TERRORISM REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP87T00685R000200360003-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 56
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 25, 2011
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: June 1, 1986
• Content Type: REPORT

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Directorate of Sccrcct
Intelligence
Terrorism Review
J .I*6
DI TR 86-007
June 1986
Copy 5 4 5
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15 Terrorism Since the Raid on Libya-What Do the Numbers Say?
21 Syrian Involvement in Incidents in West Berlin and London
23 Europe Takes Decisive Steps Against the Libyans
27 Terrorism in Western Europe, 1985-A Regional Profile
31 Chile: Rising Political Violence
41 The Terrorism Diary for July
This review is published every month by the Directorate of Intelligence.
Appropriate articles produced by other elements of the CIA as well as by other
agencies of the US Intelligence Community will be considered for publication.
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DI TR 86-007
June 1986
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Terrorism Review
Focus A New Era in International Terrorism?
The US airstrike on Libya on 14 April prompted a flurry of anti-US and anti-
British terrorism-as well as an enormous increase in the number of plots reported
to us-but it is too soon to tell if we are witnessing a fundamental change in the
international terrorist picture. More likely, the US military action has accelerated
the pace of several alarming trends already in motion-namely:
? The anti-American bent of international terrorists may well intensify.
? States will turn increasingly to proven surrogates to carry out attacks on their
behalf.
? Terrorists will become even more indiscriminate in their use of violence, paying
little or no heed to the fate of innocent bystanders.
? Public gathering places and transportation facilities will be the preferred venues
for attacks.
Qadhafi's Next Moves
Although Libyan leader Muammar Qadhafi's confidence and his domestic position
both have been eroded since the US airstrikes, we believe that Libya will continue
plotting terrorism, particularly against the United States. The expulsion of Libyan
diplomats from major capitals has damaged Tripoli's network in Western Europe,
and European security measures almost certainly have forced the remaining
Libyans to limit their activities.
Nevertheless, Qadhafi can still turn to radical Palestinians such as Abu Nidal
whose infrastructure is intact. The planning of new terrorist spectaculars may be
in abeyance while Qadhafi focuses on his internal problems, although previously
authorized attacks could still occur if Libyan agents have access to a target of
opportunity. Qadhafi also could be waiting to launch a major attack until after
intensive security dies down.
Increased Threat to the United States?
US personnel and facilities remain a key target for terrorist attacks, although it is
private Americans-rather than diplomats or military personnel-who
increasingly are victimized by terrorist bombings and hijackings. Because a
massive attack against an official American facility-especially after security has
been upgraded-would have such dramatic impact, some terrorist groups almost
certainly will continue to plan such an event. But terrorists will strike increasingly
at public gathering places and commercial establishments such as discotheques
and restaurants because such attacks are virtually impossible to prevent.
Terrorists may also redouble their efforts to stage an attack inside the United
States. Despite his threats, the Palestine Liberation Front's Abu Abbas currently
lacks this capability, but the Libyans will certainly increase their efforts among
US radical groups.
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DI TR 86-007
June 1986
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Some groups may be more willing to attack US interests, while others may
refrain-for fear of US retaliation. Some states that shelter terrorists on their soil
may crack down on terrorists' activities or expel them:
? Several groups-including Libyan-sponsored ones-probably will wait for
intensive security to die down before undertaking further dramatic acts.
? Damascus will be extremely cautious in the short term about allowing
international terrorists to operate from Syria after recent revelations about
Syrian-sponsored terrorism in Europe.
State Sponsorship and the Palestinians
In the Middle East, Iran, Syria, and Libya will continue to use terrorism as an
instrument of foreign policy. They increasingly work through intermediaries or
surrogates-which makes it more difficult for us to identify with confidence those
responsible. Libya, for example, has not used its own nationals as hitmen since last
November, although Libyan-sponsored terrorism has reached a new and deadly
stage through the use of radical Palestinians. Similarly, pro-Khomeini Iranians
have rarely been caught in acts of terrorism, although Iranian-inspired Lebanese
Shias have carried out some of the most bloody anti-Western attacks, and now
hold nearly 20 Western hostages.
The ties between state sponsors and newly resurgent Palestinian terrorists have
raised the level of violence and widened the circle of targets in recent months.
Palestinian terrorism accounted for one-fourth of all international terrorist attacks
last year-a staggering 100-percent increase over 1984-and some of the most
spectacular and bloody incidents as well. States will take advantage of the
splintering Palestinian movement for their own ends, including using disgruntled
Palestinians as hired guns. Meanwhile, pro- and anti-Arafat factions will continue
their bloody internal feud, which often takes innocent lives.
What Next?
Terrorist groups will continue to refine their tactics. Terrorists are using more
sophisticated explosive devices and are improving concealment techniques. The
Palestinian terrorist group 15 May Organization built a number of extremely
sophisticated suitcase bombs that now are in the hands of unknown terrorists
around the world. These weapons could surface over a period of years.
We remain seriously concerned that Middle Eastern groups, as they expand their
reach, will move beyond Europe to operate in Latin America and the Far East.
Terrorist groups from different regions also may strengthen their ties and
eventually coordinate a joint operation-most likely against the United States:
? We know that Europeans and Middle Easterners sometimes attend the same
training camps, share arms supplies, and have developed personal relationships.
? Libya and Iran are seeking to attract Muslim adherents in Africa and the Far
East, where some recruits might be willing to engage in subversive activity.
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? Libya will continue to promote violence in Latin America, knowing that it will
have more effect so close to the United States.
Finally, terrorists are likely to continue to probe for targets that score the most
impact; bombs and shootings in public places and hijackings are currently the
favored methods. There will still be attempted assassinations of well-known
figures, but businessmen and tourists-people who cannot be adequately
protected-increasingly may be targets. The security and police forces of host
governments will have to work more doggedly and cooperatively together to stymie
the terrorists who operate on their soil. Successful counterterrorism measures,
however, almost certainly will force the terrorists to look for new places and
persons to attack. Given an almost limitless variety of targets and locations, the
next steps for international terrorism will remain fluid and hard to predict.
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Palestinian Radicals Plan Attacks
The Palestinian group led by Abu Musa reportedly is planning a bombing
campaign in Copenhagen directed at public places frequented by US citizens. The
group, which opposes PLO leader Yasir Arafat, reportedly will receive support for
the operation from the Abu Nidal network
attempt-may order the group to cancel or postpone the operation.
The Abu Musa group has not been able to carry out attacks in Western Europe,
but it probably could do so with the support of the Abu Nidal network. The two
groups, however, have not previously carried out joint operations. If Syria learns of
the plan, Damascus-which feels exposed on terrorism after the El Al bombing
West Germany Increased Threat to US Headquarters
The Red Army Faction (RAF) may attempt a terrorist attack against US
European Command (EUCOM) facilities or personnel in retaliation for the
airstrike on Libya on 14 April. Recent articles in the West German radical press
indicate that the RAF holds EUCOM responsible for having directed the airstrike.
The group carried out extensive surveillance of EUCOM's Patch Barracks in
1984, but did not follow up that activity with an attack.
and charged with violating an order restricting his movements.
Courts Sentence Spanish Basque Leader
The recently arrested leader of the Spanish Basque separatist group Fatherland
and Liberty-Military Wing (ETA-M), Domingo Iturbe Abasolo, was sentenced in
Bayonne on 15 May to three months in prison on arms possession charges. Iturbe,
also known by the Basque name Txomin, was arrested at a roadblock on 27 April
cooperation by the French Government in combating Basque terrorism.
A refugee in France since 1969, Iturbe was restricted to the town of Tours in
central France in January 1984, but fled one week later. He will be tried for this
offense later. Although Madrid undoubtedly will request Iturbe's extradition,
Spanish officials reportedly see his arrest and sentencing as a sign of increased
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DI TR 86-007
June 1986
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France-Palestinians Tunisian Confession Raises Questions About 15 May Organization
Habib Maamar, arrested by French police in Nancy on 8 May for beating his
girlfriend, claims he is a member of the Palestinian terrorist group 15 May and
that he carried out several bombings in Paris and London. Two of the attacks-
previously claimed-damaged branches of the British department store Marks and
Spencer in Paris in February 1985 and in London in December 1983. One person
was killed and 14 were injured in the Paris bombing. In a third bombing, Maamar
claimed that he detonated a device at the Israeli Bank Leumi in Paris in August
1984 and unsuccessfully attempted to bomb the El Al airline office in London on
an unspecified date.
peace in France."
Government Plans More Counterterrorist Measures
Officials of France's new conservative government plan to submit new
counterterrorist legislation agreed to on 28 May to Parliament for enactment. The
Repression of Terrorism Bill calls for:
? Cutting in half the jail terms of terrorists who inform on other terrorists.
? Offering cash rewards to private individuals who inform police about suspicious
persons.
? Establishing special courts and dispensing with jury trials in terrorist cases.
? Extending preventive detention from two to four days.
? Maintaining the right to dissolve foreign associations that "gravely disturb the
visitors.
There also are new measures directed against common criminals that are likely to
bolster France's counterterrorist efforts, including the right for police to conduct
identity checks at will and to fingerprint and photograph those who refuse to show
their papers. Officials are recommending that jail sentences for assassins of judges,
jurors, or policemen be extended from 15 to 20 years. There also are plans to draft
a bill regulating foreigners entering and living in France and for a national identity
card. Procedures for expelling illegal foreign residents will be simplified, and there
are plans to make visas mandatory for all non-European Economic Community
Although there will be criticism from the left that the government is overreacting
to terrorism and infringing on civil liberties, public concern over French
authorities' inability to control terrorism will probably ensure passage of the bill.
Maamar's confession suggests that 15 May is still an active terrorist organization.
Iraq had restrained its leader, Abu Ibrahim, and
that group members may have been operating independently on behalf of other
groups. Maamar claims, however, that he met Abu Ibrahim in Baghdad and
received $3,000 each time he successfully set off a bomb.
Iranian Exile Leader Forced From France
Iranian exile leader Masud Rajavi, faced with increasing pressure from the French
Government, arrived in Baghdad on 8 June, following a police raid on his
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about the fate of nine French hostages in Lebanon.
headquarters in France. Rajavi, chairman of the National Council of Iranian
Resistance and leader of the opposition organization Mujahedin-e Khalq, had been
living in a suburb of Paris since 1981. His continuing operations there were
believed to be a major stumblingblock in France's delicate negotiations with Iran
free the hostages.
Although the Council claimed that Rajavi left France voluntarily, it is more likely
that his departure was brought about by Prime Minister Chirac's desire to obtain
the release of the French hostages held by Hizballah and to improve relations with
Tehran. Rajavi's arrival in Baghdad was quickly followed by a statement from the
Iranian Government that Tehran cannot force pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon to
11 April.
Anti-US Terrorist Ring Broken Up
Spanish police apparently have broken up a rightwing terrorist organization known
as "The Call of Jesus Christ." The multinational group, which was planning acts
of terrorism against US interests in Spain, was founded in Lebanon in 1979 to
resist the Israeli occupation. Two of the 10 arrested-four Spaniards, three
Lebanese, a Syrian, a Jordanian, and a Portuguese-confessed that they were
promised Libyan financing for terrorist acts. The suspects reportedly expected to
receive $70,000 from Libyan officials for an attempted bombing at the Bank of
America in Madrid and for bombing the Air France office in Lisbon on
ETA bomb with a bombing in the Basque country.
ETA Begins Another Summer Bombing Campaign
ETA announced on 26 May that it would initiate another terrorist campaign
similar to last summer's against Spanish tourist facilities along the Mediterranean
coast. In early June the group warned 200 embassies, travel agencies, and foreign
media that tourists will be in danger from its campaign. In response to ETA's
announcement, the Antiterrorist Liberation Group promised to retaliate for every
serious impact on the already flagging tourist industry.
To date, ETA has planted at least seven bombs either in or near hotels along the
Costa del Sol. Most of the bombs have exploded, but the damage has been minimal
and there have been no injuries. The sabotage campaign will probably have a
that FP-25 has killed about six persons.
FP-25 Defendant Blames Right for Car Bombing
Gobern Lopes, a defendant in the ongoing trial of members of the terrorist group
Popular Forces of 25 April (FP-25), testified that, despite his group's prior claims,
the car bombing on 18 February outside the US Embassy in Lisbon was an
attempt by the extreme right to destabilize the political situation. He cited the
bombing of a truck in Restelo the night before the second round of the presidential
elections as a similar act. The defendant admitted that he was a founding member
of the group and claimed responsibility for many other terrorist acts. He estimated
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Italy
retaliatory attacks.
Arrest Warrants Issued in Rome Airport Attack
A Rome magistrate issued arrest warrants in May for 15 individuals-including
Palestinian radical Abu Nidal. The warrants charged the defendants with
participating in an "armed band" and were issued for last December's attack on
Rome's Da Vinci Airport and other incidents in Italy reaching back to 1982. Press
reports indicate that only three of the 15 are at large; the rest are in custody in
Italy. Because it has so many terrorist suspects in jail, Italy remains vulnerable to
prisoners freed by Israel in May 1985.
Police Break Up Palestinian Terrorist Cell
On 29 April, Jerusalem police arrested 20 terrorist suspects reportedly connected
to the radical Palestinian Abu Musa faction. Israeli officials announced that the
cell was responsible for several recent terrorist attacks in Jerusalem, including the
murder on 13 April of a British tourist. Among the suspects were three of 1,150
strength of anti-Arafat Palestinians on the West Bank.
Abu Musa cells have been active in Lebanon, but have not operated previously in
the West Bank. The existence of such a cell is symptomatic of the growing
North Yemen US Embassy Officer Wounded
a communicator at the US Embassy in Khartoum, was shot while
overtook Pollick and fired several shots, two of which struck him survived
riding in his car by an unidentified assailant on 25 April, 11 days after the US
airstrike on Tripoli and Benghazi. Two men in a Toyota Land Cruiser re ortedly
operation.
Yemeni authorities reportedly arrested a number of suspects-including one
Libyan-in connection with the assault, but the full extent of Libyan involvement
in the attack is still unclear. Pollick may
have been a target of opportunity rather than the victim of a carefully prepared
Training Shia Terrorists for the Persian Gulf
Iran reportedly is providing terrorist training to Persian Gulf Shias in Tehran. At
least 100 Saudis and Bahrainis currently are said to be receiving several months of
training in revolutionary theory, the use of weapons and explosives, and
psychological conditioning that stresses martyrdom.
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cleric reportedly living in Tehran.
Iran is working largely through the Organization for Islamic Revolution on the
Peninsula (OIRAP)-a small Islamic fundamentalist group formed by Saudi
dissidents in 1975. It has been headquartered in Tehran since 1980 and receives
most of its support from Iran. OIRAP has focused most of its efforts on
propaganda and has not claimed responsibility for terrorist acts, but it probably
was behind bloody riots in the Shia areas of Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province in
1979 and 1980. The leader of the group, Hasan Musa al-Safar, is a radical Shia
through the Gulf.
An increase in Iranian-sponsored terrorism in the Gulf would threaten US
interests, particularly the 18,000 Americans in the Eastern Province. Gulf security
services probably cannot prevent increased terrorist activity in Bahrain and Saudi
Arabia, in spite of frequent arrests and detentions of suspected subversives. The
relative lack of terrorism in those areas now results more from Iranian reluctance
to use the terrorist option and the trainees' ineptitude than from efforts by internal
security forces. While attacks on the Gulf states would initially be designed to gain
limited Iranian goals, such a campaign would provide more radical Iranian leaders
with an opportunity to press for an extended effort to export the Islamic revolution
leader, were killed in the ensuing gun battle.
Kidnaper of Duarte's Daughter Killed
On 29 April the Salvadoran Armed Forces Press Office reported the death on
13 April of "Commandante Junior," head of the Armed Forces of Liberation
(FAL) unit which planned the kidnaping of President Duarte's daughter Ines last
fall. "Junior" and a group of six terrorists
armed with Soviet fragmentation grenades and small arms attempted to hold up a
car in an area just north of San Salvador. The car was occupied by two
plainclothes policemen. Junior and another terrorist, possibly an FAL squad
New Terrorist Group Formed?
The New Republic Movement (MNR), a radical leftist revolutionary organization,
reportedly has formed a 20-person terrorist unit-some of whom may have
received training in Libya.
request only after Jiminez completed his sentence.
Basque Terrorist Extradited to Spain
A member of the ETA-M, Gregorio Jiminez Morales ("El Pistolas"), was
extradited from Costa Rica to Spain on 9 May. He will be held without bail in
Spain until 13 September when he will be tried on 13 counts of terrorist activity.
"El Pistolas" fled to Costa Rica in mid-1983, and was arrested in September of
that year by Costa Rican police, who suspected him of participating in the attempt
on the life of Nicaraguan Contra leader Eden Pastora. Although he was never
convicted on those charges, he was charged and imprisoned for four years for
violation of immigration regulations. Costa Rica agreed to Spain's extradition
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M-19 Changing Plans in Wake of Leader's Death?
The 19th of April Movement (M-19) reportedly is reevaluating its strategy in the
wake of the death of its leader, Alvaro Fayad Delgado.
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mid-May.
Internal squabbling and the M-19's interest in bolstering the capabilities of the
rural front and the America Battalion probably account for the current lull in
urban terrorist activity. The only significant terrorist violence perpetrated by the
group for more than seven months was a spate of low-level bombings in Bogota in
negotiated an end to the ordeal, and arrested the terrorists.
Terrorist Splinter Group Kidnaps Lawyer
An obscure leftist terrorist group calling itself the Montoneras Patria Libre (MPL)
kidnaped Dr. Enrique Echeverria, a prominent Ecuadorean lawyer, on 20 May and
released him unharmed five days later. Dr. Echeverria was freed when Ecuadorean
security forces located and surrounded the house where he was being held,
numbers no more than 50 members.
The MPL first surfaced in January when it occupied a national monument in
Quito and seized the weapons of several guards. The group is a breakaway
dissident faction of the Alfaro Vive, Carajo! (AVC) terrorist group and probably
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officials involved in the "dirty war" on domestic terrorism in the 1970s.
Antigovernment Bombings Continue
On 29 May an anonymous telephone call led to the discovery of an explosive device
in a military barracks where President Alfonsin was scheduled to address an
officers' group. Another device was discovered under a bridge on Alfonsin's route
to an artillery demonstration. At least nine low-level bombings of offices of the
ruling Radical Party have been reported since early May. These incidents
probably are the work of rightwing extremists or disgruntled military elements
protesting the Falklands war trial verdicts or the continuing prosecutions of
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a Pakistani student.
Series of Anti-Saudi Explosions in Karachi
On 27 May a series of four bombs exploded in a 15-minute period at four separate
locations in Karachi, killing a local security guard and wounding two other
persons. The targets included the cargo office of Pan American Airlines-
probably targeted because it was in a Saudi-owned building-and three offices of
Saudia Airlines. No group claimed credit for the blasts and there is no known
connection to the bombing of the Pan Am ticket office in Karachi last summer by
a shot at a local guard who approached them and then sped off.
Pakistani authorities arrested more than 30 suspects on 28 and 29 May, including
seven Libyans and an unspecified number of Iranians. A carload of Iranians who
were apparently conducting surveillance of the Consulate General on 28 May fired
New Wave of Urban Terrorism
In two spectacular attacks, Tamil separatist guerrillas brought massive violence to
the capital of Sri Lanka in an apparent effort to torpedo Indian-brokered peace
talks between other Tamil insurgents and the Jayewardene government:
? On 3 May a bomb blew the tail off an Air Lanka passenger jet preparing to take
off from Colombo for the Maldives. Among the 16 persons killed in the blast
were three Britons, three French citizens, two Japanese, two Maldivians, two
West Germans, three Sri Lankans, and the wife of a PLO official (nationality
unknown).
at least nine persons and wounding between 50 and 140 others.
? On 7 May a large bomb demolished Colombo's Central Telegraph Office, killing
as many as 150 persons could have been killed.
Although Colombo has been the scene of nuisance bombings in the past, these
attacks represent a new level of violence. Suspicion in the airliner case centers
around the Tamil Eelam Army, a group thought to be responsible for an aborted
1984 bombing of another Air Lanka jet that left 29 persons dead at the Madras,
India, airport. In that attack the bomb had been intended for a passenger jet
bound for Colombo. If the 3 May bomb had gone off after the plane was airborne,
In the telegraph office bombing, several suspects have been arrested, but no group
has yet been identified. Both bombings came just after an Indian Government
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and may lead to a stiffer position in negotiations.
delegation had arrived in Colombo to explore ways of restarting stalled talks on
Tamil grievances. Although these bombings have not yet led to the kind of
widespread Sinhalese backlash against Tamils seen after some past atrocities, they
have led to a government crackdown on Tamils in the northern part of the island
Tamil Terrorists Attack Less Militant Rivals
The most violent of the Tamil separatist groups, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil
Eelam (LTTE), reportedly destroyed facilities of a rival group and killed its leader
on the night of 29 April. LTTE forces were said to have attacked and overrun
several camps of the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO) in Sri Lanka,
killing more than 120 rival guerrillas, including TELO leader Sri Sabaratnam.
Although some members and facilities of the less radical TELO still exist in India,
the LTTE destroyed at least one TELO facility in Madras on 8 May. TELO is
reportedly rearming and may be able to recover from these blows. The LTTE has
been responsible for most of the attacks on government forces and, by attacking
TELO, has strengthened its own position of radical leadership and sent a message
to other moderate groups that were considering negotiating with the government.
the Canadian Embassy and destroyed at least six cars.
Homemade Mortars Hit US and Japanese Embassies
On the morning of 14 May, a mortar projectile hit the roof of the US Embassy in
Jakarta but failed to explode. A similar projectile fired from a nearby hotel room
hit a wall of the Japanese Embassy and also failed to explode. An hour after this
second attack, a car bomb exploded in the parking lot of an office building housing
reported as stolen from a Japanese tourist in India in 1984.
Credit for the attacks was claimed later that day in telephone calls to press
agencies in Tokyo, Paris, and Rome on behalf of the previously unheard of "Anti-
Imperialist International Brigade." The spokespersons said the attacks were
conducted in retaliation for the antiterrorism declarations of the Tokyo Economic
Summit. Although the claims did not specify the nationality of the group, the hotel
room had been rented by a Japanese man; a passport found in the room had been
attacks were the work of an indigenous group.
The firing of homemade rockets from unattended launchers is the hallmark of a
number of Japanese radical groups that staged similar attacks in and around
Tokyo from late March through the Economic Summit in early May, but the
warheads of these devices contained TNT and shrapnel-materials not used by
Japanese groups. Moreover, none of these groups is known to have operated
outside Japan, and such a move would represent a major departure in strategy for
any of them. Indonesian authorities have not yet turned up any evidence that the
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there were no other incidents.
Chukaku-ha Rockets Western Economic Summit
In spite of the most stringent security measures ever instituted in Japan, on 4 May
the leftist radical group Chukaku-ha (Nucleus Faction) fired five homemade
rockets at the State Guest House where heads of government were arriving for the
Western Economic Summit. All of the rockets missed their target and struck the
street, sidewalks, and a building near the Canadian Embassy. There were no
casualties and damage was minimal. The group was known to have developed a
rocket with a range of 4,000 meters, but it managed to launch these devices from
an apartment well within the 1,500-meter police security perimeter. Chukaku-ha
vowed to carry out further attacks before the summit concluded on 6 May, but
appeals for new members and funds.
Although the physical damage was insignificant, this incident was embarrassing to
the Nakasone government, which had striven to prevent an attack during the
summit. As anticipated, Chukaku-ha accepted the likelihood of an unsuccessful
attack and concentrated on a psychological effect. Arrests since the first of the
year have hurt the group's covert arm, and it was seeking publicity to enhance its
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Terrorism Since the Raid on
Libya-What Do the
Numbers Say?
The level of international terrorist activity has shown
no appreciable change during the 45-day period fol-
lowing the US airstrikes on Libya compared with a
similar period preceding the raids.' Although interna-
tional terrorist attacks increased immediately follow-
ing the US naval operations in the Gulf of Sidra on 24
and 25 March and again after the US airstrikes on 14
April, the elevated levels did not persist over the six-
week period. And, surprisingly, the most dramatic
upsurge in terrorist activity following the Gulf of
Sidra did not occur in the Middle East or Western
Europe-where it might have been expected-but in
Latin America. Anti-US terrorist groups in that
region almost certainly did not act at Libya's behest
but seized the opportunity to lash out once again at
US targets as part of an ongoing anti-US campaign,
to demonstrate their fraternal solidarity with Libya,
or to express empathy with others who condemn "US
imperialism." The total number of casualties-killed
and wounded-dropped from some 500 to below 400,
with US casualties down especially sharply, from
about 70 to a mere handful. Fatalities, however, rose
from 99 in the earlier period to 167 in the later.
Review of the Data
We judge that it is too early to draw firm conclusions
regarding the impact of the strikes. Discerning trends
requires larger pools of information for more extended
periods of time. Nevertheless, the available data do
permit some generalizations:
America rose from 18 to 22 attacks from one period to
the next.
? There were no spectacular incidents such as the 5
April bombing of the West Berlin discotheque that
killed two persons-one a US soldier-and injured
more than 200, including 64 Americans. Another
US soldier died two months later. This explains the
significant fall-off in casualties of all nationalities.
? Military and diplomatic targets experienced in-
creased levels of activity in the period after the
airstrikes, though the numbers were still relatively
small. The number of attacks against military tar-
gets increased from six to 15 and, in the case of
diplomatic targets, rose from 13 to 18. Business
interests continued to be a favorite target.
Past experience demonstrates that a dramatic upsurge
in international terrorist incidents usually occurs in
the immediate aftermath of significant political or
military events. In the wake of the Israeli incursion
into Lebanon in June 1982, for example, a rash of
international terrorist incidents occurred worldwide,
with many claimants linking their actions to solidarity
with the Arab victims. Such events usually also
trigger enormous increases in the number of reported
plots, threats, and hoaxes we receive; we have not
included these in our statistics. Moreover, heightened
awareness and enhanced security in the wake of the
US airstrikes on Libya prevented at least one poten-
tially spectacular attack at London's Heathrow Air-
The number of attacks against US persons and
property rose by more than 20 percent, but most of
that increase occurred in Latin America. The num-
bers we are dealing with, however, are very small:
the total number of anti-US incidents in Latin
port.
Target: United Kingdom
British interests suffered more international terrorist
attacks in the six-week period following the raids than
in the earlier comparable period, probably because of
the United Kingdom's assistance with the US air-
strikes. Several incidents that resulted in British
Secret
GI TR 86-007
June 1986
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Chronology of Major Events, March-April 1986
24-25 March US conducts naval operations in the Gulf of Sidra. Air battle ensues in
which US airstrikes damage radar complex at Surt; also, 6th Fleet
successfully attacks several Libyan patrol boats; spurs Qadhafi to call for
attacks against US targets.
29 March ? Two British citizens kidnaped in Beirut; Libya believed responsible.
? Bombing of German-Arab Friendship Union in West Berlin; Syria
believed responsible.
2 April
5 April
Bomb explodes aboard TWA Flight 840 as it approached Athens, killing
four Americans and wounding nine others. Device similar to those
placed on airliners in 1982 by the Palestinian group 15 May.
? La Belle discotheque in West Berlin bombed. One US soldier killed,
another dies later; more than 200 wounded. Libya held responsible by
United States.
? French expel two Libyans, two Lebanese, an Algerian and a Tunisian
in plot to attack US Embassy in Paris.
14 April US raids on Tripoli and Banghazi.
15 April US national shot by unknown assailant in Khartoum; circumstantial
evidence points to Libyan involvement.
17 April ? Bodies of American citizen Peter Kilburn and two British hostages
seized in late March, discovered; Libya believed responsible. Kilburn
was kidnaped in November 1984; the Libyans probably "purchased" him
from his original Lebanese captors.
? Attempted bombing of El Al flight in London. Syria believed
responsible.
18 April Turks arrest four Libyans in plot to bomb US Officers Club in Ankara.
25 April US Embassy communicator shot in Sanaa; Libya believed involved, but
extent of involvement unclear.
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Secret
Comparison of US and Worldwide Casualties
of International Terrorism for Periods
1 March-14 April and 15 April-29 May 1986?
1 March-14 April
400
300
200
100
R-
R
fatalities were expressly linked by their perpetrators
to UK assistance to the United States:
? On 17 April the Revolutionary Organization of
Socialist Muslims-a covername for Abu Nidal-
claimed it had executed British journalist Alec
Collett, who was abducted in Lebanon in March
1985. A communique asserted that Collett was
killed "to punish Thatcher" for British support for
the US raid.
15 April-29 May
b Two Americans kidnaped in previous years died while
in captivity.
? Also on 17 April, the bodies of two British hostages
(along with that of an American seized in Beirut in
November 1984) kidnaped a few days after the US
operation in the Gulf of Sidra-almost certainly at
Libyan behest-were discovered in Lebanon. A
group calling itself the "Arab Revolutionary Cells"
claimed responsibility for the murders, stating the
three had been killed in response to the US raid and
British assistance.
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Secret
International Terrorist Incidents by Region
and by Day, 1 March-29 May 19862
24-25 March
14 April
US naval US airstrike
operations on Libya
in the Gulf
of Sidra
April
LN
April
May
May
May
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The El Al jetliner bombing attempt that unfolded in
London three days after the airstrike would have been
a further blow to the United Kingdom. El Al security
personnel uncovered a suitcase bomb unwittingly car-
ried by an Irish woman. Had the device gone off in
the air, more than 340 persons probably would have
been killed; there were some 230 Americans on board.
The incident apparently was unrelated to the US
military action and reportedly was planned several
months earlier, probably in the wake of the Israeli
interception in early February of a Libyan jet carry-
ing senior Syrian officials.
Syrian planners may have been trying to exploit the
hostilities between the United States and Libya-
particularly in the wake of developments in the Gulf
of Sidra-on the assumption that Libya would be
blamed for acts of anti-US or anti-Israeli terrorism in
that timeframe.
Conclusions
Several weeks after the airstrike, the level of interna-
tional terrorism appears to have dropped somewhat
below that of the period preceding the US action in
the Gulf of Sidra. This seemingly reduced level may
be only temporary:
? Terrorists who have been active require downtime to
prepare their next operations-particularly large-
scale operations such as car bombings and
kidnapings.
? Heightened security measures worldwide probably
have deterred many terrorists or, at a minimum,
encouraged them to postpone operations until the
security environment appears more relaxed.
? Syria, an active state supporter of international
terrorism, may have retreated from such activity, at
least for the short term, for fear of US retaliation.
Damascus's concerns heightened as revelations sur-
faced of a Syrian role in the attempted bombing of
the El Al flight at London in mid-April and the
bombing of the German-Arab Friendship Union in
West Berlin in late March.
? Qadhafi may be reassessing his international terror-
ist plans, particularly given the shakeup in personnel
at a number of LPBs in Western Europe. As many
as 50 Libyans believed to be involved in planning
terrorist activity may have been expelled. Alterna-
tively, Qadhafi may be rebuilding his capability in
Europe. Some reports indicate that at least some of
the Libyans slated to be ousted have actually stayed
behind after changing their status to "students."
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International Terrorist Incidents'
Before US airstrikes on Libya/After US airstrikes on Libyab
Attacks on US and Non-US by Region Attacks on US and Non-US by Type of Event
Region
US
Non-US
Worldwide
Total
Middle East
6/4
53/53
59/57
Western Europe
9/11
10/9
19/20
Latin American
18/22
5/3
23/25
Other
4/8
8/9
12/17
Total 37/45
76/74
113/119
Armed attack
0/3
4/3
Arson
0/2
0/2
Assault
0/1
Bombing
5/10
12/9
Extortion/harassment
Kidnaping
1/0
1/0
Sabotage /vandalism
Total
6/15
17/15
Type of Event
US Non-US Worldwide
Total
Armed attack
3/5 17/21
20/26
Arson
2/7 11/7
13/14
Assault
2/3
2/3
Bombing
28/32 37/38
65/70
Extortion/
harassment
1/0
1/0
Kidnaping
2/1 9/5
11/6
Sabotage/
vandalism
1/0
1/0
3/12
4/4
13/8 24/30
1/3
0/1
11/10 12/18
2/2 2/3
26/14
8/11
36/31 87/75
1/0
1/0
2/0
1/2
9/4 14/6
1 /0
1 /0
34/29
13/18
71/55 141/132
b This table compares data on international terrorist incidents
for the 45-day periods before and after the US airstrikes.
C Includes Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia/Pacific, North America,
USSR/Eastern Europe.
d These numbers are higher than the total number of incidents
because of the capability of recording multiple victims and/or
installations attacked.
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Syrian Involvement in
Incidents in West Berlin
and London
Syria was involved in both the 29 March
bombing of the German-Arab Friendship Union in
West Berlin and the 17 April attempted bombing of
an El Al airliner in London. In recent years, Syria has
minimized its direct involvement in terrorism by using
surrogate groups-mostly radical Palestinians-
instead of its own personnel, but Syrian officials were
directly involved in the planning and execution of both
the West Berlin and London operations. The London
operative, Nizar Hindawi, and his brother in West
Berlin, Ahmed Hasi, appear to have been freelance
terrorists who had worked with Syrian officials since
at least early this year. Moreover, they claim that
Syrian Embassy personnel in East Berlin and London
provided the bombs for both operations.
The Syrian Connection
Hindawi, Hasi, and two Palestinian accomplices first
traveled to Libya last summer seeking funding for
what Hindawi claimed was a new terrorist
organization in Western Europe. Tripoli reportedly
failed to provide funding, so the ringleader, Hindawi,
then went on to Damascus alone to discuss the
"organization" with Syrian officials. Late last year or
early this year Hindawi established a Syrian
connection that led to the terrorist operations in West
Berlin and London:
? During a trip to Berlin earlier this year, Hindawi
reportedly suggested to Hasi and the two
Palestinians, Salameh and Sahawneh, that they
bomb the German-Arab Friendship Union because
it had severed its ties to radical Palestinian causes.
Hasi claims to have picked up the bomb at the
Syrian Embassy in East Berlin and carried it into
West Berlin in early March. After two unsuccessful
attempts to detonate the bomb, an explosives
"expert" from Damascus arrived to repair the
device. On 29 March they successfully bombed the
building.
The timing device used in the El Al bomb is similar
to the "voting day timer".first used by Syrian-
sponsored groups to bomb Jordanian polling places
during the 1984 election. This incident marks the
second time the device has been discovered outside
the Middle East. In February 1985 police arrested an
individual at Frankfurt International Airport who
had flown in from Damascus with a disassembled
bomb that included a voting day timer. The
individual, however, was never conclusively tied to
Syrian officials
? Hasi's brother, Hindawi, meanwhile, had been
involved in the El Al plot since at least February.
He claims to have received instructions in
Syrian Motives
The motivation for the incidents in London and West
Berlin remains unclear. Nevertheless, we suspect that
the triggering incident for the El Al operation was the
Israeli interception on 4 February of a Libyan jet
carrying Syrian Ba'thist Party members. Syria vowed
retaliation, although President Assad publicly stated
that he would not endorse action against a civilian
airliner. Damascus reportedly was furious about the
Secret
DI TR 86-007
June 1986
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Israeli operation and Syrian intelligence was ordered avenge the interception of the Libyan jet, then
to retaliate. We suspect that Israel's downing of two Damascus may attempt to strike again. Syrian
MIGs in Syrian airspace last November may also officials, however, are likely to weigh the fallout of the
have contributed to the desire to retaliate. London and West Berlin incidents before moving so
boldly again.
We believe the German-Arab Friendship Union
bombing was a test for future operations, because
Salameh claimed that Hindawi told him that Syrian
funding would depend on the Palestinians' ability to
Syrian involvement in terrorism is authorized by
President Assad-at least in general terms. Although
the bombing of the German-Arab Friendship Union
may not have involved top Syrian officials, we believe
it is likely that President Assad was at least aware of
the El Al operation. However, the chain of command
from Damascus through the Syrian embassies to
operatives like Hindawi and Hasi is not believed to be
very strict. Operations like these may have built a
momentum of their own, once Damascus approved
them. It is also possible-although unlikely-that the
operations were planned by elements of Syrian
intelligence acting on their own.
Outlook
The Syrian connection to Hindawi and his band of
terrorists has proved to be an embarrassment for
Damascus, yet the connection might have been
impossible to prove if the El Al attempt had
It is too soon to determine whether the El Al
operation was a one-time retaliatory attack or if it
represents a willingness by the Syrians to sponsor
terrorist attacks directly against non-Arabs in
Western Europe. If the El Al operation was set up to
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Secret
Europe Takes Decisive Steps
Against the Libyans
The agreement to impose controls on Libyan People's
Bureaus (LPBs) reached by the 12 nations of the
European Community, and again at the seven-nation
Tokyo Economic Summit has led to the expulsion of a
number of Libyan diplomats accredited to West
European capitals. This action-together with a
Libyan-ordered recall of some of its personnel-has
made it more difficult for the LPBs to operate,
although Libya may turn to the existing Palestinian
terrorist support infrastructure in Western Europe.
Libyan officials in some West European missions fear
further expulsions, geographical limitations on their
freedom of travel, and restrictions upon the ability of
Libyan students to pursue technical studies.
People's Bureaus: Instruments of Terror
The LPBs have been both a way to maintain formal
diplomatic relations and a focal point for Libyan
intelligence and terrorist activities.' LPB members
have long abused their diplomatic status to transport
and store weapons and explosives; to provide
safehavens and, logistic and intelligence support; and
to carry out terrorist attacks on selected targets. Some
of these planned attacks were designed to cause large
numbers of casualties without any concern for
innocent bystanders:
Europe Strikes Back
Most West European nations have taken action
against LPBs since March, expelling nearly 50
Libyans believed to be involved in planning terrorist
activity:
? France expelled two Libyan diplomats on 5 April,
following the discovery of a plot against the US
Consulate in Paris. At least four Arabs were
arrested in connection with the plan.
the Libyan diplomats had recruited
and delivered weapons to Arabs for a "massacre" of
civilians waiting for visas at the US Consulate. On
19 April four other Libyan citizens were expelled
for "activities harmful to the public order." The
French press indicated that the four were sent to
Paris by Libyan security services to assassinate the
American Consul General.
? The government of the United Kingdom on 19 April
ordered the arrest and expulsion of 19 Libyans
allegedly involved in "student revolutionary
activities." London has now expelled 22 Libyans as
potential subversives and has taken steps to oust
more than 330 Libyan trainee pilots and aircraft
engineers as security risks. Most of them have
agreed to waive their right to appeal deportation.
? The LPB in East Berlin clearly was aware in
advance of the West Berlin disco bombing. This
LPB and the one in Bonn have a long history of
actively supporting terrorist activities.
? Personnel from the LPBs in Rome, Athens, and
Madrid have been among the most active in Europe,
carrying out surveillance and assassination plots.
' There are more than 100 LPBs throughout the world. Libyan
leader Muammar Qadhafi abolished the traditional diplomatic
structure in 1979 in favor of the LPBs.
? In Portugal officials expelled five Libyans.
Portuguese authorities told the head of the LPB that
the movement of the remaining Libyan diplomats
would be restricted to within 30 kilometers of
Lisbon. He also was directed to report to the
Foreign Affairs Minister each month. In an effort to
soften an anticipated Libyan backlash, Portuguese
officials will allow Tripoli to choose the five who will
be expelled.
? The Spanish Foreign Minister announced on
25 April the expulsion of 11 Libyan nationals,
Secret
DI TR 86-007
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including three members of the LPB. In early May,
Spanish officials announced that the government
would soon publish information implicating Libyans
in Spain in terrorist activities and acts. Those
named would then be expelled. In a separate action,
Spain expelled the Libyan Consul General on
9 May for his role in arranging a meeting between a
Spanish Army colonel and Libyan leader Qadhafi in
January. The colonel was arrested and charged with
traveling to Tripoli to seek financial backing for
rightwing extremist activities. The head of the LPB
left Madrid on 29 May, following reports of his
alleged ties to a rightwing terrorist group in Spain.
In January, Spain expelled three Libyan officials
whom it charged with plotting to assassinate a
political opponent of Qadhafi.
? West German officials on 9 April expelled two
Libyan diplomats suspected of "various activities
not in accordance with the norms of diplomatic
behavior" four days after a bomb exploded at La
Belle discotheque, killing two and wounding more
than 200. Later, on 22 April, the Bonn government
decided to expel at least half the staff of the LPB in
Bonn and to place restrictions on the rest. The
mission will be reduced to 19 employees. At the
same time the West German Foreign Ministry also
decided to reduce the number of employees at its
Embassy in Tripoli from 22 to 19. According to
press reports German security officials believe at
least half of the LPB staff was involved in
subversive activities.
? Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, and
Denmark also have decided to reduce the number of
Libyan diplomats in their countries. In late April,
Belgian authorities declared seven Libyans persona
non grata and expelled three Libyan staff members
with security duties. There are 14 Libyan diplomats
remaining in Brussels, most of them accredited to
The Hague and Luxembourg. Denmark also plans
to expel three of seven diplomats from the Libyan
mission in Copenhagen. The remaining four
diplomats and six other Libyan staff members will
be restricted to the Danish capital.
? President Craxi stated initially that Italy's
economic interests in Libya militated against the
expulsion of Libyan officials or the severance of
diplomatic relations. In early May, however, Italian
officials announced plans to reduce the number of
Libyan employees in nondiplomatic establishments.
When 25 Italian officials were ordered out of
Tripoli and Benghazi on 12 May, Italy responded by
expelling a number of Libyans. On 13 May, Italy
expelled a diplomat from the Libyan consulate in
Palermo, Sicily. Ten days later, eight Libyan
diplomatic and consular staff employees were
ordered to leave Italy as part of the decisions
adopted by the European Economic Community in
response to Libya's expulsion of Western diplomats.
The Italian order applied to three diplomats in
Rome and five consular employees in Milan. The
following day, five more Libyan citizens-
employees of a Libyan publishing company-were
asked to leave because they did not have work
permits. Police in Rome later identified 28 illegal
Libyan residents; 12 of the 28 were located and
given until 1 June to leave the country.
? Austria ordered seven Libyan diplomats to leave the
country. Following the airport attacks in Vienna
and Rome in December 1985, Vienna warned
Tripoli not to increase the number of diplomats in
Austria. Another seven diplomats arrived, however,
and Vienna has demanded that they leave. The
Austrian Foreign Minister is also collecting
information on 20 other Libyan diplomats in
Vienna.
? Although Prime Minister Papandreou of Greece
signed the European Community agreement on
measures against Libya, he has not yet taken action
against Tripoli, but he has put Libyans under
increased surveillance.
? In Turkey police arrested two Libyans who were
planning a grenade attack on the American
Officer's Club in Ankara. They were sentenced to
five years in prison. LPB personnel reportedly were
involved in planning the attack. In mid-May, Libya
recalled its Ambassador, and Turkey expelled two
Libyan diplomats. Following the sentencing of the
two Libyans in June for involvement in the planned
attack against a US military base, Libya decided to
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withdraw its Ambassador. Forty LPB staff mem-
bers are to be sent home in July for "financial
reasons."
Libyan Response
In retaliation for the measures taken by the European
states against members of the LPBs, the People's
Committee of the Libyan Foreign Liaison Bureau
announced on 12 May the expulsion of 36 diplomats
from seven West European embassies in Tripoli.
These included employees of the Italian, West Ger-
man, French, Dutch, Spanish, Belgian, and Danish
missions. The diplomats ostensibly were expelled for
engaging in activities "incompatible with their diplo-
matic roles." Diplomats from these seven countries
allowed to remain in Libya would be restricted to the
boundaries of the capital.
Impact on Terrorist Operations
The recent expulsions apparently have damaged
somewhat Libya's intelligence capability and its abili-
ty to retaliate against the United States. Nevertheless,
none of the LPBs have been closed down altogether.
Libyan agents could still travel to Europe to carry out
attacks, while LPBs elsewhere-such as those in
Latin America or the Far East-could become more
active. In addition, Qadhafi can still turn to radical
Palestinians such as Abu Nidal-whose networks in
Western Europe are untouched-to carry out attacks
on his behalf. Tripoli may also seek to use other
surrogates, such as Palestinian factions or hired mer-
cenaries of other nationalities, in anti-Western at-
tacks. Libya may seek to build a terrorist capability in
Europe separate from the LPBs. Some of the Libyans
recently ordered to leave Western Europe may not
have done so, but may have remained behind after
having given up their diplomatic status. Moreover,
others may well return in a different status, possibly
as students or businessmen.
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Terrorism in Western
Europe, 1985-A Regional
Profile'
At the beginning of 1985, indigenous terrorism was a
major concern as the so-called Euroterrorist
campaign, which began in 1984, continued into 1985.
Three terrorist groups-West Germany's Red Army
Faction (RAF), France's Action Directe (AD), and
Belgium's Communist Combatant Cells (CCC)-had
each begun a series of anti-NATO attacks in their
respective countries in late 1984, and there was
increasing speculation that the groups had joined
forces and were working together. Such speculation
was fueled by the joint communique issued by the
RAF and Action Directe in January calling for a
"common anti-imperialist front" in Western Europe,
as well as their joint claims of responsibility for two
terrorist attacks, one in Paris and one at Rhein-Main
Airbase in West Germany. In Brussels, the CCC
claimed solidarity with RAF hunger strikers in
January with a car bombing of the NATO Support
Facility. Such terrorist rhetoric served to complicate
the question of whether these terrorist groups had
actually formed an alliance, but by the end of 1985
we had not discovered any evidence of operational
coordination among them.
The number of domestic terrorist attacks in Western
Europe had dropped by autumn, although they
remained of serious concern. Palestinian terrorists
grabbed the spotlight from European terrorist groups
in late 1985 by staging three of the most spectacular
incidents to occur in Western Europe that year-the
Achille Lauro hijacking and the attacks on the
airports in Rome and Vienna. The spillover from the
Middle East, which plagued security services all year,
may have diverted resources from the pursuit of
domestic terrorists in some countries.
In West Germany imprisoned RAF terrorists
continued the hunger strike they had begun in
December 1984, while the RAF periphery carried out
numerous attacks against US- and NATO-related
' This article concentrates on indigenous terrorism conducted in
Western Europe last year. Terrorism of Middle Eastern origin that
occurred in Western Europe will be treated separately in a
installations in January. The RAF hardcore claimed
to have participated in the assassination that month in
Paris of Gen. Rene Audran-a French Ministry of
Defense official-along with AD, but the first attack
in 1985 that we could definitely attribute to the RAF
hardcore was the assassination of West German
industrialist Ernst Zimmermann in Munich on
1 February. This attack was a signal to the
imprisoned terrorists to end their hunger strike.
Throughout the year, there were indications that the
group's tactics had changed and that it was prepared
to engage in more random violence than it had in the
1970s and early 1980s, when targets were carefully
chosen for their high symbolic value. This was
particularly evident in August when the RAF
murdered a low-ranking US serviceman in order to
obtain his ID card. The group used the card the next
day to gain access to Rhein-Main Airbase where it
detonated a car bomb. In the explosion, two
Americans were killed and many others wounded.
The RAF and AD claimed responsibility jointly,
although there has been no indication that AD
actually participated in the attack. Two other major
attacks in West Germany in 1985-the explosion in
the international departure lounge at Frankfurt
International Airport in June and the bombing of the
PX shopping center in Frankfurt in November-were
probably not the work of the RAF, although the cases
have never been solved. Middle Eastern involvement
is strongly suspected.
In France the indigenous anarchist group AD was
responsible for 17 attacks in 1985, including the
assassination of General Audran and the attempted
assassination of a second general. By the end of the
year, AD seemed to have split into two factions. The
"international" faction, which is believed to be a
small group of original AD leaders, was probably
responsible for the joint communique issued with the
RAF in January calling for a common anti-imperialist
front in Western Europe. The second "domestic"
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faction apparently did not approve of "alliances" with
other terrorist groups-even alliances that were only
rhetorical-and preferred to continue traditional AD
operations, mainly bombing property targets in the
middle of the night when casualties are unlikely. Such
attacks are usually associated with various domestic
political issues, such as opposition to French
involvement in South Africa.
Numerous terrorist attacks against French interests
were carried out by separatist groups attempting to
win independence from France. In particular, the
National Front for the Liberation of Corsica (FLNC)
accounted for 92 of the 144 indigenous incidents in
France in 1985. The FLNC typically set off multiple
property bombs simultaneously during the night.
Although its attacks have not generally caused
casualties, five persons were killed and four wounded
last year. For the fourth consecutive year, however,
the number of FLNC attacks declined. Other
separatist movements-Iparretarak (the French
counterpart to Spain's Basque separatist
organization), the New Caledonian Kanak Socialist
National Liberation Front, the Caribbean
Revolutionary Alliance, and the Breton Revolutionary
Army-were responsible for numerous incidents,
most of which were property bombings. These groups
caused only one fatality and no reported injuries.
As in previous years, France was also the stage for
anti-Basque terrorism in 1985. The violent
Antiterrorist Liberation Group (GAL) carried out 11
attacks against exiles belonging to the Basque
Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) group in France,
killing 10 persons and wounding eight others. ETA
retaliated by attacking French targets in Spain, thus
contributing to a cycle of violence that is likely to
continue.
In Belgium the CCC continued to target US and
NATO facilities, although by the end of the year
domestic installations-which, according to
communiques, represented capitalism and bourgeois
militarism-had become increasingly favored targets.
In January the group detonated a car bomb outside
the NATO Support Facility in Brussels, and two US
military personnel barely escaped serious injury.
Previous CCC attacks had been limited to property
damage, but, in a communique following this
bombing, the group claimed that US military
personnel were appropriate terrorist targets. In May
the CCC caused its first fatalities when two firemen
were killed while they were trying to defuse a car
bomb set by the group. The CCC received much
negative publicity following the deaths of the firemen,
and it later claimed that the police were actually
responsible because they had not arrived at the scene
quickly enough. To emphasize the point, the CCC
bombed the gendarmerie administrative offices in
Brussels a few days later.
In April an apparently new group-the Revolutionary
Front for Proletarian Action (FRAP)-claimed
responsibility for bombing a building that housed the
North Atlantic Assembly, and for bombing a West
German firm. The group, which is believed to be a
splinter of the CCC, was responsible for several other
attacks in 1985.
rebuild its organization over time.
By the end of the summer, Belgian police had located
an FRAP safehouse, and in December they were able
to arrest several leading CCC members. This led to
the subsequent discovery of more CCC and FRAP
safehouses. Police successes have probably weakened
the groups, but the CCC, in particular, may be able to
In Italy, following at least 13 months of inactivity, the
Red Brigades returned to action in March with the
murder in Rome of Enzo Tarantelli, a prominent
labor economist. Despite expectations of security
officials, however, that the Brigades would join the
other major West European terrorist groups in
attacking NATO, the group never participated in the
1985 "campaign." The Red Brigades suffered
setbacks during the year as Italian police arrested
numerous members, including Barbara Balzarani, the
most wanted group leader. In addition to the arrests,
group activity was limited by a second year of
factional struggle. The Tarantelli murder was the
only operation claimed by the Brigades in a year in
which Palestinian terrorists conducted the two major
terrorist incidents in Italy-the Achille Lauro
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hijacking in October and the Rome airport shooting
attack in December.
there has been considerable speculation that the
bombing was carried out by Middle Eastern terrorists.
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In Spain the Military Wing of the Basque separatist
organization Fatherland and Liberty (ETA-M)
remained the most serious terrorist problem in 1985,
despite counterterrorist successes by Spanish and
French police and continued murders of Spanish
Basques by the rightwing GAL. ETA-M conducted a
series of bombings against tourist targets during the
spring and summer, but caused only two injuries and
very little property damage. The group also carried
out an offensive against Spanish police and military
officials that left 29 dead and several dozen more
wounded. ETA-M imposed a cease-fire between mid-
September and mid-November, while the group's
leadership appeared to attempt to negotiate with the
Spanish Government for several demands, including
unification of the Spanish and French Basque regions
and amnesty for all Basque political prisoners and
exiles. ETA-M's return to violence probably signaled
dissatisfaction with the negotiation efforts. Although
all of ETA-M's attacks in 1985 were directed at
Spanish targets, an American passer-by was killed in
an attack on the Guardia Civil in September.
Spain's other major indigenous terrorists, the First of
October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO),
received a serious setback in January 1985 when
Spanish police arrested 18 of the leading members
and seized large quantities of arms and ammunition.
The group was relatively inactive during the rest of
the year, but GRAPO is known for its resiliency and
will probably be able to rebuild its organization
In April, GRAPO did claim credit for the bombing of
the El Descanso Restaurant near Torrejon Airbase
that killed 18 Spaniards and wounded 82 others,
including 15 Americans. Responsibility for the
bombing also was claimed by several other terrorist
groups, including ETA, Islamic Jihad, and the Armed
Organization of the Jewish People. Although some
Spanish officials believe that the forensic evidence
proves that GRAPO was responsible for the bombing,
there is no consensus among investigating officials
that GRAPO was indeed the perpetrator. In fact
The small, violent, anti-US wing of the Basque
Communist Party, Iraultza, claimed responsibility for
at least five bombings against US businesses in 1985.
Iraultza attacks continued to be characterized by low-
yield explosives placed near buildings. Since
December 1982, when the group began targeting US
firms, it has been responsible for more than 25
bombings of US multinationals in the Basque region
of Spain.
In Portugal the leftist group Popular Forces of 25
April (FP-25) continued to attack US- and NATO-
related interests, which the group had begun targeting
in late 1984. A mortar attack against NATO
warships in January was followed by the bombing of
18 West German automobiles at Beja the next month.
Although the group claimed that these attacks were
part of the West European "anti-NATO campaign,"
they were most likely conducted in solidarity rather
than in coordination with other European leftist
groups.
FP-25's terrorist acts during the remainder of the
year were directed mainly at indigenous Portuguese
targets, and included two assassinations. In one of
these a key witness in the trial of FP-25 members
arrested in 1984 was killed, which caused a delay in
the trial of 50 other FP-25 defendants. In September,
10 alleged members of the group escaped from prison.
The trial, which finally began in October, continued
into 1986.
In Greece the level of terrorist activity remained high,
and both indigenous and Middle Eastern terrorism
continued to cause great concern. One-third of the
incidents that occurred there last year were directed
against US targets, many in the form of arson and
bombing attacks against vehicles belonging to US
military personnel in Athens. The Revolutionary
People's Struggle (ELA) and the virulently anti-US
17 November Revolutionary Organization-which in
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years past had murdered two Americans and wounded
another-continued to pose serious threats to US
interests in Greece. Early in the year 17 November
murdered a Greek publisher whom it identified as
pro-American. In February a bomb exploded at
"Bobby's II," a bar in the Athens suburb of Glyfada
that was frequented by US servicemen. Responsibility
for the attack has not been established, but American
customers (59 of whom were wounded in the attack)
may have been the intended targets. Greece continued
to provide easy access and transit for Middle Eastern
terrorists, as seen in the TWA hijacking in June.
In Luxembourg unknown persons carried out 14
bombings against domestic targets in 1985.
Luxembourg officials believe the attacks were
intended to discredit the government but that they
were not politically motivated. Security officials have
no suspects in the bombings.
In Northern Ireland an upsurge in Provisional Irish
Republican Army (IRA) violence may have been tied
to the agreement which was signed between the
United Kingdom and the Irish Republic. This
agreement provides a framework for the
establishment of an intergovernmental body to deal
with political, legal, and security matters in Northern
Ireland. The IRA launched a campaign against
businessmen and laborers who accepted contracts to
build or refurbish police stations for the Royal Ulster
Constabulary. In June the group detonated its first
bomb in downtown Belfast in two years and exploded
another bomb outside a crowded shopping center in
Londonderry in October. Security officials suspected
that the group has improved its capability to work
with bombs.
Outlook
Terrorism-both international and domestic-will
continue to be a serious problem for Western Europe.
Although police officials had some counterterrorist
successes against indigenous groups in 1985, many
such terrorist groups have proved themselves capable
of rebuilding their organizations over time. The pool
of potential terrorist recruits-leftwing radicals who
are dissatisfied with society-is large in most West
European countries. Most of the leftist-anarchist or
Marxist groups, such as AD, the CCC, and the RAF,
can draw from these pools to rebuild their hardcores
whenever members are arrested or killed. Separatist
organizations, such as ETA and the Provisional IRA
espouse goals that carry a certain amount of
emotional appeal to their respective communities, and
consequently they receive support from these
communities (even if the majority of those populations
is opposed to violent tactics). Thus the indigenous
terrorist problem is unlikely to go away
The spillover of Middle Eastern terrorism into
Western Europe is a growing-and more alarming-
problem. Many Palestinian groups, as well as the state
sponsors of terrorism, have carried out intragroup
warfare in Western Europe for several years. In 1985
there was an increasing tendency for those Middle
Eastern groups to choose Western targets, and the
trend has continued into 1986. Given the number of
military, economic, and political targets available, the
implications of this development are ominous.
Western governments will find it increasingly
necessary to improve counterterrorist coordination if
such activities are to be curtailed. Countries like
Cyprus and Greece, which serve as major transit
points for Middle Eastern terrorists as well as staging
grounds for terrorist actions, must find a way to
control the entry and exit of foreigners if the problem
in Western Europe is to be brought under control.
A development related to that of Middle Eastern
activity in Europe is the spillover of violence into
countries that have previously not had a terrorist
problem. Scandinavia is a particular area of concern.
In 1985 several bombings occurred in Copenhagen,
some of which were probably Middle Eastern-related.
Security officials in most of the Scandinavian
countries have expressed concern that such attacks
will become increasingly likely in 1986, and they point
to the growing number of Middle Easterners who
have applied for visas or asylum in their countries.
Such countries, which have not had much experience
with international terrorism in the past, will find it
difficult to deal effectively with the problem.
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Chile: Rising Political
Violence'
We conclude that the Chilean Communist Party
(PCCh) is making considerable headway in its
campaign to stage frequent antiregime protests,
harass the security forces, and gain acceptance as the
country's leading opposition forces. The PCCh is one
of the oldest, best organized and, after Cuba's, the
largest such party in Latin America. Chilean
Communist leaders reportedly have decided to
promote a national uprising against President
parties, including the centrist Christian Democrats-
the country's largest party-also realize that 1986 is a
critical year and are, therefore, becoming more
willing to collaborate with the PCCh in
demonstrations. We believe, however, that the
Communists will succeed in neither becoming Chile's
main opposition force nor in destabilizing the
Pinochet regime any time soon. In our judgment, the
PCCh will not deviate from its basic strategy of
seeking to oust Pinochet by force, and we believe that
it is following a timetable that calls for launching an
all-out insurrection within the next three to four years
(see inset).
Chilean Communist Party Strength,
Leadership, and Organization
The Chilean Communist Party (PCCh) has regained
much of the strength it enjoyed during the Allende
era. By early 1985 it reportedly had 30,000 members
and its youth wing numbered 20,000. It probably also
has about 100,000 inactive members and hardcore
sympathizers. Most of these elements are located in
Santiago and a few other large urban areas. The
PCCh's major recruitment gains in recent years have
been among jobless and underemployed youth, as
well as among university and secondary school
students. It has only limited strength in organized
labor-largely because of the government's efforts to
depoliticize the unions-but controls about 20
percent of union leadership positions and has strong
influence in the country's main umbrella opposition
labor group.
The party is led by Secretary General Luis Corvalan,
who has lived in Moscow since 1976, and other exiled
leaders, who make up about half of the Central
Violence on the Rise
The US Embassy reports that following a monthlong
series of university student protests during April-in
which the Communists played a prominent role-
leftist terrorist activity has intensified. Over the May
Day weekend there were numerous bombings,
including one against the US Ambassador's residence
claimed by the PCCh-affiliated Manuel Rodriguez
Patriotic Front (FPMR), and shootouts between
terrorists and police and Army units resulting in
several casualties (see inset and accompanying article
' Chile was the scene of more terrorist bombings (865) than any
other country in the world during 1985. The above article describes
the political strategy of the parent group of the Manuel Rodriguez
Patriotic Front, which was responsible for most of those incidents.
has developed between the exiled leaders, who are in
their sixties, and key internal Central Committee
members, who are in their middle thirties, but there
is no evidence of significant internal schisms or
divisiveness. The PCCh has substantial financial
resources and is one of the few Chilean political
groups with a sizable salaried staff.
on the FPMR). There were repeated violent
confrontations between protestors and the security
forces that resulted in considerable property damage
in the capital and in several provincial cities.
Secret
DI TR 86-007
June 1986
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1983-139
1984-735
1985-865
1986-continuing unabated (in April alone, there
were at least 85 bombings, according to the US
Embassy)
We believe that the bulk of these bombings have been
carried out by the Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front
(FPMR), which, was
created in late 1983 and initially comprised about
100 young militants from the Chilean Communist
Party (PCCh) and several other radical leftist groups.
The FPMR's favorite targets have been electrical
power grids-it frequently blacks out Santiago and
much of central Chile-railway lines, commuter
buses, and public establishments in major cities, but
most of its bombings apparently have been staged to
avoid widespread civilian injuries. By late 1985 the
FPMR reportedly had grown substantially, and we
estimate that it currently comprises at least 1,000
militants-about half in Santiago and the rest in
other urban areas. In recent months the Front has
Scattered protest activity has persisted since May
Day, while student leaders have threatened to call a
prolonged strike unless the government ends its
intervention in the universities. The US Embassy,
however, has predicted that the security forces'
strong-arm methods against students and faculty will
backfire, leading many Chileans to question the
government's ability to quell student agitation.F_
For their part the Communists reportedly believe that
popular support is growing for a wide range of anti-
Pinochet activities, including a national work
stoppage. They also are said to believe that the
security forces cannot control the unrest on university
campuses and that elsewhere the Carabineros, the
militialike national police, are becoming increasingly
reluctant to act vigorously against demonstrators. We
believe that the Carabineros-who have become
overextended as they have tried to contain repeated
protests-are in fact becoming frustrated over what
Until 1983 the pro-Castro Movement of the
Revolutionary Left (MIR) committed the great
majority of antiregime terrorist incidents, but late
that year it suffered sharp reverses at the hands of
the security services and was forced temporarily to
halt its terrorist acts. By 1985 the MIR reportedly
had revitalized its apparatus within Chile-
increasing its strength to a total of 400 to 500
members-and was preparing to compete with the
FPMR as the leading terrorist group. It claimed
credit for the bombing of a police bus in February
1986, which resulted in numerous casualties, but has
yet to resume a sustained level of terrorist operations.
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they perceive as Pinochet's favoritism toward the
Army and his recent decision to replace Carabineros
with Army troops in many crowd control missions.
The Communists and other far-left parties are said to
have recently organized a unified slumdwellers
association. They reportedly expect to use this new
entity to publicize demands for improved living
conditions among the poor and to mobilize
slumdwellers for antiregime demonstrations. The
Communists also reportedly want to recruit
slumdwellers for a "popular army," and to create
"liberated zones" in some slums where FPMR units
would be ordered to challenge the security forces.
The quality of life is said to be deteriorating in the
numerous slums ringing Santiago, where youth
unemployment ranges up to 50 percent.
the situation in
Santiago's slums-where probably over 1.5 million of
the city's roughly 4 million inhabitants live-is
becoming explosive and that the poor are becoming
politically radicalized and increasingly receptive to
the violent line urged by the PCCh and other far-left
groups. Moreover, leaders of several moderate
opposition parties have told US officials that the
government's heavyhanded actions during recent
repeated sweeps of slum neighborhoods have produced
a sense of "rage" among the poor that contrasts with
the fear produced by previous dragnets. We believe
that this adds to the explosive situation in the slums
and ultimately will benefit the Communists and their
allies.
Moderate Opposition Activities
Moderate opposition forces are also gearing up for
more forceful antiregime activities. The key player is
the Christian Democratic Party (PDC), which
reportedly decided recently to push vigorously for a
national strike. The Christian Democrats are
currently consulting with other parties regarding a
strike, and the party's president is said to have created
a secret coordinating committee to work with the
PCCh to prepare for the strike and other protests.
Christian Democratic leaders, moreover, have
acknowledged that there is substantial grassroots
cooperation between their party and the Communists,
which they justify by citing Pinochet's intractability
on political liberalization and the need to convince the
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armed forces through demonstrations and other
opposition activities that Chile is becoming
ungovernable under Pinochet's harsh policies.
An influential minority of the Catholic Church's 31
bishops and lower levels of the hierarchy reportedly
are pressing for a more activist Church stance against
Pinochet. According to the press, even Cardinal-
Primate Fresno met several weeks ago with
representatives of the PCCh-led political coalition to
discuss the worsening political situation. This, in our
view, was a significant development, because Fresno
had previously avoided open contact with the
Communists and had strongly urged the moderate
opposition to forgo all political collaboration with the
PCCh. In addition the US Embassy has noted that
the country's conference of bishops issued a strong
statement in April urging constitutional reforms-
widely interpreted as a call for direct presidential
elections in 1989-and that even progovernment
groups endorsed the bishops' stand.
Finally, in May some 18 leading professional,
academic, social, and labor organizations of varying
political hues created a so-called National Civic
Assembly and promulgated a set of demands for
urgent political and economic reforms. They also
elected a multiparty directorate that includes two
Communists and a few other far leftists. The US
Embassy has said that the Christian Democrats-the
main force behind the Civic Assembly-believe they
can mobilize considerable popular support for such
protest activities as business shutdowns, strikes by
professional guilds, and a campaign to withhold debt
and mortgage payments. Leaders of the Civic
Assembly reportedly hope that these acts of civil
disobedience will create growing uncertainty and help
build further support for the planned national strike.
the President and
senior Army commanders are convinced that the
radical left will make a concerted effort to overthrow
the government in 1986 and that they are planning
physical attacks on Pinochet, junta members, and
military officers. The Army has moved 10,000 troops
from bases in the north to the Santiago area, created
new antisubversive commando units, and ordered
large numbers of soldiers into the streets to supplant
Carabineros during recent demonstrations. The US
Embassy has reported that Army troops were
deployed in unprecedented numbers over the May
Day weekend and that the security forces often used
excessive force against demonstrators. In addition
Army units led sweeps of slum neighborhoods in
recent weeks.
Pinochet has refused to budge as pressure has built
within the regime for some show of flexibility and
opposition protests have continued. In several recent
speeches, he has rejected modifications to the
Constitution-which allows for his reelection in a
single candidate plebiscite in 1989-and refused to
speed up political liberalization.
Outlook
We believe the Communists have little chance of
sparking a successful uprising against Pinochet over
the next year, but that they will continue to make
headway in their efforts to sow violence and
uncertainty. Moreover, moderate opposition groups
will probably cooperate more frequently and openly
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with the PCCh, at the risk of adding to a climate of
violence and of playing into Pinochet's hands. Given
Pinochet's current intransigence, the moderates seem
prepared to take this risk in order to pressure the
military into making Pinochet more flexible.
The test of the Communists' strength-and that of
the moderate opposition-will, in our view, be their
ability to sustain the current level of protest activity
and to build momentum toward a national strike
during the next three to four months. Even though
protest activity is likely to continue at a high level for
several more months-accompanied by frequent and
increasingly lethal terrorist bombings-prospects for
a successful prolonged national strike do not appear
bright at present. Opposition protest activity,
increased terrorism, and growing unease within the
government and the armed forces over Pinochet's
leadership, however, will probably leave the President
more and more isolated. He may also have to contend
with having his authority undermined within the
military. Many officers are beginning to question the
soundness of his decisions and may begin to pressure
him to shift course or face a more open challenge from
the military.
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Chile: The Dangerous FPMR
On 11 March the Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front
(FPMR)' officially began its "first offensive of 1986"
by blowing up two high-tension towers and
temporarily cutting off power to the city of Santiago.
Two weeks later, on the night of 26 March and the
morning of 27 March, the group set off more than 40
bombs in the cities of Santiago, Valparaiso, and
Concepcion in support of Student Mobilization Day.
The FPMR-an urban terrorist group affiliated with
the Chilean Communist Party (PCCh)-has been
responsible for most of the 1,600 bombings that have
occurred in Chile over the past two years and
reportedly is planning several major bombing
campaigns in 1986. The FPMR also has been
responsible for the increase in anti-US attacks in
Chile since 1983. Most of these attacks have been
against nonofficial targets-such as businesses,
Mormon churches, and binational cultural centers-
although the group also detonated a car bomb in front
of the US Consulate in Santiago last July.
Origins and Organization
The FPMR apparently was formed in 1983 by
members of various Chilean leftist organizations-
including the PCCh, the Movement of the
Revolutionary Left (MIR), the Socialist/Almeyda,
and the La Chispa group-who probably were
frustrated by the loss of momentum both in the
legitimate protest movement and in terrorist violence.
The group claimed responsibility for its first terrorist
attack in December 1983 but didn't begin to gain
prominence until it carried out a one-week-long,
coordinated bombing campaign in late October 1984.
We believe the FPMR today numbers about 1,000
members, including group supporters and
' The FPMR took its name from Manuel Rodriguez, a 19th century
guerrilla leader executed by the Spanish during the wars of
FPMR terrorists introduce an alleged deserterfrom the Chilean
Paramilitary Police Force at a clandestine press conference in
sympathizers who rent safehouses, purchase supplies,
distribute propaganda, and plant bombs. In most
operations, an FPMR militant reportedly sets the
timing mechanism on the bomb and instructs a new
recruit or group supporter on where and when to leave
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the FPMR is
The PCCh apparently also encouraged the FPMR to
begin expanding its membership last year. A special
edition of the PCCh fly sheet Barricada distributed
last April to PCCh and FPMR members urged its
readers to form more militia units-supplying their
own weapons-and to open their membership to those
outside the Communist community
destabilize Chilean society and overthrow President
Pinochet. Although the MIR is still the main Chilean
Foreign Support
Since 1973, Cuba has promoted violence as the way to
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the armed wing of the PCCh-an accusation both
organizations deny. There are, however, clear links
between the two. We believe that the PCCh helped
develop the FPMR in its early stages and has been
working ever since to exert more direct control over
the group.
recipient of its support,
Havana also provides weapons and training to the
FPMR through the PCCh.
In April 1985 the PCCh reportedly received from
Cuba the first of several promised arms shipments-
We believe that the PCCh funnels new recruits to the
FPMR and advises the group on organization and
policy matters as a means to gain greater control over
money to the FPMR through traditional drug and
contraband routes in Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru.
FPMR members apparently have also received
training in Cuba and several other countries. In early
June 1985 approximately 120 Chilean exiles
reportedly had begun to return clandestinely to Chile
after having received military training abroad.
Tactics and Targets
The FPMR has conducted at least 1,600 bombings
since it emerged in 1983. Its most common targets-
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bridges, railway lines, electricity pylons, public
utilities, banks, businesses, and municipal buildings-
are selected to have maximum impact without
inflicting indiscriminate casualties. In addition to the
bombings, in 1985 the group conducted incendiary
attacks against commercial establishments and the
public transportation system as it had in previous
years. The FPMR usually avoids casualties by setting
off most of its bombs in the late night or very early
morning hours and by targeting property rather than
people. It has been responsible, however, for the
deaths of several civilians and security personnel over
in past two years. For example in March 1984 the
group detonated a remote-controlled bomb on a bus
carrying 25 policemen in Santiago, killing one and
injuring 15, including four bystanders.
The FPMR also has become increasingly bold and
sophisticated in its operations. In October 1984 it
conducted the first successful car bombing in Chile
when it set off 35 kilograms of explosives inside a taxi
parked near the headquarters of the military junta in
Santiago, injuring five people. Three more car
bombings-including one last February that wounded
14 policemen in Santiago-have been conducted since
then. In another development the FPMR fired rockets
successfully for the first time late last year in attacks
against an electrical power plant in Valparaiso and an
Army airfield in Santiago.
Although the bulk of its bombings are still directed
against domestic targets, the FPMR also attacks US
and other foreign interests in Chile. We believe the
FPMR was responsible for seven anti-US attacks in
1984 and 10 in 1985, including one against a Coca-
Cola facility in Santiago that caused $2 million in
property damage. In July 1985 the group also bombed
six Mormon churches and the US-Chilean cultural
center, reportedly to protest the proposed accord on
the use of Easter Island as an emergency landing site
for the space shuttle. The car bombing of the US
Consulate last July was the first FPMR attack
against a US Government facility.
Dangerous Prospects
We expect that the FPMR will continue to pose the
main terrorist threat in Chile over the next two or
three years. The PCCh Central Committee reported
last fall that Chilean Communists had decided on a
policy of "increasing confrontation" with the Pinochet
regime and PCCh leaders reportedly perceive 1986 as
a critical year for the FPMR. Already the PCCh
reportedly is pushing the FPMR to conduct more
daring terrorist operations against property and
personnel of the Chilean Government and military.
The FPMR was bolstered by the return of many
members from terrorist training abroad and
significantly increased its forces within Chile last
year, suggesting that the group is prepared to escalate
its violence.
In addition to the hundreds of bombings expected in
1986, the FPMR is likely to engage in more
spectacular and lethal armed attacks. FPMR
armaments reportedly now include machineguns,
machine pistols, and rocket and grenade launchers.
We also anticipate that the FPMR will increase its
political activity in order to expand its narrow base of
popular support in the cities. According to press
reports, FPMR leaders say that the organization is
still in its "preparatory phase" and that a "general
armed struggle" is two or three years away. PCCh
and FPMR leaders probably calculate that a
successful popular uprising requires neighborhood
rebellions and prolonged and widespread strikes, in
addition to dramatic terrorist attacks.
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1 July 1867
1 July 1921
1 July 1960
1 July 1960
1 July 1962
1 July 1962
1 July 1974
1 July 1980
The Terrorism Diary for July
event.
Below is a compendium of July dates of known or conceivable significance to
terrorists around the world. Our inclusion of a date or event should not by itself
be construed to suggest that we expect or anticipate a commemorative terrorist
Canada. Dominion Day.
China. Founding of Communist Party.
Ghana. Republic Day.
Somalia. Republic Day; Independence Day (southern region).
Burundi. Independence Day.
Rwanda. Independence Day.
Argentina. Death of President Juan Peron.
Peru. Since 1980, for unknown reasons, Sendero Luminoso terrorists have
attacked foreign targets during July at a rate roughly triple that of the rest of the
year.
2 July 1976 Vietnam. Unification of North and South into Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
4 July 1776 United States. Independence Day.
4 July 1946 Philippines. Republic Day (date on which Philippines became an independent
republic).
4 July 1976 Israel, Uganda, Palestinians. Israeli raid on airport at Entebbe frees hostages
from PFLP skyjackers.
5 July 1811 Venezuela. Independence Day.
5 July 1962 Algeria. Independence Day.
5 July 1973 Rwanda. Coup led by Maj. Gen. Juvenal Habyarimana inaugurates Second
Republic.
5 July 1975 Cape Verde. Independence Day.
5 July 1977 Pakistan. Coup by Gen. Zia Ul-Haq (overthrowing regime of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto).
6 July 1964 Malawi. Independence Day.
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6 July 1966 Malawi. Republic Day.
6 July 1975 Comoro Islands. Declaration of independence.
7 July Yugoslavia. Uprising Day (state holiday in Socialist Republic of Serbia).
7 July 1973 Equatorial Guinea. National Day (based on constitution that granted virtually
unlimited powers to President Macie; constitution was abrogated when he was
overthrown by his nephew, Colonel Obiang).
7 July 1978 Solomon Islands. Independence Day.
9 July 1816 Argentina. Independence Day.
9 July 1929 Morocco. Birthday of King Hassan II.
10 July 1973 The Bahamas. Independence Day.
10 July 1978 Mauritania. Armed Forces Day (commemorates military coup).
11 July 1921 Mongolia. Revolution Day (celebrates independence from China).
12 July 1690 Northern Ireland. Orangemen's Day (Protestants march to commemorate victory
in Battle of the Boyne).
12 July 1975 Sao Tome and Principe. Independence Day.
12 July 1979 Kiribati. Independence Day.
13 July Yugoslavia. Uprising Day (state holiday in Socialist Republic of Montenegro).
14 July 1789 France. Bastille Day.
14 July 1958 Iraq. Republic Day (commemorates Army coup d'etat that overthrew monarchy
and established republic).
15 July 1946 Brunei. Sultan's birthday.
15 July 1948 Burma. Communist Party founded.
15 July 1974 Cyprus. Coup by Greek Army officers.
15 July 1983 Italy. Conviction of four members of Italian counterterrorist team for
mistreatment of Red Brigades prisoners captured during rescue of General Dozier.
17 July 1930 Colombia. Founding of Communist Party.
17 July 1968 Iraq. Revolution Day (overthrow of Qasim regime by Ba'th Party and its allies).
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17 July 1973 Afghanistan. Republic Day (commemorates date that Muhammad Daoud led
military coup overthrowing his cousin, King Zahir Shah, and establishing
republic).
18 July 1830 Uruguay. Proclamation of republic.
18 July 1936 Spain. Uprising Day (beginning of Civil War); Generalissimo Franco's Day.
19 July 1979 Nicaragua. Sandinista provisional Junta of National Reconstruction assumes
office.
20 July Esala Poya Day (largest annual Buddhist festival celebrated by majority
Sinhalese).
20 July 1810 Colombia. Independence Day.
20 July 1974 Cyprus. Turkish Cypriot Peace and Freedom Day (commemorates intervention by
Turkish forces).
20 July 1983 Sri Lanka. Sinhalese backlash sparked by terrorist acts of extremist Tamil
separatists leaves hundreds of Tamils dead and thousands homeless.
21 July 1831 Belgium. Independence Day.
21 July 1972 Northern Ireland. Bloody Friday-20 Provisional IRA bombings in Belfast kill 11
and injure 120.
22 July Yugoslavia. Uprising Day (state holiday in Socialist Republic of Slovenia).
22 July 1944 Poland. Liberation Day.
22 July 1952 Poland. People's Republic established.
22 July 1971 Sudan. Countercoup ousts Communists, restores Nimeiri as head of government.
23 July 1952 Egypt. National Day (commemorates military coup ousting King Farouk).
23 July 1970 Oman. Accession Day of Sultan Qabus.
23 July 1974 Greece. Resignation of military junta; return of government to civilian rule.
24 July 1783 Ecuador, Venezuela. Birthday of Simon Bolivar.
25 July 1648 Netherlands. Independence Day.
25 July 1957 Tunisia. Proclamation of republic.
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25 July 1983 Sri Lanka. Killing of Tamil prisoners in Colombo's Welikade jail exacerbates
communal hatred.
26 July 1847 Liberia. Independence Day.
26 July 1952 Argentina. Death of Eva Peron.
26 July 1953 Cuba. Day of National Rebellion (commemorates attack on Moncada Barracks by
26th of July Movement).
26 July 1956 Egypt. Nationalization of Suez Canal.
26 July 1965 Maldives. Independence Day.
27 July Yugoslavia. Uprising Day (state holiday in Socialist Republics of Croatia and
Bosnia).
27 July 1953 North Korea. Korean Victory Day (date of armistice).
27 July 1955 Austria. Restoration of sovereignty under postwar Four Powers' Agreement.
28 July 1821 Peru. Independence Day.
29 July 1966 Nigeria. Coup d'etat led by Col. Yakubu Gowon overthrows military government
of Maj. Gen. Aguiyi-Ironsi and establishes Federal Military Government.
29 July 1975 Nigeria. Coup d'etat led by Brig. Gen. Murtala Ramat Muhammad overthrows
General Gowon and establishes Federal Executive Council.
30 July 1980 Vanuatu. Independence Day.
31 July Spain, France. St. Ignactius's Day (patron saint of Basques).
31 July 1969 Spain, France. Founding of Basque Fatherland and Freedom (ETA).
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Chronology of Terrorism-1986
this publication are not included.
Below are described noteworthy foreign and international events involving
terrorists, or the use of terrorist tactics, which have occurred or come to light
since our last issue. In some cases, the perpetrators and their motivations may not
be known. Events and developments that have already been described elsewhere in
an Ankara park; the killer remains unknown.
Turkey: Local gardener finds handgun used in July 1985 slaying of Jordanian
diplomat. The gun and eight bullets were wrapped in a plastic bag and buried in
occasions from 1981 to 1982.
France: Alleged Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction accomplice arrested in
Grenoble on charges of harboring a criminal. Martine Toulette admitted
providing lodging for Georges Ibrahim Abdallah, leader of the LARF, on several
its slain namesake, Hugo Spadafora.
Panama: New terrorist group claims credit for bombings. The previously unknown
"Hugo Spadafora Franco Column" of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (FRD),
claimed in a communique to a Costa Rican newspaper that its "freedom
commandos" were responsible for several bombings in Panama in early 1986 and
denounced what it calls the "corrupt dictatorship" in Panama. Nothing else is
known about the group. It may be operating from Chiriqui Province, the home of
slaying of a leading Hindu newspaper editor in May 1984.
India: Sikh extremists kill six policemen and wound four others in freeing three
prisoners at District Court in Jullundur. The prisoners were on trial for the
paid the officer to kill her
Pakistan: Pakistan People's Party leader escapes assassination attempt in
Lahore. A former Army officer was arrested on the grounds of the home of
Benazir Bhutto, the daughter of executed former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto who returned from exile in 1985. The press claims that government sources
two farmers in Amritsar District. Two suspects were caught by villagers. The
three reportedly were moderates who refused to support a separate Sikh state.
18-19 April Turkey: Police defuse two bombs at KOC American Bank in Istanbul. No group
has claimed responsibility.
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West Germany: Arson attack against McDonald's restaurant in Bonn causes
damage but no injuries. A group calling itself the "Revolutionary Cells in Bonn"
claimed responsibility. The group may be connected with the nationally active Red
foreigners. No group has claimed responsibility.
Pakistan: Powerful bomb explodes in stairwell of Green's Hotel in Peshawar,
injuring one person and causing extensive damage to the building. The hotel
contains the British Airways office and its restaurant is often frequented by
insurgent National Resistance Movement is believed responsible.
Mozambique: Car bomb explodes in central Maputo, killing one person and
injuring at least 50 others. Police found and defused another bomb nearby.
Although South African license plates were found on the wrecked vehicle, the
Philippines: Dynamite bomb found and defused by police at Conjuangco Building
in Manila. The building is owned by the family of President Corazon Aquino. A
previously unknown Muslim group, "Moro al Fatah," has claimed responsibility.
postponed.
Philippines: Gunman kills newly appointed mayor ofAlicia in restaurant. He was
the first mayor to be killed, probably by the Communist New People's Army, since
the overthrow of former President Marcos. Town elections set for May were
lot of private residence on Okinawa. No group has claimed credit.
Japan: Vehicles belonging to Self-Defense Force personnel firebombed in parking
available in Greece. Police suspect terrorists hid the explosives.
Greece: Gardener discovers briefcase containing 20 kilograms of Semtex-H
explosive in Lagonisi. Semtex-H, a Czechoslovak product, is not commercially
Corsica: Explosion damages tourist holiday camp near Bastia. The National
Front for the Liberation of Corsica claimed responsibility for the attack. F--~ 25X1
Muslim separatists, who have long been funded by Libya.
Thailand: Bomb explodes inside compound of US Consulate in Songkhla. The
bomb was thrown from a passing car and caused minor damage, but no casualties.
No one has claimed responsibility for the incident, but local authorities suspect
used.
Greece: Suitcase containing Semtex explosive found on beach east of Athens. It is
not known what group was responsible for the device or how it was intended to be
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Sri Lanka: Bomb explodes in Colombo police station, injuring nine persons.
Bomb disposal experts had found a suspicious parcel on a bus and were examining
it at the time it went off. Tamil rebels are believed responsible for the device. F
Irish accord.
United Kingdom: Police arrest three men after discovering arms cache in London.
The weapons probably were meant for a Protestant group opposed to the Anglo-
West Germany: Firebombing of NATO pipeline pumping station in Vollersode
causes extensive damage. Unidentified perpetrators cut through a wire mesh fence
and threw an incendiary device inside. There have been no claims of responsibility.
executive was killed the day before by an unknown assailant.
France: Bomb explodes at building housing American Express and Control Data
Corporation offices in Lyon. A slogan reading "Control Data, American Express,
Black and Decker, go home" was found painted on a wall near the building. No
group has claimed credit for the bombing, but police suspect the domestic faction
of the terrorist group Action Directe was responsible. A Black and Decker
Provisional Irish Republican Army probably was responsible.
Northern Ireland: Police defuse massive car bomb in Belfast after receiving
telephone warning. The bomb was set to explode as hundreds of Protestants
marched in annual church parades. There was no claim of responsibility, but the
There was no claim of responsibility.
France: Car bomb in Toulouse causes little damage and no injuries. The stolen
car contained six large bottles of liquid butane-three of which failed to explode.
his arrest.
Portugal: Two gunmen spray Lisbon police station with machinegun fire, injuring
one policeman. The Popular Forces of 25 April (FP-25) claimed that it carried out
the attack in retaliation for a beating suffered by an FP-25 terrorist at the time of
to FP-25. Police estimate the cache may date from late 1984.
Portugal: Weapons discovered in Lisbon residential area, presumably belonging
politically motivated.
Bangladesh: Bomb explodes at Jagannath College, severely wounding lecturer and
guard. No group claimed responsibility, but the blast is thought to have been
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jailed in Cyprus.
Lebanon: Two Cypriot students at American University kidnaped in West Beirut.
No group has taken credit, but Hizballah is probably responsible. The kidnapers
probably hope to obtain the release of three Palestinians and a Hizballah member
credit for the murder, but Sikh extremists probably were responsible.
India: Congress-I Party member shot to death at his village home near Amritsar.
He was the 45th person reported killed in Punjab that month. No one has claimed
held in the park later that same day.
Japan: Bomb detonates in park adjacent to Defense Agency in Tokyo. A suspect,
who was severely injured in the process of arming the device, was arrested. He
probably was preparing the device to explode during a leftist rally scheduled to be
29 April France: Bomb explodes outside Paris meeting place for abortion opposition
groups. There were no injuries. No one has claimed responsibility for the bombing.
but the terrorist group Basque Fatherland and Liberty is suspected.
Spain: Bombs explode at banks and employment office in Bilbao and San
Sebastian, causing damage but no injuries. There were no claims of responsibility,
(Nucleus Faction) later claimed responsibility.
Japan: Communication cables on several trains sabotaged in Tokyo, causing
minor disruptions to service. The saboteurs were protesting the 60th anniversary
celebrations of Emperor Hirohito's reign. The leftist terrorist group Chukaku-ha
India plane on 23 June 1985 that killed 329 persons
Canada: Sikh leader pleads guilty to unlawful possession of explosives and
unregistered restricted weapon in British Columbia. Another Sikh had been
charged with illegal possession of explosives, but charges against him were dropped
in March. The charges stem from the investigation into the bombing of an Air
extremists.
India: Approximately 600 commandos occupy Golden Temple in Amritsar, killing
one Sikh and injuring five others. This assault was handled by the Punjab state
government and carefully coordinated to avoid affronting mainline Sikhs. The last
assault on the Golden Temple was in June 1984 when the late Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi ordered tanks and troops into the complex to flush out armed Sikh
embarrass the government during President Reagan's visit to Bali.
Indonesia: Military police arrest two men in Jakarta with unspecified quantity of
TNT and plastic explosives. Authorities believe the explosives were to be used to
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the same day, the central military hospital received a bogus bomb threat.
Mexico: Mexican Army finds two bombs on military property. Both bombs were
disposed of and a man was apprehended in connection with one of the devices. On
According to press reports, some 70 persons have been killed in the last two
months in apparent retaliation for the 1984 storming of the Golden Temple.
Invasion," claimed responsibility.
France: Three bombs explode in Marseilles area targeted against North African
interests. A previously unknown group, "French Commandos Against a Maghreb
and Liberty warned of the explosive device.
Spain: Police deactivate car bomb near police headquarters building in Bilbao.
An anonymous caller claiming to belong to the terrorist group Basque Fatherland
Palestinians.
Israel: Unknown assailants stab Israeli man in throat, partially paralyzing him.
The attack occurred outside a store in Gaza. No group has claimed credit, but the
attack appears similar to other stabbings thought to be the work of young
Peru: Police discover Tupac Amara sq ehouse in city of Callao. Along with small
arms, explosives, and propaganda materials, police found a list of 14 diplomatic
license plate numbers, including one belonging to the US commercial attache.
17. The blast marked the fifth bomb attack in Jerusalem this year
Israel: Bomb blast in Jerusalem damages two cars. An anonymous caller claimed
responsibility for the attack in the name of the pro-Arafat Palestinian group Force
received, but members of the RAF periphery probably were responsible.
West Germany: Explosion at US mil-*taryfuel depot in Kirchheimbolanden causes
considerable damage, but no injuries. No claims of responsibility have been
assassins.
Peru: Admiral assassinated in handgrenade attack. Rear Adm. Carlos Ponce
Canessa, a member of the Navy's Chief of Staff office, was killed by a five-
member hit team that attacked him with machineguns and grenades as he left his
home. On 30 May police arrested a woman believed to have been one of the
1985.
Nepal: Police arrest several men with explosives who entered the country from
India. They claimed that they were sent by Ram Raja Prasad Singh, the radical
antimonarchist who claimed responsibility for a series of bomb attacks in June
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Kakurokyo (Revolutionary Workers' Association) claimed responsibility.
Japan: Seventeen incendiary devices explode in toilets, garbage cans, and crowded
platforms of Tokyo subway and train stations. There were no casualties or
damage, but morning commuter service was disrupted. The radical left group
1985.
Lebanon: French businessman Camille Sontag kidnaped in West Beirut. No
group has claimed responsibility, but the pro-Iranian group Hizballah is believed
responsible. Sontag is the ninth Frenchman abducted in Lebanon since March
protest the kidnaping of faculty members.
Lebanon: Lebanese Christian professor kidnaped near American University
campus in Beirut. Nabil Matar's kidnaping prompted another university strike to
Birganj, causing no casualties.
Nepal: Unidentified man dies trying to plant bomb at Kathmandu Airport. He
was a member of the Indian-based militant organization led by Ram Raja Prasad
Singh that opposes Nepal's partyless government system. On the same day, two
powerful bombs exploded near the customs office and a municipal building in
who planted the devices.
Pakistan: Police find homemade bombs in National Assembly member's car in
Karachi. Approximately 40 "curfew breakers" were arrested, but it is not known
Colombia: 19th of April Movement claims credit for explosions at two US
companies and British firm in Bogota. The US chancery building may have been
the intended target of one of the bombings
authorities believe the attack was the work of Sendero Luminoso guerrillas.
Peru: Car bomb explodes near Ayaccuho's main plaza, injuring two persons. The
bomb was thought to contain about the equivalent of 15 kilograms of TNT. Local
sixth anniversary of the Sendero Luminoso group.
Peru: Incendiary bombs set in four Lima theaters. In two cases, fires caused
extensive damage, but no casualties; in the other two cases (one of the devices was
in a theater next to the US Embassy), police defused the bombs before they
exploded. No one claimed responsibility, but the attacks came two days before the
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11 June.
Nicaragua: Eight West German construction workers captured by Nicaraguan
Democratic Force during fighting. The FDN admitted capturing them from
garrisons of a Zelaya Department community on the Atlantic coast where they
had been working on a construction project. They were all released unharmed on
government offices and a police precinct. There were no injuries reported.
Peru: Mining town of Cerro de Pasco rocked by dynamite attacks on eve of
Sendero Luminoso's sixth anniversary. Seven explosions caused minor damage to
responsibility.
Brazil: Bomb explodes at Laranjeiras Palace in Rio de Janeiro before dinner for
Salvadoran President. No injuries were reported and there was no claim of
20 May Mexico: Molotov cocktail hurled at US Consulate in Guadalajara by several
unidentified persons. There were no injuries and only minor damage.
incidents the same day; Sikh separatists are suspected in both cases.
India: Sikhs bomb Hindu temple in Amritsar. There were no casualties reported.
The incident occurred after 11 persons had been killed in two separate shooting
May 1985.
United States: Judge sentences Sikh terrorist in Rajiv Gandhi assassination plot
to seven years in prison. He still faces charges in Louisiana for his involvement in
another plot to assassinate Haryana Chief Minister Bhajan Lal in New Orleans in
issued Voluntary Bill of Indictment.
United Kingdom: Judge reinstates charges against three Sikhs after freeing them
on legal technicality. They were charged with plotting to assassinate Prime
Minister Rajiv Gandhi and were ordered to be sent directly for trial under a rarely
newspaper. They were reported to be in good health.
Lebanon: Photographs offour-man French television crew taken hostage in Beirut
on 8 March released in Paris. The pictures showed them reading a current
southern group were responsible for the cache.
Sri Lanka: Police find large quantity of dynamite in garden of house in Colombo.
Police believe the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front and a radical
central government.
Canada: Police charge four Canadian Sikhs with shooting Punjab Cabinet
minister in Vancouver car ambush. The victim was a member of the state's
moderate Akali Party, which came to power in October. The party has been
criticized and attacked by Sikh separatists within India for negotiating with the
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27 May Peru: Bomb explodes at Trujillo Binational Center, injuring two students. Only
minor damage resulted. The Sendero Luminoso group is thought to be responsible.
28 May Afghanistan: Bomb reportedly explodes in hotel in Ghazni, killing four persons
and wounding three others. No group claimed responsibility for the incident.
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