TERRORISM REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP87T00685R000200220002-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 18, 2011
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: September 9, 1985
• Content Type: REPORT

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Directorate of
Intelligence
Terrorism Review
9 September 1985
Secret
GI TR 85-018
9 September 1985
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Terrorism Review I 25X1
1 Focus: Increasing West Bank Violence: Sitting on a Powderkeg
DI/OGI
3 Highlights
Terrorism Analysis Branch, DI/OGI
Nicaragua: Response to Terrorism Charges
17 A Decade of Terrorist Aircraft Hijacking
25 Chronology of Terrori
Terrorism Analysis Branch
sm-1985
, DI/OGI
This review is publish
Appropriate articles p
ed every ot
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other elements of the CIA as
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well as by oth
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Comments and querie
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Terrorism Review
Focus Increasing West Bank Violence: Sitting on a Powderkeg
Terrorist activity on the Israeli-occupied West Bank has increased over the past
year. Since August 1984, 12 Israelis have been killed on the West Bank or in
remote areas of Israel near the West Bank. Although a variety of Palestinian
groups have claimed credit for the attacks-often after they were reported in the
media-we do not think that the attacks are part of a coordinated offensive.
Rather, the attacks appear to stem from the frustrations of a younger, and
potentially more radical, generation of West Bank Palestinians tired of the lack of
visible progress by the traditional PLO leaders and the PLO terrorist cells. The
Israeli response to these attacks has been the establishment of curfews and the
demolition of the homes of suspected terrorists. There is little reason to believe,
however, that Israel's policies will deter Palestinian terrorists on the West Bank.
The Israelis attribute the rise in terrorist activities to the growing PLO presence in
Jordan. Though the size of the PLO contingency in Jordan has increased since the
Israeli invasion of Lebanon, the PLO's Western Sector Department, which is
responsible for directing terrorist activities in the occupied territories, has long had
an office in Amman and has operated for years in Israel and the occupied
territories with some success. The Jordanian security forces, however, have had
considerable success in preventing the infiltration of Palestinian terrorists into
Israel since the 1970 civil war. We believe that there is no demonstrative direct
link between the recent increase in West Bank violence and the increasing PLO
presence in Jordan. The Jordanians have long placed considerable constraints on
PLO activity emanating from Jordan, making an increase in West Bank attacks
from Jordan an unlikely possibility.
The Israelis also attribute the increase in West Bank violence, at least in part, to
the release in May 1985 of some 1,150 terrorist prisoners. They were greeted as
heroes upon their return to the West Bank, where younger Palestinians may have
been inspired by their example and their avoidance of long-term imprisonment.
The exchange may have encouraged would-be terrorists to assume that their
release would be secured if they are caught and imprisoned by the Israelis.
Although we do not have specific evidence that any of those released have returned
to terrorist activities, it seems likely that some have done so.
Individual Arabs probably have been responsible for most of the West Bank
attacks, which do not bear the earmarks of any established Palestinian
organization. The current generation of young Palestinians, which has grown up
experiencing only Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza, is becoming
increasingly radicalized. Repeated promises by Palestinian leaders that they would
secure an independent Palestinian homeland have remained unfulfilled. Moreover,
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GI TR 85-018
9 September 1985
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the perception among West Bankers that the Israeli Government has been lenient
toward anti-Arab actions perpetrated by Jewish settlers, coupled with the rough
treatment by members of the Israeli Defense Forces of West Bank Palestinians
suspected of anti-Israeli activities, have increased Palestinian frustrations.
The result may be a movement away from the moderate West Bank Palestinian
leadership and a steady increase in radicalism-particularly in the universities-
based less on ideology than on feelings of anger and helplessness. Moreover, the
apparent success that Islamic fundamentalists have achieved in using violence to
force the Israelis to withdraw from most of Lebanon may have a strong effect on
the perceptions of the West Bank Palestinians.
Differing treatment accorded Arab and Jewish terrorists may well reinforce the
attraction of violence as the desired tool to achieve Palestinian goals:
? There has been increasing public support for the release of 10 of the 15 members
of the Jewish terrorist group Terror Against Terror, who were convicted in July
on charges ranging from murder to membership in a terrorist organization.
? Over the last several months, Rabbi Kahane's aggressive Jewish
fundamentalism, calling for the expulsion of all Palestinians from Israel and the
occupied territories, has enjoyed growing public support.
? On 18 August Israel's chief infantry and paratroop officer, Brig. Gen. Yitzhak
Mordechai, was acquitted on charges of involvement in the murder of two Arab
terrorists while they were in the custody of the security forces.
Israel's treatment of the Palestinians will continue to fuel antagonisms on the West
Bank, increasing the risk of greater violence. The ingredients for further
spontaneous attacks of violence by West Bank Palestinians and retaliatory violence
by Israeli extremists are still present, and tensions are high. Without some
movement in the stalled peace process by the moderates on both sides, the Israelis
may find themselves confronting a security situation even more difficult to control
than it has been in recent months
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Highlights
Significant Developments
small handguns, detonators, and detonator cord.
In a further development, a police search of a second apartment-tentatively
linked to Paternostre-on 23 August turned up a heavy automatic weapon, some
similar to that used in the attempted bombing.
Government Progress Against FRAP
On 15 August Belgian police arrested a suspected member of the Revolutionary
Front for Proletarian Action (FRAP), Chantal Paternostre, who may be connected
to the unsuccessful attempt to bomb the ACEC Company in Brussels on 26 June.
She was arrested after a preliminary search of an apartment turned up
incriminating documents and diagrams for construction of an explosive device
ETA Offers Truce
Following its campaign of terrorist violence this summer, which left more than 20
people dead, the Spanish Basque separatist group Fatherland and Liberty (ETA)
has again offered a truce to the Spanish Government. But group's insistence that
political negotiations would have to be held with "those really in power"-the
military-dims the chances for any talks. The Spanish military-a prime ETA
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9 September 1985
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independence.
target-would be reluctant to concede to the group's demands. Moreover, the
government has given no signs of easing its demands for unconditional surrender
from the terrorists, and the ETA's membership remains divided between those
willing to negotiate and those who would continue to fight for Basque
West Germany Little Progress in Rhein-Main Investigation
West German authorities are making little headway in their investigation of the
Rhein-Main airbase bombing of 8 August or the murder of US Army soldier
Edward Pimental the previous day. A new letter from the Red Army Faction was
sent to a Frankfurt newspaper on 27 August, claiming responsibility for the
murder. The authors stated they had killed Pimental for his identification card,
which they claimed to have used to gain entrance to the base. They also warned
that they consider US and NATO military bases, equipment, and command posts,
as well as US soldiers, legitimate targets.
credit for the blazes and warned of more fires.
Origin of Forest Fires
Prime Minister Papandreou and other Greek officials have speculated publicly
that several recent forest fires around the country have been set by arsonists as
part of a plan to destabilize the government. Suspicious incendiary devices
reportedly have been found at some fire sites. A caller claiming to represent "21
November"-a suspected rightwing terrorist group that claimed responsibility for
eight explosions in Athens over a two-day period in November 1984-claimed
campaign.
Greek terrorists have set forest fires in the past, most recently in 1981. There is
little verifiable evidence, however, to suggest that the latest fires have been
deliberately set, and no evidence that they are part of an organized terrorist
Party.
Possible Collaboration Among Leftist Groups
During a routine search of a prison in Adana on 13 July, police uncovered two
clandestine bulletins announcing the formation of a joint council of 12 leftwing
extremist groups. The new council embraces a number of organizations that have
conducted acts of terrorism, including Dev Yol (Revolutionary Way), Dev Sol
(Revolutionary Left), and Acilciler (The Swift Ones)-all components of the
Turkish People's Liberation Party/Front-and the separatist Kurdish Labor
among the participants.
This is the second attempt the extremists have made to unite. The short-lived
United Resistance Front Against Fascism-endorsed by most of the groups
involved in the new council-collapsed in 1983 due to ideological differences
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In early August, UAE security forces arrested five
heavily armed Iranians living in the UAE for targeting US diplomatic facilities. In
addition to the US Embassy in Abu Dhabi and the US Embassy office in Dubayy,
the group was also casing other Western embassies, residences of US and French
officials, airport facilities, and UAE utilities. UAE officials believe that an attack
was imminent and that other Iranian cells exist in the UAE. Although this
incident does not mark a new offensive, it reveals Iran's continuing subversive
efforts and Tehran's growing potential to mount terrorist attacks in the region.
continuing effectiveness.
US Oil Company Executive Kidnaped
The leftist 19th of April Movement (M-19) insurgent group claimed responsibility
for the kidnaping on 16 August in Bogota of an American oil company executive,
Michael Stewart. The M-19 "military force," a unit responsible for performing
specific terrorist acts such as bombings and sabotage, apparently carried out the
kidnaping the act may have been part of a broader
plan in pursuit of money or information-perhaps Stewart's knowledge of security
procedures and pipeline areas vulnerable to attack. The group has suffered
setbacks in its recent attacks against the Colombian Government, however, and
the kidnaping may reflect an attempt by the M- 19 to demonstrate the group's
Ecuador, Colombia AVC and M-19 Cooperation in Kidnaping
A band of armed men from the Colombian 19th of April Movement (M-19) and
the Ecuadorean Alfaro Vive, Carajo! (AVC) abducted a prominent Ecuadorean
banker in Guayaquil on 7 August. The authorities apprehended three of the
kidnapers shortly afterward; two of them were M-19 members and one was a
member of the AVC. On 2 September, the banker and seven guerrillas were killed
when Ecuadorean security forces stormed a Guayaquil house in an effort to free
This incident may mark the beginning of a campaign to finance the AVC through
ransom kidnapings of wealthy Ecuadoreans. The M-19 has been involved in
training AVC members for several months.
its encounters with Ecuador's inexperienced counterinsurgency forces.
The AVC has grown substantially
over the last year and now numbers several hundred armed members and
sympathizers. Although the terrorists lack the numbers and resources to seriously
threaten the government, the M-19's expertise will greatly aid the organization in
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Worker's Party, the same group that claimed responsibility for the killings.
Arrest of Zona Rosa Terrorists
President Duarte announced that government forces had arrested three of the 11
guerrillas sought in the Zona Rosa massacre of US and Salvadoran citizens on
19 June. A fourth reportedly died of bullet wounds following his capture. The
three suspects were identified as members of the Central American Revolutionary
involved with the case may be hampering the probe.
Duarte has directed the Defense Minister to order police and military units to
cooperate more closely in their investigations of the murders. His order probably
reflects concern that competition between the rival police and military agencies
military exercise "Orient Shield."
Leftist Violence Affecting Tokyo International Airport
Recently acquired information indicates that Japanese radical leftist groups have
set a three-track summer-fall offensive against the New Tokyo International
Airport at Narita: the second phase of runway construction; work on the Narita
irrigation system; and the trial of those charged with the deaths of three police
officers during a riot in 1971. These leftist radicals reportedly also plan to engage
in unspecified "guerrilla activities" during the upcoming US-Japanese joint
two officials involved in the Narita expansion.
The leftist group Chukaku-ha (Nucleus Faction) has the greatest potential for
violence. Its targets may include government offices and private contractors
involved with the airport, as well as those who use it. The group has repeatedly said
it will no longer try to avoid civilian casualties and in July targeted the homes of
campaign.
Chukaku-ha probably will continue to use timed-ignition incendiary devices and
may use a more powerful, improved version of its rocket bomb device. It is not
known how Chukaku-ha finances these attacks, the group's
coffers have been depleted by its support for candidates in a recent election
anti-Sikh violence following Indira Gandhi's assassination in October 1984.
Sikhs Assassinate Important Opponents
The assassination campaign launched by Sikh extremists has left five dead and
four wounded since 31 July. The most prominent victims were:
? Congress (I) Party New Delhi municipal official Arjun Dass, killed along with
his bodyguard in his New Delhi office on 4 September. He had been identified as
an instigator of anti-Sikh rioting.
? Moderate Sikh leader Harchand Singh Longowal, killed on 20 August in
Punjab.
? Congress (I) Party leader D.D. Khullar, also killed in Punjab on the same day;
another party official was seriously wounded in the same attack.
? Congress (I) Member of Parliament Lalit Maken, a close friend of Prime
Minister Rajiv Gandhi, killed on 31 July in New Delhi for his role in instigating
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Sikh extremists still consider Rajiv Gandhi and President Zail Singh their prime
targets. The assassination campaign against Sikh moderates and Hindu leaders is
likely to continue, as Indian Government countermeasures have so far proved
India, Sri Lanka Tamil Militants Expelled
India has expelled three militant Sri Lankan Tamil leaders because of their
criticism of Prime Minister Gandhi's attempt to encourage further negotiations
between Colombo and the Tamil separatists. Talks in Bhutan aimed at ending
violence between Tamils and the majority Sinhalese were suspended in early
August. Gandhi had been attempting to foster new negotiations, perhaps in New
Delhi. The deportation sparked demonstrations by Tamil supporters in Madras,
capital of India's Tamil Nadu state. Despite the expulsions, leaders of four other
Madras-based Sri Lankan guerrilla groups are scheduled to meet soon with Prime
Minister Gandhi.
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Corsica's FLNC in Decline
On 1 July 1985, following a "blue night" punctuated
by 39 bomb explosions, the National Front for the
Liberation of Corsica (FLNC) announced at a
clandestine news conference in Marseilles that it
would thenceforth suspend its campaign of violence.
The moratorium-which is likely to prove
temporary-nevertheless accelerates the downward
trend in FLNC terrorist activity over the past two and
a half years. The arrests of several leading members,
together with dwindling support from the native
Corsican population, have contributed to a decline in
FLNC bombings from about 800 in 1982 to fewer
than 400 last year. Despite the official
pronouncement, we expect a smaller and more
embittered core of extreme FLNC elements to
eventually resume violent operations both on Corsica
and on the French mainland.
Type and Extent of Activity
The FLNC emerged in 1976 as the most radical
group in the diverse Corsican autonomist movement.
Organized as an urban guerrilla group, its objective
was to win Corsican independence from France by
striking violently against French interests and
property on the island.
Since its emergence, the FLNC has claimed
approximately 2,700 attacks, most of them bombings.
Initially, the group directed its attacks against police
stations, government offices, military bases,
communications facilities, banks, resorts, and
businesses owned by the mainland French. In 1979
the FLNC began to carry out bombings on the French
mainland.
The FLNC's favorite tactic is to detonate between 10
and 50 bombs simultaneously during the early
morning hours. Most contain only a few ounces of
explosives and are clearly aimed against property
rather than people. Five shooting incidents since 1980,
however, indicate that the FLNC also targets selected
individuals.
Information on the size and structure of the FLNC is
scarce, especially since the group was outlawed in
January 1983. French police estimates of FLNC
membership today range between 30 and 300 activists
and between 200 and 1,000 supporters. The group
apparently is concentrated in the coastal towns of
northern Corsica where its headquarters and
numerous hideouts are located. But FLNC facilities
have also been discovered in the southern French
cities of Lyon, Marseilles, and Toulon.
The FLNC finances its terrorist operations largely
from a "revolutionary tax" collected from wealthy
French mainlanders who maintain residences on the
island. Corsican authorities also suspect that the
FLNC has been responsible for the increase in bank
robberies on the island since mid-1982. These
activities have made the group susceptible to
infiltration by criminal elements. For example, three
FLNC members arrested in 1983 admitted to have
used the "revolutionary tax" as a cover for
racketeering. Others have admitted to using the group
as a cover to settle scores for family and friends.
Foreign Ties
Although there is no solid evidence, French
authorities suspect that the FLNC receives weapons
from Libya and several East European countries,
particularly Czechoslovakia. According to 1984 press
reports, Belgian gray arms traffickers may also have
sold weapons to the FLNC. There have been public
gestures of solidarity between the FLNC and other
nationalist movements, including an August 1982
summit meeting in Ireland with IRA, Basque,
Catalonian, Galician, and Kurdish representatives.
The meeting reportedly was arranged by the FLNC's
legal political front, the Assembly of Nationalist
Committees (now called the Corsican Movement for
Self-Determination).
Secret
GI TR 85-018
9 September 1985
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Reasons for the FLNC's Decline
The FLNC has become increasingly isolated from the
Corsican population in recent years. According to
press reports, the increasingly violent terrorist
incidents in 1982 and 1983 angered and alienated
many Corsicans, including FLNC sympathizers. A
poll taken in 1983 revealed that 93 percent of the
Corsican population favored remaining French.
Moreover, an anti-independence party, the
Association for a French and Republican Corsica,
founded in December 1983, gained approximately
10,000 members in the early months of 1984.
One reason why most Corsicans now reject terrorism
is the sharp fall in tourist earnings since 1983 caused
by separatist violence. Disrupting the summer tourist
trade has been a traditional objective of the FLNC.
The Corsican tourist industry-the lifeblood of the
island's economy-remains depressed. This summer,
for example, many mainland French tourists canceled
their vacation plans in response to numerous
bombings in the spring. There is some speculation
that the current FLNC moratorium on violence may
stem from a desire to recapture support by laying off
the tourist industry.
The French Government's policies since 1981 have
also served to reduce Corsican resentment and, as a
result, have helped to undermine support for the
separatist movement. In 1981 the newly elected
Socialists released most of the imprisoned Corsican
terrorists and passed an autonomy statute that
created a regional assembly in Corsica. During the
past four years, the French have also resisted any
temptation to resort to heavyhanded crackdowns
against Corsican terrorists that might have aroused
separatist sentiment.
Outlook
The current FLNC moratorium on violence is not
likely to be permanent. The group's last moratorium,
announced in 1981, lasted approximately 10 months.
Moreover, the appearance of two new splinter groups
in 1983, the Corsican Revolutionary Brigades and the
Corsican National Liberation Army, indicates that
radicals who oppose the more moderate policies of the
FLNC will accept nothing less than complete
independence.
The FLNC today represents a small minority whose
demands and tactics are increasingly resented by the
island's population. The grievances and hatreds felt by
group members, however, are deeply rooted and the
French Government probably cannot eliminate them
entirely. Although the FLNC appears now to be
isolated and weakened, separatist violence probably
will continue to plague Corsica for years to come-
albeit at ever lower rates.
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Nicaragua: Response to
Terrorism Charges
The Sandinista regime has escalated its rhetoric in the
wake of President Reagan's statements branding
Nicaragua a principal supporter of state terrorism
and the recent US warning that Managua would be
held accountable for attacks on US citizens in Central
America. The US demarche followed a terrorist
assault that killed four off-duty US Marines and nine
other persons, two of them Americans, in San
Salvador on 19 June.
Recent US statements have placed Managua on the
defensive. Although the Sandinistas will maintain
their links to groups employing terrorist tactics, for
tactical reasons they are likely-at least for the near
term-to urge regional insurgents not to attack US
personnel. But the insurgents may refuse to heed such
directives and, in fact, reportedly are continuing to
plan more such attacks.
Regime leaders fear Washington's charges are
intended to sway US public and Congressional
opinion to allow the US Government to sustain the
current pressure on Nicaragua. Moreover, the
Sandinistas probably believe the US accusations
could further complicate relations with other Western
governments, which in the past have shown concern
over Nicaragua's support for radical leftists.
Managua is seeking to blunt the charges by claiming
that the United States is responsible for state
terrorism through its support for anti-Sandinista
insurgents.
The Central American Revolutionary Worker's Party
(PRTC), one of five groups in the Salvadoran
insurgent coalition, claimed responsibility for the June
murders.
the insurgent coalition was surprised by
the actions of the PRTC and spent several days
formulating a public response. The coalition
leadership eventually endorsed the attackH
and
promised to continue the campaign.
Nicaraguan Responsibility for Terrorism
Although we do not believe that the Sandinistas
ordered the 19 June attack, they clearly have
supported the Salvadoran insurgents' strategy of
conducting urban terrorism. In late June, for
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Sandinista National irectorate members had
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urban areas. Nicaraguan support and influence on the
PRTC is well established. The PRTC still has its
communications headquarters in Nicaragua, and
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In addition to the circumstantial evidence implicating
the Sandinistas in terrorist attacks in El Salvador,
before the US
demarche, the Nicaraguans were taking steps to
orchestrate new terrorist activities in Honduras:
Sandinistas would use surrogates for terrorist
attacks against American officials in Honduras. The
attacks were to be staged in August by Honduran
leftists who had received training in Nicaragua. The
perpetrators reportedly planned to claim that the
attacks were to repudiate US "aggression" against
Nicaragua and to rid Honduras of US "occupation"
forces.
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9 September 1985
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Managua has long said that US military intervention
in Nicaragua would result in a series of attacks
against US officials and installations throughout the
region.
Sandinista Disavowals
Over the last few weeks, Sandinista leaders have tried
to defend themselves from Washington's charges.
President Ortega, for example, made terrorism the
theme of his address during ceremonies
commemorating the sixth anniversary of the
Sandinista revolution, as well as during several press
conferences and a nationwide radiobroadcast.
The strongest Nicaraguan statement disavowing
terrorism was issued by the Foreign Ministry on 18
July. The communique asserted Nicaragua's
"vigorous, total condemnation of all forms of
terrorism," particularly state terrorism such as that
allegedly sponsored by the United States. The
statement claimed that the Sandinista Front had
never used terrorist methods during the struggle
against the Somoza dictatorship. It rejected any
blame for "the events that occurred on 19 June in San
Salvador" or similar attacks, saying "we do not
practice or encourage such actions."
Nonetheless, the Foreign Ministry neither condemned
the murders in El Salvador nor branded them a
terrorist act. Sandinista leadership statements on the
attack, moreover, have carefully avoided criticizing
the Salvadoran guerrillas and instead have charged
that US policies are responsible for violence in
Central America. During his revolutionary
anniversary press conference, Ortega sidestepped
questions about Sandinista support for the Salvadoran
rebel faction responsible for the attack and its
announcement that it would continue to target US
officials.
To disarm possible adverse reaction in Europe to the
US charges, the Sandinistas announced that they had
asked West European governments for information on
an image of reasonable concern.
persons accused of belonging to terrorist organizations
who allegedly are in Nicaragua, so the government
could conduct an investigation. This technique has
been employed many times in response to US
accusations of aiding the Salvadoran insurgents and
allows the regime to deflect criticism while projecting
Propaganda Efforts
In its efforts to counter US charges, Managua claims
Washington is trying to create a favorable climate in
international and US public opinion for military
intervention. The regime also has attempted to focus
attention on US support for the anti-Sandinista
insurgents and the "terrorist war" it says is being
conducted against Nicaragua.
Military Intervention. The Sandinistas are
attempting to alarm the international community by
suggesting that the United States is preparing a
provocation to justify intervention. Interior Minister
Borge, for example, has said that Washington may
stage an attack against its own Embassy, and he
renewed charges that the United States and the
insurgents were plotting to assassinate Nicaraguan
Cardinal Obando y Bravo. Although the Sandinistas
probably do not believe an invasion is imminent, they
undoubtedly fear reprisals in the event of additional
terrorist acts against US citizens. Moreover, they
probably view the US warning-along with the
renewal of aid to anti-Sandinista insurgents and the
recent Congressional authorization of military action
against Nicaragua for sponsoring terrorist attacks-
as escalation in US pressure that makes eventual
intervention more likely. On several recent occasions,
Ortega has indicated his concern that the US
Congress is becoming less effective in deterring
hostile action by the Executive Branch.
Allegations of US Sponsorship of Terror. The
Sandinistas are intensifying their accusations that the
United States backs aggression and terrorism through
its moral and material support for the Nicaraguan
insurgents. The government also appears to be
employing the word "terrorist" more frequently in its
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accounts of insurgent activity and is particularly
vociferous in depicting the deaths of women and
children as proof of rebel barbarity. Ortega's
anniversary speech, for example, claimed that 134
women and some 200 children under the age of 12
had been "murdered." The regime also filed a protest
note holding the United States accountable for the
deaths of nine women-traveling with armed troops
in Army trucks after visiting relatives at a nearby
military base-during an insurgent ambush on 27
July. At the funeral service, Ortega said Washington
was following a policy of extermination "worse than
Hitler's."
with Honduran leftists, although they are almost
certain to continue training, arming, and infiltrating
insurgents almost certainly will continue their urban
operations. Even if the mainstream insurgent alliance
were to accept Nicaraguan-and presumably
Cuban-advice and temporarily forgo targeting US
personnel in the capital, some radical urban splinter
groups could mount their own operations. Moreover,
the guerrillas probably will continue to regard US
military advisers in outlying garrisons and in the field
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In recent weeks, Managua also has renewed charges
of US-sponsored assassination plots against
government officials. State Security Chief Lenin
Cerna, for example, announced in mid-July that his
forces had confiscated a shipment of arms-including
"single shot rifles commonly used for
assassinations"-that were to be used in a CIA-
backed terrorist campaign. The international press
frequently reports these charges without critical
comment.
Other Tactics. The Sandinistas have attempted to
shift the burden of proof by challenging the United
States to substantiate its charges of Nicaraguan
involvement with terrorists at the World Court. In
addition, according to US Embassy reports, in late
July the Foreign Ministry escorted a select group of
diplomats to Nicaragua's northwest coast to prove
that no terrorist training bases are located there.
Foreign Minister D'Escoto's fast from 7 July to 3
August in protest of US "state terrorism," given
extensive publicity by the regime, was also aimed at
turning the issue to Managua's advantage.
Future Nicaraguan Support for Terrorist Attacks
Although the Sandinistas are likely to take the public
line that urban operations by the Salvadoran
insurgents are simply the fruit of US policies
Managua is urging t e
rebels not to target US citizens.
are likely to counsel similar restraint in their dealings
as prime targets.
Managua is likely to continue preparing contingency
plans to use Central American leftists to mount
terrorist attacks in the event of a US invasion. The
Sandinistas may view their public statements that
these attacks would take place not only as a means to
alarm the US public and deter an invasion, but also to
remind Washington that a military response against
Nicaragua for supporting terrorist attacks could
spawn additional terrorism in the region. Borge said
in late July, for example, that revolutionary
organizations had made "spontaneous offers" to
attack US targets if the United States invades
Nicaragua. Borge attempted to play down
Nicaragua's links to these groups, however, stating
that he personally opposed attacks on innocent
American civilians and that such operations would be
beyond Nicaragua's ability to control.
We expect the Sandinistas to continue their contacts
with West European, Latin American, and Middle
Eastern groups that have employed terrorist methods.
Despite the publicity that the terrorism charges have
generated, international disapproval has not been
sufficient to discourage the Sandinistas from
maintaining these ties.
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Chronology of Nicaraguan-Supported
Terrorist Incidents
Since 1979, the Sandinista regime has provided logistic and moral support to a
variety of Latin American leftist groups involved in terrorist incidents. El Salvador
has been the principal arena of Nicaraguan-sponsored subversion, with Costa Rica
and Honduras as secondary theaters. Nicaragua has also given safehaven to
individuals from such groups as the Montoneros (Argentina), Tupamaros
(Uruguay), MIR (Chile), M- 19 (Colombia), and the Red Brigades (Italy). In return,
some of these groups, as well as the PLO, have given training assistance to the
Sandinistas.
Early Years Several times during the struggle to overthrow Somoza, the Sandinistas resorted to
terrorist tactics, including assassinating government officials, kidnaping foreign
diplomatic personnel, and the celebrated incident in which current Vice Foreign
Minister Nora Astorga used the promise of sexual favors to lure a Nicaraguan
general to his death. These incidents contradict recent statements by the
Sandinista leadership that the FSLN has never used terrorist tactics.
Following the Revolution The Sandinistas have been directly or indirectly responsible for numerous terrorist
incidents since coming to power in July 1979. These actions include assassinations
of domestic opponents and bombings and other terrorist acts to intimidate
neighboring governments.
October 1979
A Sandinista-directed group murdered former National Guard officer Pablo
Emilio Salazar in Honduras. Salazar had been an effective field commander for
Somoza during the revolution, and the new regime feared his involvement with
anti-Sandinista rebels.
April 1980
Sandinista-backed Honduran Communists kidnaped the American vice president
of Texaco's Caribbean operations and were later captured by Honduran
authorities.
September 1980
Argentine and Chilean assassins killed former Nicaraguan President Anastasio
Somoza in Asuncion, Paraguay. The Nicaraguan Government was involved in
planning and financing the murder.
March 1981
A Sandinista-backed Honduran terrorist group, the Cinchoneros, hijacked a US-
bound airliner and diverted it to Managua.
March 1981
US Marine guards in San Jose, Costa Rica, were wounded in an attack by a Costa
Rican terrorist with links to the Nicaraguan Embassy.
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July 1981
Costa Rican authorities intercepted six heavily armed men who had come from
Nicaragua to seize the Guatemalan Embassy and hold the Ambassador hostage.
The team included two Nicaraguans affiliated with the Sandinista Front.
February 1982
The Nicaraguan Consul in Liberia, Costa Rica, was the principal suspect in an
assassination attempt against anti-Sandinista leader Fernando Chamorro.
However, his return to Managua shortly after the attack ended the Costa Rican
investigation.
March 1982
Costa Rican security forces raided a San Jose safehouse and arrested nine
subversives-including two Nicaraguans-and a large supply of weapons and
vehicles.
July 1982
The Honduran airlines office in San Jose, Costa Rica, was bombed in what was to
have been the first act in a Sandinista plan to destabilize the Monge government.
A Colombian M-19 member responsible for the bombing was captured, however,
and confessed that he had been recruited by Nicaraguan Embassy officials. Costa
Rica subsequently expelled two Nicaraguan diplomats after one was lured to a
clandestine meeting with the M-19 member.
July-August 1982
Salvadoran and Honduran leftists sabotaged the main power station in
Tegucigalpa on 4 July and planted bombs at several US businesses in August. E
had obtained
the explosives in Nicaragua and transported them in a truck that had been
modified there for arms trafficking.
September 1982
The Cinchoneros seized 105 Honduran businessmen in San Pedro Sula and
demanded the release of Honduran and Salvadoran radicals.
October 1982
Hector Frances, an Argentine citizen who reportedly was working with anti-
Sandinista guerrillas in Honduras, was kidnaped in Costa Rica. Nicaragua later
distributed a filmed confession in which Frances-who showed signs of being
beaten-revealed details of Argentine and US aid to the insurgents. He has not
been seen since the television show and Managua now denies knowledge of his
whereabouts.
June 1983
Two Nicaraguan officials pretending to be Sandinista defectors mounted an
assassination attempt against anti-Sandinista leaders in Costa Rica. One of them
was killed and the other seriously injured when the time bomb they were carrying
exploded prematurely.
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September 1983
Costa Rican police arrested a member of the Spanish Basque separatist group
ETA who had been instructed by Nicaraguan officials to assassinate anti-
Sandinista leader Eden Pastora at his San Jose home.
May 1984
Approximately 28 persons were wounded and at least four killed when a bomb
exploded at a news conference called by Eden Pastora at his camp in southern
Nicaragua. Although specific proof has never surfaced, Nicaragua is the most
likely sponsor of the attack. One indicator of Sandinista complicity is a
Nicaraguan radio announcement that the bomb was made of plastic-several
hours before Costa Rican authorities had determined the nature of the explosive
device.
March 1985
Anti-Sandinista insurgents announced that several guerrillas had been wounded by
a package bomb mailed to Eden Pastora's son from Nicaragua.
June 1985
A Salvadoran insurgent group with ties to Nicaragua claimed responsibility for the
machinegun attack on a sidewalk cafe in San Salvador that killed 13, including six
Americans.
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A Decade of Terrorist
Aircraft Hijacking
The hijacking of TWA Flight 847 this June
highlighted the recent revival of hijacking as a
terrorist tool. Terrorists seized 12 aircraft in 1984-
the largest number in any of the past 10 years. But
review of the data on the 51 terrorist hijackings
staged over the last decade cautions against
interpreting the 1984 surge as the beginning of a new
trend.
Hijackings tend to occur in clusters separated by long
periods of inactivity-thus, the large number in 1984
does not necessarily presage the same for 1985. The
clustering is due in part to the demonstration effect-
a successful hijacking spawns several "copycat"
attempts. This accounts for the spate of hijackings
involving radical Shias over the last 18 months.
Hijackings are also a function of poor airport security.
Such was the case for three coordinated incidents
occurring simultaneously in 1981 in Venezuela where
airport security at Simon Bolivar International
Airport in Maiquetia was notoriously lax. More
recently, the airport in Athens-where a large
number of Middle Eastern radical organizations
maintain a presence-has been attractive to potential
hijackers. In addition to poor security, the airport
serves as a hub of Middle Eastern air traffic.
Beirut airport has figured prominently throughout the
decade-it was involved in about 15 percent of all
hijackings that have occurred in the last 10 years and
almost 30 percent of those in the period 1984-85.
More recently, Tehran has become a landing point of
choice as well-second only to Beirut as a termination
point during 1984 and 1985.
While hijackers have represented a wide variety of
nationalities and causes, four groups-three of them
Middle Eastern-stand out in recent years:
? Iranian nationals have been responsible for at least
four hijackings since 1982. Two originated in the
Middle East and were in protest against the
Khomeini regime. Two others originated in Europe,
and we believe they were sponsored by the
Khomeini regime to counteract the attention gained
by the anti-Khomeini hijackings. Both hijackings by
Khomeini sympathizers ended violently, the first 25X1
with the destruction of an Air France aircraft and
the second with the death of the hijackers at the
hands of Iraqi security personnel. The two anti-
Khomeini incidents ended peacefully with the
surrender of the hijackers.
hijackings. The first, in December 1984, began in 25X1
Kuwait and ended in Tehran. Two USAID
employees were killed. The second, the June 1985
hijacking of TWA Flight 847, commenced in
Athens and terminated in Beirut more than two
weeks later with one American serviceman
murdered. In both cases, the stated objective was to
secure the release of Shia prisoners.
? Imam Musa Sadr sympathizers have staged
hijackings to focus attention on the disappearance of
their leader in 1978 during a trip to Libya. They 25X1
have staged all of their five Middle East hijackings
out of Beirut International Airport.
? Sikh extremists have been active recently. Since
1981 Sikhs have seized four aircraft to call attention
to their demands for a separate state.
Secret
GI TR 85-018
9 September 1985
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Table 1
Terrorist Hijacking of Aircraft by
Region of Departure (July 1975-June 1985)
Western Europe
4
1
2
2
2
1
12
USSR/Eastern
Europe
0
Middle East/North
Africa
6
1
1
1
6
1
16
Latin America/
Caribbean
1
1
6
1
1
10
Table 2
Terrorist Hijacking of Aircraft by
Region of Termination (July 1975-June 1985)
Western Europe 4 1 1 1 2 9
USSR/Eastern
Europe
Middle East/North 8 1 2 1 2 7 2 23
Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa 1 1
Latin America/
Caribbean
7
10
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Table 3
Terrorist Hijackings of Aircraft in Which
Violence Occurred, by Region of Termination
(July 1975-June 1985)
Eastern Bloc 1 1
Middle East/North 3 1 2
Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa 1 1
Asia/Pacific
Latin America/
Caribbean
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1 October 1936
1 October 1939
1 October 1949
1 October 1960
1 October 1960
1 October 1961
1 October 1963
1 October 1975
1 October 1976
2 October 1958
3 October 1932
4 October 1966
5 October 1910
6 October
6 October 1973
6 October 1976
6 October 1981
7 October 1949
The Terrorism Diary for October
event.
Below is a compendium of October dates of known or conceivable significance to
terrorists around the world. Our inclusion of a date or event should not by itself
be construed to suggest that we expect or anticipate a commemorative terrorist
Indonesia. Pancasila Day (celebrates five-point national ideology, which is opposed
by conservative Muslims).
Spain. Generalissimo Franco assumes power.
Spain. Caudillo Day.
China. National Day (Communist victory over Nationalist forces).
Cyprus. Independence Day.
Nigeria. Independence Day.
Cameroon. Reunification Day (federal republic established).
Nigeria. Republic Day.
Spain. Four policemen killed in Madrid by First of October Antifascist Resistance
Group (GRAPO).
Spain. GRAPO claims responsibility for a series of coordinated bombings.
Guinea. Independence Day (proclamation of the republic).
Iraq. Independence Day.
Lesotho. Independence Day (Moshoeshoe II took oath of office as king for life).
Portugal. Proclamation of the republic.
Shiite world. Ashura (assassination of Imam Hasan).
Israel, Arab world. Arab-Israeli war.
Thailand. Military coup against civilian rule; police storm Thammasat University.
Egypt. Assassination of President Anwar Sadat at Armed Forces Day parade.
East Germany. Republic Day.
Secret
GI TR 85-018
9 September 1985
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7 October 1966
7 October 1970
8 October 1895
8 October 1967
9 October 1962
9 October 1983
10 October 1911
10 October 1980
10 October 1982
11 October
11 October 1968
11 October 1972
11 October 1977
12 October 1965
12 October 1968
12 October 1984
13 October 1970
14 October 1930
14 October 1958
14 October 1967
Botswana. Independence Day.
Libya. Evacuation Day (termination of bases agreement with United States).
Argentina. Birthday of Juan Peron.
Cuba. Heroic Guerrilla Day (death of Che Guevara in Bolivia).
Uganda. Independence Day.
Burma, North and South Korea. North Korean commandos detonate massive
bomb in Rangoon in attempt to assassinate the South Korean President, killing 19
South Korean and Burmese officials.
Taiwan. Anniversary of the revolution.
El Salvador. Founding of Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN).
Bolivia. Siles government assumes power.
South Africa. "International Day of Solidarity with South African Political
Prisoners."
Yugoslavia. Uprising Day (anniversary of founding of Macedonian Liberation
Army; holiday in Socialist Republic of Macedonia).
Panama. Revolution that brought Omar Torrijos to power.
North Yemen. Assassination of President Colonel Ibrahim Mohammed al-
Hamadi.
Chile. Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) founded.
Equatorial Guinea. Independence Day.
United Kingdom. Bombing of Conservative Party Conference in Brighton by
Provisional IRA.
Fiji. Independence Day.
Zaire. Birthday of President Mobutu Sese Seko.
Madagascar. Proclamation of the republic.
South Yemen. Independence Day.
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18 October 1981
19 October 1977
19 October 1983
20 October 1921
20 October 1944
21 October 1969
23 October 1956
23 October 1983
24 October 1956
24 October 1964
25 October 1983
26 October
26 October 1955
27 October 1918
28 October
28 October 1982
29 October 1923
29 October 1923
Thailand. Overthrow of military dictatorship; beginning of three years of civilian
rule.
West Germany, Somalia. West German commandos storm PFLP-hijacked
Lufthansa plane while it is on the ground in Mogadishu, Somalia, freeing all
hostages. Imprisoned RAF terrorists Andreas Baader, Jan Karl Raspe, and
Gudrun Ensslin subsequently commit suicide.
Greece. Panhellenic Socialist Party (Pasok) wins elections.
South Africa. Crackdown on black consciousness organizations.
Grenada. Execution of Prime Minister Maurice Bishop by leftists seizing power.
Mongolia. Independence Day.
Guatemala. Revolution overthrowing Ubico regime and leading to postwar period
of reform.
Somalia. Anniversary of revolution that brought Siad Barre to power.
Hungary. Revolt against Soviet occupation.
Lebanon, United States, France. Bombing by Islamic Jihad of US and French
components of the Multinational Force-299 killed.
Egypt. Popular Resistance Day; Suez Day.
Zambia. Independence Day.
Grenada, United States. US intervention.
Iran. Birthday of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
Austria. Revolution Day (departure of the last of the post-World War II
occupation forces).
Palestinians. Rabat Summit Conference decides PLO is sole representative of
Palestinians.
Czechoslovakia. Independence Day.
Cyprus. Greek National Day (observed by Greek Cypriot community).
Spain. Socialist victory in general election.
Turkey. Independence Day (proclamation of republic).
Cyprus. Turkish Republic Day (observed by Turkish Cypriot community).
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29 October 1956 Middle East. Israel, France, Great Britain capture Suez Canal.
31 October 1980 Iran. Reza Pahlavi declares himself Shah of Iran in exile.
31 October 1984 India. Assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards.
Late October-November Turkey. In late October and November, terrorist activities by the leftwing group
Dev Yol have been more numerous than in other months. Attacks in 1982 and
1983 appear to have been in protest of a referendum and an election during
November in those years.
Secret 24
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Chronology of Terrorism-1985
this publication are not included.
Below are described noteworthy foreign and international events involving
terrorists, or the use of terrorist tactics, which have occurred or come to light
since our last issue. In some cases, the perpetrators and their motivations may not
be known. Events and developments that have already been described elsewhere in
Libya: PNSF to open offices in Tripoli. The anti-Arafat Palestine National
Salvation Front hopes the Libyan regime will recognize the new office as the
legitimate diplomatic representative of the PLO in Libya.
6 August Mozambique: RENAMO kills 33 in attack on funeral cortege. The National
Resistance Movement attack occurred in Tete Province near the Malawi border.
Pakistan: Suspect arrested in Karachi Pan Am office bombing. The man arrested
in the 14 July bombing is a disaffected former student with anti-American views.
Pakistani officials believe he acted alone and that he has no foreign terrorist links.
Mozambique: National Resistance Movement kills 15, wounds 42 others in
ambush of four passenger buses. The attack occurred in Gaza Province near the
9 August West Bank: Israeli civilian stabbed in downtown Hebron by two attackers. The
man is in stable condition in a Jerusalem hospital. F__1 25X1
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GI TR 85-018
9 September 1985
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12 August West Bank: Police detonate bomb at Ashqelon junction. The explosive, planted in
an area usually filled with people and traffic, would have caused extensive
casualties.
13 August France: Basque group Iparretarak claims responsibility for attack on Victoria
Surf Hotel in Biarritz. The attack caused a large amount of damage to the hotel's
facade, but no casualties.
14 August Guatemala: Bombing of Mexican Embassy kills two Guatemalan employees.
Although no group has claimed responsibility, the attack probably was the work of
rightwing Guatemalans reacting to the Mexican Government's contacts with
Guatemalan leftists.
were reported in the Johannesburg explosion
South Africa: Bomb damages elevator at Witwatersrand University. No casualties
15 August West Germany: Bombs damage US armed forces radio tower in
Moenchengladbach. In addition, two incendiary devices found in trucks parked on
the compound were disarmed. A letter claiming responsibility for the incident and
demanding the release of jailed Red Army Faction (RAF) terrorist Guenther
Sonnenberg was sent to a Western press service. The devices were similar to those
used in recent attacks attributed to members of the RAF periphery.
West Bank: Unidentified gunmen wound mukhtar of Balatah refugee camp. There
reportedly have been several previous attempts on his life.
grenade reportedly was thrown through a second story window.
South Africa: Grenade blast injures Member of Parliament and two sons, kills one
boy. The target was an executive member of the Coloured Labour Party. The
the second such attack in this area in three weeks.
West Bank: Roadside bomb explodes near Qiryat, damaging a car, but not
injuring the driver. A letter written in Arabic was discovered at the site. This was
incumbents that began in the spring.
El Salvador: Gunmen kill ex-mayor of El Paisnal, wound his wife and sister. This
assassination was one of a series of leftist guerrilla attacks on former officials and
hardliners probably were responsible.
India: Bomb kills three in town in Assam. The explosion came just 12 hours after
an accord was reached between Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Assamese
leaders who sought the expulsion of immigrants from Bangladesh. Assamese
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were unharmed in the unclaimed attack.
Argentina: Communist Party office bombed in Salta. The bomb caused extensive
damage, including a collapsed roof. Two caretakers sleeping in an adjoining room
casualties, were conducted by unidentified Togolese dissidents.
Togo: Explosions damage headquarters and other facilities of ruling party in
Lome. The government claims the bombings, apparently timed to minimize
jungle.
Sri Lanka: Guerrillas' attempt to hijack train foiled. One hundred armed Tamils,
believed to be members of the Tamil Eelam Army, failed to divert a Colombo-
bound mail train when railway officials, alerted to the attempt, derailed the train
near Medawachchiya. No arrests were made, and the hijackers fled into the
suspected.
Northern Ireland: Bomb in main shopping area of Strabane injures three
policemen and two civilians. Police received a telephone warning and were
evacuating people from the area when the bomb exploded. The Provisional IRA is
West Bank: Small bomb explodes in Netanya. No group has yet claimed credit for
the bombing, which caused no casualties. 25X1
another party recently defeated in 1984.
Uruguay: Two offices of Broad Front political party attacked in Montevideo. One
was hit by large-caliber bullets, the other by bombs, which left a tarry residue.
Party leaders blamed the attacks, which caused no casualties, on adherents of
West Germany: Possible surveillance of US military building in Rheinberg.
Police reported that three men in a vehicle bearing "forged" license plates had
been watching the building. RAF terrorist Henning Beer may have been involved
Revolutionary Cells, claimed responsibility for the attack.
West Germany: Explosion damages Max Planck Institute building under
construction in Cologne. Rote Zora, a female organization associated with the
20 August Northern Ireland: Car bomb explodes near Newcastle police station, injuring two
passersby. The blast is thought to be the work of the Provisional IRA. F 25X1
Egypt: Israeli administrative attache assassinated in Cairo. Shots fired into his
vehicle from a passing car also wounded his wife and secretary. The previously
unknown group "Revolution of Egypt" claimed credit for the attack. Either
Egyptian Islamic fundamentalists or Syrian-backed Palestinians could be
responsible.
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credit for the device.
West Bank: Police discover and detonate car bomb near Netanya central bus
station. The General Command of the Palestinian Revolution Forces claimed
21 August Spain: Arson attack on car bearing French license plates. Although no claim has
been made, we believe the Basque group ETA was responsible.
El Salvador: Court reopens probe into murder of San Salvador Archbishop Oscar
Romero. Romero was killed by a sniper five years ago. The investigation was
halted last December due to rightwing pressure
name used by Panamanian Defense Forces personnel.
Panama: Opposition political leader kidnaped, beaten by "F-8 Terroristas"
group. Opposition politicians claim the previously unknown "F-8" group is a cover
21, 22 August Spain: ETA claims credit for bombing radio station in San Sebastian. Another
bomb was found and defused the following day.
the past two years.
Spain: ETA -PM threatens suspected police informers. The group told former
colleagues and members of the Euskadiko Eskerra (Basque Left) political party
that it would retaliate against those who had taken part in police operations over
Provisional IRA is probably responsible.
Northern Ireland: Truck bomb destroys empty police station in Plumbridge,
injuring four persons living nearby. No group has claimed credit, but the
Provisional IRA is suspected.
Northern Ireland: Two firebombs damage several cars at Cookstown showroom,
but cause no injuries. No group claimed responsibility for the attack, although the
No group has claimed responsibility for planting the device.
Israel: Seventy-five-kilogram bomb discovered near Tel Aviv apartment building.
Palestinian group Sa'iqa claimed responsibility for the attack.
West Bank: Bomb thrown at vehicle on Nablus-Tulkarm road wounds driver. The
top-ranking M-19 leaders during the signing of the cease-fire a year ago.
Colombia: Two unidentified gunmen murder mayor of Corinto. He had hosted
including a policeman. There has been no claim of responsibilty.
Italy: Two bombs apparently directed against Jewish targets explode
simultaneously in downtown Milan. The blasts slightly injured five passersby,
Secret 28
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Israel: Two bombs discovered, defused near Ashqelon. The first bomb was planted
at an intersection and the second at a nearby roadblock. The General Command of
the Palestinian Revolution Forces claimed credit for both bombs.
Ecuador: Four armed members ofAlfaro Vive, Carajo! seize Quito radio station,
protest police repression of their group. The terrorists locked three employees in a
booth, and placed a bomb at its door; the device was defused by police.
Argentina: Police capture members of AAA rightwing terrorist group in Tigre.
The eight arrested, including a top leader, are believed responsible for numerous
assaults and kidnapings conducted by the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
against leftists in the early 1970s.
24 August Egypt: One suspected terrorist killed and two others arrested after firing on Cairo
police car. Police apprehended the group in a car going to Suez. The authorities
are attempting to link the suspects with the assassination of the Israeli diplomat in
Cairo on 21 August.F----]
West Bank: Fatah claims it shot two Israeli intelligence officers in separate
attacks. The first assault killed a shopper in Tulkarm; the second reportedly
wounded the director of the Nablus intelligence department in Janin. There has
been no Israeli confirmation of the identities of the two men. The Fatah security
service "Force 17" and the radical Palestinian group led by Abu Nidal also took
credit for both attacks, but did not claim the victims were intelligence officers.[
Togo: Two more bombs explode in Lome. One explosion at the national social
security offices injured a security guard. A second bomb was discovered in an
airport restroom and exploded after it was removed to a nearby field. Both devices
were attributed to unspecified Togolese dissidents. (c)
27 August Turkey: Bomb explodes at El Al airlines office in Istanbul, causing some damage
but no injuries. No group has claimed responsibility for the incident.
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Secret
Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/12/29: CIA-RDP87T00685R000200220002-2