TERRORISM REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP87T00685R000200320002-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 15, 2011
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: February 10, 1986
• Content Type: REPORT

Directorate of
Intelligence
Terrorism Review
10 February 1986
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D/ TR 86-003
10 February 1986
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JC\~~.1
Terrorism Review
1 Focus: The Arrests in Belgium-Filling in the Terrorism Puzzle~~
Highlights
11 Italian Rightwing Terrorism
19 Namibia: SWAPO in Disarray
__ _ _- - _ -
21 The Terrorism Diary for March
25 Chronology of Terrorism-1985 and 1986
Comments and queries are welcome and may be directed to the Executive Editor
This review is published every other week by the Directorate of Intelligence.
Appropriate articles produced by other elements of the CIA as well as by other
agencies of the US Intelligence Community will be considered for publication.
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Focus The Arrests in Belgium-Filling in the Terrorism Puzzle
Belgian police arrested four key members of the Communist Combatant Cells
(CCC) terrorist group on 16 December 1985. Since then they have achieved several
major breakthroughs in their investigations of indigenous terrorism, including the
arrest of an important additional suspect and the discovery of three safehouses
containing explosives, weapons, and documents. These developments allow us to
answer questions about the CCC and give us some insight into another group, the
Revolutionary Front for Proletarian Action (FRAP).
CCC Links to European Groups
Since its inception in October 1984, the CCC has carried out nearly 30 bombing
attacks. When the group first appeared, authorities suspected that it was composed
of members of the radical left that has long existed in Belgium, and it now appears
that this suspicion was correct. Pierre Carette, the recently arrested alleged leader
of the CCC, was a member of the Belgian Support Committee for Red Army
Faction (RAF) prisoners in West Germany-a group believed to have been
involved in the RAF's attempted assassination of Gen. Alexander Haig in Belgium
in 1979. An article written by Carette giving many details of the Haig attack was
among the literature recovered in one of the apartments. During the so-called
Euroterrorist campaign of 1984-85, 'the CCC expressed solidarity with the RAF
in several of its attacks.
There had also been speculation on the close ties between Belgian and French
terrorists. Contacts between the leaders of Action Directe (AD) and Carette date
from the early 1980s-Carette printed AD pamphlets opposing President
Reagan's visit to France in 1982, for example. More recently, on 6 December 1985
the CCC and "Communist Internationalists" in France carried out nearly
simultaneous bombings of a section of the NATO pipeline in Belgium and the
Central European Operating Agency building in Versailles.
explosives from a quarry at Ecaussmes, Belgium, on 4 June 1984 and its
subsequent use by Action Directe, the RAF, and the FRAP has long been
considered a key indicator of some cooperation between those groups.
Secret
D/ TR 86-003
l0 Februart~ 1986
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The first confirmation that the Ecaussines explosives were being used by Belgian
terrorists came when an FRAP device failed to explode in an attempted bombing
on 26 June 1985. The fingerprints of Chantal Paternostre-a leftist lawyer-were
found on the device, and she was apprehended on 15 August
Belgian police located a terrorist safehouse in Brussels
and found the fingerprints of two leaders of Action Directe on the premises. This
development initially caused some confusion, as authorities suspected at that time
that there were links between Action Directe and the CCC but were unsure of the
FRAP's relationships. counterterrorist experts speculated that the
FRAP was a dissident faction of CC
Apparently,) )investigations helped Belgian
police develop new leads into the FRAP as well, because on 16 January they
arrested Luc van Acker-believed to be the technical specialist who fabricated the
FRAP bombs. It is possible that he built the CCC bombs also, as he was originally
identified as a CCC member. The arrest of van Acker brings to six the number of
terrorists in Belgian custody and may represent a significant portion of the active
indigenous terrorists in Belgium.
Outlook
These recent counterterrorist successes have allowed us to answer several questions
about Belgian terrorists and, as further information becomes available, to evaluate
their role in last winter's Euroterrorist "anti-imperialist front." The arrests of the
four CCC members have confirmed suspicions about the identities of some of the
members. We have also established that the theft of the Ecaussines explosives was
an important step in the preparations for the Euroterrorist campaign, and the fact
that it was used by four different groups in three countries is evidence of the level
of contacts and cooperation among them. These ties appear to have been between
individuals within the groups, however, and do not necessarily indicate formal
relationships between the groups. Moreover, there are no indications of other
forms of intergroup cooperation, such as an operational coordinator or central
funding source.
In our judgment, the CCC has been hurt badly by the arrests of its members. It is
less likely to take part in anti-NATO attacks in the coming months, but it is
possible that the CCC members at large could renew contacts with the RAF and
participate in future activities of the anti-imperialist front. The RAF is said to be
seeking recruits from among "West European guerrillas" to keep the idea of an
anti-imperialist resistance movement alive and would welcome the remnants of the
CCC. The RAF is the largest and most dangerous West European terrorist
organization, and, if it were to share its resources with the CCC, the remaining
Belgian terrorists could resume operations.
In view of the recent successes, we judge that the probability of terrorist attacks in
Belgium is low for the immediate future. The hardcore members of the group still
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at large may be capable of carrying out attacks on public ofTicials-perhaps a
kidnaping or an assassination-in an effort to win freedom for their imprisoned
comrades.
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US Citizen Reportedly Targeted for Assassination
During the week of 20 January, at least one member of the leftist Farabundo
Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) attempted to photograph a US citizen
in the Zona Rosa area of San Salvador for a particular assassination attempt.
West Germany Terrorist Support Groups Meet in Frankfurt
An unprecedented overt convention of leftists associated with the support structure
of West European terrorist groups began in Frankfurt-am-Main on 31 January
and was scheduled to run through 4 February. Under the theme of "anti-
imperialist and anticapitalist resistance," the meeting reportedly planned to
discuss the political situations in the Middle East, Central America, West
Germany, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Spain, and Western Europe in general. Also
slated for discussion were the struggles of Basque and Kurdish ethnic groups.
Although West German authorities expected between 200 and 1,000 persons to
attend, actual first-day attendance reportedly was only slightly more than the
lower figure.
West German leftwing activists in the periphery of the Red Army Faction (RAF)
have been trying, without success, to organize such a conference since late last
year. Now that it has finally taken place, German authorities are uncertain what
effect it will have on the anti-imperialist united front campaign launched last
winter by the RAF, the French group Action Directe, and the Belgian Communist
Combatant Cells. Any multilateral meeting of supporters of West European
terrorist groups, however, will be closely monitored by the relevant security
services.
(RAF) member, on 13 January in Hannover
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Most Wanted RAF Member Arrested
West German police apprehended Annelie Becker, a leading Red Army Faction
arrests topped off a monthlong investigation that led police to a safehouse.
Secret
DI TR 86-003
10 February 1986
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Secre[
in Middle Eastern hashish.
Arab Arms Cache Discovered
On 30 December, Belgian authorities arrested four individuals, including two
Arabs, in connection with an arms and explosives cache discovered in a video store
in Hasselt. The Arabs attracted attention upon their arrival in Belgium when a
passport check identified one of them as a suspected terrorist. The video store
owner, who met the Arabs at Brussels' Zaventem Airport, had previously been
arrested for illegal arms possession and in 1983 had been convicted for trafficking
Although the arrested Arabs have not been linked to any terrorist organization,
arrested were planning an attack against the Brussels airport.
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assassination attempt on a Libyan diplomat in Madrid.
Three Spanish Embassy Officials Kidnaped
The three men were seized in West Beirut on 17 January. Two hostages are
Lebanese citizens; the third, a Spanish citizen, is a member of Spain's Special
Operations Group sent to Beirut to protect the Embassy. The kidnapers are
demanding the release of relatives, two Shia Muslims imprisoned fora 1983
Sadr, who disappeared during a trip to Libya in August 1978.
The two Shia prisoners in Madrid-Muhammad Rahal and Mustafa Ali Jalil-
are members of the so-called Musa Sadr Brigade, a faction within the mainline
Shia Amal militia that apparently is not controlled by Amal leader Nabih Barri.
The brigade has launched several attacks against Libyan targets in Lebanon and
Europe, demanding that Libya disclose the fate of the Shia cleric Imam Musa
December
Omani security authorities on 16 December
arrested a member of the leftist Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO)
while he was checking on an arms cache in the Dhofar region near the border with
the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen). The arms discovered
included Soviet-origin automatic rifles, ammunition, handgrenades, explosives,
landmines, PG-7 antitank rockets, and mortars. After interrogating the PFLO
operative, Omani officials arrested 11 more members of the group on 19
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faction may increase the likelihood of such activity.
The PFLO-with extensive support from South Yemen-led a major rebellion
against the Omani Government in the early 1970s. The uprising was crushed, and
many members of the group fled to South Yemen. In the early 1980s, Sultan
Qaboos began issuing amnesty decrees to Omani citizens in exile; the PFLO
apparently took advantage of this policy to insert operatives into Oman for future
subversive terrorist activity. The recent seizure of power in Aden by a hardline
Forged Moroccan Passport Discovered in Arrest
The passport, concealed in a "Kleenex" box, was discovered in the home of a
Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers (PRTC) support officer in San
Salvador on 22 January. The individual who held the document was preparing to
leave for Mexico City that day, where he was to meet at the airport the person
responsible for passing PRTC travelers through Mexico. The passport was
originally issued in Rabat to a Moroccan
in San Salvador, in which 13 persons, six of them Americans, were killed.
These documents have been
counterfeited by Syrians and several Palestinian groups and are widely available in
Europe. Middle Eastern terrorists frequently use them for travel in Europe and the
Middle East. The PRTC was responsible for the 19 June 1985 Zona Rosa attack
Terrorist Bombing Campaign
The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) and Sendero Luminoso (SL)
terrorist groups apparently were responsible for a round of bombings that began 20
January and lasted several days. According to press reports, the MRTA carried
out at least eight dynamite attacks against businesses catering to the wealthy in
two exclusive districts in Lima. The MRTA also claimed responsibility for other
attacks-including explosions at a Sears store and a movie theater in Lima-but
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there is some speculation that Sendero Luminoso was responsible. In Cerro de
Pasco, presumed SL terrorists set off approximately 10 bombs against a mining
center, a political party office, a police station, and several other public buildings.
The bombing spree caused extensive property damage and numerous injuries but
no deaths.
The two groups have not previously worked together, and there is no evidence that
they coordinated these attacks. Because the MRTA and Sendero Luminoso use
similar tactics and targets in urban areas, it is difficult to attribute responsibility
for many attacks. However, the MRTA typically has attacked symbols of
privilege, and the likelihood of incidental injury to US personnel will increase if
the attacks continue.
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Italian Rightwing Terrorism
Though often overshadowed by violence from the left,
rightist terrorism remains a problem for Italian
authorities. Since the train bombing in December
1984 that killed 15 passengers and wounded more
than 100, most activity by rightwing groups has
consisted of low-level armed and incendiary attacks
against domestic targets. We expect this trend to
continue throughout 1986 unless a number of exiled
rightist terrorists return to Italy-and we have no
indication that they will. In the past we have detected
no particular pattern to periodic upsurges in Italian
rightwing terrorism, although in some cases these
appear to have been in response to intensified leftist
activity.
Background
Rightist violence in Italy has a long history dating
back to the 19th century and exemplified by the
activities of Mussolini's Black Shirts in the early
1920s. The most recent resurgence began in the late
1960s as a response to a leftward national political
drift and escalated to the point that rightwing violence
was responsible for the majority of deaths and injuries
attributed to terrorism in Italy during the 1970s.
Although rightwing terrorism is not as active today as
it was in the last decade, it remains a serious threat to
Since rightwing terrorism reemerged in the late
1960s, six groups apparently have been responsible for
most of the violence: the New Order, the National
Vanguard, the Black Order, the Third Position, the
Armed Revolutionary Nuclei (NAR), and the Popular
Revolutionary Movement.' Most of these rightwing
groups borrow their symbols from Roman and Fascist
mythology and history and claim to represent
' Many of the same individuals revolve through various neofascist
groups, most of which tend to discard old names for new ones or
operate simultaneously under several names. For example, the New
Order apparently created the National Vanguard before becoming
the Black Order, which in turn gave life to the lrmed
Revolutionary Nuclei. The latter group has also conducted terrorist
attacks under the name of the Popular Revolutionary Movement.
The Afi?ermath of Rightwing Terrorism
The unsolved 1980 Bologna railway station massacre
that killed 85 people is still a sensitive topic in Italian
politics Pave years after the event. !n August 1.985,
thousands of people attended an annual
demonstration in Bologna to protest the unsuccessful
police investigation. Although there is no solid
evidence in recent years linking Italian security
services to rightwing terrorists, two./ormer military
intelligence servicemen are now under indictment,for
obstructing the judicial investigation into the
bombing. Similar accusations by politicians and
newspapers havesueled the Italian people's
frustrations.
nationalism, anticommunism, anticapitalism, and
rigid order. Just as Italian Fascists did in the past,
these new groups seek to create an atmosphere of
tension in order to make the government appear
impotent and thus provoke popular demands for the
restoration of law and order.
At present, terrorists on the right appear to have
neither the organizational structure nor the support
network of their counterparts on the left.l
it is widely alleged
t at they have ties to the Italian Social Movement
(MSI), a legal political party. There are also
indications that some MSI members engage in
rightist terrorism or are in close contact with those
who do. ~~
Until recently, the targeting and tactics of rightist
terrorists have been neither as selective nor as
sophisticated as those of their leftist counterparts. The
Secret
D/ TR 86-003
10 Februnn~ 1986
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Armed Revolutionary Nuclei (Nuclei Armati
Rivoluzionari)
Third Position (Terza Posizone)
Popular Revolutionary Movement (Movimento
Popolare Rivoluzionario)
Black Order (Ordine Nero)
New Order (Ordine Nuovo)
National Vanguard (Avanuardia Nazionale)
Armed Revolutionary Movement (Movimento
Armato Rivoluzionario)
Compass Card (Rosa dei Venti)
National Front (Fronte Nazionale)
Mussolini Action Sguads (Squadre d'Azione
Mussolini)
The Phoenix (La Fenice)
Tolfa Brigands (Briganti della Tolfa)
Italians' Protection Association (Associazione
Protezione Italiani)
,4ryan Brotherhood (Fratellanza Ariana)
F,xecutioners o.1'Italy (Giustizieri d'Italia)
Fascist Revolutionary Nuclei (Nuclei Fascisti
Rivoluzionari)
Popular Revolutionary Opposition (Opposizione
Popolare Rivoluzionario)
South Tyrolean Homeland League (Suedtiroler
Heimatbund)
most spectacular rightist terrorist operations during
the previous two decades involved the indiscriminate
use of explosive devices in public places and on public
conveyances. Five high-casualty bombings-train
stations in Milan in 1969, Bresilia in 1974, and
Bologna in 1980; and express trains in 1974 and
December 1984-were attributed to the right,
although neither police investigations nor judicial
procedures have succeeded in positively identifying or
punishing the perpetrators. Rightist groups in Italy
have not been known to target US persons or
interests.
Since the early 1980s, however, with many of their
old-line leaders in jail or exile, rightist terrorists have
increasingly come to resemble leftist terrorists in their
modus operandi. They are now targeting more
selectively, expanding their use of firearms, and
claiming responsibility for their attacks more
routinely. Over the last several years, most of their
attacks have been carried out by the NAR, primarily
against students, journalists, leftists, police, and
magistrates who have acted against rightists. Right
Dangerous Prospects
In large measure, the new wave of Italian rightwing
terrorists consists mainly of youths who are fascinated
with the doctrine and trappings of the Fascist
movement and are responding to the perceived
cultural and political challenge posed by their more
radicalized-and publicized-leftist peers. This
younger generation, however, suffered a severe blow
in May when 53 rightists--mostly in their early
twenties-received sentences of 18 months to 23 years
in prison.
More serious is the potential threat that could come
from "old guard" rightists-those active in the late
1960s and 1970s-many of whom are now living
abroad as fugitives. Members of this older generation
have recently been reported in France, Ecuador, and
Paraguay. If the old guard were to return to action
and assume leadership of the new recruits, the tempo
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West German Rightwing Extremists
Unlike the situation in Italy, violence by rightwing
extremist groups in West Germany has been almost
nonexistent in recent months-no more than some
vandalism and threats against foreign guest
workers-and is unlikely to pose even an indirect
threat to the West German Government or US
interests in 1986. Indeed, most of the groups appear
to be concerned that an outbreak of rightwing
terrorism could create an anti-Nazi backlash. The
last rightwing attacks involving US facilities and
personnel in West Germany occurred in 1982 aganist
the privately owned vehicles of US servicemen
Kexel-Hepp. The best known practitioner of
rightwing terrorism, the "Kexel-Hepp Group, "was
put out ojbusiness in mid-1985. That group had been
founded in June 1982 by two West German rightwing
activists, Walther Kexel and Odfried Hepp. They had
been members ojseparate neo-Nazi groups, Kexel in
the People's Socialist Movement/Workers' Party and
Hepp with the Military Sports Group Hoffman. The
new group.first committed robberies in November
1982 and then bombed US military targets in
December, severely injuring two US soldiers.
Their reign of terror was cut short, however, when
Kexel and another member were arrested by British
police in February 1983. ,after he received a 14-year
sentence from a West German court for the 1982
attacks, Kexel committed suicide in prison on
of rightist violence could increase dramatically in
Italy, especially if leftist violence were present to serve
as a catalyst. We have no indication that this scenario
will occur in the near future. In the meantime, the
rightists will continue to take lives, and the current
pattern of sustained low-level violence-periodically
punctuated by unpredictable bloody bombings-is
likely to persist.
17 March 1985. Shortly theregJter, on 8 April,
French authorities arrested Hepp in a Paris
apartment. The French agreed to extradite him to
West Germany to face robbery charges, but have so
far refused to include the more serious attacks
against the US military personnel.
Hepp had a long history of involvement with Middle
Eastern terrorist groups. In 1980, he reportedly
trained with the Palestinian Fatah in Lebanon as a
member of the Hoffman group.
These old ties
were evidently still warm in early 1985. On the same
day as Hepp's arrest, a Palestinian carrying a
Tunisian passport also was arrested in Parts in
connection with a delivery of a suitcasefull of
weapons.
It is precisely this sort of marriage of
convenience between indigenous West European
groups and Middle Eastern terrorists that concern
Western authorities, but no new information has
come to light since Hepp's arrest on such cooperation
with West German rightwing groups.
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Terrorism Comes
to Luxembourg
Luxembourg is the most recent European victim of
terrorism. Since April 1985, unknown persons have
carried out 14 bombings against domestic targets. The
attacks have caused only minor injuries and no
fatalities, but in several cases substantial property
damage resulted. So far, US or NATO interests have
not been targeted, but future attacks cannot be ruled
out. Government officials are increasingly under
pressure to put a stop to the bombings, but their
efforts will be hampered by the inexperience of the
security forces in counterterrorism operations.
Terrorism Emerges
The first indication of nascent terrorism in
Luxembourg was a series of thefts of explosives from
quarries that took place in early February 1985. In
several separate incidents, thieves stole almost 400
kilograms of explosives, detonators, detonator cord,
and related material. Luxembourg officials assumed
the thefts were the work of foreign terrorists, with the
newly emerged Communist Combatant Cells in
Belgium the prime suspects, but it now appears that
indigenous elements were responsible. The string of
bombings began two months after the thefts (see
accompanying chronology). The stolen explosives
apparently were not used in the initial attacks, but
they have turned up in the most recent bombings.
The first two bombings were against pylons
supporting powerlines and were thought to be part of
an extortion campaign directed against the state-
owned electric company. An unknown group-the
"Fighting Ecological Movement"-claimed
responsibility for the attacks, but the Luxembourg
authorities do not consider the claims to be legitimate.
Since this modest beginning, however, the bombers
have struck a variety of targets, including the
telephone network, a newspaper, a gas generating
Chronology oJ'Bombings in Luxembourg, 1985
Date Target
27 April Electrical pylons
7 May Electrical pylons
27 May Gendarmerie building
28 May Electrical pylons
23 June Natural gas line
S July Telephone cables
27 July Newspaper of.~ce
28 August Police post
28 August Department ojBridges and
Highways garage
30 September Swimming pool complex
19 October Palace ojJustice
9 November Ground control approach
equipment, Findel airport
30 November High-voltage powerline
2 December Roadway near EEC Building
Secret
D/ TR 86-003
10 February 1986
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plant, gendarmerie and police posts, a swimming pool
complex, and the airport. Whereas the initial attacks
generally were carried out during nights with full
moons and against unprotected targets, the most
recent bombings have been against occupied targets
during daylight hours. The attack on 2 December
near the European Common Market building-while
a meeting of European chiefs of state was in
progress-suggests that the bombers are growing
bolder and are capable of striking even in the face of
maximum security measures.
Who Are These Guys?
Luxembourg officials believe the perpetrators are
indigenous terrorists, with no links to international
movements or other European terrorist groups, but
they are by no means certain that all the bombings
were conducted by the same persons. One view is that
the bombers are disgruntled civil servants who hold
deep-seated grudges against the government. Some
have speculated that the culprits are rightists, whose
purpose is to harass and embarrass the government.
This view is based on the lack of claims in these
bombings, coupled with a theory that leftists typically
issue political statements or communiques attempting
to justify their use of violence, while rightists tend to
remain silent. Also brought forward as circumstantial
evidence for the rightists' case is the choice of targets:
it is argued that, if the terrorists were leftists, they
would have attacked NATO targets or established
contact with their ideological counterparts in
Belgium, France, or West Germany.
The terrorists-whoever they are or whatever political
persuasion they represent-probably have extensive
training in explosives gained from either service in the
military or the police forces, because their devices
have been constructed in a professional manner and
most of them have gone off as planned. Moreover, the
bombers show a high degree of sophistication in
placing the devices in the precise positions where the
maximum damage could be caused or the blast effects
controlled. In the attack on the swimming pool, for
example, the bomb could have collapsed the entire
prestressed roof had it not been purposely lowered by
cable to reduce the blast effect. In placing this bomb,
the perpetrator also demonstrated athletic skills and
climbing ability. At the same time, the terrorists
Luxembourg Counterterrorism Organization
The Brigade Mobile (BMJ oJ'the National
Gendarmerie, formed in November 1979, responds to
terrorist incidents in Luxembourg. It is also trained
for VIP protection. Personnel are selected jrom the
National Gendarmerie. Normally, the brigade
receives orders.lrom the head oI the Gendarmerie,
but authority to conduct counterterrorist operations
comes.from a Security Committee, whose members
include the commander of the Gendarmerie, the
ministers of interior and justice, the directors of
intelligence and customs, and the commanding officer
of the Army. The brigade has received training in
neighboring countries such as West Germany but has
yet to be tested in a major terrorist incident.
appear to have been consciously attempting to avoid
serious injury to the public
Counterterrorist Response
The government's previous complacent approach to
terrorism has given way to serious efforts to improve
its counterterrorist capabilities. Approximately 100
military personnel-20 percent of the country's total
military strength-were deployed for several months
last summer to reinforce the Gendarmerie throughout
the country. Other recent steps include regrouping the
Gendarmerie and the police under a new unified
command, recruiting additional personnel, beefing up
controls at the airport and access roads, and offering
substantial monetary rewards for information.
Responsibility for counterterrorism rests primarily
with the Luxembourg Intelligence Service (SRL), a
small group of only 29 officers, and the Gendarmerie,
which has about 500 officers. Given its small size and
lack of prior experience in dealing with terrorism,
Luxembourg often calls upon neighboring countries,
particularly West Germany and Belgium, for
technical expertise in investigating bombings and to
support local security forces when major events such
as December's European Community summit meeting
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take place. It is a member of both the Club of Berne
and the EC's Trevi Group, which are multilateral
mechanisms for exchanging information on terrorists
and fostering cooperation in countering them.
Luxembourg's counterterrorist efforts have yet to
achieve any positive results, and it still faces such
problems as friction among the various security
forces, inadequate personnel resources, and essentially
open borders. Visas are required for entry from most
North African countries, but there are few controls
between EC countries, and Benelux visas are
sufficient for entry into Belgium, the Netherlands,
and Luxembourg. The police and Gendarmerie have
resisted previous efforts to create a unified command
and often fail to share information. Any consolidation
of the two forces now is bound to be difficult to
implement. Both groups, however, took part in recent
demonstrations by security personnel calling for more
resources to be devoted to the fight against terrorism.
Outlook
Luxembourg-until recently one of Europe's most
tranquil states-is now coming to grips with a
persistent domestic terrorism. With little training or
experience to start with, its security services have
been unable to cope with the bombing epidemic.
Unless the counterterrorist forces achieve some
success in their efforts, we would expect the bombings
to continue. So far there are no indications that the
terrorists are interested in attacking US or NATO
interests, although there are many US businesses in
the country and the upcoming Reforger military
exercises could provide them with attractive targets.
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Namibia:
SWAPO in Disarray
In our judgment, the insurgent South-West Africa
People's Organization (SWAPO) has been responsible
for the sporadic instances of terrorist violence in
Namibia. The group's best known attack against
foreigners occurred in April 1984 when two American
officers were killed by a SWAPO bomb while buying
gasoline (they probably were not the targets of the
bombing). Since then, however, South African forces
have experienced some success against SWAPO
guerrillas in the field. Recent press reports of terrorist
incidents in Namibia indicate SWAPO is getting a
late start on its rainy-season offensive. Apart from the
success South Africa has had and probably will
continue to have in curbing SWAPO insurgent and
terrorist violence during the rest of 1986, recent
reports of internal dissension also appear responsible
for the continuing decline in the pace of attacks.
SWAPO has recently displayed increasing signs of
disorganization and low morale, as well as a growing
concern that the interim government in Namibia will
sidetrack the UN plan for independence. The inability
of SWAPO to gain a military foothold in Namibia,
tribal conflicts among SWAPO leaders, and growing
impatience over the failure of international
negotiations for Namibia's independence have all
eroded the insurgents' morale. SWAPO also
reportedly is worried that unrest in South Africa has
deflected the concern of the international community
away from the Namibian issue. Nevertheless, the
organization reportedly still has strong grassroots
support within Namibia, especially in Ovamboland,
although growing international conflicts could
diminish its viability as a political force in an
independent Namibia
Eroding Support
Rivalry between the dominant Ovambo tribe, whose
members hold over three-fourths of the top leadership
positions in SWAPO, and the various minority tribes
has long been a problem for the organization.
guerrilla force-the People's Liberation Army of
Namibia-indicated in late October that two
SWAPO foreign representatives-both Caprivis-
and the acting Defense Secretary, Richard Kapelwa,
would be relocated. This month SWAPO announced
that Kapelwa had been appointed special adviser to
SWAPO leader Sam Nujoma, and the position of
defense secretary was given to Peter Mueshihange,
another Ovambo and formerly Secretary for Foreign
Affairs. The transfer of Kapelwa, the only Caprivi on
SWAPO's Central Committee, from guerrilla
headquarters in Lubango, Angola, to Luanda has
given the Ovambo tribe a clear hold over SWAPO's
military offices. Ovambos now occupy the posts of
military commander, deputy commander, political
commissar, and defense secretary.
SWAPO's foreign backers, including the USSR,
Cuba, the Organization of African Unity, and
Zambia, appear increasingly concerned with the
organization's internal problems.
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Nonaligned Movement summit in Luanda that
SWAPO would intensify its armed struggle against
Namibia probably was intended to bolster sagging
morale within the organization and to reassure foreign
backers. Nujoma's tour in December of several West
African states, including Nigeria and Ghana,
probably was an effort to garner support. Although
press reports indicate that he received a warm
reception, no evidence of any tangible aid has
surfaced since the meeting.
SWAPO probably hopes that more military activity
might allow it to recover lost prestige.
Press reports of
attacks and seizures of small-arms caches within
Namibia confirm SWAPO's commitment to
continuing the armed struggle.
Outlook
This year's rainy-season offensive, which was
probably delayed in part because of a lack of rain in
early November, is unlikely to be any more successful
than in previous years. During last year's offensive,
South African forces successfully intercepted
SWAPO guerrilla units just inside Namibia and
captured an entire SWAPO special unit in the
Kavango region of northern Namibia. Nevertheless,
SWAPO probably will continue to conduct low-level
terrorist attacks, particularly against white farmers,
in northern Namibia. The unpopular practice of
abducting Namibian villagers to fill guerrilla ranks
also is likely to continue.
SWAPO's internal problems are unlikely to be solved
in the near term. The organization's continued
military impotence and the deadlocked negotiations
for Namibian independence based on UN Resolution
435 have put SWAPO effectively on the sidelines with
little chance of making enough political or military
headway to buttress sagging morale.
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1 March 1878
2 March 1956
2 March 1972
2 March 1977
3 March 1961
4 March 1982
10 March 1979
I1 March 1966
12 March 1880
12 March
12 March 1968
13 March 1979
14 March 1975
Below is a compendium of March dates of known or conceivable sign(f~cance to
terrorists around the world. Our inclusion of a date or event should not by itself
be construed to suggest that we expect or anticipate a commemorative terrorist
The Terrorism Diary for March
Bulgaria. Independence Day.
Morocco. Independence Day (termination of Treaty of Fez).
El Salvador. Founding of People's Revolutionary Army (ERP).
Libya. Establishment of People's Congresses.
Morocco. Accession of King Hassan to throne.
Colombia, United States. Effective date of extradition treaty aimed at narcotics
traffickers.
Ghana. Independence Day.
Kurdish regions. Algerian Accord between Iran and Iraq abandoning support to
the Kurds.
Kurdish regions. Death of Kurdish leader Mulla Mustafa. Barzani.
Indonesia. President Sukarno turns over power to Soeharto.
Turkey. Birthday of Ataturk.
Gabon. National Day.
Mauritius. Independence Day.
Grenada. Coup d'etat by Maurice Bishop (national day).
Japan. Chukaku-ha (Nucleus Faction) Secretary General Honda assassinated by
rival radical groups.
Angola. Founding of National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA).
Armenians. Signing of Soviet-Turkish border treaty that ended Armenian hopes of
establishing a separate independent state.
Ireland. St. Patrick's Day (national day).
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D/ TR 86-003
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20 March 1956
20 March 1981
21 March
21 March
23 March 1956
24 March 1976
24 March 1980
24 March 1972
25 March 1980
25 March 1932
25 March 1975
26 March 1971
26 March 1978
28 March 1980
28 March 1980
28 March
29 March 1969
Tunisia. Independence Day.
Colombia. Death of M-19 terrorist Carmenza Londono ("La Chiqui").
Kurdish regions. Kurdish New Year.
Palestinians. "International Day of Solidarity With the Struggle of the Arab
People of Palestine Against Israeli Aggressors."
South Africa. "Sharpeville Massacre" of black demonstrators by security forces.
Arab League. Founding of Arab League (original members: Egypt, Iraq, Jordan,
Lebanon, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and Syria).
Pakistan. Pakistan Day (founding of Islamic republic).
Argentina. President Isabel Peron ousted by Gen. Jorge Rafael Videla.
El Salvador. Archbishop Oscar Arnulfo Romero assassinated by rightists.
Northern Ireland. Beginning of direct rule by the British Government.
El Salvador. US Embassy attacked by Popular Liberation Forces (FPL) in
response to assassination of Archbishop Oscar Arnulfo Romero the previous day.
Since then, FPL attacks have been relatively more frequent between 25 March
and 6 April than during rest of year.
Greece. Greek Revolution Memorial Day (commemorating independence from
Turkey).
Iraq. Independence Day.
Saudi Arabia. Assassination of King Faisal and accession of King Khalid.
Bangladesh. Independence Day.
Egypt, Israel. Peace agreement ratified.
El Salvador. Government expropriates plantations; Salvation Movement of 28
March (MS-28) takes its name from this event.
Italy. Four members of Red Brigades die in shootout with Carabinieri in Genoa.
Palestinians. National Day.
Philippines. Founding of New People's Army, military arm of Communist Party
of the Philippines.
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30 March Christian world. Easter Sunday.
30 March 1974 Turkey. Death of terrorist Mahir Cayan, member of Turkish People's Liberation
Party.
30 March 1976 Palestinians. Day of the Homeland.
31 March 1964 Brazil. President Goulart ousted by military coup.
31 March Malta. National Day.
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Chronology of Terrorism-1985 and 19860 25X1
Below are described noteworthy.foreign and international events involving
terrorists, or the use of terrorist tactics, which have occurred or come to light
since our last issue. In some cases, the perpetrators and their motivations may not
be known. Events and developments that have already been described elsewhere in
- -----.-r-..-~. ~.?.?~,?..,.~? b..,.,,[c[[ [[[[[[~K c[v[[[ans [n runawpawan. i nree persons
were killed and 10 others seriously wounded. No group has claimed responsibility.
- ?----rr-??-?~? ?-? ??w? ?uuwsswisw n[[[ w[[[l[J[C! [[/[[[ lay worKer near c,agayan det
Oro. The victim, pastor of a United Church of Christ church, had received death
threats. No one has claimed credit for the murder, but authorities believe the
attackers-who numbered about 15-were members of the New People's Army.
23 December Japan: Police arrest Chukaku-ha member, two other men in arson attempt. The
three had placed a timed incendiary device under a construction company vehicle
in Tokyo and were arrested for violating an explosive devices control law and
obstructing police officers. The construction company is working on the Narita
Irrigation System of the New Tokyo International Airport
23-29 December Colombia: Four employees of US subsidiary of Texas Instruments and Occidental
Petroleum kidnaped by 40 ELN guerrillas.
The four are probably Colombian citizens.
26 December Cyprus: Attempted assassination oJ'PLO representative in Nicosia,foiled. APLO
security officer fired on three unidentified men attempting to plant a bomb under a
vehicle belonging to the PLO representative. An anonymous caller later claimed
the "Eagles of the Revolution" had condemned the representative to death.
2 January India: Five suspected Sikh extremists kill one constable, wound another aboard
Punjab bus. The assailants escaped after robbing the passengers and taking the
Burma: Karen separatists kill 46 persons, injure 136 others in.ferryboat attack.
The Inland Waterways Transport Corporation ferry was hit by rebel fire while on
a regular run from Moulmein to Kya-in Seikkyi. The Karen ethnic minority has
been fighting for an independent state since Burma gained independence from
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3 January Pakistan: Bomb blast in market kills four men in Khyber Pass tribal area. The
bombing came after Pakistani troops launched a crackdown in the region against
dissident tribesmen who were receiving arms from the Afghan Government.
Although no one has claimed credit for the bombing, local authorities suspect that
an agent of Khad, the Afghan security service, was responsible.
Pakistan: Time bomb found in Aina Cinema in Peshawar. The device was set to
detonate shortly after intermission, when the theater would be filled with
moviegoers. An Afghan suspect has been arrested in the cas
Philippines: Body oJ'kidnaped Australian businessman found near village of
Tignapoloan. He had been abducted on 20 December, probably by members of the
New People's Army (NPA), near the city of Cagayan del Oro. Australian aid
workers were withdrawn from Samar Island last year after they received a lengthy
"lecture" by armed members of the NPA.
Philippines: Police kill Jour New People's Army members in Butuan City.
4 January South Africa: Landmine explosion kills white.Jarmer and his wife near Ellisras.
That mine and some others used in recent attacks along the Zimbabwe border
probably came from an African National Congress (ANC) depot that had been
evacuated earlier. The ANC has claimed responsibility for the previous attacks.
India: Police chief two other persons killed in Punjab attack. Extremists fighting
for a separate Sikh state in Punjab are suspected.
S January West Germany: Three armed men hold up two border patrol members in Luebeck.
The assailants took two submachineguns, two pistols, and a police radio. Police
have conflicting evidence as to responsibility, and suspect either a rightwing or
leftwing terrorist group.
Early to mid-January Pakistan: Authorities conduct brief campaign to X-ray all diplomatic pouches.
The government, reacting to a report that the terrorist group Al-Zulfikar planned
to smuggle weapons into the country in a diplomatic pouch, carried out the
procedure for about two weeks. The practice spurred sharp protests from foreign
embassies, but the government said it felt the blanket treatment was more
defensible than attempting to target only those pouches belonging to Libya or the
Palestine Liberation Organization, the most likely suspects.
6 January India: Suspected Sikh extremist gunmen wound three persons near bus stop in
Sangrur District. No one has claimed responsibility for the attack.
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7 January South Arica: Police kill suspected ~4frican National Congress member near East
London. According to press accounts, a large but unspecified quantity of Soviet or
.,, _
8 January South Arica: Police kill member ofArican National Congress in abortive
grenade attack in Soweto. They reportedly found a variety of weapons in the dead
9 January West Bank: Ramallah Military Court sentences Palestinian terrorist to nine-year
prison term jor incendiary attacks. The terrorist, a member of the Democratic
Front for the Liberation of Palestine had attacked, among other targets, a tourist
L _._ 1
Pakistan: Landmine kills IS, injures IOAghan refugees in North-West Frontier
Province. The mine exploded under their vehicle as they were returning to camp
f
rom Sadda. No one has claimed responsibility.
Pakistan: Bomb explodes near movie theater, injuring jour persons in Peshawar.
Police reportedly suspect agents of Khad, the Afghan security service.
10 January Colombia: Three cattle ranchers killed in Huila and Santander Departments. The
first victim was killed when he resisted guerrillas of the Revolutionary Armed
Forces of Colombia who were attempting to kidnap him. The two other ranchers
were reportedly killed for refusing to pay 1 million pesos in kidnap protection
- ~~
India: Four suspected Sikh militants kill opponent in Kapurthala District. At the
time of the attack, the victim had been speaking against a campaign by the radical
All-India Sikh Students Federation. Police chased the attackers and killed one
I1 January Spain: Terra Lliure claims responsibility for bomb attacks in Barcelona and
Mataro. The blasts caused considerable damage, but no injuries.
14 January Spain: Bombing of French Peugeot auto showroom in San Sebastian causes
damage but no injuries. The Basque terrorist group Fatherland and Liberty
E
(
TA), which has attacked other French business concerns, is suspected.
Spain: Bomb destroys French truck in Irun. Police removed and detonated a
second bomb found under another truck. Police suspect the Basque terrorist group
~T ~ i i
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West Bank: Police dismantle small explosive device in northern Jerusalem
warehouse complex. No group has claimed responsibility.
IS January Spain: Three suspected members of ETA-Military Wing killed near San
Sebastian. A civil guard patrol observed two men and a woman machine-gunning
a French-registered truck. When the attackers resisted arrest, the patrol returned
fire and killed all three.
16 January United Kingdom: Unidentified gunman wounds prominent member of Britain's
Sikh community outside his west London home. The victim was shot in the right
eye and ear.
Netherlands: Amsterdam police seize large arms cache and arrest three men
linked to Provisional Irish Republican Army. One of the men, Brendan
McFarlane, reportedly was behind the IRA's Maze Prison escape in 1983.
United Arab Emirates: Small explosion damages Abu Dhabi building housing
airline o,~ces of Pan Am, Syrian, and South Yemeni airlines. No injuries were
reported and no group claimed responsibility
19 January Chile: US-Chilean Cultural Institute, train station, and bus terminal in Yina del
Mar damaged by explosions. No organization claimed responsibility for these
dynamite attacks, but in December the Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front claimed
responsibility for three similar attacks, one of which caused the death of a guard.
21 January Northern Ireland: Mortar attack on headquarters of Ulster Defense Regiment in
ibilit
d
y.
respons
Dungannon injures two members. The Provisional IRA claime
Northern Ireland: Provisional Irish Republican Army attacks British Army
border patrol near Crossmaglen in south Armagh. The Army denied the
Provisional IRA's claim that several soldiers were wounded in the attack.
Spain: Grenade attack on civil guard convoy near San Sebastian seriously injures
two guardsmen. The attack took place on the same highway where three suspected
members of the Basque terrorist group Fatherland and Liberty-Military Wing
were killed on 15 January.
Lebanon: Car bomb explodes near Phalange Party o,~ce in East Beirut, killing
22 and wounding more than 100. The unclaimed bombing may be the work of
either Lebanese forces loyal to Elie Hobeyka, who supported the Syrian-sponsored
Lebanese peace agreement, or-less likely-the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.
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23 January United Kingdom: Gunmen kill Sikh General Secretary of Indian Overseas
Congress near London. This was the third attack on Sikh moderates in the United
Kingdom since November 1985-the second such murder in eight days-and
reflects extremist anger over the widespread support of moderates for the Punjab
accnrr~c I I
Greece: Letter bomb explodes at Athens Public Power Company in Athens; another
defused at the Federation of Greek Industries. The terrorist group Revolutionary
Peonle'c .1}r110R~P nln:... u,7 .,...~____t_?1?.
25 January
26 January
Northern Ireland: Bomb explodes as police investigate activated burglar alarm at
service station in Omagh. Five police officers were treated for shock
N
.
o group
ClAll'T10('~ racnnne:ha:F.,
Ireland: Police seize large quantity of arms in three raids in Sligo and
Roscommon Counties. According to press reports, police believe the guns and
ammuniti
b
l
on
e
ong to the Provisional Irish Republican Army.O
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Israel: Bomb explodes near outdoor market in Ha~/a frequented by Arab day
laborers. The blast caused no casualties and no
l
i
group c
a
med responsibility.
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27 January Chile: Yina del Mar resort town hit by more bomb attacks. Two downtown movie
theaters were damaged, but there were no casualties. Several dynamite and
incendiary bomb attacks had destroyed three buses within the previous three days
in Valparaiso and Vina del Mar. No group has claimed responsibility for these
attacks.~~
28 January West Bank: Father and daughter shot outside their home near Hebron by unknown
attackers. A Jerusalem radiobroadcast said the victims, presumably Arabs, may
have been targeted because they were suspected of cooperating with Israeli
authorities.)
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