SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP88-00733R000100150008-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 19
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 4, 2012
• Sequence Number: 8
• Publication Date: September 9, 1986
• Content Type: REPORT

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For Official Use Only
9 September 1986
Vol. 1, No. 8
Science and
Technology
Perspectives
Articicial Intelligence (Czechoslovakia) The Czechoslovaks have set up an International Laboratory
for Artificial Intelligence at the Institute for Technical Cybernetics of the
Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava. In addition to Czechoslovak
scientists, researchers from the USSR, GDR, Bulgaria, Poland, and Vietnam
are working at the laboratory on projects that include development of a new
generation of robots with TV cameras as visual sensors. These robotic
systems, which can be rapidly reprogrammed under a variety of working
conditions, use a Bulgarian robot of the "Robko" type and a special computer
developed by the Slovak Academy of Sciences. (East Berlin NEUES
DEUTSCHLAND 12-13 Jul 86)*
....... Continued on Page 1
USSR: Technological Advances in Superdeep Drilling ........................................................................ Page 4
Under the 12th Five-Year Plan the Soviets are continuing many superdeep drilling projects,
exceeding 12,000 meters and aiming for 15,000 meters.
JAPAN: DRAM Lithography Moves Toward 0.1 Micron Pattern Rule ............................................ Page 6
The Japanese have achieved 4-megabit dynamic random access memory (4M DRAM)
lithographic technology and have started to develop the next-generation technology for
processing 16, 64, and 256M DRAMs. They are developing excimer laser, electron beam, and
X-ray lithography techniques which can create circuit patterns as fine as 0.1 micron.
JAPAN: Nuclear power to supply 58 percent of energy needs by 2030 .............................................. Page 9
A recent report titled "Nuclear Energy Outlook" by the Ministry of International Trade and
Industry states that nuclear power generation is expected to supply 58% of Japan's total energy
needs by the year 2030 and that the nuclear power industry will quadruple its output.
HUNGARY: Inadequate Computer Capability in Scientific Research ................................................ Page 11
USSR: Femtosecond Pulsed Laser .......................................................................................................... Page 12
USSR: Scientific-Technical Complexes .................................................................................................. Page 13
PREVIEWS ................................................................................................................................................ Page 16
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PERSPECTIVES selections are based solely on foreign press,
books and journals, or radio and television broadcasts. Some
of the materials used in this publication will appear as
abstracts or translations in the FBIS serial reports.
Comments and queries regarding this publication may be
directed to the Center Chief, to individuals at the numbers
istedwith items, or to the Science and Technology Center at
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DEVELOPMENTS highlights worldwide S&T events reported in the foreign media. Items
followed by an asterisk will be published by FBIS. The contributor's name and telephone number
are provided.
Advanced Materials (EC) EURAM (European Research for Advanced Materials) and BRITE
(Basic Research for Industrial Technology in Europe) will receive 40-50
billion ECU annually. EURAM focuses on basic research in areas such as
metal matrix ceramics; BRITE is dedicated to applied precompetitive
research which includes advanced materials, notably polymers and
composites. (Paris COMPOSITES ET NOUVEAUX MATERIAUX Jun 86)*
(France) Pechiney has invested Fr 300 million to build a factory to
manufacture a new aluminum-lithium alloy. Pechiney's goal is to produce
4,000 tons of aluminum/lithium annually, with operations expected to begin
at the end of 1987. Although no further details on the composition of this
alloy are given, its main application is said to be in the aeronautics and
aerospace industries. (Paris SCIENCE & VIE July 1986)
Aerospace (France) Because of declining sales, Airbus is "urgently" seeking an
agreement with McDonnell Douglas. Details on linking the A-330, A-340,
and MD-11 are expected to be worked out before the Farnborough Air Show
begins in the UK at the end of August. For background on these talks, see
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVES 22 July 1985. Vol. 1. No.
5 pp 4-5. (Frankfurt/Main FINANCIAL TIMES 20 Aug 86)
Biotechnology (Hungary) The "Biotechnika Corp" has begun construction of a new
development laboratory at Szeged. The four-story, 2,000 square meter facility
will contain a variety of laboratories that will test new products as an
intermediate step toward industrial scale production. Funding for the
laboratory complex amounts to 193 million forints contributed by the Szeged
Biological Center of the Academy of Sciences, the State Development and
Innovation Financing Bank, and the national budget. The facility will begin
operations in December 1988. (Budapest NEPSZABADSAG 8 Aug 86)F_
Communications (Italy/PRC) Stet, the Italian telephone consortium, is exploring the sale of
Equipment sophisticated communications equipment to China, including a central
telephone switchboard for Beijing. Meanwhile, China has asked Stet to
jointly manufacture optical fibers and has also asked the firm for a licensing
agreement to produce multiple, hones. (Turin CRONACHE
DEL GRUPPO STET Jan 86)*
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Computers
system. (Budapest SZAMITASTECHNIKA in Hungarian Jul 86)
products planned for the coming five-year plan include an upgraded SZM
minicomputer system, and the development of the ES 1011Y computer
(Hungary) The Videoton Computer Factory expects 1986 sales in excess of 17
billion forints. Seventy percent of its products will be sold abroad. New
Factory Automation (Italy) A bill before the Italian parliament would allocate $230 million over
the next three years to provide small firms with 25 percent of the purchasing
price of factory automation systems. The legislation, expected to pass in
October, would benefit Italian suppliers of automated systems by requiring
that key components be manufactured in Italy. (Milan MACCHINE 6 May
86)*
Machinery, Electronics (PRC) The Ministry of Machine Building Industry and the Ministry of
Center Electronics Industry will manage an integrated test center in Tianjin as part
of a plan to make Tianjin a base for the integration of advanced machinery
and electronics. The center will develop numerically-controlled and
microcomputer-controlled machine tools, telecommunications and office
automation equipment. (Beijing ZHONGGUO JIXIE BAO 22 Jul 86)* F_
Microelectronics (Brazil) Brazilian researchers have reportedly developed a new logic chip-
the MC2-5000-which, makes possible a 10-percent reduction in circuit
board size. The Brazilian firm Microtec will include the chip in its PCPAQ
personal computer. The chips will be mass produced by the LSI Logic
Corporation of California. (Sao Paulo VEJA 2 Jul 86)'
(FRG) Valvo, the FRG subsidiary of Dutch Philips Elcoma and a leader in
surface mounting technology, a new packaging technology to mount more
circuitry in a smaller volume, envisions all its electronics components
available as SMDs by 1987. It recently built a $6 million factory in the
Netherlands to manufacture passive SMDs. It also estimates that, to date, it
has supplied 2,000 of the 6,000 automated SM chines
worldwide. (Munich ELEKTRONIK 27 Jun 86 p 26)
Mold Insulation (PRC) China's iron and steel industry has been utilizing carbonic rice husks
as a replacement for expensive graphite and aluminum in preventing molten
steel from premature cooling in the ladle. The carbonized husks, much lighter
than steel, form a protective cover on top of the steel and keep the steel
temperature from dropping. The No. 1 Steel Factory of the Anshan Iron and
Steel. Complex, the pilot user, reported a 5 percent improvement in quality,
which earned 4.7 million yuan ($1.27 million) in profits. Only 0.7 kilograms
of rice husk costing RMB 0.84 yuan ($0.22) is required to insulate a ton of
steel, compared to 2.4 kilograms of aluminum. sting 4.08 yuan ($1.10).
(Beijing CHINA DAILY 20 Aug 86)
Nuclear Power (GDR) In the wake of the Chernobyl accident, the GDR for the first time will
use containment construction (enclosure of the reactors in a concrete shell) at
its new Stendal nuclear power plant. The Stendal plant initially will be
equipped with two Soviet VVFR-1 nnn reactors. (West Berlin IWE
TAGESDIENST 21 Jun 86)
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Optical Fibers
Space Research
Superconductors
STIINTA SI TEHNICA Jan 86)
(Romania) Romania's first nuclear electric power plant will be built at
Cernavoda. The plant will be of the CANDU type and will have five units.
The first two units will be put into operation by the Canadian firm AECI.
The plant will use natural (non-enriched) uranium. Modern high-
performance computers, capable of performing all functions required in a
nuclear power plant, are being designed and built by the Institute of Scientific
Research for Computer Science and Data Processing in Bucharest. (Bucharest
MERCANTIL 7 Jul 86
(Brazil/USSR) ABC-Xtal, a Sao Paulo-based optical fiber manufacturer, is
negotiating the sale of 25 thousand miles of optical fibers to the Soviet
Union. The $20 million contract is expected to be signed by the end of 1986.
ABC-Xtal's optical fibers recently became internationally competitive after
the company achieved a 70 percent reduction in costs. (Sao Paulo GAZETA
Antwerp
(France/FRG) The second-generation French TDF and German TV-SAT
direct broadcast satellites will use the D2-MAC-Packet broadcast standards
established by France and the FRG, which provide high-quality pictures and
stereophonic sound. On 29 July, the French Government announced its
approval for the launch of the TDF-1 and TDF-2 satellites. The French and
German PTT ministers also reconfirmed their support for the high-definition
television project in the Eureka program. (Paris AGRA Data Base 1 Aug 86)
ALLGEMEINE ZEITUNG 13 Aug 86)*
(Italy) Italy plans to budget an annual DM 1 billion through 1992 for
aerospace research. The Columbus space laboratory and the Ariane 5
launcher will receive a major portion of the funds. The Italian Government
also plans to establish by year's end a national aerospace administration to be
staffed by 150 to 200 employees. (Frankfurt/Main FRANKFURTER
(Budapest IMPULZUS No 15, 26 Jul 86
(Hungary) To promote development of superconductors, the National
Technical Development Committee (OMFB) has given a 2.5-million-forint
grant to the faculty of low temperature physics of Lorand Eotvos University
(ELTE). Studies revealed that of the rare metals needed for superconductors,
Hungary was relatively rich in vanadium (V) and gallium (Ga). Because of
the availability of these metals, research is concentrating on fabricating and
measuring the properties of V3Ga superconductors. ELTE research may
serve as the basis of industrial scale production of V3Ga superconductors.
ELETTRICHE May 86)*
(Italy) Fiat and Stet have formed Telit, a joint company that will merge the
two firms' telecommunications affiliates, Italtel and Telettra. By year's end,
Telit will make recommendations on joint research and development, joint
management strategies, exchange of technical and marketing information,
and the viability of joint ventures with other firms. (Milan TECNOLOGIE
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USSR: TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN SUPERDEEP DRILLING
Key Points: The Soviets have a successful superdeep drilling program. They have reached a depth
of 12,000 meters in the Kola project. Under the 12th Five- Year Plan, they expect to reach a depth
of 15,000 meters. The Soviets attach a high priority to the completion of these projects: one
hundred and fifty scientific research institutes and enterprises, representing 15 industries, are
participating in this work.
The Soviets are making significant progress in their superdeep drilling technology program and
under the 12th Five-Year Plan are continuing a series of superdeep drilling projects to be completed by
the year 2000. According to TASS (29 Aug 85), Vladimir Mazur, Deputy Minister of Geology of the
Russian Federation, told MOSCOW NEWS that the Soviets would drill 22 superdeep boreholes, 12 for
oil prospecting and the rest for mineral exploration and tectonic research.
The importance the Soviet Government attaches to superdeep drilling is evident from the resources
it has allocated to these projects. MOSCOW DOMESTIC SERVICE of 15 June 84 reports that 150
scientific research institutes and enterprises, representing 15 industries, are participating in the
superdeep drilling program. According to MOSCOW NEWS (22-29 Jan 84), the drilling program, under
the auspices of the USSR State Committee on Science and Technology, and is part of a large effort to
study the earth's crust and upper mantle. The Joint Learned Council for Studies of Mineral Resources
and Deep Drilling is coordinating the program. Headed by Professor Yevgeniy Kozlovskiy, USSR
Minister of Geology, the Council includes representatives from the USSR Academy of Sciences and
from over 20 ministries and numerous departments.
One of the most successful superdeep drilling projects has been the Kola borehole. In the August
1986 cover story of GOLOS RODINY, Deputy Minister Vladimir Mikhaylovich Volkov of the Ministry
of Geology cites the Kola borehole as a primary example of the latest Soviet achievements in geology
and applied technology. Although begun in 1970, the Kola drilling did not reach 12,000 meters until
December 1984, surpassing the world record of direct penetration into the earth's interior by more than
2,200 meters. Volkov states that during this project Soviet geologists tested new technology and
developed the theoretical basis which now serves as the foundation for the USSR superdeep drilling
program.
PRAVDA (11 Jan 84) comments on the superdeep project in the Krivoy Rog iron ore basin. The
newspaper indicates that data from this borehole should provide information on the formation and
distribution of commercial-grade ores. Acoustic research methods will be tested here as well.
RABOCHAYA GAZETA (3 Feb 84) predicts that drilling the Krivoy Rog borehole will take 15 years.
During this time an attempt will be made to replace drilling bits without raising the drilling column,
which would be a technological breakthrough. TASS (7 Sep 84) announces that only Soviet-
manufactured equipment will be used in drilling the Krivoy Rog borehole.
IZVESTIYA (19 Nov 84) reports that the Sverdlovsk Scientific Research Institute of Heavy
Machine Building has designed the BU-15000 rig for the Tyumen superdeep borehole. The Urals Heavy
Machine Building Plant, and dozens of other plants in such places as Leningrad, Tashkent, and
Kharkov, are expected to contribute to the production of the rig. EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA
(No. 15, May 85) states that the Uralmash Association has completed the derrick and other metal
structures for the rig. Drawing on the experience gained from drilling to 8,000 meters at Saatly and
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12,000 meters at Kola, plans call for this rig to reach 15,000 meters. However, conditions in Tyumen,
above the Arctic Circle, are considerably more difficult than those overcome in previous superdeep
drilling sites.
LENINGRADSKAYA PRAVDA (17 Jul 85) announces the completion of the initial thousand
meters of the Kyzyl Kum superdeep borehole, the first in Central Asia. The Muruntau Geological
Surveying Party of the Uzbek Petroleum and Gas Geology Association plans to continue this drilling to
7,000 meters.
SELSKAYA ZHIZN (27 Jun 86) describes the progress on the superdeep borehole which is near
Norilisk in Taymyr. According to the source, drilling has penetrated over 3,000 meters in this area of
known copper and nickel deposits.
In his August 1986 GOLOS RODINY interview, Deputy Minister Volkov also spoke of the rig for
the superdeep borehole which is to be drilled in the Urengoy gas field. It is a complete plant in itself,
equaling a 25-story building in height and requiring special railway trains to transport it.
(Translations or abstracts of the above sources have appeared or will appear in USSR REPORT:
EARTH SCIENCES.)
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JAPAN: DRAM LITHOGRAPHY MOVES TOWARD
0.1 MICRON PATTERN RULE
Key Points: The Japanese are seriously engaged in developing the next generation lithography
technology after developing 4M DRAM technology. They will continue to use photolithography
for 16 and 64M DRAM processing, improving this capability by using excimer lasers as a light
source. For 64 and 256M DRAM processing, they may employ electron beam lithography and
X-ray devices with synchrotron radiation generators as sources.
Major Japanese semiconductor manufacturers have completed 4M DRAM development and
launched R&D on 16, 64, and 256M DRAM technology. According to the 19 August NIHON KEIZAI
SHIMBUN, Fujitsu and Matsushita Electric recently developed 4M DRAM chips. The Tokyo press
reported earlier this year that NEC, Toshiba, and Mitsubishi Electric succeeded in developing their 4M
DRAM technology. In addition to these five, the Tokyo press implies that Hitachi may have developed
its 4M DRAM technology.
The Japanese may continue to use conventional photolithography for processing the next-
generation 16M DRAM chips. The most popularly employed lithography for 4M DRAM fabrication at
present is photolithography. The press says that all the 4M DRAM chips developed by Japanese
manufacturers employ a 0.8-1.0 micron design rule. Conventional photolithography is said to be limited
to circuit patterns no finer than 0.5 microns. It uses as a light source visible rays at wavelengths of 380 to
780 nanometers. With shorter wavelengths, there is less diffraction and interference, and thus finer
circuit patterns.
The 64 and 256M DRAM chips require finer design rules. The 64M DRAM chip requires a 0.3-0.35
micron design rule, and the 256M DRAM, a 0.2-0.25 micron rule. The heart of the 64 and 256M
DRAM technology, therefore, is technology which can create circuit patterns finer than 0.5 microns.
The Japanese generally assert that the next-generation lithography would include advanced
photolithography, electron beam lithography, and X-ray lithography.
Advanced Photolithography
The Japanese appear to favor excimer laser technology, an advanced type photolithography, over
electron beams and X-rays for 16 and 64M DRAM processing. NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN on 8
August indicates that photolithography using excimer lasers has been developed recently and has quickly
become popular among Japanese semiconductor manufacturers. The press indicates that an excimer
laser device would cost one-fourth that of an electron beam lithography device and one-eighth that of
X-ray synchrotron radiation technology.
NIKKEI SANGYO SHIMBUN on 30 July reports that Toshiba has developed an excimer laser-
based photolithography that can print 0.35 micron-wide circuit lines on a silicon wafer. The device uses
a krypton fluoride excimer laser that beams 249 nanometer-wavelength ultraviolet rays. The surface of
the silicon wafer is coated with a three-layer resist and, thus, has higher resolution. An argon excimer
laser emits 193 nanometer-wavelength ultraviolet rays, enabling pattern rules as fine as 0.25 microns,
which are suitable for 256M DRAM chips. The NIKKEI SANGYO SHIMBUN says that Nikon and
Canon are engaged in development of excimer laser lithography technology.
Electron Beam Lithography
NIKKEI MICRODEVICES indicated in July 1985 that electron beam technology should develop
rapidly in the 16, 64, and 256M DRAM era. The Tokyo press indicates, however, that for electron beam
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technology to gain popularity, its throughput must be raised and the device cost must be lowered to the
level of those of photolithography. The newest electron beam devices reported in the press are as
follows:
? NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN and NIKKEI SANGYO SHIMBUN on 19 June report that NTT
developed the EB60, an electron beam lithography device capable of etching 0.5 micron circuit
patterns directly onto a wafer at high speed. The device can process 20 4-inch wafers per hour for
a 16M DRAM chip, compared with only one 4-inch wafer with the conventional electron beam
exposure system.
? Toshiba, according to the August issue of NIKKEI MICRODEVICES, developed the EX-7, an
electron beam lithography device capable of etching 0.25 micron circuit lines on 16, 64, and 256M
DRAM chips. The device can process six 4-inch wafers per hour for 16, 64, and 256M DRAMs.
? Hitachi and NTT, according to NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN on 3 July, jointly developed a EB-
F electron beam lithography device capable of drawing 0.1 micron circuit patterns with 0.04
micron precision. The device can print the circuit patterns for 256M DRAM chips. The device
uses a 0.03 micron beam spot running 3 nanoamperes of beam current, which translates to a
processing speed more than 10 times faster than conventional devices. The device uses a field
electron emission gun as an electron source. The NTT Atsugi Electric Communications
Laboratory purchased the first model.
? NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN on 5 June reports that Hitachi and Toyohashi University of
Technology jointly developed an electron-ion hybrid beam source consisting of a tungsten emitter
chip surrounded by liquid gallium, which gradually moves down the emitter's tip to produce an
ultrafine point with a radius of less than 10 angstroms, compared with 1,000-2,000 angstroms for
conventional emitter chips. The beam source will produce ion and electron beams alternatively by
switching the extraction voltage from plus to minus. Ion beams will reportedly etch circuit
patterns suited for 64M DRAMs, and electron beams will be used for three-dimensional viewing
of the circuit pattern being etched.
? Toshiba Machinery, the 26 May NIKKEI SANGYO SHIMBUN reports, has developed the
world's fastest electron beam, lithography device the EBM-1600/80, which can print circuit
patterns as fine as 0.1 micron on photomasks twice as fast as conventional devices.
,X-ray Lithography
The Japanese believe that X-ray lithography technology may take some time to develop fully.
NIKKEI SANGYO SHIMBUN on 8 August says that current X-ray lithography suffers from weak
X-ray sources that prolong the time to print circuit patterns on a silicon wafer. The article points out
that X-ray lithography devices will not be commercially available until more powerful X-ray sources
such as synchrotron radiation (SOR) generators are developed. The article indicates that photomasks
and resists for X-ray processing must be properly developed as well.
The Japanese appear to be serious about development of X-ray lithography, especially SOR
technology. They recently launched a large-scale R&D effort to develop SOR generators, according to
the June issue of NIKKEI MICRODEVICES. In June, 13 Japanese semiconductor manufacturers
established a joint company to develop the technology under the sponsorship of the Key Technology
Center, a government R&D promotional institute. The participants are Oki, Canon, Toshiba, Sanyo,
Sharp, Sumitomo Electric, Sony NEC, Mitsubishi Electric, Hitachi, Fujitsu, Nikon, and Matushita
Electric. The new company, Sortec, will spend 15 billion yen over the next 10 years to develop small
SOR generators for next-generation integrated circuits.
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The following are some of the recently developed X-ray related lithography technologies mentioned
in the press:
? According to NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN on 27 May, Mitsubishi Electric developed a
negative-type X-ray resist and a new process to prevent resolution from deteriorating. The resist is
made of chlorinated polymethylstyrene and achieves an 8 millijoules per square centimeter
resolution. Resolution deterioration is prevented through a computerized process. Mitsubishi has
already succeeded in developing a prototype chip with 0.3 micron patterns.
? NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN on 15 July reports that NTT developed a plasma X-ray radiation
source of 0.9-1.4 nanometer wavelength capable of drawing 0.3 micron patterns. Reportedly, the
new X-ray source is more than 10 times more powerful than a conventional X-ray source.
? The Electrotechnical Laboratory of MITI's Agency of Industrial Sciences and Technology
developed an X-ray exposure system effective in printing circuit patterns for the next-generation
integrated circuits, although the scale of integration was not mentioned. NIKKEI SANGYO
SHIMBUN on 2 July reports that the system uses an excimer laser which emits ultraviolet rays.
The 300 watt excimer laser reportedly processes one hundred 4-inch wafers per hour.
(Translations of the above sources will appear in JAPAN REPORT: SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY.)
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JAPAN: NUCLEAR POWER TO SUPPLY 58 PERCENT OF ENERGY
NEEDS BY 2030
Key Points: A recent report by MITI estimates that 58 percent of Japan's energy needs in the year
2030 will be met by nuclear power, according to Tokyo press accounts. Despite the recent
stagnant condition of the nuclear industry, this report takes the rather optimistic view that the
nuclear power related market will total 6.7 trillion yen in 2030, four times the 1985 level.
MITI's Advisory Committee for Energy submitted its "Nuclear Energy Outlook" report on 18 July
to Michio Watanabe, who was MITI Minister at that time. The report assesses domestic energy demands
for the next 45 years and proposes energy-related policies, according to NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN on
5 and 19 July and DENKI SHIMBUN on 21 July. Nuclear power is expected to generate 58 percent of
Japan's energy by 2030, and will require doubling the present capability. The number of reactors will
increase from 32 to 112. Specifically, the next 25 years are described as the "fuel cycle establishment
period." The 20 years from 2010 to 2030 are called the "fast breeder reactor (FBR) utilization period."
Japan's nuclear power industry as a whole by 2030 will probably grow to be a 6.7 trillion yen business,
four times higher than its 1985 level. A summary of the report from TSUSANSHO KOHO on 22 July
and GENSHIRYOKU SANGYO SHIMBUN on 24 July follows in tabular form:
Total Power Demand
(billion kWh)
5,928
11,300
15,900
10,100
12,400
Nuclear power
generating
facilities
2,452
8,700
13,700
7,700
10,700
(10,000 kW)
N.P.G ratio
(%)
Nuclear power
generation
ratio (%)
Nuclear power
generation
(billion kWh) 1,590 5,500 9,000 4,800 7,000
N.P.industry
personnel
(10,000)
(Note: Estimate A is based on a 2.5 percent GNP annual growth. Estimate B is based on a population and energy demand
projection. N.P.G: nuclear power generation.)
Light water reactors (LWR) will be used for some time to come because FBR development will be
rather slow. Present reactor technology developed for reactors should be applied over the next five to
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10 years. The actual operation of "new type" LWRs is projected for the mid 1990s, and the next
generation LWR is expected in 2005. Plans for advanced-type reactor introduction are as follows:
Prototype reactor at Ohma plant
60.6
1995
Jyoyo FBR
10
Critical level since 1977
Monju FBR
28
Under construction 1992 critical level.
Prototype FBR
R&D aiming at post-2000 operational status.
Presently, the US and France enrich uranium for Japan under contact. Japan Nuclear Fuel Industry
is expected to operate its own enrichment facility in 1991 with a 1,500 ton SWU (Separative Work Unit)
per year capability. Japan Nuclear Fuel Service is preparing to operate a commercial reprocessing
factory in 1995 with a capability of 800 tons of uranium per year.
The report recommends development of a "new type" nuclear reactor and stresses increased private
sector participation in research and development. The FY 84 development fund was 370 billion yen, of
which 110 billion yen was funded by the private sector. The report's "Safety 21" program advising "the
principle of safety first" comes in the wake of the Chernobyl accident and stresses preventing human
error.
Japan achieved a 76 percent facility operating rate last year, the highest in the world. The report
proposes that the nuclear power industry be moved from the status of a "special industry" to an
"ordinary industry" because it is now a "mature" industry.
(A translation of the above source will appear in JAPAN REPORT: SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY.)
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REPORTS
REPORTS surveys research trends in articles and books involving a particular field of science and
technology. It also includes summaries and listings of articles and books which may serve as potential
sources for future research. Conference proceedings will also be occasionally presented in this section.
HUNGARY: INADEQUATE COMPUTER CAPABILITY IN
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
A report in the Hungarian monthly INFORMACIO ELEKTRONIKA details inadequacies in
computers used at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, outlines the Academy's policy for developing its
computer network, and lists the computers already installed at the academy's various research institutes.
Zsuzsa Szentgyorgyi, a high official at the Hungarian Ministry of Industry, writes in the No. 3 1986
issue of INFORMACIO ELEKTRONICA that computer power available to the Hungarian Academy of
Sciences and its research institutes lags seven to 10 years behind that of the rest of the world and is
especially inadequate where mainframes and network systems are concerned. The academy's largest
computer, the IBM 3031, came online five years ago. COCOM embargoes have prevented acquisition of
any more IBMs. The newest computer currently being installed, the ES-1045, is "well below the state of
the art" according to Szentgyorgyi.
In an effort to overcome these inadequacies and maximize use of already-installed computers, the
Academy is establishing a large regional computer network to serve its local research sites. The local
sites, however, have requested special service features such as graphics, real-time use, and analog/digital
conversion capability. At present, users at these sites can access 50 percent of the Academy's central
computer park and 70 to 80 percent of the IBM 3031 through the network. To meet growing needs for
network services, the Academy has outlined the following goals:
? Improve central service from the large computers
? Continue development and modernization of the large regional network
? Establish local networks based on superminis which can handle special requirements
? Allocate professional personal computers to less-frequent users with the understanding that they
will ultimately become part of the network.
Szentgyorgyi adds that ES(IBM) large mainframes and TPA(DEC) mini and supermini computers
should be installed and that joint data bases with equal access should be set up.
The author also details current computer capabilities at Hungary's two major research institutes.
Computers at Major Academy Research Institutes
Computer Machine Storage
Backup
Installation
Location Make
Memory*
Date
SZTAKI** IBM 3031 2M bytes
600M bytes
1980
SZTAKI** CDC 3300 256K bytes
168M bytes
1971
SZTAKI** ES-1035 IM bytes
270+1600M bytes
1980
KEKI*** ES-1035 IM byte
638M bytes
1977
KEKI*** ES-1045 being put on line
*disc
**Computer Technology and Automation Research Institute
***Central Research Institute for Physics
(A translation of the above source will appear in EUROPE REPORT: SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY.)
STAT
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USSR: FEMOTOSECOND PULSED LASER
Soviet physicists at Moscow State University are acclaiming their recent development of a
femtosecond pulsed laser as a major breakthrough in Soviet optoelectronic physics, according to
USPEKHI FIZICHESKIKH NAUK. The laser, which generates a pulse with a duration of ten
femtoseconds and an intensity reaching 100 trillion watts per square centimeter, was constructed after
15-years of research.
The transition to the femtosecond scale in Soviet laser physics was made possible only with the
advent of monomode fiber light guides, according to the Soviet physicists. Fiber optics technology
enabled researchers to compress light into high power pulses with durations of only 10 quadrillionths
(10-14) of a second, or less.
The lasers provide the Soviet scientists with unprecedented accuracy in the study of nonequilibrium
states in atoms and molecules. They are particularly applicable for high-resolution spectroscopy and
photochemistry. The ultrashort pulse functions as an efficient probe for the investigation of processes in
the microworld that occur in a trillionth or a fraction of a trillionth of a second, such as the periods of
the rotations of molecules. Devices using the femtosecond pulses to study molecular processes are like
cameras with shutter speeds of only a few quadrillionths of a second that can record unimaginably rapid
motion without blurring it. The analysis of such motion gives the Soviet scientists information about
such subpicosecond phenomena as the chain of events that leads to vision in animals and humans when
light is absorbed by the retina. Other applications of the femtosecond pulses projected by the Soviet
physicists include the use of the pulses as means for the rapid transmission and processing of
information in fiber optics communications systems.
(A translation of the above article will appear in USSR REPORT: PHYSICS AND
MATHEMATICS).
STAT
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USSR: SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL COMPLEXES
Late in 1985, a joint decree issued by the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of
Ministers created Interbranch Scientific-Technical Complexes (Mezhotraslevyye nauchno-
tekhnicheskiye kompleksy) or MNTKs. To date 21 of these MNTKs have been formed: 1) Electric
welding; 2) Svetovod (fiber optics); 3) Biogen (biological engineering); 4) Nadezhnost (machine
reliability); 5) Tekhnologicheskiye lazery (industrial lasers); 6) Personalnyye EVM (personal computers);
7) Robot (automated control systems); 8) Membrany (membrane technology); 9) Nefteotdacha (oil
extraction); 10) Rotor (rotor conveyor lines); 11) Metallurgmash (machinery for metallurgy); 12)
Katalizator (catalyst); 13) Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya (powder metallurgy); 14) Antikor (anticorrosion);
15) Mekhanbor (advanced crushing and pulverizing equipment); 16) Termosintez (synthesis of
inorganic compounds); 17) Radiatsiya (radiation); 18) Mikrofotoelektronika (miniaturized opto-
electronic detectors); 19) Impulsnyye Mashiny (pulsed-power machines); 20) Avtomatika (computer-
aided automation); 21) Mikrokhirurgiya Glaza (eye microsurgery).
Five MNTKs will be discussed below in terms of the organizational setups, assigned tasks, and basic
problems involved with them.
MEMBRANY (MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY)
The USSR seriously lags behind other countries in membrane technology. In IZVESTIYA on 17
July V. Dubyaga, head of the "Polimersintez" NPO and the new "Membrany" MNTK, describes
problems facing the formation of this MNTK. The "Membrany" MNTK will have as its head institute
the "Polimersintez" NPO. It will include scientific institutes, a design bureau, experimental bases and
problem-solving laboratories of Minkhimmash (ministry of Chemical Machine Building), Minlegprom
(ministry of Light Industry), and Minvuz (ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education),
and other institutes. According to Dubyaga, this MNTK wants to apply the existing technology for
production on a wide scale. The organization, however, suffers serious problems. A unified plan for
research work was not established until very recently. No production facilities have yet been built,
although plans for them have finally been proposed. A scientific center for training personnel is also
lacking.
PERSONALNYYE EVM (PERSONAL COMPUTERS)
This MNTK aims at developing highly reliable personal computers, with a goal of 1.1 million such
units set for the next five-year plan, and with an eventual target of millions. Academician Boris
Naumov, director of the Informatics Problems Institute, describes problems faced by his MNTK in
IZVESTIYA on 11 July. He finds "departmentalism" the biggest problem. The MNTK must deal with a
total of 34 ministries in pursuit of its mission, four ministries in developing computers and 30 ministries
in manufacturing parts and materials. The MNTK is also involved in two international programs for
personal computer development. The MNTK, therefore, suffers from a confusion of brands and
software. The MNTK has no facilities for R&D and experimental production, and its chief institute is
scattered in various parts of 17 different buildings around Moscow. In addition, critical project designs
of a national level have been tied up for months seeking coordination. Resources for the successful
functioning of the MNTK have been so far provided only by the Academy of Sciences, with the
ministries standing aside.
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MEKHANBOR (ADVANCED CRUSHING AND PULVERIZING EQUIPMENT)
In LENINGRADSKAYA PRAVDA on 14 February Vladimir Ivanovich Revnivtsev, director of the All-
Union Scientific Research and Design Institute of the Mechanical Processing of Minerals and head of
the MNTK "Mekhanbor," states that the task assigned to the MNTK "Mekhanbor" is to coordinate
efforts of parallel operations throughout Soviet industry for processing raw materials, and to establish
engineering and regional scientific and technical centers for new equipment and the training of
specialists in this area. "Mekhanbor" will be composed of 10 sectorial scientific research institutes, the
same number of academic and higher learning institutes, departmental organizations and industrial
giants such as Uralmash, Novokramatorskiy Mashinostroitelnyy Zavod, and other production
associations. Revnivtsev claims that models of machines of a higher technical level than world
counterparts are ready to be built in the next five-year plan. The five-year plan also calls for a savings of
100 million rubles, with a projected savings of 2 billion rubles by the year 2000.
MIKROKHIRURGIYA GLAZA (EYE MICROSURGERY)
According to Pravda on 13 July the "Mikrokhirurgiya Glaza" MNTK will be made up of the
Moscow Scientific-Research Institute of Eye Microsurgery of the RSFSR Ministry of Health, and
experimental plants and affiliates of the institute in Volgograd, Kaluga, Krasnodar, Leningrad,
Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Tambov, Khabarovsk, Irkutsk, and Cheboksary.
The surgery is an assembly-line operation in which all procedures are controlled by computer. The
patients are lined up as if on a conveyer belt. When the computer shows that each step of a surgical
procedure has been completed, the patient will then move to the next procedure. The surgeons are
specialists working as a team, ' with each phase of the operation monitored by a color videocamera
attached to a microscope. At present the assembly line handles cataracts, myopia, and glaucoma.
According to Svyatoslav Nikolayevich Fedorov, head of the new Eye Microsurgery MNTK and head of
the collective which pioneered the surgery, with this method of surgery average cost per patient has
dropped from 157 rubles to 40 rubles.
The Eye Microsurgery MNTK has been given the authority to solve any problem in any ministry or
institution under its supervision, and can place orders for instruments, lenses, and needed equipment
from abroad without a middleman. A new system of financing permits it to cover expenses in research
and medical treatment as it sees fit.
The complex, due to be fully operational in the next three years, will deal with cataracts, glaucoma,
myopia, astigmatism, far-sightedness, and progressive juvenile myopia. The complex will perform 1,000
operations per day, and up to 200,000 per year. This will be done at the 12 branches of the MNTK
(including Moscow). Success, however, depends on how quickly these institutions become available
throughout the country, and on continuing developments in modern medicine.
NADEZHNOST (MACHINE RELIABILITY)
The Machine Reliability MNTK was created to meet the needs of the Soviet economy for advanced
automation of equipment and to make unique and complex equipment more reliable and durable.
Twelve billion rubles a year are spent in the USSR on the replacement of worn-out parts. Expenditures
on repair and maintenance are several times greater than those involved in making new equipment.
According to PRAVDA on 23 June the principal organization of the "Machine Reliability" MNTK will
be the Institute of Machine Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Through the MNTK the
Academy will seek to integrate the work of its institutions with industry, research institutes, and design
bureaus and with research and production associations. The MNTK will be made up of the following:
the Institute of Machine Studies and its affiliates, the Institute of Superplasticity of Metals, and the
Control Design Bureau of Unique Instrument Building. Branch organizations and enterprises will also
participate, among them the "Spektr" and "Burevestnik" NPOs, the Central Steam Boiler and Turbine
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Institute, the "Vibropribor" and "Tenzopribor" plants, and the "Tochmashpribor" NPO. Plans have
already been worked out for this MNTK. Factories, however, are unable to implement the plans until
Gosplan frees them from previous tasks and provides them with production facilities.
For problems associated with the Electric Welding MNTK headed by Boris Paton, the Industrial
Lasers MNTK headed by G. A. Abilsiitov, and the Catalyst MNTK headed by K. I. Khamareyev, see
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVES, 26 August 1986, Vol 1, No. 7.
(Translations or summaries of the above sources have appeared or will appear in USSR REPORT:
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY.)
STAT
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PREVIEWS
PREVIEWS is an annotated list of selected science and technology items being translated by
FBIS. The list may also contain previously published items of wide consumer interest.
EUROPE REPORT: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
AEROSPACE
ESA REVIEWS PLANS FOR HOTOL, SANGER, HERMES, COLUMBUS
The article explains how technology, national interests and money are beginning to converge into an
overall European aerospace policy. (Duesseldorf HANDELSBLATT 15/16 Aug 86 p 2)
FRG AEROSPACE RESEARCH STATUS, OBJECTIVES OUTLINED
This report by the Embassy of France in Bonn outlines the activities of the BMFT and DFVLR,
including the European Transonic Windtunnel, the FRG space program in general and specifically
such areas as communications satellites, remote sensing, 1985 policy decisions and financial
allocations, Ariane 5, Columbus, microgravity experiments and industrial use of space. (Bonn
SERVICE SCIENTIFIQUE, AMBASSADE DE FRANCE 7 Oct 85 pp 1-18)
REPORT ON FRG APPLIED BIOLOGY, BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
This report by the Embassy of France in Bonn gives the main features of the program begun in July
1985. A table showing BMFT funding figures and principal research themes is included. (Bonn
SERVICE SCIENTIFIQUE, ABASSADE DE FRANCE 28 Aug 85 pp 1-4)
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