needed to produce
one kilogram of opium gum. The
gum must then be processed to
produce heroin. Ten kilos of opi-
um gum are needed to produce a
single kilo of heroin.
Though Pakistan is a major
center of the drug trade at this
time, U.S. agents feel that this
situation may change. Drug ad-
diction, widespread in Pakistan,
is becoming a greater problem
every day. The need to control
its own drug problem may
prompt the Pakistani govern-
ment to make an all-out effort to
end that country's opium trade.
Some opium poppies are
grown illegally in Mexico, not
far from the U.S. border. Com-
pared to the opium poppy crops
of Asian nations, Mexico's out-
put is relatively small. But be-
cause Mexico is a neighbor, that
output is of major concern to
U.S. drug enforcement agents.
Mexico is also a major source
of marijuana and a way station
for some shipments of cocaine
from South America. As a result,
much of the U.S. anti-drug effort
is concentrated on and around
the U.S.-Mexico border.
During the late 1970s and ear-
ly 1980s, Mexican and U.S. law
enforcement agents worked
closely together to combat the
Mexican drug trade. Cannabis
(marijuana) crops were de-
stroyed on the ground. Heroin
processing and smuggling rings
were broken up. Cocaine ship-
number of Mexican politicians
and police officials.
Evidence that there's truth to
these suspicions turned up in
March, when Enrique Camarena
Salazar, an agent of the U.S.
Drug Enforcement Administra-
tion (DEA), was murdered in
Mexico. Under pressure from the
U.S., Mexican officials arrested
several senior police officers
and charged them with the mur-
der. Also arrested was Rafael
Caro Quintero, 33, a reputed
In Bolivia. a woman buys coca leaves, which, unlike cocaine, are legal there. Brewed
as tea, the leaves make a milder stimulant than coffee. Bolivians also chew the leaves,
which numb the mouth (coca is a natural anesthetic) and produce lightheadedness.
ments were intercepted. Year by
year, the flow of drugs from
Mexico dwindled.
UPSURGE FROM MEXICO
A little over a year ago, how-
ever, this trend was reversed. Il-
legal drug shipments from Mexi-
co sharply increased. In 1983-
the last year for which the U.S.
has complete figures-Mexico
was the source of 33 percent of
the heroin entering the U.S. and
9 percent of the marijuana. To-
day, the U.S. State Department
believes that about 37 percent of
the heroin and 24 percent of the
marijuana in the U.S. comes
from Mexico.
What happened to permit the
illegal drug trade to expand so
rapidly in Mexico? U.S. drug en-
forcement agents suspect that
drug traffickers bought off a
"drug baron" from the Mexican
border state of Chihuahua. The
Mexican government seized
more than 10,000 tons of mari-
juana plants in Chihuahua last
year. Despite actions such as
these, the arrests of the police
officers prompted a U.S. official
to remark: "It's hard to tell the
good guys from the bad guys
here. They all carry badges."
SHIFT IN PUBLIC OPINION
The murder alerted millions of
Mexicans to the violence and
corruption that are part of the
illegal drug trade. Mexicans
have begun to pressure their
government to crack down on
the big-time drug dealers and
the public officials who aid
them. If that happens, Enrique
Camarena Salazar's death will
not have been in vain.
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Family members in the Thai highlands harvest opium from poppies. Hundreds of
thousands of poppies are needed to produce one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of opium gum.
Ten kilos of opium gum must be processed to produce a single kilo of heroin.
Cocaine, a stimulant extract-
ed from the leaves of the coca
shrub, is considered the hottest
item in the international drug
trade. In recent years, the de-
mand for cocaine has increased
enormously in North America
and Europe. And underworld fig-
ures have made billions of dol-
lars feeding this addiction.
LEGAL LEAVES
Coca shrubs are grown pri-
marily in Colombia, Peru, Boliv-
ia, and Ecuador. In most of those
countries, coca leaves are legal.
People chew the leaves and
drink a mild tea made from
them. It takes 300 pounds of coca
leaves to produce one pound of
cocaine, which has been out-
lawed in every country where
coca is grown.
To stamp out cocaine produc-
tion at the source, the U.S. is
working with South American
governments to locate and de-
stroy coca shrubs, cocaine pro-
cessing equipment, and stock-
piles of cocaine. The peasants
who grow and harvest coca
leaves have bitterly opposed
these efforts, as have dealers
who make fortunes out of pro-
cessing and smuggling cocaine.
Early in 1984, Justice Minister
Rodrigo Lara Bonilla of Colom-
bia resolved to wipe out that
country's cocaine trade-the
largest in the world. Throughout
March, 1984, Colombian police
and soldiers, along with U.S.
agents, struck at cocaine pro-
cessing centers throughout Co-
lombia. An estimated $1.2 bil-
lion worth of the deadly drug
was destroyed.
STRIKING BACK
A month later, the drug under-
world struck back. Rodrigo Lara
Bonilla was shot dead. The U.S.
Embassy in Colombia's capital
city of Bogota was bombed eight
months later. One woman was
killed. Dozens of Colombian
anti-drug agents have been
killed. And there are rumors that
a "hit team" has been sent to the
U.S. to kill top U.S. drug enforce-
ment officials.
In countries that produce ille-
gal drugs, people often blame
the trade on the nations where
the drugs are consumed. Elimi-
nate the demand for illegal
drugs, they say, and all the
problems linked to the drug
trade will disappear. "Colombia
will produce the crops as long
as there are consumers," says
Guillermo Angulo, Colombia's
consul general in New York.
"When there are no consumers,
there will be no crops."
U.S. officials agree with this
argument-to a point. They add
that the very presence of illegal
drugs helps create a demand for
them. "When drugs are avail-
able, they will be abused," ex-
plains John Cusack, chief of
staff of the Narcotics Committee
of the U.S. House of Representa-
tives. "Availability creates de-
mand. When you cut supply, de-
mand dissolves like a dream."
SHRINKING PAST SUPPLIES
For proof, Cusack points to
history. In 1900, he says, there
were about one million addicts
in the U.S. using opium, heroin,
morphine, and cocaine. New
laws and their enforcement cut
the supply of illegal drugs, and
by 1940 the number of addicts in
the U.S. had dropped to about
50,000. World War II cut supplies
even further. By 1945, there were
only about 10,000 addicts in the
U.S. After the war, however, the
illegal drug trade began
again-and the number of ad-
dicts began to climb.
Clearly, no one is really safe
from the destructive influence of
the international drug trade. The
producer nations are beginning
to understand this, as drug traf-
ficking expands and infects their
societies with addiction, vio-
lence, and corruption.
The only solution, officials
say, is to fight the illegal drug
trade everywhere and in every
way. That includes wiping out
narcotic plants where they grow,
destroying processing equip-
ment, smashing smuggling
rings, and arresting local deal-
ers. Finally, officials say, the
campaign against the drug
trade must include teaching
people, how-and why-to say
no to practices that are both
dangerous and habit-forming.
-Michael Cusack
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MAY lU 1985.9
HOW THE U.S. BATTLES
DRUGS ON THREE FRONTS
I n March, the bodies of Enri-
que Camarena Salazar and
his pilot were found on a
desolate Mexican ranch.
Camarena, an agent of the U.S.
Drug Enforcement Administra-
tion, had been brutally tortured.
He may have been buried alive.
Camarena's death shows the
increasingly ruthless measures
big-time drug traffickers are tak-
ing to protect their illegal trade.
Still, U.S. officials see a ray of
hope in the murder. They say he
wouldn't have been killed if the
U.S. fight against drugs hadn't
begun to hurt the traffickers.
Officials point out that they're
seizing more illegal drugs and
making more arrests than ever.
In 1984, for example, the U.S.
Customs Service seized 27,525
pounds of cocaine-five times
the amount taken in 1980.
NARCOTICS FLOOD
These figures don't impress
John Cusack, chief of the House
Narcotics Committee's staff. He
says more drugs are being
stopped simply because more
are flooding across U.S. borders.
"We are doing good work," he
told UPDATE. "But it doesn't
mean we're winning the war."
How can the U.S. defeat such
highly organized, widespread
narcotics crime? Federal agen-
cies, ranging from the Central
Intelligence Agency to the Inter-
nal Revenue Service, are fight-
ing the drug war on three fronts.
First, they are trying to cut the
production of drugs abroad. Sec-
ond, they are trying to stop
drugs at U.S. borders and stamp
out drug rings at home. Third,
they are trying to educate peo-
ple to say no to drugs.
To stop drugs at their source,
the U.S. needs the cooperation
of the governments of drug-pro-
ducing nations. The U.S. and
foreign governments agree on
how much drug output abroad
can be reduced in a year. "Some
The U.S. government is fight-
ing a long and dangerous
war against narcotics. But it
has made impressive gains
by battling on three fronts.
countries are dragging their
feet," Cusack says. "They know
they could be more effective, but
you have to force them."
A law passed by Congress
last year may nudge the foot-
draggers into action. The law re-
quires the U.S. to consider cut-
ting aid to countries that fail to
reduce their drug output. Last
year, drug output actually in-
creased in seven countries that
get U.S. aid. But the State De-
partment hesitates to take ac-
tion, because aid serves impor-
tant foreign policy goals, such
as keeping a country politically
stable. Still, the law has made
foreign governments see how se-
rious the U. S. takes the drug
problem-a plus,
The second
battlefront is at
or inside U.S.
borders, where
agents and po-
lice try to inter-
cept smuggled
drugs and break
up drug rings.
Stopping drugs
at the borders is
nearly impossi-
ble. The U. S.
Coast Guard
figures that it
would need $2
billion to stop
three fourths of
the marijuana
smuggling.
Now, smugglers
are successful
85 to 90 percent
of the time.
U.S agents
observers say.
are careful to seize goods and
money when they smash drug
rings. This way, they keep traf-
fickers from using their money to
start up business again. Last
year, agents seized assets worth
$200 million.
The U.S. military has joined
the drug battle at home. Nation-
al Guard training missions in
California often include raids on
marijuana producers.
THE THIRD FRONT
Education makes up the third
drug battlefront. Nancy Reagan,
the First Lady, is a leading sup-
porter of this effort, which has
been hobbled by funding cuts.
But education alone is not
enough. Experts stress that the
drug supply must be cut. They
point out that doctors and nurses
are well educated about the
dangers of narcotics. Yet these
professionals, knowledgeable
as they are, have very high rates
of drug addiction. If drugs are
available, experts warn, people
are going to abuse them.
-Maura Christopher
Intercepting drugs that smugglers bring across U.S. borders is
difficult, but not impossible. Above, a U.S. Coast Guard team
scores a success at sea after boarding a ship ferrying drugs.
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10 ? Scholastic UPDA'1'1::
AN INSIDER'S LOOK AT
DRUG-LAW ENFORCEMENT
John C. Lawn, the newly ap-
pointed head of the U.S
Drug Enforcement Adminis-
tration (DEA), is taking over
during one of the DEA's toughest
times. But Lawn is no stranger to
law enforcement. He worked 15
years for the Federal Bureau of
Investigation before joining the
DEA in 1982. A former high
school basketball coach from
New York, Lawn gives drug
abuse education a high priority.
Associate Editor Maura Christo-
pher recently spoke with Lawn
in Washington, DC.
Update: What does the DEA do?
Lawn: The Drug Enforcement
Administration is the principal
agency responsible for the en-
forcement of the drug laws of the
United States. In addition to
serving in the United States, we
serve in 62 cities in 41 foreign
countries. I read with some in-
terest that in New York City,
there are 2,200 female police of-
ficers-that's the approximate
number of agents we have in the
world. So we are a very small
agency with an enormous task.
TRACKING DRUGS ABROAD
Update: What role does the DEA
play abroad?
Lawn: Internationally, we do not
have the power of arrest. Our
role is working with foreign gov-
ernments, developing intelli-
gence, assisting with their train-
ing programs, and trying to
enhance their narcotics enforce-
ment efforts. For instance, we've
seen an influx of Nigerians in-
volved in heroin traffic. We have
one agent assigned to Nigeria.
This is a lonely job, and some-
times in a very hostile environ-
ment.
Update: As head of DEA, what
would you like to accomplish?
Lawn: I think it is appalling for
us to recognize that the U.S. is
perhaps the most prolific drug
abusing country in history. I
would like to see that turned
John C. Lawn, head of the DEA, often
works to get foreign governments to slow
drug production within their borders.
Fighting drug output abroad
and changing attitudes at
home are top goals of the
new head of the Drug En-
forcement Administration.
around. I'm talking not only in
terms of narcotics and danger-
ous drugs, but about our use of
alcohol, and our use of tobacco.
Update: What's the size of the
problem that you're up against?
Lawn: The problem we face is
substantial. The battle against
drug abuse is not a battle that
will be won this year or next
year, because, in addition to the
enforcement aspect, we must
change the views of our citizens.
Update: Are you focusing on
fighting certain types of drugs?
Lawn: We certainly will look at
any drug that is being abused.
However, as a practical matter,
cocaine is the drug of choice. So,
more than half of our investiga-
tive resources are involved in
fighting cocaine trafficking.
Update: We stop only about 10 to
15 percent of the drugs that come
into the U.S. Are we losing the
battle against drugs?
Lawn: I think we are a long way
from winning the narcotics war,
but we are having a severe im-
pact on traffickers. We recently
had an agent killed in Mexico,
and we receive threats regularly
around the world. Were we not
effective, they would have no
need to threaten us.
Update: Who is behind narcotics
trafficking?
Lawn: You have to categorize
the drugs. Historically, the orga-
nizations involved with heroin
smuggling have been tradition-
al organized crime. Ten years
ago, organized crime families
may have been involved with 80
percent of the heroin consumed
in the United States. However,
now it may be as low as 20 per-
cent, because enforcement ef-
forts have been so effective.
Cocaine comes from three pre-
dominant sources in this hemi-
sphere: Colombia, Peru, and Bo-
livia. In Colombia terrorist
groups are involving themselves
in trafficking. The government of
Colombia has recognized that
this is a serious problem.
NARCOTICS WEALTH
Update: Are the economies of
these countries growing depen-
dent on drug trade money?
Lawn: While trafficking does en-
rich individuals of a given coun-
try, it doesn't necessarily enrich
the country. The traffickers im-
mediately transfer their money
to countries where there are
[banking] havens. The coca
grower in Peru may stand to
gain 200 American dollars by
cultivating coca over a year.
This is the difference for that
coca grower between starvation
and a livelihood. But that coca
grower will never have the afflu-
ence that the trafficker does.
Update: Should the U.S. tie its
foreign aid to another country's
progress in fighting drugs?
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MAY 10, 1985 ? 11
Lawn: That's a question that has
certainly been posed in the halls
of Congress. The answer, how-
ever, is not simple. We have to
balance what our lack of pay-
ment will do to the state of their
economy. While there would be
a short-term gain [in fighting
drugs], if a country has a falter-
ing economy, they are going to
reach out to some other country
or group for aid. And this group
could foster a communist ideolo-
gy in our hemisphere.
GUARDING U.S. BORDERS
Update: Does the DEA empha-
size stopping drugs before they
reach the U.S., or combating
drug traffic inside the U.S.?
Lawn: Our predominant success
will be obtained by efforts at the
source countries. When we re-
vert to a fallback position of [in-
tercepting drugs] at the borders,
that's an impossible task. So, it
is critical for us to convince the
source countries to effect law en-
forcement. Our fall-back posi-
tion is attacking the major inter-
national trafficking cartels
within the United States.
Update: How does the DEA de-
cide which traffickers to target?
Lawn: We have intelligence
gathering capabilities through-
out the world. When we learn
who the major trafficking orga-
nizations are, we target the ones
where we could have a substan-
tial impact with our resources.
Last year, we seized
assets in excess of $100
million dollars. We
seized a Tiffany lamp
collection from a traf-
ficker. [Tiffany lamps
are rare antiques made
of stained glass. The
collection sold for $1.7
million. A single lamp
brought $50,000. -Ed.]
Update: Many different
federal agencies are
fighting drugs. Does
this overlap reduce
your effectiveness?
Lawn: Historically, this
was a problem. There
were perhaps 10 agen-
cies involved in drug
enforcement. Now, with
the new Comprehen-
sive Crime Control Act [signed
in October, 1984], we have the
Attorney General of the United
States designated as the "drug
czar." He will ensure that all of
the agencies involved with drug
enforcement will work toward a
common goal.
WIDESPREAD ABUSE
Update: Why do you think drug
abuse is so widespread?
Lawn: If we take the time to
watch TV, we find that one out of
every five commercials reminds
us that we who don't feel good
can feel better by putting some-
thing into our systems, be it to-
bacco, alcohol, amphetamines,
barbituates, or aspirin. I think a
major source of the problem is
that our youngsters learn at a
very young age that we don't
feel well, or that we should feel
better. In our highly charged so-
ciety, stress plays a major role.
In order to fight stress, we have
abusers of dangerous drugs.
Update: How important is drug
education ?
Lawn: In the 1970s, young peo-
ple were asking, "What's the dif-
ference between our using mari-
juana and our parents having a
cocktail?" The research was not
available to give the answers.
Now we have that body of
knowledge to explain the sub-
stantial health problems. Educa-
tion is critical. As soon as the
government begins to dictate to
citizens what to do, that's when
the system fails. But when we
get citizens involved in educa-
tion [and] citizens decide, "Hey,
this is right," that's when we're
going to see success.
Update: Does the DEA have
enough resources for prevention
and education?
Lawn: We have no money in our
budget for our education pro-
gram. We are getting funds for it
from the Department of Justice,
the FBI, and the National Foot-
ball League.
ABUSE PREVENTION
Update: What is your sports-drug
awareness program?
Lawn: The sports-drug aware-
ness program was introduced to
us by a high school coach.
Based on his recommendation,
we explored the possibility of
getting the 48,000 coaches in-
volved in varsity athletics to
learn about drug abuse. We who
are or were in coaching know
the coach is in a trememndous
position to influence a young-
ster. I have, as recently as a
week ago, received a call from a
person who was on my team 21
years ago. Obviously, I had
some influence on that individ-
ual's life. If we can use the influ-
ence a coach has to direct the
student against drug abuse, we
are going to see some changes
in the attitudes of young people.
Update: What about the kids
important that they work together. says John Lawn. Above,
specially trained dogs make the job easier for the U.S. Customs
Service.
who don't take sports?
Lawn: The coaches will
impart their knowledge
to their athletes. The
athletes will use peer
pressure to influence
their classmates. Cer-
tainly a small percent-
age of high school
groups will not be af-
fected. If we touch only
10 percent of the stu-
dent population, that's
progress. We can arrest
people until you are a
great-grandmother,
and it will not have a
substantial impact on
young people. It is only
when attitudes change
that we will see a dif-
ference.
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FOR SOME, MONEY IS THE
MOST DANGEROUS DRUG
Sitting there in the bank-
er's office with a plastic
garbage bag full of
money between his
legs, Jack R. Devoe knew he had
a problem. It was a familiar one.
Devoe, a pilot and drug smug-
gler, needed a bank to hold his
money. But he needed a bank
that would not report his depos-
its to the U.S. government.
Devoe found that bank in the
Bahamas, a small island coun-
try in the Caribbean. After a de-
lay, a banker there accepted his
deposit-on the condition that
Devoe pay a one-percent "count-
ing fee."
In the U.S., banks must report
deposits of $10,000 or more to the
government. No such laws exist
in the Bahamas. That's why
drug traffickers like Devoe, who
told his story to the President's
Commission on Organized
Crime, fly to the Bahamas and
other such countries with their
"narcodollars"-money gleaned
from the narcotics trade.
LAUNDERING MONEY
Each year, say U.S. Govern-
ment officials, between $30 and
$40 billion in criminal drug mon-
ey is banked in places like the
Bahamas. The process in effect
cleans, or "launders," money
made dirty through crime. After-
wards, drug traders can easily
draw the laundered money out
of the bank and spend it.
There is no law against laun-
dering. Congress is only now
studying such a law as a way to
hit drug dealers where it hurts
most-in their bank accounts.
No one knows the exact size of
the drug trade. But federal offi-
cials say the numbers are much
larger than the $30 to $40 billion
laundry bill. U.S. Secretary of
State George Shultz says that
Americans spend at least $80
billion a year on drugs. That's
more than the value of a year's
output of goods and services in
Health bills, crime, and shod-
dy work, all drug related,
cost the nation $25 billion a
year. Billions more in profits
lure many to the drug trade.
many nations. Other sources put
the total as high as $110 billion.
Whatever the actual figure, most
experts say that it is rising.
But the drug trade's costs can't
be estimated in narcodollars
alone. Social costs-everything
on the U.S.
economy of
illegal drug
trade and
drug abuse
LOW JOB PRODUCTIVITY
eAbs'nte lsm: nearly $5 billion
'Drug deaths: $1.3 billion
'Employees jailed: $2.1 billion
Workers who quits $6.3 billion
HEALTH CARE COSTS
'Medical treatment: $1.9 billion
'Employee Assistance Programs:
$367 million
THE COSTS OF CRIME
'Court. police, prison bills: $5.2 billion
'Crime prevention (locks, alarms. etc.):
$1.6 billion
'Property destruction: $113 million.
(1983 dollars)
Estimated total
economic impact
from drug-related job absences
to crime and medical bills-
must be included, too. The year-
ly cost of these items to Ameri-
cans may exceed $25 billion.
(See table.)
Drug-related crime, estimated
to cost the U.S. about $7 billion,
is often seen as the major eco-
nomic impact of the trade in ille-
gal drugs. But another, less ob-
vious, cost is job productivity-
what a worker accomplishes in
a given amount of time. A recent
survey by the New Jersey-based
National Cocaine Hotline found
that 75 percent of the people
who use cocaine admit using it
at work. And 64 percent of those
surveyed said that their job per-
formance suffered as a result.
DRUGS AND WORK
A study done by the Firestone
Tire and Rubber Company found
that workers who use drugs are
3.6 times as likely to have acci-
dents on the job as people who
don't use drugs. Also, the re-
searchers reported, drug users
were 2.5 times as likely as non-
users to miss more than a
week's work. Moreover, they
were five times as likely as non-
users to file claims for workers'
compensation-an insurance
fund used to replace wages lost
due to injuries received on the
job. And, said Firestone, work-
ers who used drugs drew three
times as many sick benefits-to
cover doctor and hospital fees,
for example-as workers who
did not use drugs.
Another survey found that
drug users are only 67 percent
as productive as non-users. In
economic terms, an addicted
auto worker with a $25,000 sala-
ry would be wasting about
$8,000 of the company's money a
year. A vice president at the
same company, who earned
$200,000, would be wasting
$66,000 a year. Neither of these
figures includes the cost of re-
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MAY 10, 1985 ? 13
pairing cars damaged by sloppy
workmanship. Nor does either
figure include the cost of proper-
ty theft and embezzlement by
drug-using employees. "In order
for American industry to remain
competitive, you've got to get
more than that out of your work-
ers," says Dr. Carlton Turner,
who advises President Reagan
on drug abuse matters.
To combat these economic
threats, many companies have
begun Employee Assistance Pro-
grams (EAPs) to provide counsel-
ing and medical aid for addicted
employees. In 1950, 50 compa-
nies had set up EAPs. By 1983, at
least 5,000 had done so.
AID PROGRAMS PAY
Although EAPs first focused on
alcohol abuse, many now in-
clude drug treatment. The best-
known EAP is that of General
Motors, which began drug coun-
seling in 1975. Today, about
10,000 GM workers receive EAP
treatment.
GM says that the program,
though costly, makes economic
sense. For every $1 invested,
GM contends, it gets a $3 return
in terms of fewer accidents and
less employee sick time. Drug
treatment plans have expanded
beyond EAPs. In 1983, Medicare,
a federal health insurance pro-
gram covering some 30 million
elderly Americans, began cover-
ing drug treatment costs.
The cost of battling drug
abuse extends far beyond U.S.
shores. According to Secretary
Shultz, the U.S. will spend more
than $100 million on worldwide
drug control programs in 1985.
Much of that money will pay
for the destruction of drug-pro-
ducing plants in other nations.
In Colombia-a major source of
the marijuana and cocaine that
enters North America-the U.S.
spent almost $8 million in 1984.
In one program, more than 4,000
acres of marijuana plants were
sprayed with herbicide. Offi-
cials claimed that one operation
may have kept as much as $3
billion worth of Colombian mari-
juana from reaching the U.S.
In Peru, the source of much of
North America's cocaine, the
U.S. has spent $30 million to de-
stroy coca fields and help farm-
ers substitute rice and other
crops. In 1983, the U.S. signed a
treaty with Bolivia, the source of
half the world's cocaine and a
tenth of the U.S. supply. The
treaty obliges Washington to
spend $58 million through 1988
to control Bolivia's drug trade
and help farmers grow other
crops.
A vital part of this overseas
operation is the training of for-
eign drug officers. Since 1971,
the U.S. has paid for the training
of more than 25,000 foreign drug
enforcement officers. In 1985, the
U.S. will fund
the training of
2,000 such offi-
cers in 30 na-
tions. Beyond
this, the U.S. is
stepping up its
effort to catch
smugglers as
they try to enter
the U. S. In 1984,
the U.S. Cus-
toms Service
seized heroin,
cocaine, and
marijuana with
an estimated
street value of
$10 billion.
Aiming to
seize even
more, Con-
gress appropri-
ated $25 mil-
$30, 000 in the U. S.
Heroin, made from the opium
poppy, offers an even larger prof-
it. Asian farmers get $30 to $55 for
a kilogram of opium gum, made
from the milky center of the pop-
py. The gum must be refined to
make heroin. It takes about 10
kilograms of gum-costing be-
tween $300 and $550 a kilo-
gram-to make a kilogram of
heroin. In 1984, the wholesale
price of a kilo of heroin in the
U. S. ranged from $55,000 to
$285,000.
The wholesale cost of marijua-
na, the most popular drug, is
$350 to $700 a pound in the U. S.
Miami cocaine bust. "As long as large numbers of people are
willing to pay any price for this horrible drug, it won't go
away," says Diego Pizano, Colombian government economist.
lion for eight Customs Service
high-endurance tracking planes.
Their job: finding, following, and
intercepting planes carrying
drugs from the Caribbean and
South and Central America. The
Customs Service hopes to have at
least four of the new planes flying
and chasing drug-smugglers by
July.
Even with this massive effort,
the economics of the drug trade
are so alluring that drug dealers
appear undaunted. Profits are so
huge that there is no shortage of
people willing to risk jail and
even death for narcodollars. In
Colombia, for example, the price
of cocaine may be $4,500 to $7,350
a kilogram-35.3 ounces. But a
smuggler can sell that kilo for
But when sold to individual us-
ers, the price is $60 to $175 an
ounce. That's a profit of at least
300 to 900 percent.
In the end, it's the economic
element that seems to be the
most addictive part of the drug
trade. With so much money to be
made, many drug traffickers re-
gard arrest and even jail as part
of the cost of doing business.
"You can put them in jail for 10
years," Jim Bramble, a special
agent with the U.S. Drug En-
forcement Administration, says
of the drug traffickers. "And
when they get out of jail, if they
still have that $40 million bank
account in Switzerland or Pana-
ma or Grand Cayman, they go
right back in business."
-Peter M. Jones
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14 ? Scholastic UPDATE
A "RITE OF PASSAGE"
MORE YOUNG PEOPLE AVOID
y the age of 14, Nicki
was a "weekend war-
rior," waiting till Friday
Band Saturday nights to
get high. Two summers ago, her
family moved from Boston to
Brooklyn, NY-and Nicki moved
into her new neighborhood's
drug scene. She began "migrat-
ing" with "an older crowd, more
advanced in terms of drugs."
Soon she was smoking marijua-
na twice a day. Then, she says,
"I got bored with that high and
sampled other things-cocaine,
angel dust, a lot of drinking."
Nicki was lucky. She was
caught-arrested for possession
of cocaine. She entered a treat-
ment program at Phoenix House,
the nation's largest private drug-
treatment center, and has been
drug-free for 10 months. "I didn't
think I had a drug addiction
problem, but now I know I did,"
says Nicki, now 16. "I didn't care
about school or family life or
whether I was socially respect-
ed. Now I strive for things, and
my values have changed for the
better."
AN EPIDEMIC OF ABUSE
Millions of other Americans
aren't as lucky. New reports find
cocaine use a common factor in
many heart attacks among peo-
ple under 40. Others link drug
and alcohol use to rising death,
accident, and suicide rates
among people under 25. These
are just a few results, experts
fear, of an epidemic of drug
abuse that threatens America's
medical, social, and economic
health.
Researchers point to a dramat-
ic rise in public acceptance of
drug use. In 1962, less than 4
percent of the population report-
ed having used an illegal drug.
By 1983, that had climbed to 33
percent of all Americans over
age 12. The National Institute on
Drug Abuse estimates that, each
month, about 20 million people
Smoking marijuana is still a common
sight around many schools, but two
thirds of all seniors now disapprove.
Experts fear that widespread
drug abuse threatens Ameri-
ca's health, but growing
numbers of young people are
turning against drugs.
smoke marijuana, 5 to 10 million
use cocaine, and over 4.5 million
use stimulants or depressants.
Old stereotypes that drug us-
ers are poor, young, uneducated
misfits no longer hold true. To-
day, heavy drug users can be
found in every social class and
occupation-from stockbrokers
and lawyers to factory workers
and bookkeepers. "Drug use at
the workplace is as common as
the coffee break," concluded one
former U.S. drug agent who now
advises businesses on drug-tak-
ing employees. And counselors
who work with young people say
"the better the school, the 'bet-
ter' the drugs" that students can
find.
Part of the reason for rising
drug use-and changing atti-
tudes-is the influence of the
"baby boom" generation, people
who came of age during the
"drug revolution" of the 1960s
and 1970s. Drug use is up among
those older than 26, largely be-
cause many grown-up baby
boomers aren't giving up their
drug-taking habits.
Society is now sending people
a double message about drugs,
many experts say. "On the one
hand, we still deplore young
people doing anything that has
the potential to injure them,"
says Dr. Norman Zinberg, pro-
fessor of psychiatry at Harvard.
"On the other hand, there's a so-
cial awareness that you can al-
ter your mood in a variety of
ways. That's a different kind of
thinking than was true before
the drug revolution."
RELYING ON DRUGS
The result, experts say, is a
growing reliance on drugs as an
easy way to deal with problems
of all kinds, from backpain to
unhappiness. Those liable to de-
velop drug habits are usually
those who use drugs to cope
with stress or to supply feelings
they lack, such as a sense of
self-worth. "They often have a
sense that something's wrong,
or feelings of inadequacy, pessi-
mism, and helplessness," says
Patrick Nordquist, director of
Phoenix House's IMPACT pro-
gram for young people. "To
loners, drugs can offer a sense
of identity and a ready-made so-
cial network."
For Chris, a 17-year-old New
Yorker, drugs offered all those
things-and an addiction he
didn't bargain for. "It was so
much easier to say, 'Bag the re-
sponsibilities, let's go get
stoned,' " he recalls. Chris start-
ed smoking marijuana in the
ninth grade, and by his junior
year at a prestigious Eastern
prep school, he and his friends
were getting stoned every day.
His grades dropped, and he was
"pretty much thrown out" of
school. "I felt so bad about my-
self I started doing cocaine ev-
ery day," Chris says. "Towards
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MAY 10 1985 ? 15
the end, I was going into convul-
sions. I was stealing a lot from
my parents. I even beat up my
brother for losing $2 worth of
herbs. "
Chris ran away from one treat-
ment program before going to
Phoenix House. Now drug-free
for nine months, he's still not
sure that he'll be able to stay
straight. "There's a part in
everyone that's self-destructive,
that wants to be angry at your-
self and pity yourself," Chris
says. "Drugs are a sign that you
want something but you're lost."
CHANGING ATTITUDES
One encouraging sign is that
more and more young people
are finding other ways to deal
with their problems. According
to a nationwide survey of high
school seniors, illegal drug use
has been slowly dropping since
1980. (See chart below.) "We've
seen attitudes reversing on most
drugs," says Dr. Lloyd Johnston,
program director of the Universi-
ty of Michigan survey. "Most
young people show increasing
disapproval of drug use." For in-
stance, only one third of the se-
niors in 1978 said that daily mar-
ijuana use was a "great risk,"
while two thirds of the seniors in
1984 agreed.
Concerns about careers, fi-
nancial security, and staying
healthy are reasons Dr. Johnston
cites for the decline. "More
young people are finding out
that drug use gets in the way of
achieving their goals," he says.
Still another reason, Dr. John-
ston says, is that young people
are beginning to trust new evi-
dence that drug use is indeed
harmful.
Still, the survey revealed that
drug use remains high. Nearly
two out of three people try an
illegal drug before they finish
high school. And nearly two out
of every five seniors admitted to
a binge of at least five drinks in
a row during the past two
weeks. Such "binge" drinking is
the kind that most often leads to
accidents. More alarming, drug
counselors say, is that the age of
first drug use is getting lower.
Today, most kids have heard
about drugs by the fifth grade.
By the ninth grade, many are
regular users.
TOUGHENING DRUG LAWS
In response, a growing anti-
drug movement of parents'
groups and religious organiza-
tions is fighting back in many
communities. At least 25 states
have considered anti-parapher-
nalia laws-outlawing the man-
ufacture, distribution, and sale
of drug-related accessories. The
movement is also pushing for
tougher drug laws and a higher
legal drinking age.
"Parents are getting involved
because their kids are in-
volved," says Carolyn Burns,
vice president of the National
Federation of Parents for Drug-
free Youth, which has 8,000 affil-
iated parent groups around the
U.S. "Kids are getting short-
changed by the acceptance of
drugs as a fact of life. It's por-
trayed as a rite of passage into
adulthood-not as harmful, un-
necessary, and not smart." Mrs.
Burns became active in the fed-
eration after her two sons bat-
tled drug abuse problems.
Most experts agree that edu-
cation is the most effective way
of fighting drug abuse. "In the
1950s, you had to decide when to
drink your first beer," says Dr.
Zinberg. "Today, the choices are
much more complex."
Psychologists are developing
new ways of identifying, before
drug use starts, children who
are likely to develop problems.
They're also stressing the need
to help young people develop
the social skills and confidence
that allow them to make the
right choices. "In the long run,"
says Dr. Johnston, reducing de-
mand for illegal drugs "may be
the only battle in the war on
drugs which society can really
win." -David Goddy
Drug Use Among High School Seniors
Per
cent who used drugs within last year
90%
80%
70% ~
60%
/
50?
--- -----
.
0
30%
20
%
10%
-------
2
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class
Cl ass
.2
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
a
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
Alcohol
Marijuana Stimulants'
Cocaine
Hallucinogens2 (LSD,PCP) Inhalants3
Sedatives
- Tranquilizers --- - Other opiates-----
Heroin _.__,
Cigarettes (monthly use)
'Dramatic drop beginning in 1982 is due to adjustment for overreporting. 'Rise beginning 1979 due to
adjustment for underreporting. 3Rise beginning 1979 due to adjustment for underreporting.
Since 1980, drug use by high school seniors has declined in most categories. judging
from a survey of 17.000 students. Marijuana use scored a dramatic decline. In 1979. one
out of two seniors had used it at least once during the year. By 1984. two out of five had.
I =
o
a V
.99
Z
f'
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16 ? Scholastic UPDATE
10 WHO TAKE A STAND IN
THE WAR AGAINST DRUGS
One South American drug kingpin, Carlos Lehder, has called cocaine the "Latin American
atom bomb." Cocaine isn't the type of bomb that destroys buildings. Its effect is more insidious,
because drugs, some experts fear, may be eating away at the fabric of our society. Drugs take
their toll in homes, schools, and workplaces. One of Lehder's partners, Pablo Escobar, is
pictured on this page. Opposing his and other drug traffickers' assaults on our society are the
other individuals profiled on these two pages. They include parents, teachers, and government
officials. President Reagan has called drugs "one of the gravest problems facing us," and his
wife, Nancy, has adopted the fight against abuse as her personal crusade. So far, there are no
victors in the war against drugs, nor is there any indication that it will ever end. But while
smuggling increases, more and more high school students have begun to say no to drugs. The
people on these pages, in one way or another, have had a lot to do with that turnaround.
Nancy Reagan, 61, is
on a personal
crusade to stop drug
abuse. As President
Reagan's best friend
and most trusted
adviser, she wields a
lot of power. Last
month, she met with
the wives of the
heads of state of
numerous countries to
discuss tactics in the
war on drugs. She
has lent her name
and support to many
anti-drug campaigns,
such as the "Just Say
No" clubs springing
up in schools across
the country.
Relisario Betancur,
62, is president of
Colombia, the South
American country
that is the main U.S.
source for cocaine
and marijuana.
Betancur, one of 22
children born to a
poor rural family,
worked his way out of
poverty. He owned an
exporting firm before
his election to
Colombia's highest
office. He has vowed
to end Colombia's
drug production. The
U.S. is helping him
with more than $7
million in aid.
Carlton E. Turner, 44,
is Deputy Assistant to
the President for Drug
Abuse Policy.
Appointed to the job
by President Reagan
in March, he
spearheads White
House efforts to halt
drug abuse, through
education and law
enforcement. With a
Ph.D. in organic
chemistry, he
specializes in
research into the
effects of frequently
abused drugs such as
marijuana and
cocaine.
Pablo Escobar, 36, is
called "Robin Hood"
by some in Colombia.
There, he built low
income housing, gave
money to politicians,
and offered to help
his country pay off its
$13 billion foreign
debt. As Colombia's
top drug czar, he is
worth over $2 billion.
Until last year, he
operated openly and
even won election to
congress, while his
drug profits were
hidden in the tourist
business. Colombia's
new crack-down has
forced him into exile.
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AIM HIGH
ISS055
Send me more information about Air Force Opportunities for a high school graduate.
NAME
M F
SOCIAL SECURITY NO.
ADDRESS
APT. NO.
CITY
STATE
ZIP
TELEPHONE NUMBER
NAME OF SCHOOL
DATE OF BIRTH
(MOIDAY1YR)
LAST GRADE COMPLETED
The information, voluntarily submitted, will be used for recruiting purposes.
Failure to provide sufficient information may preclude action on your inquiry.
(Authority 10 U.S.C. 503).
AIM HIGH
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NAME
M F
SOCIAL SECURITY NO.
ADDRESS
APT. NO.
CITY
STATE
ZIP
TELEPHONE NUMBER
NAME OF SCHOOL
DATE OF BIRTH
(MOIDAY YR)
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The information, voluntarily submitted, will be used for recruiting purposes.
Failure to provide sufficient information may preclude action on your inquiry.
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MAY 10 1985 a 17
Ben. Paula Hawkins
(R-FL), 58, who chairs
the Subcommittee on
Children, Family,
Drugs, and
Alcoholism, wants to
stop drugs at their
source. In 1983, she
visited five Asian
drug-producing
nations, then co-
authored a law
warning nations that
allow drug production
that they risk losing
U.S. aid. She seeks
life jail terms for drug
pushers who kill and
strict new laws to
catch pushers near
schools.
Dr. Thomas Gleaton,
48, heads the Parents'
Resource Institute for
Drug Education
(PRIDE). PRIDE aims
to provide ways for
parents of teenagers
to make contact with
each other. It
supplies education
materials on how to
fight the drug
culture's influence
and reduce the
unhealthy effects of
peer pressure. The
organization, started
in Atlanta, GA, in
1977, has helped
thousands all across
the U.S.
Joyce Nalepka heads
the National
Federation of Parents
for Drug-Free Youth
(NFP), a network of
8,000 parent groups.
NFP helps kids plan
drug- and alcohol-
free graduation
parties. It set up
REACH America
(Responsible
Educated Adolescents
Can Help), aimed at
teaching the value of
turning down drugs
and based on the
concept that peers
can have the most
influence on a
teenager's life.
Dr. William Pollin.
62, has directed the
National Institute on
Drug Abuse (NIDA), a
U.S. federal agency,
since 1979. NIDA
conducts and
publishes findings of
drug abuse studies.
From 1974-79 Pollin
directed NIDA's
research division. He
began his career in
1956, as a research
psychiatrist at the
National Institute of
Mental Health. He is
pleased with recent
studies showing less
drug abuse among
high school students.
U.B. Rep. Charles
Rangel (D-NY), 54,
chairs the 25-member
House Select
Committee on
Narcotics Abuse and
Control, overseeing a
staff of 17 and a
$660,000 budget. He
has introduced
several bills to
Congress, such as
one banning the
mail-order drug
paraphernalia
business, and
another that would
use money taken from
drug busts to pay
$100,000 rewards to
informants.
Jon Thomas, 39, has
been Assistant U.S.
Secretary of State for
International
Narcotics Matters
since last fall. A
former Green Beret
who fought in
Vietnam, Thomas
began his State
Department career in
1971. He quit in 1977
to enter private
business. Rejoining
the department in
1981, he was a senior
policy planner
responsible, among
other things, for
readying the U.S.
response to terrorism.
-Jacob Allderdice
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18 a Scholastic UPDATE
DRUG ABUSE SCOREBOARD
DRUGS SEIZED BY U. S. CUSTOMS
Cocaine
Heroin
Marijuana
Fiscal year
Quantity (pounds)
Street Value
(billion)
Quantity (pounds)
(million)
Street Value
(billion)
Quantity (pounds)
Street Value
(million)
1979
1,438
$ .4
3.6
$2.2
123
$ 75.1
1980
4,742
$1.5
2.4
$1.7
269
$166.2
1981
3,742
$1.1
5.1
$3.8
235
$147.3
1982
11,149
$3.5
4.0
$3.1
290
$174.2
1983
19,601
$5.3
2.7
$2.1
594
$342.3
1984
27,525
$7.5
3.3
$2.5
664
$383.0
0
U.S. Customs offi-
cials serve on the
front lines in the
battle against
drug smuggling.
They outwit smug-
glers only about 15
percent of the
time, however.
9
Lou of people ;spat into serious dry
with ~d a. In Imo, the last row .
Which A pm are available.
more than 5.000 000 rxadftnm users had so-
actions thW, r quirdd hospital treatment.
Cocaine
Colombia 75%
Bolivia 10%
Peru 10%
Other 5%
1979-83
Marijuana
Colombia 59%
Jamaica 13%
U.S. 11%
Mexico 9%O
Heroin
SW Asia 48%
Mexico 33%
SE Asia 19%
Other 8%
1,188
340
280
217
124
60
45
44
ai ipe ?r+z ttip+~ ?~
a 8 # ~ a s"~'ti~.r
fr d~x~; ~iayl
Figures can only suggest the
human damage drugs cause.
111:1 WIN
DRUG ABUSE
DEATHS IN THE
U.S.: 1983
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MAY 10 1985 ? 19
THE SORRY HISTORY OF
DRUG ABUSE IN THE U.S.
An estimated 500,000 Americans use heroin, 5 million to 10 million use cocaine, and 20 million
use marijuana. These are alarming figures. But drugs threatened past generations, too. What's
relatively new is the public's awareness of the dangers of drugs and laws to combat them.
A child of less
than 10 years
of age steps
into a drug
store with a 50-cent
piece and a small scrap
of paper, inscribed with
one word, 'morphine.'
No name is signed. No
questions are asked.
The bottle of morphine
is wrapped up and
passed to the child over
the counter."
That lurid story was
told by a Tennessee
doctor back in 1895. It
sounds shocking even
today, when The New
York Times reports that
at least a million Amer-
icans are dependent on
MFTCALFIS
C, , 1-, l.a -r ,,
I nd in ?b Au .n fr. ili.
?rlie x~ly [or ,nlndr
ln.uil-
.clie u31 ?I,llc rhewinK ,b,? l~n wliule
dncx i .,~IinN n ~,rIJnK ,~`i,l~nur [~~nd,
e, unJ 1?~^-+~~~Net l,e~nlgLt I,i r,?'frraLin;.?
+leeip nc
d, d
s, a e.lunl,le i p'e6N(rv lrr~-
r
d,-, by i,lr d'-d"I nn",lyne and nnrlclux
odh ,lunar ,Lc' be i~en mr~^ ea
Y;n, er.lgln, xnd r,. nnnlst dnigen ,ou.
that the drug was habit-
forming, and the patient
became addicted.
Opium-the bitter red-
dish juice of the poppy
Papaver somniferum-
was another highly ad-
dictive narcotic. But, to
many early American
doctors, it was "God's
Own Medicine," an anes-
thetic prescribed for in-
flammation, swelling,
pneumonia, rheumatism,
and diabetes. In 1860, Ol-
iver Wendell Holmes, Sr.,
of the Harvard Medical
School, claimed that "the
Creator himself seems to
prescribe (opium), for we
see the scarlet poppy
growing in the cornfields
ous ills, including alcoholism and "the opium habit"-recogni-
tion that 19th-century Americans had trouble with drugs.
cocaine. But the sad fact is that narcotics abuse was
no less common in the America of Ulysses S.
Grant-who himself used cocaine as an anesthetic.
In the 1800s, there were no federal laws regulat-
ing addictive drugs like morphine. Tobacconists
could legally advertise "Oxford hash"-hashish-
in college newspapers. The Pure Food and Drug
Act of 1906 banned fraudulently labelled medi-
cines, but it did little to reduce the vast assort-
ment of habit-forming drugs on sale at every
American pharmacy. In 1913, an anti-narcotics
crusader protested: "There are fewer safeguards
around morphine than there are around beer. Its
production is unhindered and conducted without
supervision; its manufacturer does not even pay a
license fee.... He is as free to market his poison
as a hatter is to make his hats."
In the 1800s, American medicine was still a
primitive science. Doctors simply did not know
how to treat most diseases. But they could always
prescribe a pain-killing narcotic. Although it
would not cure the patient, it might provide a
temporary feeling of well-being. "With the sympa-
thetic family standing about and urging the doctor
to 'do something,' it is a great temptation to exhib-
it a few doses of morphine," wrote one physician
in 1913. Often the doctor did not realize
... wherever there is ... pain to be soothed."
Opium was either smoked or mixed with alcohol
to form the compound laudanum.
The hypodermic needle, introduced to the U.S.
shortly before the Civil War, was used excessively
and carelessly to inject morphine. In 1877, a physi-
cian showed off his syringe "with as much plea-
sure as an old veteran would show his trusty
blade, and claiming that he had used it more than
1,000 times." Often patients injected themselves.
The Sears, Roebuck & Co. mail order catalog for
1897 featured a complete hypodermic kit for only
$1.50. Infections and abscesses frequently result-
ed from the use of unsanitary needles.
A NOT-SO-WONDERFUL "WONDER DRUG"
Cocaine, derived from the South American coca
leaf, came to the U.S. in the 1870s. At first, doctors
hailed it as a wonder drug. It was used by Sher-
lock Holmes, the fictional detective, and by Sig-
mund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud
later discovered the dangers of cocaine dependen-
cy and publicly repudiated the drug. But wines,
cigars, and even soft drinks containing coca con-
tinued to be sold in U.S. drugstores.
Doctors had equally high hopes for a new opiate
introduced by the Bayer Company in 1898. The
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Strengthens entire system ; most AGREEABLE,
EFFECTIVE and LASTING Renovator of
the Vital Forces.
Every test, strictly on its own merits,
will prove its exceptional reputation.
PALATABLE AS CHOICEST OLD WINES.
Illustrated Book Sent Free, address :
Vin Mariani-two ounces of coca leaves to each pint of wine-
was popular in the 1890s. Makers of Coca-Cola stopped putting
an extract of the coca leaf into their syrup in 1903.
1 ER 5 end far
PHARMACEUTICAL samples and
PIZODUC~l4 ASP/R/N Literature to
FARBENFABRIIIEN of - 40 STONE ST
ELBERFEIJD CO. NEW YORK.
The Bayer Company marketed a cough medicine that con-
tained heroin in 1898. After thousands of Americans became
addicted to it, Bayer withdrew the product.
Hypodermic Syr-
inge with Class
Barrel.
D 989 Protected by a metal
cylinder, open both sides,
with graduations on piston
rod. finger rests same as cut.
and cap on end to prevent
during out of plunger. In fine
nickel case with spring cover.
Needles screw Into case.
Price each............ 02.75
Sears, Roebuck & Co. sold hypodermic syringes of many types
through its 1897 mail order catalogue. The ad above touts a
glass-barreled model "in a fine nickel case," for $2.75.
ror buoy ana cram.
SINCE 30 YEARS ALL EMINENT PHYSICIANS
RECOMMEND
popularly used tonic-stimulant in Hos~fals,
Public and Religious Institutions everywhere.
Nourishes Fortifies Refreshes
manufacturer claimed that the drug contained
heroin. But it too produced thousands of addicts.
In 1913, The New York Times reported that heroin
was "sold so openly in one district of Boston that
the vicinity of the drugstore which markets it has
become known as 'heroin square.' The victims
... hold regularly what are known as 'sniffing
parties' when the drug is passed around ... as the
chief means of entertainment."
Chloral hydrate ("knock-out drops"), invented in
1869, was a popular sedative until it was found to
be addictive. Cannabis sativa-marijuana-was
also used for medicinal purposes. It was pre-
scribed as a relaxant in cases of tetanus, strych-
nine poisoning, rabies, and migraine headache.
Nineteenth-century drugstores stocked hun-
dreds of "patent medicines"-most of them worth-
less, many of them habit-forming. Even children's
medicines, with homey names like "Mrs. Wins-
low's Soothing Syrup," contained opiates. Unsus-
pecting mothers used these concoctions to quiet
crying babies. Some infants died of overdoses.
Others became addicts before they left the crib.
Pharmacists even found a way of exploiting the
problem of drug abuse. They sold dozens of phony
"cures" for narcotics addiction. And they had plen-
ty of customers. By 1900, as many as a million
Americans were drug addicts.
MISLEADING STEREOTYPES
Then as now, the public had some misleading
ideas about addicts. The typical drug abuser was
assumed to be young, male, urban, unemployed,
and a member of a minority group. Following
their racial prejudices, most Americans thought
that opium was used mainly by the Chinese, mar-
ijuana by the Mexicans, and cocaine by blacks.
But the reality was very different. In an 1880
Chicago survey, only 5 percent of all addicts were
black. Over two thirds of the addicts were native-
born white Americans. Most were over 30 years of
age and were solid, middle-class professionals.
Doctors, who worked long hours and had easy
access to drugs, often 'became substance abusers.
In 1883, a New England physician estimated that
30 to 40 percent of the medical men in his city
were dependent on opiates.
Surprisingly, for every male "dope fiend," there
were two to three female addicts. Many of them
were prostitutes. But more than half were respect-
able citizens. Men were more likely to over-in-
dulge in another drug-alcohol. In Victorian
America, drunkenness was considered shameful
in a woman, but the matron who discreetly inject-
ed herself with morphine was usually tolerated.
Her neighbors would shake their heads in pity-
and look the other way. New York jewelers adver-
tised hypodermic syringes disguised as charms
and sold them to wealthy society ladies.
In 1914, Congress passed the Harrison Anti-Nar-
cotic Act, the first law to combat drug abuse effec-
tively. By choking off the supply of opiates, the
Harrison Act created a "panic" among addicts,
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MAY 10, 1985. 21
In the 1930s, Cole Porter wrote about get-
ting "no kick from cocaine," an "in"
drug among some entertainers then.
who flooded hospitals and police stations.
In response, many cities set up clinics to pro-
vide doses of drugs to addicts. But once given a
free supply of narcotics, the patients had no in-
centive to report for treatment or to break their
habit. This brief experiment in custodial care was
written off as a failure and abandoned.
In 1920, the era of Prohibition began. Liquor was
banned throughout the U.S., and the government
cracked down on other drugs as well. In 1925,
heroin was outlawed, and federal control of mari-
juana began in 1937. The new Federal Bureau of
Narcotics claimed success in reducing the number
of addicts, but stricter enforcement may have only
driven the drug trade underground. Some social-
ites and entertainers continued to experiment with
narcotics. "I get no kick from cocaine," the song-
writer Cole Porter sang in 1934, "but I get a kick
out of you."
UPSURGE IN USE AFTER WORLD WAR II
After 1945, drug abuse was clearly on the in-
crease. Heroin use began to spread to young peo-
ple in city slums and some middle-class neighbor-
hoods. Among the "beatniks" of Greenwich
Village and San Francisco, using marijuana and
cocaine was a way of rebelling against the con-
servatism and conformity of the 1950s.
During World War II, amphetamines were is-
sued to GIs, who had to stay awake during long
patrols. Later, these stimulants (also known as
""pep pills" or "speed") were abused by civilians:
laborers working overtime, students cramming for
exams, teenagers looking for thrills. Amphet-
amine overdoses sometimes resulted in depen-
dence, mental illness, or death. Even Allen Gins-
berg, the beatnik poet, was horrified. "Speed is
antisocial, paranoid-making," he said. "It's a
Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and his
wife experimented with cocaine, which
killed one of their friends in 1891.
A derelict injecting himself with a drug
about 80 years ago. Dirty needles often
do as much harm as the drugs.
drag, bad for your body, bad for your mind."
In the 1960s, some students and hippies experi-
mented with a dangerous hallucinogen-d-lyser-
gic acid diethylamide, or LSD. A "bad trip" often
left serious psychological scars. Some researchers
reported chromosome damage among users.
By 1971, some journalists were claiming that
one out of every four enlisted men serving in Viet-
nam was using heroin. But those charges turned
out to be grossly exaggerated. Then, as earlier,
Americans overreacted to sensational stories
about drug abuse. During the Spanish-American
War and World War I, the newspapers were filled
with shocking reports of wholesome American sol-
diers falling prey to opium, cocaine, and marijua-
na. In reality, some soldiers stationed in the Phil-
ippines had been using camphor and opium to
treat dysentery, but otherwise there was not much
truth to these rumors. Later studies showed that
only 6 percent of all World War I recruits were
drug addicts or alcoholics. Of course, any amount
of addiction, especially in a combat situation, is
too high. But 6 percent is hardly an epidemic
sweeping the entire armed services, as stories in
sensational newspapers of the day suggested.
Clearly, narcotics abuse is a very serious prob-
lem today. But it's not a new problem. When me-
dia commentators tell you that "America is a na-
tion of drug-takers," remember that those words
were first uttered by an eminent drug expert back
in 1881. That fact was recalled by H. Wayne Mor-
gan, a historian who has tried to help Americans
keep today's news on drug abuse in perspective.
"Every generation assumes that it discovers or
endures problems for the first time," Morgan
writes, but the fact is that "the United States has
always had a 'drug problem.'"
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Howtos
By John Irving
International Paper asked John Irving,
author of The World According to Garp,"
"The Hotel New Hampshire," and "Set-
ting Free the Bears," among other novels-
and once a hopelessly bad speller himself -
to teach you hcnv to improve your spelling.
Let's begin with the bad news.
If you're a bad speller, you
probably think you always will be.
There are exceptions to every
spelling rule, and the rules them-
selves are easy to forget. George
Bernard Shaw demonstrated how
ridiculous some spelling rules are.
By following the rules, he said,
we could spell fish this way: g i.
The "f" as it sounds in enough,
the "i" as it sounds in women, and
the "sh" as it sounds in fiction.
With such rules to follow, no
one should feel stupid for being
a bad speller. But there are ways
to improve. Start by acknowledg-
ing the mess that English spelling
is in-but have sympathy: English
spelling changed with foreign
influences. Chaucer wrote "gesse,"
but "guess," imported earlier by
the Norman invaders, finally
replaced it. Most early printers
in England came from Holland;
they brought "ghost" and "gherkin"
with them.
If you'd like to intimidate your-
self-and remain a bad speller
forever-just try to remember
the 13 different ways the sound
"sh" can be written:
.hoe suspicion
sugar nauseous
ocean conscious
issue chaperone
nation mansion
schist fuchsia
paw
Now the good news
The good news is that 90 per-
cent of all writing consists of 1,000
basic words. There is, also, a
method to most English spelling
and a great number of how-to-spell
books. Remarkably, all these books
propose learning the same rules!
Not surprisingly, most of these
books are humorless.
Just keep this in mind: If you're
familiar with the words you use,
you'll probably spell them cor-
rectly-and you shouldn't be writ-
ing words you're unfamiliar with
anyway. USE a word-out loud, and
more than once -before you try
writing it, and make sure (with a
new word) that you know what it
means before you use it. This
means you'll have to look it up in
a dictionary, where you'll not only
learn what it means, but you'll see
how it's spelled. Choose a
dictionary you enjoy browsing
in, and guard it as you would
a diary. You wouldn't lend
a diary, would you?
A tip on looking it up
Beside every word I
look up in my dic-
tionary, I make
a mark.
"Love your
dictionary.
ell
Beside every word I look up more
than once, I write a note to myself
-about WHY I looked it up. I have
looked up "strictly" 14 times since
1964. I prefer to spell it with a k-
as in "stricktly." I have looked up
"ubiquitous" a dozen times. I can't
remember what it means.
Another good way to use your
dictionary: When you have to look
up a word, for any reason, learn-
and learn to spell-a new word at
the same time. It can be any useful
word on the same page as the word
you looked up. Put the date beside
this new word and see how quickly,
or in what way, you forget it. Even-
tually, you'll learn it.
Almost as important as know-
ing what a word means (in order
to spell it) is knowing how it's pro-
nounced. It's government, not
goverment. It's February, not
Febuary. And if you know that
anti- means against, you should
know how to spell antidote and
antibiotic and antifreeze. If you
know that ante- means before, you
shouldn't have trouble spelling
antechamber or antecedent.
Some rules, exceptions, and
two tricks
I don't have room to
touch on all the rules here.
It would take a book to
do that. But I can share
a few that help me
most:
What about -ary or
-ery? When a word
has a primary accent on
the first syllable and a
secondary accent on
the next-to-last
syllable (sec're-
tar'y), it usu-
ally ends in
-ary. Only
six impor-
tant words
like this
end in -ery:
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cemetery monastery
millinery confectionery
distillery stationery
(as in paper)
Here's another easy rule. Only
four words end in -efy. Most people
misspell them-with -ify, which is
usually correct. Just memorize these,
too, and use - y for all the rest.
stupefy putrefy
liquefy rarefy
As a former had speller, I have
learned a few valuable tricks. Any
good how-to-spell book will teach
you more than these two, but these
two are my favorites. Of the
800,000 words in the English lan-
guage, the most frequently mis-
spelled is alright; just remember
that alright is all wrong. You
wouldn't write alwrong, would you?
That's how you know you should
write all right.
The other
trick is for the
truly worst
spellers. I mean
those of you who
spell so badly that you
can't get close enough to
remember it myself.
You add -able to a full word:
adapt, adaptable; work, workable.
You add -able to words that end in
e- just remember to drop the final
e: love, lovable. But if the word
ends in two Q's, like agree, you keep
them both: agreeable.
You add -ible if the base is not
a full word that can stand on its
own: credible, tangible, horrible,
terrible. You add -ible if the root
word ends in -ns: responsible. You
add -ible if the root word ends in
-miss: permissible. You add -ible
if the root word ends in a soft c
incomprehensibilities
the right way to spell a word in
order to even FIND it in the dic-
tionary. The word you're looking
for is there, of course, but you
won't find it the way you're trying
to spell it. What to do is look up
a synonym-another word that
means the same thing. Chances
are good that you'll find the word
you're looking for under the defini-
tion of the synonym.
Demon words and bugbears
Everyone has a few demon
words-they never look right, even
when they're spelled correctly.
Three of my demons are medieval,
ecstasy, and rhythm. I have learned
to hate these words, but I have not
learned to spell them; I have to
look them up every time.
And everyone has a spelling
rule that's a bugbear-it's either too
difficult to learn or it's impossible
to remember. My personal bugbear
among the rules is the one govern-
ing whether you add -able or -ible.
I can teach it to you, but I can't
This is one of the longest English words
in common use. But don't let the length of
a word frighten you. There's a rule for how
to spell this one, and you can learn it."
(but remember to drop the final t!):
force, forcible.
Got that? I don't have it, and
I was introduced to that rule in
prep school; with that rule, I still
learn one word at a time.
Poor President Jackson
You must remember that it is
permissible for spelling to drive
you crazy. Spelling had this effect
on Andrew Jackson, who once
blew his stack while trying to write
a Presidential paper. "It's a damn
poor mind that can think of only
one way to spell a word!" the Presi-
dent cried.
When you have trouble, think
of poor Andrew Jackson and know
that you're not alone.
What's really important
And remember what's really
important about good writing is
not good spelling. If you spell badly
but write well, you should hold
your head up. As the poet T. S.
Eliot recommended, "Write for as
large and miscellaneous an audi-
ence as possible"-and don't be
overly concerned if you can't spell
"miscellaneous."
Also
remember
/ that you can
spell correctly
and write well
and still be misun-
derstood. Hold your
head up about that, too.
As good old G. C. Lichten-
berg said, 'A book is a mirror: if
an ass peers into it, you can't
expect an apostle to look out"-
whether you spell "apostle" cor-
rectly or not.
Today, the printed word is more vital than ever. Now there is
more need than ever for all of us to read better, write better and
communicate better.
So far, International Paper has published over a dozen different
"Power of the Printed Word" articles in the hope that, even in a
small way, we can help.
If you'd like a complete set, write: "Power of the Printed
Word," International Paper Company, Dept. 12H, P.O. Box 954,
Madison Square Station, New York, New York 10010.
'C1984 INTERNATIONAL PAPER C( )41 PANY
INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY
We believe in the power of the printed word.
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SPORTS
by HERMAN MASIN
1985 adidas ALL-AMERICAN HIGH SCHOOL BASKETBALL TEAM
WANT A PREVIEW OF THE
great basketball stars of tomorrow? Then
check the names in the 1985 adidas
All-American High School Basketball
Team.
This annual team is the cradle of
superstars. Remember the Final Four in
the national college play-offs in March?
Every single starter-20 in all-was
once an adidas All-American.
Superstar pros such as Larry Bird, Ber-
nard King, Moses Malone, Isiah Thom-
as, and Michael Jordan all got their first
tastes of fame as adidas All-Americans.
The 40 whiz kids in the'85 team hail
from 18 states and the District of Co-
lumbia. The biggest representation is
from Virginia. For the first time in the
30-year history of the All-American
team, Virginia topped the nation with
six selections. Georgia finished second
with five picks, and Pennsylvania came
in third with four.
Add to Virginia and Georgia three
picks from Florida and two from Ten-
nessee, and the handwriting is on the
hoop. The South has arrived !
And look at all that timber on the
1985 super team. Thirty-one of the 40
superstars measure 6'6 or taller.
The team "tree," TO Tito Horford,
is headed for the University of Houston.
But the all-star with the biggest reputa-
tion, 6'10 Dan Ferry, will be dunking
for Duke University next year. That will
make the Blue Devils a cinch for the
Final Four.
But don't cry for the Georgetown
Hoyas. Immortal center Pat Ewing may
have graduated, but Georgetown has an-
other legend-to-be coming up. Tenth
man on our list is Jonathan Edwards of
Perry Walker High, New Orleans. He
is a 6'9, 245-pound one-man fort on
defense. He's just the guy to fill Ewing's
shoes.
Finally, beware the Tar Heels! The
University of North Carolina had an
up-and-coming team last season. And
look at what's coming next year-three
high school All-Americans: super guard
Jeff Lebo, super forward Kevin Madden,
and a home-grown oak tree, 6' 10 Marty
Hensley. So ... watch out America!
PLAYER/SCHOOL/CITY/STATE
HT.
AVG.
TITO HORFORD (Christian) Houston, TX
7'1
14.0
DOUG ROTH (Kerns) Knoxville, TN
6'11
16.5
J.R. REID (Kempsville) Virginia Beach, VA
6'10
22.9
DANNY FERRY (DeMatha) Hyattsville, MD
6'10
19.0
MARTY HENSLEY (McDowell) Marion, NC
6'10
20.2
RODNEY WALKER (Gibbons) Baltimore, MD
6'9
23.6
TERRY DOZIER (Dunbar) Baltimore, MD
6'9
20.3
CHARLES SHACKLEFORD (Kinston) NC
6'9
17.2
PERMS ELLISON (Savannah) GA
6'9
27.0
JONATHAN EDWARDS (Walker) New Orleans, LA
6'9
21.4
TOM HAMMONDS (Crestview) FL
6'8
25.0
IRVING THOMAS (Miami) Carol City, FL
6'8
18.6
ED HORTON (Lanphier) Springfield, IL
6'8
26.4
TONY KIMBRO (Seneca) Louisville, KY
6'8
27.5
MICHAEL JONES (Central) Phenix City, AL
6'7
20.0
TOM LEWIS (Mater Dei) Santa Ana, CA
6'7
31.9
DARRYL PRUE (Dunbar) Washington, DC
6'7
19.0
KIP JONES (Bellmont) Decatur, IN
6'7
29.0
TREVOR WILSON (Cleveland) Reseda, CA
6'7
24.5
LOWELL HAMILTON (Prov.-St. Mel) Chicago, IL
6'7
21.0
PLAYER/SCHOOL/CITY/STATE HT. AVG.
GLEN RICE (Northwestern) Flint, MI 6'7 28.5
SEAN ELLIOTT (Cholla) Tucson, AZ 6'7 32.2
STEVE GRAYER (Southwest) Macon, GA 6'7 17.0
STEVE BuCKNALL (Gov. Dummer) Byfield, MA 6'6 31.5
DoUG WEST (Altoona) PA 6'6 22.0
WALKER LAMBIOTTE (Central) Woodstock, VA 6'6 27.0
KEVIN MADDEN (Robt. E. Lee) Staunton, VA 6'6 29.3
RICK CALLOWAY (Withrow) Cincinnati, OH 6'6 29.4
JEROME LANE (Vincent-Mary) Akron, OH 6'6 27.5
Roy MARBLE (Beecher) Flint, MI 6'6 24.3
ANTHONY SHERROD (Jenkins Co.) Millen, GA 6'6 20.4
MARK STEVENSON (Rom. Cath.) Philadelphia 6'5 24.1
TONEY MACK (Brandon) FL 6'5 41.0
ROLAND SHELTON (Columbia) Decatur, GA 6'5 25.2
RICHARD MORGAN (Salem) VA 6'4 26.9
JEFF LEBO (Carlisle) PA 6'3 30.4
Rot WATSON (Westside) Memphis, TN 6'2 36.2
RODSTRICKLAND (Oak Hill) Mouth of Wilson, VA 6'2 24.0
JEROME RICHARDSON (Franklin) Philadelphia 6'0 17.0
MICHAEL PORTER (Pulaski Co.) Dublin, VA 5'11 32.5
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Alcohol: Usually refers to ethyl
alcohol, one of the most avail-
able and most abused drugs in
the U.S. The three other major
types of alcohol are methyl, iso-
propyl, and butyl alcohol, which
are used in industry. Ethyl alco-
hol is the least poisonous of the
four. Absenteeism due to alcohol
abuse costs many billions of dol-
lars in lost job productivity each
year.
Alkaloid: The potent chemical
compound in most drugs, such
as caffeine in coffee and choco-
late, or THC in marijuana.
Cocoa: A stimulant containing
one percent caffeine, used to
make chocolate.
Coca: A South American bush
whose leaves are chemically
treated to yield cocaine.
Cocaine: A physically addictive
stimulant. Its users show symp-
toms of sleeplessness, incoher-
ent speech, appetite loss, and
lightheadedness.
Controlled substance: Drug that
You've got a brand new date
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request catalog ccas tuition scholarships
est. 1879 financial aids
is regulated and tightly con-
trolled by the U.S. Drug Enforce-
ment Administration.
Drug: A non-food item that al-
ters the structure or function of
the body and is often physically
or psychologically addicting.
Drug abuse: The U.S. Food and
Drug Administration defines
drug abuse as "deliberately tak-
ing a substance for other than
its intended purpose, and in a
manner that can result in dam-
age to the person's health or
ability to function."
Drug half-life: The length of
time it takes for a drug's potency
to wear down by one-half.
Heroin: A highly addictive drug
extracted from the opium poppy.
Launder money: To deposit
large amounts of money earned
from criminal activity in banks
or businesses where it will es-
cape notice of police and mix
with legitimate funds. Monies
are then available .for use by
criminals.
LSD: D-lysergic acid diethylam-
ide, an extremely potent drug in-
vented in 1938. May produce
symptoms resembling psycho-
sis, including hallucinations.
U. S. Army once used LSD in
"brainwashing" experiments.
Marijuana: A plant containing
one to five percent THC (tetrahy-
drocannibinol), a potent chemi-
cal. Hashish, a marijuana deriv-
ative, may produce an effect
similar to that of LSD.
Narcodollar: Earnings from the
trade in illegal drugs.
Nicotine: A potent and highly
addictive alkaloid in tobacco.
Paraquat: A plant-killer sprayed
on marijuana in South America
and the U.S. by government
anti-drug forces.
Prohibition: Effort by the U.S.
government to wipe out alcohol
abuse through passage of the
18th Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution (1919), banning
manufacture, sale, or transpor-
tation of alcohol. Widespread
breaking of the law prompted its
repeal in 1933.
Street value: The dollar value of
a drug after it has been mixed
with various additives and sold
to individual consumers.
-Jacob Allderdice
Over
X8,000 in
prizes
Awarded Monthly
Draw Me
You may win one of five $1,495.00
Art Scholarships or any one of fifty
$10.00 cash prizes.
Make your drawing any size except
like a tracing. Use pencil. Every qualified
entrant receives a free professional
estimate of his or her drawing.
Scholarship winners will receive
Fundamentals of Art taught by Art
Instruction Schools, one of America's
leading home study art schools. Our
objective is to find prospective
students who appear to be properly
motivated and have an appreciation
and liking for art.
Your entry will be judged in the
month received. Prizes awarded for
best drawings of various subjects
received from qualified entrants age
14 and over. One $25 cash award for
the best drawing from entrants age 12
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Our students and professional artists
not eligible. Contest winners will be
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MAIL THIS COUPON TO ENTER CONTEST
-------------------
ART INSTRUCTION SCHOOLS
Studio 102
500 South Fourth Street
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55415
Please enter my drawing in your
Name
Occupation Age
Address Apt.
City
County
Telephone Number
tc 1985 Art Instruction Schools
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26 a Scholastic UPDATE
Wordsearch
The words on the list are hidden in the diagram. When you find
them, circle them. Each word runs in a straight line. Some of them run
on a slant, or backwards. (See POWDER, in the example.)
Ten letters will be left over. In order they spell a sudden and com-
plete attempt to stop using drugs:
Abscess Cocaine Parole LSD
Abuse Crave Fix Mood
A.I.D.S. deaths' Cut Freebase Needle
Alcohol Dealer Hash Opium Den*
Beer Downs Intoxicant Pain
PCP Pill Powder Prescription
Shoot Up' Shot Relax Rx
R C E C N A R E L O T
E A L E R S N W O D N
H L O L A A A D H C A
S S R T I R V N O O C
H T A E D P D E C C I
O O P H S O R E L A X
O N T B O A U D A I O
T I R M N S B L F N T
W A B U S E U E T E N
I P R I L S D U E K I
O I T P I R C S E R P
E D W O P C P E Y U F
Tissue Tolerance Withdraw Brain N
'Written as separate words in diagram.
Starred (') clues refer to the theme of this issue.
ACROSS
*I. Constant heroin user.
'4. See 38 Across.
'8. Over-ingestions of drugs
(abbr.).
*9. Synthetic substitute for her-
oin.
13. - be or not...
14. Movie rating.
15. Throw (abbr.).
16. Festive, showy.
' 19. Shoot up.
'21. - leaf: cocaine source.
'22. Cannabis sativa.
'24. Unable to give up a drug.
*27. Quantity, amount.
29. Arrival, at the airport.
30. Neptunium, to a chemist.
32. Second word of Hamlet's so-
liloquy.
'33. Stupor-inducing drugs, such
as opium and morphine.
*37. Dietyhlstilbestrol, for short.
*38. With 4 Across, physical
lines or spots on a heroin
user.
'39. Drug
DOWN
1. Leap.
2. Cashew or pecan.
3. Finish.
4. Between Sun. and Tue.
5. Orange or lemon drink.
6. Right side (abbr.).
'7. Take in a drug through the
nose.
10. Ovate breakfast substance.
11. Radiant circle of light.
12. Japanese sash.
13. Active ingredient in mari-
juana.
15. Temperatures, for short.
17. Performer, doer.
18. Land measurement.
20. Require.
23. Almost all.
'24. Compulsive need.
25. Mining goal.
26. Daughters of the American
Rev.
28. Encyclopedia (abbr.).
31. Practice college entrance
exam.
33. Necessary (abbr.).
34. Question.
35. Government intelligence
org.
36. X minus VII.
37. District Attorney (abbr.).
Soramber
Listed below are four groups of letters. Each group, when unscrambled, will spell the name of a U.S. author.
(Their first names are written in parentheses.) Unscramble each name and write it in the spaces provided.
The encircled letters, when rearranged, will answer the riddle.
G I V R I N (Washington)
Q
Q
Q
R E P 0 C 0 (James Fenimore)
Q
Q
Q
Riddle: Description for a heroin addict?
R E A C H T (Willa)
Y I C K E D (James)
Q
Answers in your teacher's edition
Puzzles created by Andrew Gyory.
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 Reach for
new horizons
It's never easy. But reaching for
new horizons is what aiming high
is all about. Because to reach for
new horizons you must have the
vision to see things not only as
they are, but as they could be. You
must have the dedication to give
the best you have. And you must
have the courage to accept new
challenges.
The history of the Air Force is
a history of men and women
reaching for new horizons, dedi-
cating their vision and courage
to make our nation great.
You can join us in our quest
for new horizons. Our pay and
benefits are better than ever,
with opportunities for growth
and challenge.
Aim High! Find out more.
See your Air Force recruiter today
or call toll free 1-800-423-USAF
(in California 1-800-232-USAF).
Better yet, mail in the card.
AIR FORCE
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/12/22 : CIA-RDP88B00443R 000502210001-4 PIN
12 WAYS TO FIGHT ACNE
WITH ONE SINGLE DROP.
? ACNE 12-Nothing works faster to clear
up your pimples. ? Unclogs pores to
clear acne. ? Kills bacteria on the surface
and in pores. ? Dries up acne pimples.
? Allows skin to heal. ? Reduces
blackheads. ? Dries up excess oil. _zll
? Gives you better skin
? Penetrates pores quickly to help
clear up acne below the skin's surface.
? Helps prevent new pimples from
forming. ? Fights acne with benzoyl
peroxide, there's nothing more
effective. ? With benzoyl peroxide,
it's clinically proven.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/12/22 : CIA-RDP88B00443R000502210001-4
SEVEN REASONS TO SAY NO TOE
Psychological
Duration
Possible Effects
Effects of
THEM
Dependence
of Effects
Overdose
(in hours)
High
Moderate
3-6
Euphoria, drowsi-
Slow and shal-
low breathin
HOW TO SAY NO
ness, respiratory
g,
depression, con-
clammy skin,
convulsions,
Saying no to an offer of drugs
High
stricted pupils, nau-
coma, possible
can be difficult. So it's best to have
sea
h
d
Here are
s read
f
d
eat
y.
ense
e
your
12-24
some suggestions put together by
the National Institute on Drug
High-Low
Variable
Abuse:
1. Give a reason. If you know the
someone telling you that it
facts
,
Moderate
5-8
feels good to be stoned won't fool
'
"
No, I know it
s
you. You can say,
High-Moderate
1-16
Shallow breath-
bad for me. I feel fine right now."
2. Have something else to do.
ing, cold and
'
"
Slurred speech, dis
clammy skin, di-
m going to get some-
No thanks, I
"
High
orientation, drunken
fated pupils,
thing to eat.
behavior without
weak and rapid
3. Be ready for different kinds of
odor of alcohol
pressure. There are different levels
4-8
pulse, coma,
Low
possible death
of peer pressure. If it starts out
friendly or teasing, you can re-
spond the same way. If the pres-
Moderate
sure seems threatening, then you
lk
away.
might just have to wa
1-2
4. Make it simple. If you don't
Increased alert-
Agitation, in-
want to use marijuana, you're not
Hess, excitation, eu-
crease in body
required to say why. You can just
phoria, increased
temperature,
say, "No, thanks." If asked a sec-
High
2.4
pulse rate and
hallucinations,
and time, you can say, "No, thanks
blood pressure, in-
convulsions,
again," or, even stronger, "No
,loss of ap
t
possible death
wa
y
peti
e
petite
5. Avoid the situation. Stay away
from places or situations where
you know people often use drugs.
8-12
If you hear that people will be using
Degree unknown
Longer, more in-
drugs at a party, don't go.
Up to days
Illusions and hallu-
tense "trip" epi-
6. Change the subject. Some-
"
'
"
cinations, poor per-
cho-
s
sodes
You
s try some pot.
Let
one says,
ception of time and
y
, p
sis, possible
say, "No, I was on my way to the
"
distance
death
store. Want to come along?
High
Variable
7. Hang out with friends who
don't use drugs. You may already
have friends who decide to try mar-
ijuana. They'll like you whether you
smoke pot or not - if they're real
Euphoria, relaxed
friends. And maybe, by saying no,
inhibitions, in-
Fatigue, para-
you might make them think twice
Moderate
2-4
creased appetite,
noia, possible
about using drugs. Peer pressure
disoriented behav-
psychosis
can be positive, too.
ior
3 1985 Graphic Chart & Map Co.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/12/22 : CIA-RDP88B00443R000502210001-4
Teaching Guide for advertisement on pages 22-23
presented as a service for teachers by International Paper Company
How to spell
Antidisestablishmentarianism is easy; rhythm is hard-
in the wonderful world of English spelling! Here's how
to help your students avoid some common pitfalls.
Good news for bad spellers!
There is nothing more reassur-
ing to poor spellers than the
knowledge that they are not
alone. In this week's student
magazine, best-selling author John Irving
admits that he himself was once a hopelessly
had speller. Now, Irving offers hope as well
as advice to poor spellers. His message is
another in International Paper Company's
series, "Power of the Printed Word." You
can use it with your students for a brief
refresher course in tools to good spelling.
Irving begins by pointing the finger at the
true culprit of spelling angst-the unpredic-
table English language with its gh for ghost,
its gu for guess, and its thirteen different
ways to write the sh sound. Yet, on the plus
side, Irving admits that these spelling pecu-
liarities reveal interesting tidbits about for-
eign influences on our language.
Irving offers some innovative tips for
using the dictionary as a tool, gives a sam-
pling of rules found in standard how-to-spell
books, and ends with the message that
thoughtful writing should precede the effort
for flawless spelling.
USING THE AD
Motivation-Put the word orthography on
the board. Ask: What is it? Just a fancy word
for spelling. You might explain to students
that it wasn't until the 17th century that
printers adopted fixed spellings for words
and that in the 18th century uniformity he-
came more and more popular, culminating
in Dr. Johnson's famous dictionary (1755).
Discuss why correct spelling is impor-
tant. (An educated person is expected to he
able to spell. It is a skill required on many
jobs. Poor spelling can be both insulting and
confusing. Consider, for example, a letter
addressed to Francis instead of Frances or
the sentence, she was through instead of she
was thorough.)
Ask students to list some words that
repeatedly give them trouble. Offer this
comforting thought: one study showed that
the ten most frequently written words in
The rest are -cede. (precede, secede, etc.)
English are 1, the, and, to, of in, we, for,
you, a. Then tell them that author John
Irving has some advice for learning the
more difficult words.
Have students read the entire ad before
taking up individual sections for discussion
and practice.
Irregularities in English-Invite students
to suggest their own favorite examples of
peculiarities in English spelling. They might
like to imitate George Bernard Shaw by
devising their own outlandish spellings for
commonplace words. Here are some ideas:
s as in Worcester; .s and k as in psychology;
ch as stretch; i as in busy; e as in leopard; u
as in view.
Using a dictionary-Review Irving's
suggestion for using the dictionary as one's
own personal spelling workbook. Stress that
students should do this only with a diction-
ary that they own. Students who don't own
dictionaries can keep a spelling journal-in
alphabetical order-of words whose spell-
ing they have to look up. (A small notebook
with letter tabs works well, or an inexpen-
sive address book.)
For practice, have students look up any
words in the ad whose meanings they don't
know. Some likely candidates: schist, pshaw,
fuchsia, tnillinerv, confectionery, putrefy,
rarefy. Have them note the history and
meaning of the word and locate another
word on the same page that is new to them.
Rules, Exceptions, and Tricks-To help
students learn the four rules that Irving
explains, have them summarize each rule in
writing in their own words and think of
some additional examples.
Here are two more rules you might give
them:
1. -etv or sir? Words with an i preceding
the suffix, add -etv (piety, society). Other
words add -ity (vanity, equalit). Two excep-
tions: nicety, .subtlety.
2. -cede. -ceed, or -.cede? Only one word
is spelled -sede (supersede). Three are
spelled -coed (exceed, proceed, suc( eed).
Have students make up nonsense sen-
tences that include all the words they can
think of that follow a particular rule. For
example: If you succeed at exceeding the
speed limit. you may have to proceed to
traffic court.
For practice in looking up synonyms of
hard-to-spell words, dictate some difficult
words to students. Have the class suggest
synonyms and look up the synonyms in the
dictionary. A thesaurus would also work
well for this. Here are some suggested
words and synonyms: exhaust (tire); occur-
rence (happening); seize (grab); pharrnacv
(drugstore); pseudonym (pen name); chassis
(frame); antique (old); rhythm (meter).
Demon words and bugbears-Hang up a
large sheet of poster hoard and invite stu-
dents to add their own demon words as they
think of them, including words misspelled
on compositions. Pick a "demon word of
the day," and have each student write a
sentence using the word for that day. Here
are some possible words to start the list:
.spaghetti, sergeant, Wednesday, parallel,
moccasin, tobacco, antenna, embarrass.
What's really important-You can use
this section to reinforce the distinction
between the process of writing and the
activity of proofreading, both of which are
essential to good communication. Irving's
point is: Don't worry about spelling in your
first draft. Get your ideas on paper; use
words precisely; focus on what you are say-
ing. Then after revising, you can pay atten-
tion to spelling.
Have students practice proofreading in
this way. Dictate to them eight to ten demon
words. Have each student write a paragraph
using at least five of the words. Then have
them proofread one another's paper for
spelling errors.
EXTENSION ACTIVITIES
1. Some students might look up the ety-
mology of common words or of words that
have unusual spelling patterns.
2. Students can look at how-to-spell
books in the library. Each student might
pick out one rule he or she finds most help-
ful and teach it to the class with an exercise
to reinforce the rule.
3. Hold a spelling bee with demon words
contributed beforehand on slips of paper by
students.
4. Students might research attempts at
spelling reform (including George Bernard
Shaw's 48-letter alphabet). They might get
started with the entry on "English Lan-
guage" in a good encyclopedia.
-Lois Markham
Advertisement
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/12/22 : CIA-RDP88B00443R000502210001-4
1985 SCHOLASTIC WRITING AWARDS
Co-sponsored by Smith-Corona, International Paper Company,
National Broadcasting Company, Inc., and Paper Mate Pens
More than 25,000 students in grades 7 to 12 entered the Scholastic
Writing A wards this year, making it the largest student writing program
in the country. Writers such as Bernard Malamud, Joyce Carol Oates,
and Winfield Townley Scott began their professional careers in this
program which, for 60 years, has given recognition to young writers and
encouraged them to develop their talents.
SENIOR DIVISION
.S'horr Si rr. Russell Banks, pool, notcl t. shor
stot a tiet, C.C. Loomis, I'rolessor of Iinehsh.
I)atimuwh ('otters, us,ty 'I nanaIivc hismrian.
Lore Segal. nmehst and children's hunk author
'Short Shorn S'mrr Sharon Bell Mathis, aulhoi of
hooks for chtldien in,l souse aduhs. harry Mark
Petrakis, nmclut, Short slot writcr. Michael
Spring, editor. Lilrrtrn (
/'or arr Donald 11all, purl. :-atm. Miloi tit
Ok/,,nl link of I hmldrrn s I rnr err :1mrn, ?. Paul
B. ,laneczko, high school R'achcr. author, anld poet-
s anthologist, David Wagoner. port, nudist. cdi
tor. Focht A'ordnnev
(Viii, al Rrnrn Evan Connell, ,Jr., author Ile,.
Ii1041' and Son n/ !hr I1?rgtnI .SLIT. W illiant A.
Henn 111, assouatc editor, lirnr mag.vinc. PuliVCr
live winning cnnc, author of lorfill oinme I1, ism'
?(:l mrrrr,r. Margaret Ronan. author. motion pia
(Lire editor at Scholastic
I.u(n Michael Cusack, Idtlur. Schtlasur nlaea
noes, Gene 1. Maerofl', cduauion writer \rtr )orA
times, Frank O'Hare, 1'nil s t i of Inglinh. Ohio
State Il loel'ily
$1,000 SMITH-CORONA
SHORT STORY SCHOLARSHIP
,Jonathan Davenport. AAheu Ridge I('Ot St II S
l'cachrr. K:oc I'enninelon
$1,000 PAPER MATE PENS
POETRY SCHOLARSHIP
Elizabeth M. Armstrong, Roland Park Count School.
lialumore. MI) ieatlici Anne Ileuulcr
$1,000 INTERNATIONAL
PAPER SCHOLARSHIP
IN CRITICAL REVIEW'
Alison Jones, Scaholni H S Brnntneh;un, Ml Teach
er, Barhara Augur
$1,000 NATIONAL BROADCASTING
COMPANY, INC., DRAMATIC
SCRIPT SCHOLARSHIP
Kelsin 1). Anderson, South (hand I'rurtc ( TS) H S
Tcadier. Susan G ('rocker
TWO $250 NATIONAL, LEAGUE
OF AMERICAN PEN WOMEN
SCHOLASTIC GRANTS
I'arissa ,lannati, West Spnnglicld IV -U H S I C.11 her
Jill Ifilliald
Mark Lickona, Cortland IN1 I If S (caches, (crew M
Ruherts
SMITH-CORONA HONOR A WARDS
Portahle electric Ispearlters to students whose work
has been lodged to hs iUlstending
We hope all of your students will enter their writing in next year's
program. Whether they win or not, they will be given an important
incentive to prepare manuscripts that represent their best efforts. For
information about the 1986 A wards, write between October I and Janu-
ary Ito Scholastic Writing Awards, 730 Broadway, New York, NY 10003.
(Honorable Mentions, Senior Division, listed in Literary Cavalcade.)
1(nrmn-. Richard Armour, author of more than 6(1
hooks of humor and satire: Jean Shepherd, humor-
ill. author of A Hiqui of hih Srtrtorte Robert
Stine, author. editor of humor magacines
I)rrun ito 5 ripe. Lewis Gardner, author of
plays. poems, and nonfiction. Dorothy Scheuer,
media editor, Scholastic maganines: Paul Zindel,
Plana right and young adult novelist
JUNIOR DIVISION
Faun Robert I.ipsyte, sports essayist, CBS. au-
thor of l he Iorurnc/er and One hen Sunvner: Niel
Glison, editor, Noire. Alan Ziegler, poet. author,
W'nicrs' ('totdniatur of Teachers and Writers Cul-
Iah?rative
fort-, Mari Evans, poet. Eve Merriam, poet.
Skinner of NUT' award for excellence in poetry for
chddrrn. Myra Klahr, poet and author. founder and
ducctoi of New York State Poets in the Schools
.Shorn Sion m Georgess McHargue, author of over
_(I hooks of fiction and nonfiction for young people.
Norman Rosten, poet, playwright, novelist, Mary
Francis Shura, author of children's hooks, adult
nnsteries, and historical sagas
lbeima it Sr rps same as Senior Division
SENIOR DIVISON
Zelimira ,Juric, Walnut Hills If , Cincinnati, Oil
brasher. Anne Plriem
Mark Kumashiro, Fountain Volley ICAI H S. Teacher.
Mat Ann MouneN
Michelle Loughnane, Oak Park-Forest River H S., Oak
Park, II Teacher, Norma Schulte.
Marc Shelikoff, I pper Dublin H.S.. Ft Washington.
PEATeacher, Sharon Traver
Peter Steadman, Interlochen (Ml) Arts Academy
Teacher, Loretta Sharp
JUNIOR DIVISION
Julie Fischer. Somerset (KY) H S Teacher. Way tier
F.astnum
Kit Nichols, Woodstock (VII) I'nion H S Teacher.
Goslc Itailcv
PAPER MATE PENS
SPECIAL A WARDS
5100 of Paper Mate products to the top poetry entries
m hoth lunior and Senior Division -
SENIOR DIVISION
Tahnee Abercrombie, Fine Arts Center. Greenville,
SC leacher, John Lane
Stephanie Johnston, Hume Fogg Academic H S..
Nashville. TN Teacher. Bill Brown.
Pamela Pack, Middlehut (VT) Onion if s. Teacher.
Judith Vatll
JUNIOR DIVISION
Corrina Campbell, Interlochen (MIT Arts Academy
Teacher, Loretta Sharp
Rebecca Purdom, Ashland LORI to H S Teacher,
WaNne PauLsen
Naizaheth Wyatt, Sidwell Friends School. Washington,
I)(' Teacher. Rohm Levin
TEACHER CITATIONS
Smith-Corona has awarded Honor Prices of cler-
tric portable typewriters to three teachers who sub
nutted the most outstanding group of entries-
Marilyn Drennan, Millburn (NJ) J r I I S- Jill Hil-
liard, West Springfield (VA) If S Sandra Rior-
dan, Alamo Heights 11. S.. San Antonio .'I1X
TEACHERS WITH TWO OR MORE
WINNING ENTRIES,
SENIOR DIVISION
Elizabeth Ballard, Norman (OK) H.S. Bill Brown,
Hume Fogg Academic II S, Nashville. TN James
N. Carlin, Mainland Sr H.S. Daytona Beach. FL
James F. Connolly, Milton (MA) Academy. Bar-
bara Croissant, Joliet (IL) West H.S. Curtis
Crotty, Evanston (IL) Twp. H.S Michael Delp,
Interlochen (MIL Arts Academy. Joseph A. Frank,
Tatlorsville (DTI H-S- Jill Hilliard, West Spring-
field (VA) H.S. Jayne Karsten, Langley H.S.,
McLean, VA- Kathryn Kercher, Berkley (MI)
H S Carol J. Kranes, Brighton H S, Sall Lake
City, OT John Lane, Fine Arts ('enter, Greenville.
SC Mary Leonard, Kingston (NY) H.S. Alva
Lowey, Lakc Purest (IL) II S Karen A. Ludwig,
Niskayuna H S., Schenec(ady. NY Monica
McMindes, Walt Whitman H- S., Bethesda. MI)
Marion Monaghan, Scabreece Si WS , Daytona
Beach. FL. Elizabeth C. Palmer, West 11 S, Mad
ison, WI. William Pell, Sparianhurg (S(') Ii.S.
James Power, Nonnan (OK) II S Bruce Richards,
Ocean Twp. H S., Oakhurst. NJ Sandra Riordan,
Alamo Heights H.S.. San Antonio, TX. Margaret
Rostkowski, Ogden ((IT) II S- Ted Carder Scro-
pos, Bradford H S_ Kenosha, WI Loretta Sharp,
Interlochen (MI) Ass Academy- Barhette'limper-
lake, Robes E [,cc H.S , Springfield, VA Lou
Toth, Mascunoinet Regional H S.. Topsllcld, MA.
JUNIOR DIVISION
Gayle Bailey, Woodstock (VT) Union II S Phyllis
Bank, Robert Frusl Inter School, Rockville, MD.
Sr. Dolores Dennin, Trinity H.S.. Camp Hill, PA
Marilyn Drennan, Millburn INJ) Jo H SMary-
gene Fagan, Swilt Creek Middle School, Midlothi-
an. VA Lydia Gardner, (denridge Jr II.S, Win-
ter Park, f-I. Virginia Huller, North Hailord
Middle School. Pylesville, MD ('icily lacangelo,
Robert Frost Inter- School. Rockville, MD Antho-
ny Jaswinski, Pine Crest School, I't- Lauderdale.
FL Pat Louque, Wunderlich Inter. School. Hous-
ton, TX Mary Jo Maeder, Midvale (TIT) Middle
School Sylvia McGann, Winston Churchill Jr
H S . Royal Oak, MI Charles Oestreich, Rock
Island IILI H.S. James Wiygul, Altamont School.
Birmingham, AL
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/12/22 : CIA-RDP88B00443R000502210001-4
SHORT STORY
(Sponsored by Smith-Corona)
FIRST AWARDS: Michelle Loughnane, Oak Park-
River Forest [I S_ Oak Park, IL. 'reacher, Norma
Schultz. Marc Shelikoff, Upper Dublin H. S., Ft. Wash-
ington, PA Teacher, Sharon Traver
SECOND AWARDS: Carla Byrnes, Interlochen (MI)
Arts Academy- Teacher, Loretta Sharp. Mary Beth
Marshall, Sleepy Hollow H.S., N. Tarrytown, NY.
Teacher, Paul de Barros Greg Pak, Hillcrest H.S.,
Dallas, TX. Teacher. Penne Collett. Deborah Stein,
Bethpage (NY) H S. Teacher, Eugene M. Murphy.
Glenn Summer, Northern Highlands Regional U.S..
Allendale, NJ. 'reacher, Bruce Emra.
THIRD AWARDS: Jonathan Davenport, Wheat
Ridge (CO) Sr H_S Teacher, Kaye Pennington. Chris-
topher Kelleher, East U.S.. West Chester, PA. Teach-
er. ('arokn I) Monacclli. Leo Molter, Lancaster (PA)
Catholic HS - Teacher, Sr. Maureen Christi. Collin
Seals, Alamo Heights H.S., San Antonio, TX. Teacher,
Sandra Riordan. Gregory Smith, Ft. Collins (CO) H.S.
Teacher. Helen L. McGuire.
FOURTH AWARDS: Tamela Latimer, Plum Sr.
If S., Pittsburgh, PA. Teacher, Loretta White. Mark
Nichoson, Stamford (CT) H.S. Teacher, Jerry McWil-
hanu_ Michelle Prasad, Roeper ('ity and Country
School, Bloomfield Hills, MI. Teacher, Ernestine L.
Sanders- Deanne Remes, Morton West U.S., Berwyn,
II. Teacher. Patricia Geiser. Jason Rubinstein, Interlo-
chen (MI) Arts Academy- Teacher, Loretta Sharp- Dan-
iel Sage, Nottingham H.S., Syracuse, NY. 'reacher,
Leonard Fonte Susan Stambach, Dallastown (PA) Area
H.S. Teacher. Anne Wilson.
SHORT-SHORT STORY
(Sponsored by Smith-Corona)
FIRST AWARDS: Jonathan Davenport, 2. Wheat
Ridge (CO) Sr. H.S. Teacher. Kaye Pennington. Zeli-
mira Juric, Walnut Hills H.S., Cincinnati. OH. Teach-
er. Anne Ptrient. Mark Kumashiro, Fountain Valley
(CA) H S Teacher, Mary Ann Mooney. Peter Stead-
man, Interlochen (MI) Arts Academy. Teacher. Loretta
Sharp
SECOND AWARDS: Jonathan Davenport, Wheat
Ridge (CO) Sr. U.S. "reacher, Kaye Pennington. (Two)
THIRD AWARDS: John Fassola, Joliet (IL) West
H.S. Teacher, Barbara Croissant, David Fife, Spruce
Creek II S, Port Orange, FL. Teacher, Charles Allen.
Wen Stephenson, La Canada (CA) U.S. Teacher. Sue
Stinson.
FOURTH AWARDS: Edward G. Black, Merritt Is-
land (FL) 11 S. Teacher. Sandy Miller. Jennifer Bux-
ton. Gaithersburg (MD) U.S. Teacher, Cathy A.
Fleischer. Brenda Huff, Taylorsville U.S.. Salt Lake
City. UT. Teacher. Joseph A. Frank. Heath McArthur,
Robert F. Lee U.S., Springfield. VA. Teacher. Barbette
R. Tiniperlake Shawndra Miller, Broad Ripple U.S.,
Indianapolis. IN. Teacher, Barbara Shoup. Sandra
Moser, Bovertown (PA) Area Sr. U.S. Teacher. Ray-
nuxtd F Fulmer, Jr Julie Nutter, Rocky Mountain
H.S., Fort Collins. CO. Teacher, Maxine C. Mark.
Heather Pepkowski, Souderton (PA) Area H.S. Teach-
er, Mary Kays. Deborah Retzky, New Rochelle (NY)
H.S Teacher, Patricia Smith. Katherine Stroud, Main-
land Sr. H S, Daytona Beach. FL. Teacher, James N.
Carlin.
POETRY
(Sponsored by Paper Mate Pens)
FIRST AWARDS: Elizabeth M. Armstrong, Roland
Park Country School, Baltimore, MD. Teacher, Anne
Heuisler. Pamela Pack, Middlebury (VT) Union H.S.
Teacher, Judith Vaill.
SECOND AWARDS: Tahnee Abercrombie, Fine Arts
('enter, Greenville, SC Teacher. John Lane. Kellyann
Hall, Interlochen (MI) Arts Academy Teacher, Loretta
Sharp Stephanie Johnston, Hume Fogg Academic
H'S.. Nashville, TN, Teacher. Bill Brown.
demic H.S.. Nashville, TN Teacher, Bill Brown- Julie
Sloan, Mainland Sr. H.S., Daytona Beach, Fl.. Teach-
er, Elizabeth A. Carlin. Michael Watt, Darien (CT)
ITS. Teacher, Faye C. Gage. Rebecca Young, Interlo-
chen (MI) Arts Academy. Teacher, Loretta Sharp.
FOURTH AWARDS: Robin Balla, John S. Fine Sr.
U.S.. Nanticoke, PA. Teacher, Raymond Rutkowski.
Debbie Bennett, Interlochen (MI) Arts Academy
Teacher. Michael Delp. Daniele Campbell, Lancaster
(PA) Country Day School. Teacher, Gwendolyn Lewis.
Chris Carvajal, Crowder (OK) Public School. Teacher,
Donna Hughston. Jennifer Anne Davis, Churchill H.S.,
San Antonio, TX. Teacher, Larry Naeglin. Jacque
Frederick, Taylorsville (UT) U.S. 'reacher, Joseph A.
Frank. Joshua Gray, Milton (MA) Academy. Teacher,
James F. Connolly. Randy Hebert, Jefferson H.S. Port
Arthur, TX. Teacher, Jayne Smith. Laurie Keith, West
Valley U.S., Spokane, WA. Teacher, Mary Ann Wa-
ters. Leslie Minot, Mercyhurst Preparatory School.
Erie, PA. Teacher, Katherine Nies. Steven Peterson,
Temple (TX) H.S.''eacher, Ray Lanford.
CRITICAL REVIEW
(Sponsored by International
Paper Company)
FIRST AWARDS: Monique Goldberg, Contoocook
Valley Regional U.S.. Peterborough. NH. Teacher.
Robert S. Fay. Alison Jones, Seaholrn H.S.. Birming-
hant. MI. Teacher, Barbara Angott. Mark Lickona,
Cortland (NY) Jr/Sr U.S. Teacher, Teresa M. Roberts.
SECOND AWARDS: Peter Chines, Windsor (CT)
U.S. Teacher. Bruce Murphree. Shawn Clark, Killian
Sr. H.S., Miami, FL. Teacher, Ann Hendrick. Adam
Cohen, Buckingham Browne & Nichols School, Cam-
bridge. MA. Teacher, W. Allen Rossiter.
THIRD AWARDS: Christopher Foster, Sumner
Academy. Kansas City, KS. Teacher, C'andee G. Hoff-
man. Elisabeth C. Gibson, Randolph School. Hunts-
ville, AL. Teacher, Martha Waite. Kenneth B. Hut-
man, Langley H.S., McLean, VA. Teacher, Jayne
Karsten.
FOURTH AWARDS: Timothy Brien, West Spring-
field H.S., Springfield, VA. Teacher, Jill Hilliard. Wen-
dy Brown, Kingston (NY) U.S. Teacher, Mary Leon-
ard. Jessica Deysach, Dreher U.S.. Columbia, SC.
Teacher, Francie Brown. Bruce Emond, Ridgewood
(NJ) H.S. Teacher, John Rooney. Leah Kregor, Alamo
Heights H.S., San Antonio, TX. Teacher, Sandra Rior-
dan. Jay Lance, Manchester H.S., North Manchester,
IN. Teacher. Jane Bales. Jessica l.iebergott, Bucking-
ham Browne & Nichols School, Cambridge, MA.
Teacher, Robert Leith. Leo Mutter, Lancaster (PA)
Catholic U.S. Teacher, Sr. Maureen Christi. Elisabetta
Siracusa, Langley U.S.. McLean, VA. Teacher, Jayne
Karsten. Anuradha Vedantham, Cherry Hill (NJ) H.S
West. Teacher, Barbara O'Bre,a. Sarah Willcutt, Nor-
man (OK) U.S. Teacher, Elizabeth Ballard.
ESSAY
(Sponsored by
International Paper Company)
FIRST AWARDS: Parissa Jannati, West Springfield
H.S., Springfield, VA. Teacher, Jill Hilliard. Ian
Kremer, Manhattan (KS) H.S. Teacher, Donald Marks.
SECOND AWARDS: Afshine Emrani, University
H.S.. Los Angeles. CA. Teacher, Barbara Baehr. James
Giles, High Point (NC) Central U.S. Teacher. W Keith
Yokley. Rafer Guzman, Long Beach (CA) Polytechnic
U.S. Teacher, Judy Mednick. Kyle Mathis, John F
Kennedy H.S , Sacramento. CA. Teacher, Margaret
Wensrich.
THIRD AWARDS: Gary Bunker, Homewood-Floss-
moor H.S.. Flossmoor. It,. Teacher. Thomas O'Keefe
Evan Lurie, Brophy College Preparatory School. Phoe-
nix, AZ. Teacher, John La Borne. Scott Reisz, S(
Edward H.S., Lakewood. OH. Teacher, Br. Joseph
Chvala, C.S.C.
FOURTH AWARDS: Betsy Brown, Parkway West Sr.
H.S., Chesterfield. MO. Teacher, Don Ribbing. Lars
Chapsky, Rolling Hills U.S., Rolling Hills Estates, CA.
Teacher. Dick Heins. Shannon Jackson, Hinsdale (IL)
Central U.S. Teacher, Dr. Thomas J. Carey. Lynn Mos-
toller, Interlochen (MI) Arts Academy. Teacher, Jack
Driscoll. Stephen M. Nickelsburg, West Springfield
U.S., Springfield, VA. Teacher, Jill Hilliard. Parveen
Seehra, Morgantown (WV) H.S. Teacher, David L.
Hohman. Doantrang Truong, Loudoun County U.S.,
Leesburg, VA reacher, Marianna Leach.
HUMOR
FIRST AWARD: Tom Harjes, Arlington-Green Isle
H.S., Arlington, MN. Teacher, Christopher Moore.
SECOND AWARDS: Laurie Gardner, Madison (NJ)
U.S Teacher. Rae Phillips. Karin Hope, Osage (IA)
IL S Teacher, Doralyn Woeste. Deanne Remes, Morton
West U.S., Berwyn, IL. Teacher, Patricia Geiser. David
Ward, Kohler (WI) U.S. Teacher, Richard Packer.
THIRD AWARDS: Robert Baker, Wylie F. Groves
H.S., Birmingham, MI. Teacher, Richard Wilson. Mi-
chael Byrne, Edina (MN) H.S. Teacher, Joan Schulz.
Christopher Cacioppo, Blue Valley H.S., Stillwell,
KS Teacher, Sandra Jacob. Amy Pradt, Wausau (WI)
H.S Teacher, Suzan Miller. David Silverman, Kings-
ton (NY) H-S. Teacher, Mary Leonard.
FOURTH AWARDS: Paul Duggan, Central U.S.,
Philadelphia. PA. Teacher, Irving Rotman. Deborah
(:raves, Clovis West H.S., Fresno, CA. Teacher, De-
metra Chamberlain- Elizabeth Mitchum, Klein Forest
H.S., Houston. TX. Teacher, Naomi Fanett. Howard
Price, Sparta (II-) U.S. Teacher, Ed Simpson. David
Silverman, Kingston (NY) U.S. Teacher. Mary Leon-
ard- Mike Singer, Northwood U.S., Silver Spring, MD.
'Teacher, Mary Lee Ruddle.
DRAMATIC SCRIPT
(Sponsored by National
Broadcasting Company, Inc.)
FIRST AWARDS: Kelvin D. Anderson, South Grand
Prairie U.S , Grand Prairie, TX. Teacher, Susan G.
Crocker. Lourdes Santaballa, Langley U.S., McLean,
VA. Teacher, Mary McDiartnid.
SECOND AWARDS: Bobby Cater, Norman (OK)
H.S. Teacher, James Power David Jackson, Seahreeze
Sr. H.S., Daytona Beach, FL. Teacher, Marion Mona-
ghan. Elizabeth Kruse, Evanston (IL) Twp. H.S
Teacher, Curtis Crotty. Yannie E. ten Broeke, Rutgers
Preparatory School, Somerset, NJ. Teacher, John Ken-
dall. Kelly Wilson, Irmo U.S., Columbia, SC. Teacher,
Emily Whitten.
THIRD AWARDS: Tony Martin, Norman (OK) U.S.
Teacher, Betsy Ballard. Luis Montes, Las Cruces (NM)
II S. Teacher. Phyllis Wright. Melanie Nyberg, Mahto-
medi (MN) Sr. U.S. Teacher, Nancy Rice. Tracy Tat-
nall, Alton (IL) U.S. Teacher. Rachel Farics.
FOURTH AWARDS: Lynette Balducci, Booker U.S.,
Sarasota, FL. Teacher. Verdya Bradley. Richard Bon-
yak, Magnolia U.S., New Martinsville, WV. Teacher,
Ruth Molson. James Jones, Alta U.S., Sandy, UT.
Teacher, Donita Rasmussen. Estela Martinez, Artesia
H.S., Lakewood, CA. Teacher, Susanna de Falla. Aar-
on McDonald, Norman (OK) U.S. Teacher, Ruth Loeff-
ler. Richard Reeve, Farmington (CT) U.S. Teacher,
Marilyn Arling. Jonathan Schofer, Evanston (IL) Twp
U.S. Teacher, Curtis Crotty. Ariane Schreder, French
International School, Bethesda, MI). Teacher, Jackie
Poortman. Andrea Whittaker, Hoover H.S., North
Canton, OH. Teacher, Doris P. Clock, Joan Wolf, Oak
Park (MI) U.S. Teacher, Dorothy Asheton.
ESSAY
(Sponsored by
International Paper Company)
FIRST AWARDS: Stephanie Raymond, West Seattle
H S., Seattle, WA Teacher. Toni Ciardullo. Adam
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Ryan, Maishall Jr II S. Janesville. Wl Teacher, Mrs
Man Iglar
SECOND AWARDS: Chelsea Altman, St Ann's
School. Brookhn, NY Teacher. Miss Nance White
Laura York, budge (its (KS) It H S leacher. Mrs.
PMllis L .Jordan
THIRD AWARDS: Sherri East, South Newton Jr Sr
if S . Kentland, IN Teacher. Joseph A. Junghlut.
Sheree Nolen, Rus Redichek Jr H.S., Austin, TX.
teacher. C'arule I Munn Brian Smith, Wunderlich
Intermediate school. Houston. TX I'eaeher, Pat Lou'
clue Jennifer H. Smith, Wellesley (MA) Middle
Srhoul leacher, Lorraine ('wehch.
FOtRT'll AWARDS: Ryan Bomberger, Manhcini
(PA Central It I I S Teacher, Mrs Carole B Jennings
Andrew Costa, Main Street Middle School. Old Say-
(nook. ('I teacher, Barbara A McCall. John Cud-
dihy, Milhurn (NJ) Jr H.S. Teacher, Mrs. Marilyn
Drennan Allison Dinwiddie, Swift Creek Middle
School, Midlothian. VA Teacher, Mrs. Mars gene Fa-
ran Lisa Freda. Sixth Street Jr. 11 S.. Irwin, PA
Teacher. Rosemary Fuga. Sandra Kendell, Wunderlich
Intcnncdiate School. Houston. TX Teacher. Pat Lou-
que Lena Lee, Rock Island (II-) Sr H S Teacher,
('hauler Oestreich Julie McCann, Pleasant Run Jr
iI S . Cincinnati. ()IT 'teacher. Mrs Elizabeth Wagner
Molly McCarthy, Robert Frost Intermediate School,
Rockstllc. MI) Teacher. Mrs PhsIIis Bank Kathleen
L. Murray, Wellesley tSIAt Middle School Teacher.
Mrs Nana F Flesehei Emily Richardson, South
Kingstonn II S, Wakelield. KI Teacher, Judith Scott.
Eric Schuttler, Rock ISland (II.1 Sr. 11.S Teacher.
Charles Ocsireieh
HONORABLE; MENTION: Tom Arata, Robert Host
Intermediate School. Rocks He, MI) Teacher. (-icik
lacuigelo Ginger Ball, Presentation of Marv Academy.
Hudson. Nil Teacher. Kathleen Neskes. Paul Benz,
Wundcrlirh Intermediate School, Houston. I X. Teach-
ers. I ouque Gras itt Scott Brubaker, Grant Middle
School. Springfield. 11. Teacher. Elizabeth A Wilco.x
Dasid Butler, Swill Creek Middle School. Midlothian.
\ A teacher. Mangenc Fagan. Geoff Carter, C nixersi-
it School of Nashville. Nashxille TN Teacher. Alvs
V' citable Abigail (-heeler, Milton (MAT Academy.
Icarher, lances Connolls Christina Chiodo, Catholic
Memonnl II S Waukesha. WI Teacher. Sr Carina
Srhisel Candace Cole, Haddonlidd (NJ) Middle
School leacher, Barham Stoltz Laura Collazos, Ham-
Ilion Middle School, Houston, IX Teacher. Helen Fi-
Icnko Susan Cooke, Milton (MAT .Academy Teacher.
James ( onnolls Misty Cvsyk. North Harlord Middle
School. l'slessitie, MI) J: eacher. Virginia Huller. Ro-
berta Gambale. Alsunont School, Birmingham. Al..
leacher. Bruns W'isext Darcy Gual, Wnudstock
(:non II S. West Woodstock, VI Teacher, Cordelia P
Newton Ginger Hazel, Kastner Intermediate School,
Fresno, CA TeancCr. Lnnne R. Paup. Matthew Katz,
Milton (MAT Araden? Teacher, James Connolly. Shei-
la Kraybill. I(hiahethtosxn (PA) Area H.S. Teacher.
Nanrs G Ilcilnei Jeni Lorenz, South Jr. H.S., Fau
Claire, V. I I -cachet. Frederick Isl Poss Amy McDan-
iel,, Judge Memorial Catholic H S.. Sall Lake City, UT
I cachet. Si ludine Suter. Warner McCowin, Altamunt
Srhoul, Bit ninguani, AL. Teacher. Janie" Wiygul
Krishna Morgan. Washington Jr. H S.. Conroe. TX
Teacher Pat Senor Son Nhan, St. Louis (MO) Countr\
Ran Srhuol Tcanccr, Bruce M MacKenzie Sandy
Riegle, Stair is H.S.. Lewisville, TX. Teacher. Mrs.
Jeanne Pearson. Jennifer Rose, Northwood Jr H.S..
Highland Tack. 11, Teacher Mvnde Betensky Ruth
Rosenthal, Robert Ernst Intermediate School. Rockville.
\11) leacher I'hsIIis Bank Derek Smith, Booker T
Vsrishington IT II S- Conroe, TX. Teacher. Suzanne
Reese Shoshana Tkatch, Sally A Alexander Beth Ja-
ruh School. Birmingham. Ml Teacher. Diane K. Hauer
Sandy Varadi, Southaven (MS( H.S Teacher Fvelvn
Sims Brooke Woolner, Walker Jr H.S. La Pal iii,
('\ lc'achel. Sin W'hitr
POETRY
(Sponsored by Paper Mate Pens)
FIRST AWARDS: Corrina Campbell, Interlochen
(Mil) Arts Acadenis Teacher. Loretta Sharp. Rebecca
Purdom, Ashland (OR) Jr II S Teacher. Waync Paul
sen Elizabeth Wyatt, Sidwell Fnends School. Wash-
ington, DC Teacher, Robert I coin.
SECOND AWARDS: Kate Cohen, Harrisonburg (VA1
H.S. Teacher. Pamela Nesselrodt. Elizabeth Harleman,
Horne-Fogg Academic H.S.. Nashville. TN Teacher,
Bill Brown Kathleen latzoni, Millburn (NJ) Jr H.S
Teacher. Marilyn Drennan
,THIRD AWARDS: Jennifer Ceriale, Bolti Jr. H.S.
Fort Collins, CO Teacher, Toni Farquhar Alyssa
Harad, North Jr II S , Boise. II) Teacher. Carol A
Mooney Sarah Hartung, Stillwater (MN) Jr ILS
Teacher. Delores Nelson
FOURTH AWARDS: Gabriele Clark, Trinity 11 S
Camp Hill, PA. leacher. Sr. Dolores Rennin Emily
Cotlier, Anuty Jr H.S.. Bethany. CT. Teacher, Carolyn
Lvanson Theresa Green, Trinity H.S.. Camp Bill. PA.
'T'eacher, Robert A. Casey. Thomas Henderson, ('enter-
ville Jr H S., Lancaster, PA Teacher. Bernice Quay.
Heather Hopp, Laramie (WY) Jr H S Teacher. Chris-
tine Inkster. Lewis LaCook, Shady Spring Jr II S
Beaver. WV Teacher, Toni St. ('lair Jaronda Little,
Alabama School of Fine Arts. Birmingham. At Teach
er. Charles Ghigna. Stacey Myers, Hershex (PA) H S.
Teacher, Mary C Crawford.
HONORABLE MENTION: ('art Anderson, Robert
C Murphy Jr. H S. Stung Brook. NY Teacher, John
Signorelli. Melinda Bowker, Trinity TLS. Camp Hill,
PA Teacher, Sr. Dolores A. Dennin. Jeff Bray, Fruita
(CO) Jr. H.S. Teacher. Wanda Smith Peggy Brink-
mann, Washington (MO) Sr 11S Teacher. Bonita
Greve. Julie Hasper, Shelley ( I D ) Jr II S ]-cachet,
Karen Finnigan Sandy Korinchak, Pine Middle
School, Gibsonia. PA. Teacher, Dale Pappert Vanessa
Layne, POnsnumth (NH) Jr, H S Teacher. Anne Drako
poulos Megan Loughney, Mcrirtum (11)1 Jr H S
Teacher, Candice Krueger Toot McPheron, I I it t TOIL
Middle School Teacher Lind,, W'huungton Linda
Morris, Winthrop Jr. II S. 232. Brooklyn. N'l Icach
er. Beth Levine Hillory Oakes, Grove (OK) H S
Teacher. Teresa L Lomax. Jean Prafke, Horning Mid
dle School. Waukesha. WI. Tcanccr- Stephanie i'd
wards. Christopher Roberts, Ilarriton H.S.- Rosemont,
PA Teacher Cecile Free Cathryn Sadler, Desert
Sands Ji H.S.. Phoenix. A/ Teacher. Patricia Fos
Scholle Sawyer, Hillsboro H S, Nashville. FN leach
er. Suwette Rutherford Tara Schwacofer, Calvin Chris
lian II S.. Escondido, CA Teacher. Carolyn Hill Sibyl
Severson, Blue Ridge H.S, Lakeside AZ Teacher.
Judy R. Peterson. Charlene Simmet, Interlorhen (MI)
All, Srademv Teacher. Loretta Sharp Karen
Smythers, Northeast Jr H S . Charlotte NC Tcachct.
Darlene Stuart Joel Vort, Hunter College 11S, New
York, NY Teacher. Harriet Levin Victoria Winters,
Richardson (TX) Jr H S Teacher. Robert Dasis
SHORT STORY
(Sponsored by Smith-Corona)
FIRST AWARD: Julie Fischer, Somerset (KY) 11 S
Teacher. Wayne F.asthant
SE('OND AWARDS: Tasha Bergson, Andrew Carne-
gie Inter. School, Otangevale, CA -teacher. PcF
Bettcher Clay Gilbert, Webb School of Knoxville.
Knoxville, TN teacher, Martha M Gill Kit Nichols,
Woodstock (VT) Union I1 S Teacher. Gavle Bailer
THIRD AWARDS: Tasha Blaine, Thomas Jetterson
Middle School, lcaneck, NJ Teacher, Exa Barron
Gingee Guilmartin, Clear Lake Inter. School, Houston.
TX Teacher, Kathryn W'oorifin Jennifer Ochoa, Rcu-
therJr. H.S, Rochester, MI. Ieacher. Suzanne Dohhel
stc in
FOURTH AWARDS: Jeanne Beaver, Robert C Suit
phy Jr ITS, Stuns Brook. NY Teacher. John Signor
elli. Joshua Bernstein, Rixerside University H S, Mil-
waukee. WI Teacher. F' B. Varney. Tanja Brull,
Wethersfield (C'TI H S. Teacher, Mane Gray Lyn El-
liot, Wellesley (NIA) Middle School. Teacher. Elaine
Dixon. Kate Forand. King Philip Middle School. West
Hartford. CT Teacher. Wayne O'Brien Helen Hill,
Dreher H S. Columbia. SC Teacher, Karen Kaminski
Nancy Jennens, Ogdcn (I'I( II S Tcanccr. Margaret
Rostkosr ski Beth McFadden. Bishop Sirl)esm II S,
Harrisburg, I' S Teacher. Robert Renipe Jeff Moo],
Chippewa IT H S.. St. Paul. MN. Tcachct- Nancy
Roussin. Noel Schively, I malsock Twp II S Wil-
liamsport. I'A 'cachet. Lee Summcrson Richard
Starling, lames Monroe If S . Fredericksburg, VA.
Teacher. Shirley Cordell Joanna Weiss, Ruben Frost
Inter School, Rockville. MI) Teacher. Cicily laenn-
gelo.
HONORABLE MENTION: Adam Baker, Shurecrest
Prcparaton School. St Petrrshurg, FL. Tcanccr Bonnic
Towne Audrey Brown, () Brien Middle School, Reno,
NS Teacher, Rick Coniclms Billy Caron, Madison
(NJ) Jr 11 S, reacher, Carol Woodhull Carol Chesley,
Millburn (NJ) it Fl r leacher, Marilyn Drennan Matt
Cohen, Massapequa (NY) H.S Teachct Margaret M
lances Jessica Craig, Wtunoeo Regional 11. S. Litch-
field. ("I Teacher. Glori.i Perrin Kathy (romartie,
West Springfield (VAT H.S Teacher, Crcta Payne.
Hai)en Doan, Wilson ( Cnttal Ji H S_ Wcst I awn.
I'A. reacher, Anne E. I-ich(hotli Dara Ehrlich, Mail-
Ton INJ) Middle School. Teacher James Iialka Katie
Iahcv, Marillac II S. Nonhlirld. II Teanccr. Sr.
Marc Beth Kubere Stephanie Farrier, Quaker Valley
It 11. S. Sewickley. I'A Teachet. Nancy lacohucci.
Alma Garcia, Sandia TLS , Albuquerque, NM. Teach-
er. Lucille l'aUliii Stephanie Grother, Wnudstock (Vi')
IT H S Teacher, Gavle Bailcs Kristen Heidenreich,
Oakland Jr II.S , Colnnihm, MO. 'Teacher. Martha I)
Patton Jennifer Kircher, Maitland (II.I Jr If S.
Teacher. Margaret Wuodberv Yen I.ai, (lenndgc Jr.
11. S, Winter Park, FL Teacher, Lydia Gardner- Joseph
Lauer, North Hills Jr 11 S . Pittsburgh, PA Teacher.
Irene A Milasineic Clayton McDonald, Glennrlge Jr
H S. W inter Park. 1'1. Teanccr. Lydia Gardner Crista
Martin, Milford ID') II.S Teacher. Judith Adams.
1-aura Neff, Ice Burncson IT. H S . Westlake. OH
Teacher, Paula W'ildcr Heidi Nevin, North Raiford
Viidrllc Srhoul, Pvlcscillc. A11) reacher Virguua Ilull
ri David Roderick, 1 'Isnuxith ('anrr Imcnncrhatr
School. I'knvwth, MA I c mi her, l hunrn Long Alexei
Silverman. Lincoln I'atk II S - I'hirac,m. II le:uher.
Robin Rohimon. Alison Ieerlink, Hillside Intermediate
School. Salt Lake Cax. I I Teanc1r. Constance K.
Karnis Theresa Tsler, Mcrrs II S Baltim it,, MR.
Teacher. Aim R Ciihson Brent Weaver, Conestoga
Vanes Jr H S. Lcola. I'A'Icuchci. Suzanne H Fisher
Lynn Weissner, Mudismt (11) Ii II S leacher. Nellie
If Tillct Rohh Wilentz, Pine Crcnt :School. Fort Lau
derdale. FL. 'Ieachem Anthons lasxxmski Jennifer
Wright, Minerva Del.uut Srhoul. F:nrpon. NY 'Teach-
er. Sherri Lou Zaeptcl Cynthia Vu, lames 1Lummn
School, Oak Lawn. IL Teanccr Alin Wax
DRAMATIC SCRIP'T'
(Sponsored by
National Broadcasting Company, Inc.)
FIRST AWARDS: (den ,Joel, Alhion Middle Srhuol.
Sandy. VT, leacher, Sawn Ilutl Georgene Smith,
Menmi Meic. Aeidenn. Merint SnrtRni. I'A Ic,,her,
P Colmneco
SF.('ONi) AW'SRI): Thomas Baggales, MLdv;dc'I
Middle School- 'Leacher. Man Toe Macrlet
THIRD AWARD: Michelle Buchanan, Lapeer (N11)
West H S Teacher I mmecnia Garner
FOURTH AWARDS: Nick (irignano, Iluntuicdon
(PAT Nliddle Srhuol Ie,inccr. Charles Ilouset Sean
Danekind, Winston Churchill It II S . Royal Oak, M1.
'Teacher. Svhia McGann Kristin .Jacoby, Ormond
Beach IFLI Jr If S Teacher. Sarah forges Mariela
Markelis, Pine Crest School. It LakldCldalC. Fl,
'Teacher. Anthom luswinski Andrew Sherrod, Mil-
wnOd Jr H.S . Kalanuvou. MI Tc,Hher. Mike Mirhe-
Inzzt.
HONORABLE MENTION: Fred Chong, lininki ti Jr
H.S, liroukl'mn Park. MN In crtint. I'ainrla I icdnrk-
son Michael Doyle, 55 inston hurrhill IT II S . Royal
Oak, MI Teacher. S5Isia (1r(ann Janine Harris,
Sepulxeda (('A) Jr II S TcancCr. Al,ninc C munngh,un.
Eric laharca. Gouldshoro (ME) Gijinwai School
Teirher. LIIeu lean Strout left' Macfarlane, Midvale
(1' I) Middle School Teacher. Mars Jr. Maedet John
Porter. Has Shorc INSI Jr H S Tcachct. I-cph I)'An-
tont
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Before
ou
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summer,
why not R 0-=-
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for yourself F.
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